Jurnal

Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volume 2015, Article ID 613985, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/613985
Case Report
Antenatal Diagnosis of a Rare Neural Tube Defect:
Sincipital Encephalocele
Mehdi Kehila,1 Sana Ghades,1 Hassine Saber Abouda,1
Aida Masmoudi,2 and Mohamed Badis Chanoufi1
1
C Unit, Tunis Maternity and Neonatology Center, Tunis El Manar University, 1029 Tunis, Tunisia
Foetopathology Department, Tunis Maternity and Neonatology Center, Tunis El Manar University, 1029 Tunis, Tunisia
Correspondence should be addressed to Mehdi Kehila; [email protected]

Received 15 May 2015; Revised 2 July 2015; Accepted 9 July 2015
Academic Editor: Giovanni Monni
Copyright 2015 Mehdi Kehila et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Context. Fetal sincipital encephalocele is one of the most serious congenital neural tube defects with a high risk of mortality and
neonatal morbidity. Prenatal diagnosis of this malformation is important in fetal medicine. Case Report. We report a case of prenatal
diagnosis of sincipital encephalocele using ultrasound and MRI imaging. The diagnosis was done at 25 weeks of gestation by
identifying an anterior cephalic protrusion through a defect in the skull. Conclusion. Through this case, we discuss the differential
diagnosis, management, and prognosis of such lesions.
1. Introduction
Encephalocele is characterized by a protrusion of the brain
and/or meninges through a defect in the skull that is covered
with skin. It is one of the most severe neural tube defects with
a prevalence estimated to be 0.8 to 5/10 000 births [1]. Anterior encephaloceles are rare and can be divided into numerous types: sincipital (frontoethmoidal) and basal (transsphenoidal, sphenoethmoidal, transethmoidal, and sphenoorbital). Frontoethmoidal encephalocele (sincipital) is the commonest type of anterior encephaloceles occurring in approximately 1 out of every 5000 to 10 000 live births [1, 2]. This fetal
malformation seems to be more common in South East Asia
including some parts of India and Thailand [3, 4]. We report
a case of anterior encephalocele and discuss the differential
diagnosis, management, and prognosis of such lesions.
2. Case Report
A 26-year-old woman, secundigravida, presented for a first
medical visit to our department at 22 weeks of gestation for
a prenatal exam. She had a sonographic examination four
days later. The ultrasound showed a single viable fetus with a
regularly shaped, heterogenic, midline, facial cystic mass with
no vascular supply (Figure 1). The lesion measured 44 mm in

diameter. A brain parenchyma herniation was identified in
this mass. The underlying posterior fossa structures including
the cerebellar hemispheres and cistern magna did not reveal
any definite abnormalities. No fetal extracranial congenital
malformations were identified. The diagnosis of a frontal
encephalocele was made. An MRI was done for further evaluation of the calvarial defect and the underlying brain parenchyma and showed a small round midline lesion. A welldefined osseous defect was noted in the underlying calvarium. A definite herniation of brain parenchyma was detected
in the study (Figures 2 and 3). The fetal brain parenchymal
and extraparenchymal structures, including the posterior
fossa, ventricular system, and corpus callosum, were within
normal limits. There were no signs of neural tube defect. The
fetal trunk and extremities were normal. An amniocentesis
was performed and revealed a normal male karyotype (46
XY).
Under the diagnosis of fetal isolated encephalocele, counseling by pediatric specialists (neurosurgeons and neonatologists) the mother and the husband followed regarding
the prognosis, progress, and postnatal treatment. The parents were informed that even though the survival rate had
increased in the anterior defects, the bigger the herniated sac
Figure 1: Sonographic examination showing a regularly shaped,

midline, facial cystic mass.

