RST HM) ® EU! Objectives After reading this chapter, you'll be able * Identity the basic root styles. Understand the basic terms relating to roof frame carpentry. Develop framing plans for a gable roof, hip roof, and variations that include: valleys. Lay out a common rafter, Using at least one of the four basic mettods. Lay out ceiting joists, -Recognize wher special Je thts hapten you mill he sntrensend to commen ceiling framing may be types of roofs, the basies of rool framing, and the skills required. of laying out and cutting a rafter. In following chapters, you will learn more about advanced raof framing, roof Terms sheathing, and roof assembly bird's mouth Roof framing begins after the house walls have been pitch framed. In most cases, the walls have also been sheathed rafter to increase thelr strength and stiffness, For information ridge board on additional roof framing options, refer to Chapter 31, slope “Roof Edge Details.” Nominal 2" lumber is generally used "an for roof framing. it should normally not exceed 19 per ta connote cnet Same ules use ener, total rise pare te lumber instead, such as joists (see Chapter 17, unit rise "Engineered Lumber). This and following chapters vnit run describe roof framing using conventional lumber. Using Hoists requltes the same baste understanding of rafter layout and roof design. Installation details for Ioists are given in Section 22.2 422. UNIT 4 Wood Frame CapenPlanning a Roof ROOF STYLES The main purpose ofa roof isto protect the hhouse in all types of weather with a minimum ‘of maintenance. A roof must be strong to with stand snow and wind loads. The parts must be securely fastened to each other. Another consideration is appearance. A roof should add to the attractiveness ofthe home. Roof styles are used to create different architec: tural effects. A carpenter must understand and be able to frame roo's in various styles Fig. 224. The basic roof styles used for homes and small buildings are gable, hip, flat, and shee. Fig. 22-2. Variations are associated with atcht tectural styles of different regions or countries Some of these include the gambrel roof, the ‘mansard roof, and the Dutch hip rool. Gable Roof The gable roof has two sloping sides that meet atthe top to form a gable at each end. (A ‘gable Is the triangular wall enclosed by the slop- Ing ends ofthe roof, A gable roof may include dormers (upright window projections) that add light and ventilation to second-floor rooms ot the atic The gable mot Is the most common, type of root Hip Root A hip roof slopes a: the ends of the building as well as atthe two sides, The slope on all sides results in an even averhang all around the building and gives @ iow appearance. Because there is no siding above the overhang, mainte nance needs are reduced, The hip is also a very B Fig. 22-1 The get capa witht tip ox A The ple ‘ta anon ye in homing, Ths rae bled oer 8 The tip et presets ge ona si. strong roof and is often found in regions where severe storms are common, All of these factors make ita popular choice. Low-Slope Roof Sometimes called a flat roof a low'slope roof {snot perfectly flat Instead, the rafters (inclined ‘members supporting the roof are laid ata slight angle to encourage water to drain, Sheathing and roofing are applied to the top of the rafters. CHAPTER 22 Banc Root Framing 423—_ Gavleroot Gable rook & dormer Hip root Hip & valey root Shedorteantorcot —_Gambret root Fig. 222. Conn net ayes The ceiling materials applied to the underside of the rafters. Because a flat roof can be dif cult to waterproof, itis found most often in dry climates, STopes in one direction only. shed root is often Used for an addition io an existing structure, In this case, the roof may be attached to the side of the structure or tothe rool, Gambrel Roof ‘The gambrel roof'isa vaviation of the gable ‘oof, It has a steep slope on two sides. A second slope begins partway up and continues to the top. This root style wes brought to North Amer: {ca by German immigrants who settled in New York and Pennsylvania. It is commonly used on barns, Mansard Roof The mansard roof sa variation ofthe hip roof. Ithas steep slopes on all four sides. 