Stress: Force Area Change Shape Particles

Stress
Stress is the force per unit area on a body that tends to cause it
to change shape.
Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between
its particles. These internal forces are a reaction to the external
forces applied on the body that cause it to separate, compress or
slide. External forces are eithersurface forces or body forces.
Stress is the average force per unit area that a particle of a body
exerts on an adjacent particle, across an imaginary surface that
separates them.
The formula for uniaxial normal stress is:
where is the stress, F is the force and A is the surface area.

In SI units, force is measured in newtons and area in square
metres. This means stress is newtons per square meter, or
N/m2. However, stress has its own SI unit, called the pascal. 1
pascal (symbol Pa) is equal to 1 N/m2. In Imperial units, stress
is measured in pound-force per square inch, which is often
shortened to "psi". The dimension of stress is the same as that
of pressure.
Three Basic Types of

Stresses
Basically three different types of stresses can be
identified. These are related to the nature of the
deforming force applied on the body. That is,
whether they are tensile, compressive or shearing.
Tensile Stress
The stress applied to a material is the forceper

unit area applied to the material. The
maximum stress a material can stand before it
breaks is called the breaking stress or
ultimate tensile stress. Tensile means the
material is under tension.
Consider a uniform bar of cross sectional area A
subjected to an axial tensile force P. The stress at
any section x-x normal to the line of action of the

tensile force P is specifically called tensile stress pt .
Since internal resistance R at x-x is equal to the
applied force P, we have,
pt = (internal resistance at x-x)/(resisting area at xx)
=R/A
=P/A.
Under tensile stress the bar suffers stretching or
elongation.
Compressive Stress
Compressive stress is the stress on materials
that leads to a smaller volume. By compressive
stress the material is
under compression.Compressive stress to bars,
columns, etc. leads to shortening. One can increase
the compressive
stress until compressive strength is reached.
If the bar is subjected to axial compression instead
of axial tension, the stress developed at x-x is
specifically called compressive stress pc.
pc =R/A
= P/A.
Under compressive stress the bar suffers

shortening.
Shear Stress
A form of stress that subjects an object to which fo
rce is applied to
skew,tending to cause shear strain. For example, s
hear stress on a
block of woodwould arise by fixing one end and app
lying force to this
other; this wouldtend to change the block's shape fr
om a rectangle to a parallelogram.
Consider the section x-x of the rivet forming joint
between two plates subjected to a tensile force P as
shown in figure.
The stresses set up at the section x-x acts along the

surface of the section, that is, along a direction
tangential to the section. It is specifically called

shear or tangential stress at the section and is
denoted by q.
q =R/A
=P/A.
Normal or Direct Stresses
When the stress acts at a section or normal to the
plane of the section, it is called a normal stress or a
direct stress. It is a term used to mean both the
tensile stress and the compressive stress.
Simple and Pure Stresses
The three basic types of stresses are tensile,
compressive and shear stresses. The stress
developed in a body is said to be simple tension,
simple compression and simple shear when the
stress induced in the body is (a) single and (b)
uniform. If the condition (a) alone is satisfied, the
stress is called pure tension or pure compression or
pure shear, as the case may be.
Volumetric Stress
Three mutually perpendicular like direct stresses of
same intensity produced in a body constitute a
volumetric stress. For example consider a body in
the shape of a cube subjected equal normal pushes
on all its six faces. It is now subjected to equal
compressive stresses p in all the three mutually
perpendicular directions. The body is now said to be

subjected to a volumetric compressive stress p.
Volumetric stress produces a change in volume of

the body without producing any distortion to the
shape of the body.
Factor of Safety
Engineers use stress to aid in the design of structures.
The external load and the geometry of the structure tells
us what stress is being exerted within the material, but it
tells us nothing about the material itself. Each material
has an ultimate stress a measure of how much stress
the material can withstand before failing. To properly
design a safe structure, we need to ensure that the
applied stress from the external loading never exceeds
the ultimate stress of the material. Part of the difficulty
with this task is that we don't always know exactly what
the external load is it may vary unpredictably, and the
structure may have to withstand unexpectedly high loads.
To account for this uncertainty, we incorporate a Factor

of Safety into our design. The factor of safety is just a
ratio of the failure load or stress to the allowable load or
stress. The failure or ultimate value is a material
property while the allowable value is determined by
the external force and the geometry of the structure.
Stress Analysis;
Stress analysis is a primary task for civil, mechanical and
aerospace engineers involved in the design of structures
of all sizes, such as tunnels, bridges and dams,aircraft
and rocket bodies, mechanical parts, and even plastic
cutlery and staples. Stress analysis is also used in the
maintenance of such structures, and to investigate the
causes of structural failures.

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Stress

where is the stress, F is the force and A is the surface area.

Three Basic Types of

The stress applied to a material is the forceper

any section x-x normal to the line of action of the

Under compressive stress the bar suffers

The stresses set up at the section x-x acts along the

tangential to the section. It is specifically called

perpendicular directions. The body is now said to be

Volumetric stress produces a change in volume of

To account for this uncertainty, we incorporate a Factor

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