is (in this case 44 mm), the greater the neurological and
physical deficits are with or without surgery.
The mother has voiced understanding of the very limited
clinical information concerning the long-term effect of such
an anomaly on central nervous system development, and she
also is aware of the uncertainty of the long-term neurologic
outcome with such structural abnormalities and decided for
termination of her pregnancy.
The assisted abortion was agreed on by the maternity
center of ethics committee. The medical termination of her
pregnancy by induction of labor was carried out at 25 weeks
of gestation. The procedure started by an intracardiac KCl
injection followed by misoprostol administration 400 g by
sublingual route every three hours conforming to the FIGO
recommendations. The expulsion of the fetus was obtained
within 24 hours and the pathological examination of the fetus
at autopsy revealed a 650-gram male fetus with a sincipital
encephalocele and a frontal bone defect (Figures 4(a) and
4(b)). No other associated abnormalities were detected.
3. Discussion
Anterior encephaloceles result from a herniation of intracranial contents through a cranial skull defect with a persistent
connection to the subarachnoid space. Based on the location,
they can be classified as occipital (75%), sincipital (15%) or
basal (10%) [5].
The sincipital meningoencephalocele is typically divided
into 3 types [5]:
(i) Frontoethmoidal (subdivided into nasofrontal (40
60%), nasoethmoidal (30%), and nasoorbital (10%)).
(ii) Interfrontal.
(iii) Those associated with craniofacial clefts.
Figure 2: Prenatal MRI showing a small round midline lesion with

herniation of brain parenchyma (arrow).
Figure 3: Prenatal MRI showing a well-defined osseous defect in the

underlying calvarium (arrow).
Frontoethmoidal encephalocele is the most common of the

anterior encephaloceles, followed by the nasopharyngeal and
orbital types [57]. Interfrontal encephalocele is rarer [5].
The Foetopathology Department of Maternity Center of
Tunis, Tunisia, drains all of the capital malformed fetuses.
Roughly 800 fetopathological exams per year are carried
out in this center. Two interfrontal encephalocele cases were
detected in 7 years, which estimates the frequency of the
disease at 3.6 per 10 000 malformed cases.
Prenatal diagnosis of encephalocele is commonly accomplished by maternal screening of serum -fetoprotein levels
and ultrasound (US). Maternal serum and amniotic fluid levels of -fetoprotein are normal when lesions are completely
epithelialized [6].
With two-dimensional ultrasound (2D US), encephalocele appears as a defect in the calvarium containing a cystic
or solid mass with a gyral pattern that is in continuity with
the brain [8]. Prenatal 2D US detects approximately 80% of
encephaloceles [9]. The diagnosis is usually easily made from
sonographic findings during the second trimester and can
also be made in the first trimester. Our patient did not have
any prenatal exam in her first trimester. She consulted for the
first time at 22 weeks of gestation and the diagnosis was made
by US. Prenatal detection of fetal encephalocele has been
(a)
(b)
Figure 4: Fetal macroscopic examination showing the sincipital encephalocele.
made by 2D US since 1992 [10], and the first case illustrated