424 — unt & Woud Frame Capeniny Slee Gable root with shed oot ation as BLP Mansardroct Deena Partway up, a shallow second stope is develope and continues to the top where it meets the slopes from the other sides, The mansard roof style was brought to North America by the French who setted in Quebec, Canada, Dutch | A Dutch hip roofs related to both the gable roof and the hip roof. Basically, it isa hip roof ‘with a small gable a each end near the top. Like a hip roof, it has an even overhang around the entire building. This protects the walls fom Fain, Like a gable roof, portions of a Dutch hip to0f are formed by two slopes that meet atthe top. A Dutch hip roof is more common on single: Story houses than on two-story houses. ROOF FRAMING BASICS Mastering the special terms used in roof fram: ‘ng will make it easier for you to understand ‘00fing concepts. Also, become familiar with the {framing square, which you willbe using. ts Shor leg is called the tongue. Its long leg is called the blade, of bod.Fig. 22:3, Bi, canis ot ang Parts of a Roof A basic, conventicnal roof consists of rafters, collar ties, celling joists, and a ridge board. Fig. 223. Nore complex roofs include valley rafters and jack rafters (see also Chapter 23, “Hip, Valley and Jack Rafters) A rafter is an incined member of the roof framework. Rafters serve the same purpose in the roof as joists in -he aor or stuls in the wall. They are usually spaced 16" or 24° apart. Rafters vary in depth depending on thei length, Ridge oare ‘Gvothang ‘a Valley rir —~/ Bui Pate 7 Fig. 22-4 The prs oa. tae as sn om se Tey aa Labia ate the distance they are spaced apart, thelr slope, and the kind of roof covering to be used, A col lar te isa horizontal tie that connects opposite palrs of rafters to help stiffen the roof. The Fidge board, or ridge, is the horizontal piece that connects the upper ends ofthe rafters, Rafters often extend beyond the exterior walls to form eaves also called overhangs that pro tect the sides of the house. The tall isthe por- tion of the rafter that extends beyond the wall of the building o form the eave, The following rafters are needed for framing the cifferent roof styles (Fig. 22-4) * Common rafters extend from the top plate to the ridge board at 90° to both, + Hip rafters extend diagonally from the corners formed by the top plates to the ridge board. + Valley rafters extend diagonally from the top plates to the ridge board along the lines where {wo roofs intersect, * Jack rafters also called jacks, never extend the full distance from the top plate to the ridge ‘board, There ae three kinds of Jack rafters, ‘ip jack rafters extend from the top plate toa hip tater. Valley Jack rafters extend from the ridge board toa valley rafter. Cripple jack rafters extend between a hip rafter and a val! ley rafter or between two valley rafters valley alter -—<— Common ater loge boars CHAPTER 22 Sasi Real Framing 425icge board Measuring tine Fig, 22:5. Tams wi tain. Calculating Roof Slope ‘The slope of a roo! must be calculated before Construction can begin. It depends upon several factors, including the roof’ span, run, and rise ‘The distance between the outer edges of the top plates is the span. Fig. 22°5,Itis measured at right angles tothe ridge board ‘The total run is one-half the span (except When the slope ofthe roof is irregular, The unit run, or unit of run, isa set length that is used 10 figure the slope of rate rafter that is ata 90° angle to the ridge (a com: ‘mon raften is always 12", The unit run for « rafter that is ata 45° angle to the ridge is 17. Refer to Fig. 22-4 The measuring lineis an maginary line run: ning from the outside wall tothe top of the ridge, The total rise is the vertical distance from the top of the top plate to the upper end of the measuring line. The unit rise is the nun ber of inches that a roof rises for every 12" of run (the unit run) As the unit rise varies, the slope of the roof changes. Fig. 22-6. Slope and pitch are often used interchange ably, but they do not mean the same thing, Slope is ratio of unit rise to unit run, Piteh is 2 ratio of total rise to span, The triangular symbol above the root in Fig 22:6 shows the slope visually. When the slope is ‘written out in words, the unit rise is separated from the unit run by a slash mark, For example, 426 UNIT 4 Wood Frame Carpenty a a SS Top plates aS, Totaly ——+! 4 ——— sm —____| Resrremers np Many carpenters use the terms sv and lt ‘28if they mean the same thing. Some con ‘struction dctionaris also consider these ‘wo terms to be synanymous. However this {Snot precisely corect. Slope refers toa ‘abo of rise to run. Pitch refers to a ratio of infor a — #3 40 span. Either termrcar bo used WO describe the incnation (lan) of roofs and rafters, but sis the term most suted to roo! framing Unit se Fig. 22-6. compotion of ual nt nt tims Te ut i of tama fers ays 1. Th rn ets, epg en ‘here eo ote el ston thew fe pet mo,5* rise per 12" run (18/12 slope) 1 1s: 12] 12-rise per 12° run (12/12 slope) ior] 10-Fise per 12°run (10/12 stope) x] 8 tise per 12° run (6/12 slope) | Sztise per 12° run (6/12 slope) ie run (4/12 slope) Ged bk —42" un Fig, 22-7. ao desi soe wg aig snore roof may have a urit rise of 6* and a unit run of 12%. The information would be written °6/12 slope” and pronounced "six twelve slope” or sometimes “six in twelve slope.” Fig. 