0.1 Homework 2 Solutions
0.1 Homework 2 Solutions
0.1 Homework 2 Solutions
HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS
0.1
Homework 2 Solutions
|f (x) g(x)| dx
d(f, g) =
|f (x) g(x)| dx [ ]
f (x0 ) g(x0 )|
> 0.
2
|f (x) g(x)| dx =
|f (x) h(x)| dx +
2
4. Suppose that {U } is a collection of open sets in a metric space X. Show that
[
U = {x X | x U for some }
is an open S
set in X.
If x0 U , then for some particular we must have
S x0 U . Since U is open there is
a > 0 such that B(x0 , ) U . But then B(x0 , ) U as desired.
5.Suppose that xn is a sequence of points in a metric space X. Show that if limn xn = L
and limn xn = M , then d(L, M ) = 0, and so L = M .
Pick > 0. Then there are numbers N1 , N2 such that
d(xn , L) < /2,
n N1 ,
n N2 .
and
If n N = max(N1 , N2 ) we have
d(L, M ) d(L, xn ) + d(xn , M ) < ,
so d(L, M ) = 0 and L = M .
6. Show that the usual Euclidean metric on RN satisfies the triangle inequality. (You may
have to look this up.)
Suppose X = (x1 , . . . , xN ), Y = (y1 , . . . , yN ) and Z = (z1 , . . . , zN ). Then using the usual
dot product we have
N
X
(xn yn )2 = (X Y ) (X Y ) = ([X Z] + [Z Y ]) ([X Z] + [Z Y ])
n=1
= (X Z) (X Z) + 2(X Z) (Z Y ) + (Z Y ) (Z Y )
(X Z) (X Z) + |2(X Z) (Z Y )| + (Z Y ) (Z Y ).
Now the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality says
|(X Z) (Z Y )| [(X Z) (X Z)]1/2 [(Z Y ) (Z Y )]1/2 ,
so
(X Y ) (X Y )
(X Z) (X Z) + 2[(X Z) (X Z)]1/2 [(Z Y ) (Z Y )]1/2 + (Z Y ) (Z Y )
h
i2
= [(X Z) (X Z)]1/2 + [(Z Y ) (Z Y )]1/2 .
Taking the square root of both sides gives the triangle inequality,
N
N
N
hX
i1/2 hX
i1/2 hX
i1/2
2
2
(xn yn )
(xn zn )
+
(zn yn )2
.
n=1
n=1
n=1
That is
One of the right hand sides is |d(x, z) d(y, z)|, so
d(x, y) |d(x, z) d(y, z)|.
Next use the normal and reversed triangle inequalities,
|dX (x1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , y2 )| |dX (x1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , x2 ) + dX (y1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , y2 )|
|dX (x1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , x2 )| + |dX (y1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , y2 )| dX (x1 , y1 ) + dX (x2 , y2 )
2 max(dX (x1 , y1 ), dX (x2 , y2 )).
That is, if max(dX (x1 , y1 ), dX (x2 , y2 )) < /2, then |dX (x1 , x2 ) dX (y1 , y2 )| < , and dX :
X X R is continuous.
8. Suppose {xk } is a Cauchy sequence in X, and {xk } has a subsequence {xk(n) } which
converges to x. Show that {xk } converges to x.
Picking > 0, use the fact that {xk } is a Cauchy sequence to find N1 such that d(xj , xk ) <
/2 whenever j, k N1 . Next, use the fact that {xk(n) } converges to x to find N2 such that
d(x, xk(n) ) < /2 whenever n N2 . Now pick N3 such that
N3 = max(N1 , N2 ).
Since k(m) m, if m N3 the triangle inequality gives
d(x, xm ) d(x, xk(m) ) + d(xm , xk(m) ) < .
4
9. If T1 : X Y and T2 : Y Z are continuous, show that the composition T : X Z
given by T (x) = T2 (T1 (x)) is continuous.
You can use the limits of sequences to solve this problem, but the equivalent version about
inverse images of open sets is easy.
Suppose U is an open subset of Z. Since T2 is continuous, the set V = T21 (U ) is open in
Y. Similarly, W = T11 (V ) is open in X. That is, W = T 1 (U ) is open in X whenever U is
open in Z. Thus T : X Z is continuous.