by 3D US has been reported in 2006 [11].
Prenatal US, usually, can define the calvarial deficiency,
but difficulties might be incurred if the defect is small, fetal
head position is poor, or defect is contiguous with nasal cavity
[10]. Also, although US can identify presence of brain tissue
in the defect, the associated anomalies and exact pathology
are not well delineated [10]. The big size of the herniated sac
in our case made it easy for the diagnosis to be made, but
the MRI scan was better in providing exquisite detail of the
cranial defect and the herniated contents.
MRI is increasingly used to evaluate the fetal brain, particularly when an abnormality has been detected on prenatal
US or when a fetus is at increased risk for neurodevelopment
anomalies. Fetal MRI has several advantages over US. It has
higher contrast resolution and is not affected by the shadowing from the calvarium or by low amniotic fluid volume;
it allows a larger field of view and can easily be performed
using ultrafast T2-W sequences [12]. These advantages make
MRI useful in late pregnancy [12].
In terms of the sincipital encephalocele, fetal MRI can
provide superior definition of brain and vascular structure
images involved and their relative relationship. It can also
detect additional central nervous system malformations.
Therefore, it can provide important prognostic information
for prenatal management. Fetal MRI is also useful in differentiating small cephaloceles from subcutaneous skull cysts and
cranial hemangiomas [13, 14]. Because long-term outcome is
predicted by severity of microcephaly, amount of herniated
tissue, and other intracranial anomalies, use of fetal MRI in
association with US is helpful [12, 13].
Encephalocele is frequently associated with other malformations that may be part of recognized syndromes.
The most common of the associated syndromes is MeckelGruber syndrome which includes occipital encephalocele,
microcephaly, microphthalmia, polycystic kidneys, ambiguous genitalia, polydactyly, cleft lip and cleft palate, and other
malformations. Other cerebral malformations are often associated with encephalocele such as hydrocephalus, corpus
callosal abnormalities, and cerebral dysgenesis [15].
If the size of the sac is important and encephalocele is
bulky, with severe microcephaly or other lethal anomalies,
termination of pregnancy may be the choice due to the severe
morbidity and mortality [16]. However, postpartum surgical treatment is appropriate for cases with relatively small
encephalocele and without other associated lethal anomalies.
The procedure basically consists of removing the overlying
sac and closing the defect including the dural defect [17].
Therefore, vaginal delivery may be considered if the lesion is
relatively small [17].
Specific information on the outcome of a child with a
cephalocele can be difficult to find and interpret. French
reported that 83% of patients with encephaloceles had
mental handicap and/or physical impairment [18]. Brown
and Sheridan-Pereira [19] found, in a series of 34 infants
with cephalocele, 29% mortality in children with posterior
cephaloceles compared with 0% mortality associated with
anterior defects. In a retrospective cohort study, about 85
cephalocele cases treated at the Hospital for Sick Children
(Toronto, Canada) between 1990 and 2006, cognitive development was abnormal in 52% of patients with mild, moderate, or severe mental retardation in, respectively, 11%, 16%,
and 25% of patients [16].
4. Conclusion
Sincipital encephalocele is rare and should be suspected
on the basis of any anterior midline mass. The diagnosis
can be made by US. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) may provide superior detail of central nervous system
(CNS) anomalies. The extent of cerebral tissue involvement
in an encephalocele is also better defined with MR imaging,
which aids in prognosis and surgical planning. The prognosis of babies with encephalocele is variable. Babies with
4
an encephalocele at the back of the head have a 55 percent
survival rate. Long-term prognosis for survival becomes less
likely if there are other complications. Approximately 75
percent of these infants who do survive have varying degrees
of mental deficit.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
References
[1] C. Siffel, L.-Y. C. Wong, R. S. Olney, and A. Correa, Survival
of infants diagnosed with encephalocele in Atlanta, 197998,
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 4048,
2003.
[2] I. F. Pollack, Management of encephaloceles and craniofacial
problems in the neonatal period, Neurosurgery Clinics of North
America, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 121139, 1998.
[3] P. W. Callen, The obstetric ultrasound examination, in Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, P. W. Callen, Ed., pp.
325, Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 5th edition,
2008.
[4] D. A. Nyberg, J. P. McGahan, D. H. Pretorius, and G. Pilu, Eds.,
Diagnostic Imaging of Fetal Anomalies, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2003.
[5] L. H. Lowe, T. N. Booth, J. M. Joglar, and N. K. Rollins, Midface
anomalies in children, Radiographics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 907
922, 2000.
[6] A. K. Mahapatra and A. Suri, Anterior encephaloceles: a study
of 92 cases, Pediatric Neurosurgery, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 113118,
2002.
[7] E. W. Hoving and C. Vermeij-Keers, Frontoethmoidal encephaloceles, a study of their pathogenesis, Pediatric Neurosurgery,
vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 246256, 1997.
[8] D. Graham, T. R. Johnson Jr., K. Winn, and R. C. Sanders, The
role of sonography in the prenatal diagnosis and management
of encephalocele, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 1, no.
3, pp. 111115, 1982.
[9] D. Borowski, P. Wegrzyn, R. Bartkowiak, D. Wyrwas, and M.
Wielgos, First trimester diagnosis of encephalocelereport of
two cases and review of the literature, Ginekologia Polska, vol.
82, no. 9, pp. 700704, 2011.
[10] R. B. Goldstein, A. S. LaPidus, and R. A. Filly, Fetal cephaloceles: diagnosis with US, Radiology, vol. 180, no. 3, pp. 803808,
1991.
[11] P.-Y. Tsai, C.-H. Chang, and F.-M. Chang, Prenatal diagnosis
of the fetal frontal encephalocele by three-dimensional ultrasound, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 378380, 2006.
[12] T. Morioka, K. Hashiguchi, K. Samura et al., Detailed anatomy
of intracranial venous anomalies associated with atretic parietal
cephaloceles revealed by high-resolution 3D-CISS and highfield T2-weighted reversed MR images, Childs Nervous System,
vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 309315, 2009.
[13] D. Levine and P. D. Barnes, Cortical maturation in normal
and abnormal fetuses as assessed with prenatal MR imaging,
Radiology, vol. 210, no. 3, pp. 751758, 1999.
[14] K. J. Mangels, N. Tulipan, L. Y. Tsao, J. Alarcon, and J. P. Bruner,
Fetal MRI in the evaluation of intrauterine myelomeningocele, Pediatric Neurosurgery, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 124131, 2000.