22-7. The slope of a roof can also be given in degrees, For example, a roof witha 12/12 slope forms a 45+ angle. Fig. 22:8. However, referring to degrees Js not a common practice, Plumb lines and level lines refer to the direc tion of a line on a rafter, not to any particular after cut. Any ine tat is vertical when the rafters i its proper position line. Any line that is horizontal when the rafter {s ints proper positon is called a level line. Fig. 22.9, Unitran LS Fig. 22:8. Arc i212 dpe ang at 45 and as 12 eh LAYING OUT A ROOF FRAMING PLAN Before cutting rafters, the carpenter must determine what kinds are needed to frame the roof. roof framing plan may be included in te Set of building plans. IF itis not included, you ‘must lay one out for yourself I the plan is drawn to seale, the exact number ‘of each kind of rafter can also be determined. actual ig ‘ured based on dimensions taken directly from the building — Plumb ine = Plume mn Fig. 22-9 The oi spre se byt su na Ines na ft The pl nis mage geo te sare The ae eis ae og hb, ai CHAPTER 22 Basic oct Fring 427Gable Roof ‘The gable roof framing plants the simplest to develop. Fig. 22-10, 1, Lay out the outline ofthe building (A), 2 Determine the direction in which the rafters will run, 3. Draw the centerline at right angles to this irection (A). The centerline determines the location of the rlge line (C) This core sponds tothe fozation of the ridge board 4. Determine the distance between the rafters and lay out the roof frame plan (0). Gable and Valley Roof A gable and valley roof is simply two gable roofs that intersect. In the majority of cases they intersect at a 90° angle. The intersection lereates two valleys. Fig. 22-11, a | = = 1. Lay out the outline of the building (a 2, Draw the centerline of the larger rectangle (B, arrow 1), 3. Draw the centerline ofthe smaller rectangle (8, arrow 2) 4, Draw 45° lines from the interior comers of the building to where the centetlines intersect ©. 5. Draw the ridge lines (D), 6, Determine the distance between the rafters and lay them out on the roof framing plan (2), Hip Roof The angle at which the hip extends from each omer is usually 45%, but other angles are possi- ble. Fig. 22-12, 4, Lay out the outline of the bullding (4 5 c D Fig. 22-10. Frag on ro atm. she wl be wl hi, I at al | «J coeeeee a i) Fig. 22-11, Ge anya fangs TIN Pe L_| LL WIN ig. 22:12. Franny sn fr ip 428 UNIT 4 Wood Fume CarpertyFig. 22-13. Hp analy fami pi 2, Locate and draw « centerline (8) 3. Starting at each corner, draw a 45° line from the corner to the centerline (C), This estab lishes the locaton ofthe hip rafters 4, Draw the ridge lie between the intersecting points ofthe hip rafters (D) 5. Determine the distance between the rafters and lay them out an the roof framing plan (6), Hip and Valley Roof Avhip and valley ref ean be quite complex. t fs created when one ar more hip roots intersect {2 90° angles, Fig. 2213, 1. Lay out the outline of the building (A. 2, Outline the larges: rectangle inside the build ing outline (2, 3, Draw centeslines for every rectangle formed inside the building outline (C) 4, Draw a 45° line from each inside and outside ‘corner. Extend these lines to intersect with the centerlines(D), The lines indicate the location ofthe hip afters on outside corners and valley rafters on inside corners. 5. The centertines drawn in (C) connect the hip and valley rafters. Draw these as solid lines where the ridges will be located (E) 6. Figure the distance between the rafters and lay them out on the roof framing plan (F, io Your Knowledge Name the four basic roof styles used for homes. 2, The gambrel roof Is a variation of which basic roof style? 5. Explain the difference between a plumb line and a level line. 4. What isthe purpose ofa roof framing plan? (On the Job Draw a roof framing plan for a house with the following characteristics: + Teil be the same width as the house shovn in Fig. 2-10, but twice is length. + The main roof will be a gable Two other gable roofs will intersect with It, one on each long side ofthe house, The ridges ofthe intersecting gable roots should meet the main ridge one-third of the distance from the end of the house *+ The side walls of one intersecting roof should be twice as long as the walls ofthe other. CHAPTER 22 Basic oot Framing 428Roof Framing with Common Rafters LAYING OUT COMMON RAFTERS ‘The rafters form the skeleton of the roof. They must be carefully made and fitted if they are to support the ruots weight. The top of the rafter rests against the ridge board. The cut ‘made in the rafter soit its against the ridge f= called a plumb cut. The bottom ofthe ralter Tests on the plate. Tae cut made here is called a level cut, or Seat cut. Fig. 22-15, fl a Top cut or pom cut Fig, 22-14. coment faved tnd ny ee Aline for the plumb cutis drawn using a framing square as 2 guide, Fig. 22-16, The unit run (12° mark) on the blade of the square is aligned with the edge of the rafter. The unit rise fon the tongue of the square will correspond to the pitch ofthe roof. The unit rise is aligned on the same edge ofthe rafter, The line for the Tongue. ig. 22-15 The tise vs nto sho tip he awl the ad totum 430-—unit « Wood Faire CaentyAlun nas in a the p(t) eat on mt witha it se (9 pi. (ers ee eee Seat cu. or \- level et Fig, 22-17. lel ne dm be sex a Tis ete or ro a i i, sea |? Measuring —24' Span: Fig. 22-18. The herticlratar hgh resem pat apo Aine for the seat cutis drawn with the square in the same position on the rafter. A level line is drawn for the same raof pitch, except thatthe line is drawn along the body of the framing square, Fig. 22-17, Look at Figs. 22-18 and 22-49. The theoreti- ‘al length ofa common rafter isthe shortest distance between the outer edge ofthe plate (A) and a point where the measuring line ofthe after meets the ridge line (5. This length is found along the measuring line. tt may be cal- culated in the following ways: + By using the Pythagorean theorem. + By using the unit length obtained from the rafter table on the framing square Te Carpenter's Tip, Inctead of using a standard framing square {or laying out roo framing, many carpenters use a tiangular framing square. Smaller and more durable than a framing square, this tool can be used forthe same pur poses. Ithasa thickened fp along one, side. This enables the carpanter to hold the tool against lumber and use it as a ‘guide fora cieculr sa, Fridge boars! Heel plume ine lve! | ptm L Tal pum ine Fig. 22-19. Aoul an tase gh fea fe CHAPTER 22 Bose Rost Framing 431SAFETY FIRST Lifting Rafters ui te yt an sry a tae, tle an berms be hand aes mh arth ss anf "ow ui. Cpr ewok te min Bac stn Far eel, Pov lumbe eerste le Ui witha hele tales i ten * By stepping off the length with the framing square ‘By entering the rise and run into a calculator designed for solving construction problems, Pythagorean-Theorem Method ‘The Pythagorean theorem states that the square ofthe hypotenuse of aright triangle is equal to the sum ofthe squares ofthe other two sides (Fig, 22-20) Corr Fig. 22.218, 492 UNIT « Wood Fane Carerey te tng of omme er ck fre on fn ‘he eg que. near prone abe. Unt rise © Fig. 22-21. titi of afer is res by ee ‘Tole ts inc bef in ar tl oe hang sawre. ‘The length of the hypotenuse (C) will be the square root ofthe sum of the square ofthe other two sides, ce ‘The rise, the run, and the rafter ofa roof form a right triangle. The measuring line representing the rater is the hypotenuse, The length of the rafter (C) can thus be calculated from the rise (A) and the ran (8), Unit-Length Method : ‘The unit-ength method uses the rafter table oma framing square. Unit lengths the length of 8 rafter per foot of run, It can be expressed as the hypotenuse ofa right tangle, The unit run (125 Is the base, and the unit rise (in inches per {oot of rundis the altitude, Fig. 22-21. Look at the rafter table on the framing square. Fig. 22218. The topline ofthe table reads: “Length‘Common Rafters per Foot Run" The inch markings along the top represent unit rise, For ‘example, if you follow across the top line to the figure under 6 (fora unit rise of 69, you will find the number 13.42. This isthe unit length for a roof triangle with a unit run of 12" and a unit rise of 6 Lets figure the total length of a rafter fora small building with aunit rise of 5°, a span of 6. anda run of 3. Look atthe rafter table to obtain the unit length. Fora unit rise of 5°, the unit length is 13° per unit run. The total length is the unit length times the total run. The total run of the building in this example Is 3. There: fore the total length of the common rafters is 59° Fig. 2222. ao a - ves Unit i i ‘ ¢ Ly [aware] [__ une _, | Laon le 27— | x2. nn + ——— 6-0" span ———_+» Fig. 22-22. Te tt thrall of» tet ‘has then ng ns ene te el 3d les 17 Telomere he a 3, Step-Off Method A third method for finding the theoretical rafter length is by using the framing square to “step off” the length, Fig. 22-23. Place the square on the rafter with the tongue along the plumb cut. Step off the length ofthe unit tun on the rafter stock as many times as there are feet in the total run, In this ase, it would be three ‘umes, overhang oc projection pum cut Funitise Fig. 22:23. Sepig of te oh of commen ate CHAPTER 22 asc Root Framing — 433Often the total run ofa building will not come ‘out in even feet. For example, the run might be 3-4, With the square a the first position, draw Aline along the edge of the tongue to represent the plumb cut at the ridge board. Fig. 22-24. At the 