[15] S. J. Wininger and A. E. Donnenfeld, Syndromes identified
in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed cephaloceles, Prenatal
Diagnosis, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 839843, 1994.
[16] B. W. Y. Lo, A. V. Kulkarni, J. T. Rutka et al., Clinical predictors
of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles: clinical article, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
254257, 2008.
[17] R. P. Humphreys, Encephalocele and dermal sinuses, in Pediatric Neurosurgery, W. R. Cheek, Ed., WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 3rd edition, 1994.
[18] B. N. French, Midline fusion defects and defects of formation,
in Neurological Surgery, J. R. Youmans, Ed., p. 1164, W.B.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1990.
[19] M. S. Brown and M. Sheridan-Pereira, Outlook for the child
with a cephalocele, Pediatrics, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 914919, 1992.
MEDIATORS
of
INFLAMMATION
The Scientific
World Journal
http://www.hindawi.com
Volume 2014
Gastroenterology
Research and Practice
Volume 2014
Journal of

Diabetes Research
Volume 2014

Volume 2014

Volume 2014
International Journal of
Journal of
Endocrinology
Immunology Research
Disease Markers

Volume 2014
Volume 2014
Submit your manuscripts at

BioMed
Research International
PPAR Research

Volume 2014
Volume 2014
Journal of
Obesity
Journal of
Ophthalmology
Volume 2014
Evidence-Based
Complementary and
Alternative Medicine
Stem Cells
International
Volume 2014

Volume 2014
Journal of
Oncology
Volume 2014

Volume 2014
Parkinsons
Disease
Computational and
Mathematical Methods
in Medicine
Volume 2014
AIDS
Behavioural
Neurology
Research and Treatment

Volume 2014

Volume 2014

Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and

Cellular Longevity
Volume 2014

Jurnal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jurnal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jurnal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Correspondence should be addressed to Mehdi Kehila; [email protected]

no vascular supply (Figure 1). The lesion measured 44 mm in

Figure 1: Sonographic examination showing a regularly shaped,

Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Figure 2: Prenatal MRI showing a small round midline lesion with

Figure 3: Prenatal MRI showing a well-defined osseous defect in the

Frontoethmoidal encephalocele is the most common of the

Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Figure 4: Fetal macroscopic examination showing the sincipital encephalocele.

made by 2D US since 1992 [10], and the first case illustrated

Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Submit your manuscripts at

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Research and Treatment

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Oxidative Medicine and

You might also like