4° mark on the blade, make a matk on the rafter along the level line—not along the edge ‘Then, starting at this mark, step off the unit run three times, fora toal run of 3-4". This is the ‘theoretical length ofthe rafter Calculator Method Small, easy-to-use construction calculators are ‘Row common on job sites. Fig. 22-25, Measure ‘ments can be entered into the calculator in feet and inches, including fractions. If you know the rise and the run, you can easily determine the length of a common rafter by entering these fig lures into the calculator. You can also use the tool to calculate cus for hip rafers and valley rafters COMPLETING THE LAYOUT After the basi rafter layout fs complete, add tional work is required. The ridge allowance, after overhang, and bied’s mouth must be con: Hoel plumb ine Fig, 22.24 Sein of fer wn te lun teen nb fe 434 — unit « Wood Fame Copan Fig. 22-25, Avast altri ten a ste fain el. inns «ane ete ine nas, ad Ft of 0 ina, sidered. Layout of the ridge board will be dis ‘cussed in Chapter 24, "Roof Assembly and Sheathing,Common Rafter Ridge Allowance “The theoretical rafter length does not take {nto account the thickness of the ridge board or the length of the overhang, if there is one To cut a rafter without an overhang to its actual length, you must deduct one-half the thickness of the ridge board from the ridge end, Fig. 22:26. For example, I 2” material is used for the ridge board, its actual thickness is 142, One-half of this is, The X* is indicated along the level line, and the line for the actual ridge plumb cut is éravvn, Fig. 22-27, Hatt hiekness ‘of ridge boars Fig. 22-26, Sita neo te ar thks of he ig teat ete thera ing of be tera ta te ers ‘chal Fre tab n wehbe te, Theoretical dge plumb cut Actua ge plumb cut — nea actual ckness of igs a fe Sunt ee Az unit ise Fig. 22-27. Ly of wert te hides oie tad og the line Oo a ya og ego he rte Common Rafter Overhang ‘A roof may or may not have an overhang, oF eave. If no, the rafter must be cut so that its lower end is even with the outside of the exte- rior wall. I the end is cut parallel to the ridge plumb cut, Itis said to have a hee. Fig. 2228, ‘The portion ofthe rafter that rests on the plate Is called the seat. To lay out the seat, place the tongue of the framing square on the heel plumb line. The rater edge will intersect the correct seat width on the blade. Fig. 22-29. indicate the Seat by drawing a line from the heel plumb line along the blade. Heat xf ofrater Seat orator! Fig. 22-28. Are witout on watong et te exer wal va Heel plums tine Tongue Desired wiath of seat, Fig, 22:29. ijn ate rer et CHAPTER 22 Bic ReofFramng 435A roof with wide averhangs provides protec tion for side walls and end walls. Though it adds slightly to the intial cost, this type of raf extension saves on maintenance later If the roof does hve an overhang, the over: hhanging patt ofthe -after isthe tal, Its length ‘must be added to the length ofthe rafter. The length ofthe tll may be calculated as if i were 4 separate short rafter. Any of the methods used for finding rafter lergth may be used to find the length ofthe tll. For example, suppose the run fof the overhang is 2" and the unit rise of the ‘o9f s 8, Fig. 22-30. Look atthe rafter table on the framing square o find the unit length for a common rafter witha unit rise of 8°. You will see the unit length is 14.42". Since the total ran of the overhang is 24" the total length is 28.84", or 28%" 14.42 (inches per unit run) x 2 (units of run) = 28.8 Another way to lay out the overhang is with the framing square, Suppose the run of the over hhang is 10” Fig. 22-31. Start the layout by plac: 1 ‘nit un _—— Fun ot overang Fig. 22-30. Calubsng eran. The ag of theft erag ye yg the art aig re 436 — UNIT 4 Wood tame Carpet 1 Ta pmo ne ¢ ‘Run ot evemang_/ Fidge end— Tongue Fig. 22-31. oy other fb exotang sy 0 2 ‘aa ig he ai sure. Ing the tongue ofthe square along the heel plumb line and setting the square ta the pitch of the roof, In Fig, 22-31 the square is set to a unit rise of 8" and a unit ran of 12" Move the square in the direction ofthe arrow, as shown, until the 10” mark of the blade is on the heel plumb linee Draw a tine along the tongue. This will mark the tall cut If fascia or softs ate to be added later, be sure to allow for them in figuring the length of the rafter tal ‘Many carpenters do not cut the tall tothe fin after the rafters have heen fastened in place, Instead, a sufficient amount ‘of material is allowed for the overhang. After the rafters are fastened in place, a chalk line is snapped on the top edge ofall the rafters. A tail plumb line is then drawn down from this chalk line on each rafter and the til eut along the Jine. rem Another Angle eater mated of eating rater a place a square on th ak mark and daw a ine fr a Squat cut. This can onl be dane when tees no requiement for guts onthe hase A soiree mos gute very feat to mountLaying Out a Bird's Mouth Abird’s mouth isa notch made ina rafter with an overhang so thatthe rafter will fit against a plate. Fig. 22-32. The plumb cut for the bird's mouth, which bears against the side of the plate, is called the heel cur. The level cu, which ears on the top of the plate, is called the ‘The sizeof the biti’s mouth fora common rafter is usually stated in terms of the depth of, the heel cut rather than the width of the seat cut. The birds mouth is laid out much the same Way as the seat cut for a rafter without an over- hhang. Measure off the depth ofthe heel on the heel plumb line, et the sauare, and draw the seat line long the blade. Fig. 22-33. CUTTING RAFTERS ‘To cut common rafters, the actual length of ‘one rafter is laid outon a piece of stock. The ‘crown ofthe rafter should be an the top edge. Alter the first rafter s cut, it is used as a pattern for cutting a second. The two rafters are then tested on the build: ing using the ridge board ora scrap piece of the same size material te see how the heel eut and the top cut fit f they Fit properiy, one ofthese rafters can be used as a pattern to cut al che others needed a hy Heat cut of: ras mouth Fig. 22-32. Teta ef wth an veg Cut rafters should be distributed to thelr loca tions along the building. The rafters are usually leaned against the building with the ridge cut up. The workers on the building can then pull them up as needed and fasten them in position, In large developments, houses must be built quickly. Carpenters using conventional roof framing methods instead of trusses, which are * faster, must develop efficient work habits. One ‘way in which they can speed their work without sacrificing quality Is to gang;cut rafters, After the master rafter pattern has been established, ig. 22.33. tig these ty it bins moth, Fora armen er on eo, ea the el ct sad tag ab ine Ta gh of he et are 8 ithe iri ens ig oe rat fx aid wale rte, se er, CHAPTER 22 Bac Roc! Framing 437many pieces of rafter stock are clamped together atop sawhorses. Lines are marked across the edges ofthe stock to indicate hee] cuts, plumb cuts, and bird mouth cuts. Then the cuts are made on a group of rafters at the same time, sometimes using special sas. Rater cutng i usualy done witha circular sav tis impertart not to overcut when ‘making the bird's mouth. This will weaken the rafer. tis bes to stop the heol cut and the seat cut short of each intersecting layout Tne. n other words, make partial ets. Then finish the cut witha handsaw or gay. GAMBREL, SHED, AND LOW-SLOPE ROOFS Other kinds of roofs are framed using varia tions of the same basic techniques used to build a gable roof. These roofs include gamnbrel roofs, shed roofs, and flat, oF low slope, roofs. Framing a Gambrel Roof “The Traming fora gamibrel root combines pr: mary and secondary rafters. The lower (primary) rafter has 2 steep pitch, and the upper (second. ary) rafter has a low pith. Ifthe pitches are known, the rafters may be laid out in the same ‘manner as any common rafter. ‘The roof may also be laid out full size on the subfloor Use the run ofthe building (AB) as a radius and draw a semicircle Flg. 22-34. Draw a perpendicular line fram point At intersect the semicircle at E This ocates the ridge line. Find the height of the wals from the plans, Draw @ perpendicular line (CD) to this length between, the plate and the semicircle. Connect points and Dand points D and E. This gives the loca: tion and pitch of primary rafter BD and sec ondary rafter DE. From this layout the rafter pat tems can be made ard cut for test fitting on the building. 498 UNIT # Wood Frne Cepenty Secondary rater Putin Primary Fig. 22-34, Tetons fre resin be gabe tay be ay cate ue one ae Framing a Shed Roof AA shed roof is basicaly one-half of a gable roof. The full-length rafters in a shed roof are ‘common rafters. The total rise isthe difference in height between the walls on which the rafter will bear. The total run is equal tothe span of the building minus the width ofthe top plate on the higher wall. Fig. 22-35. Also, the run of the overhang on the higher wall is measured from the Inner edge of the top plate. With these exceptions, shed roof common rafters are laid ot like gable roof common rafters. A shed root ‘common rafter has two bird's mouths. They are laid out just Ike the bire’s mouth on a gable roof common rater, Framing a Low-Siope Roof A low-slope roof has a slope of 3/12 oF less. ‘This includes so-called “lat” roofs, which actu: ally have a slight slope to encourage water to drain off. low-slope roof can be framed in the ppost-and-beam style (see Chapter 19, “Framing Methods’ or with nominal 2 joists Low-slope roofs generally require larger rafters than roofs with steeper slopes, but the total amount of framing lumber is usually les. Where rafters also serve as celing joists, their size is based on both roof and ceiling loads. The size is given on the plans or determined from, rafter span tables When there is an overhang on all sides of the house, lookout rafters are ordinarily used. Fig. 22.36. Lookout rafters project beyond the wallscomo ater — = pees a Teta un of overhang Totalrun of overhang “otal un of commen rater. ——»| Fig. 22:35. Sed ot fig i ‘of the house, usually at 90° tothe common USING I-JOIST RAFTERS rafters. Where they run perpendicular to com ‘mon rafters, they are nailed to a double header —__Laminated-veneer lumber can be used to build and toenatled tothe wall plate, The distance ‘many portions of the house frame, including the from the double header to the wal line Is ust roof, LVL lumber is also used in commercial ally twice the overhang. Rafter ends may be \wood framing, LVL joists can be used in place , ‘capped with a header, which will serve as a nail- of lumber rafters. Various companies moka {ng surface for trim, joists. You must follow the manufacturers instructions for the product you are using, especially for nailing. Fig, 22-37, ‘The details shown in Fig. 22-38 provide a Fat ——eneralintroduction-to the subject oF Hoist Pat toot aming SA B-<—boubies header Lookout rater Fig. 22-36. crensionals | |" xtecor wal lod ih an hay Fig, 22-37, Me cara so esl Ey the ea aye a npr oa an- eto he ot as. OWAPTER 22 Bese Rest Framing — 439WEB STIFFENERS ig. 22-38, vt at ati: The seins en, ays com te mcs Inui ear nati,Le me me mm ml EAA Bae) een ‘Check Your Knowledge Nailing Safety eg fei ce nei tsa prevents tft fromm spreading an ety ay Bess oe oy inane te out on he exer ale) rk ey oy francais, BUSILgut onthe extetor wa Cinitcad oe ttia 3: Name the part ofa br's mouth and tel where hey bea 4 When making cus for a bird's mouth, what mistake should you avo On the Job Find the theoretical rafter length for a common rafter used in a roof with a 7/12 pitch and a span of 23.6 "De Ceiling Framing er nonbagiits ee CEILING JOISTS Ceiling framing forthe top level ofa house usually proceeds at the same time as roof fram ing. While the rafters are being laid out and cut, ‘other carpenters cut and install the ceiling Joists. Like floor joists, ceiling jolsts may be Fig. 22-39. Clg tain oer suprise or, supported by girders or by bearing walls CHAPTER 22 Basic Rol Faring — 441Sizing Ceiling Joists The size ofthe celling joists is determined by the distance they mist span and the load they ‘must carry. Table 22-A. The species and grade ‘of wood must also be considered. The correct size for the joists wl be found on the building plans. Spacing and span limitations must com ply with local building codes, Layout The layout for eeing joist is determined as one lays out the rates: Rfter spacing and placement are determined fst ellng ost Spacing and plaemant are determined second Celing jolts ae usualy placed across the sth ofthe balding and paral tothe rafters. ‘The ends ofthe joists that est on the exterior veal plates next to tne rafters il usualy pro. Jet above the top edge ofthe rafter Fig. 22-40. “Tes ends mst be cutoff at an angle to match the angle ofthe rafters. Ths le best done before the ost are installed. Istallation begins atone end ofthe house and continues to te other ends The spacing of the jst is usally 1 or 24" OG. Batra Joss are placed, as needed, without altering the spac ing. or example acing Jlst will be needed Ate inside edge ol the plate onan end wall Ths provides an edge naling surface fot the Celing nish, Fig. 2241.8 second joist su Sheathing —! ee Fig. 22-40. The up coner hol item be et san ane to mah bu age eater. (Ts ae thse at th pif he mt The tse ot of ab 1” be he rs ee distance between the first two joists at this loca tion will then be less than the normal OC spac; ing. Fig. 22-42, Each succeeding joist is spaced 16" or 24° on center Ceiling joists meet other ceiling joists from the oppasite side of the building. The joists are offset 1¥ on the two outside walls so that they Allowable Spans for Ceiling Joists Using Nonstress-Graded Lumber 442 UNIT 4 Wood Frame Caren, asus Mlowable Span Sze of Ceing | Spacing of Coiog (eat nd inches) shits Gch) sist che) Sup Buy t | Grup tv Be @ 4 + oe 6 wo s 4 a 2 6s 5s Be 8 150 46 10 ae @ a 1 8 ns wa 16sEna wat | fate 10" |e ee | aa Fig. 22-41. Acslng tis st on be ie peo ee wal ta pu ay fu mate tte eae src Fig. 22-42. The sinc even thf sw es les tan Te joss ae bt nd ten on he ning a The ut it ut fc partition wall. ig. 22-43, This lap is face-nailed , With three 16d nails. The Joists are toenailed to the bearing wall plate with two 10d nalls Nonbeating partitions that ran parallel to the ceiling joists are nailed to blocks installed Backing between the joists. Fig. 22-44. om lg. 22-44. Arne wl ste ak tht is bean aed Fig. 22-43. Cig ists bped on he eet jit ae he akg at she ated ap of bean wh the wal ling te cing mate CHAPTER 22 Basic Rot Framing — 443tna aerate mato te end ofthe js ESteeee ends that butt wll hive to be squared and cut fo sft eng tch Jat end wie ening on usta hewal pte A pwood spe tnast be aed Secu both sds the Jats ole tgeter ig. 2845 eal Steps for ns celng Joss are gen vee ‘dais soc 2ie plywood joist spice both ses Fig. 22-45, Calg ost ut nde mu bead ‘peter fr seg hs sad une inst phon ora, use tek ad att 2". STEP BY Installing Ceiling Joists The locations for celling joists are laid out like Step $ ‘Toenail the other end of the jist to a" the locations for floor joists (see Chapter 20, sirder or bearing wall Floor Framing’) The spacing ofthe joists will ’be found on the building plans. Marthe ‘Step 6 _ Nail lapped joists to each other with plates for the comect spacing. three 10d nails. ~ Step 1 -Cuteact joist to tenth Sight dovere the edge of the joist to determine ‘where the crovin is. Trim off the cor nets that will extend above the rafters Distribute the joists around the build: Ing so that they can be lifted into place. Place eath Joist with the OWN UP. Gating et ‘Align the end of the cling Joist with thecuhiseeigeaf ie eseor wal go plate. At one end, toenail three 10d nalls through the joist and into the plate or use a metal framing connector. Fig. 2246. Metal onnactor Fig. 22-46. Almere be wl et elng pis oe ate. 444 UNIT 4 WoodFrame CapaSPECIAL CEILING FRAMING Ceiling framing must often accommodate Incerruptions in the ragular spacing of jist. Before beginning layout and installation, the car enter should check the plans to identify these special situations Inthe framing fora hip oof witha shallow slope, the first ceiling jist will interfere with the bottom edge of the rafters. Stb joss (short Joists) installed at right angles to the regular joists wil correct this situation, Fig. 22-47. Space the stubs 16" on center for attaching the finished celling. Locate them so thatthe rafters, when installed, may be nailed directly to thelr sides Ceiling Openings Openings In the ceting may be reuled fora chimney or ft acces (othe ate. These open ings are often larger ‘han the spacing between the joists and will require the cutting of one or more joists. Such joists must be supported and framed as described in the section tiled, "Fram: ing Large Openings,” in Chapter 20. Building codes require that any framing, including ceiling framing, be kept atleast from the front and sides of masonry fireplaces, and atleast 4" from the back. Framing Flush Cellings In the past, homes usually bad many small rooms. Today, however, homeowners often pre fer larger and more open living spaces. A com: bined kitchen and family room is common, for ‘example. To visually tie the rooms together Tush celings are desirable. (The two cellings flow together as one.) Because there is no part tion, agirder is often needed to support the interior ends of the ceiling joists. This support can be provided by a flush girder. & flush gieder is usually bull up from the same stock used to frame the rest of the ceiling. I an also be a glulam or LVL beam. Instead of resting on top of the girder, ceiling joists are fastened to the side with joist hangers, ~ vole Fig. 22-47. Su sts sre eh thes it etl ang comer, CHAPTER 22 Sano Root Fring 445Fig. 22-48, Joist hangers are nailed to the girder with 10d of larger nails and to the jist with joist hanger nails. Itis often easiest to fasten ‘the hangers to the ends of the Joists before rals Ing the Joists into place, Metal strap Cain Bl? Another anproach that can sometimes be used y BS with shorter spans isto stiffen the ceiling joists With a member called a strongback. Fig. 22-49, ‘The strongback should be nailed tothe tops of ‘the ceiling joists. However, this method will not climinate the need for some kind of header. Metal joist ESTIMATING hanger Fig. 22-48. Calg ater ah ger wih jt forge. Toots nb rad ith etl tap, ‘The methods for estimating the number of ling jlsts, as well as the material cost, are the same as for estimating floor jolsts. Refer to Chapter 20, "Floor Framing.” oe Peete /Check Your Knowl hat tars detemin te eo ting [Ss 2A cling jas regen reno the building and rafters? 3. How much space must be left between ceiling Jolt and the font and sides of # masonry “aH ae oi mace Ta MAT ATT On the Job Because roof trusses are prefabricated, it might be assumed that using them is less expensive than using conventional rafters. Find out if this Is true by consulting a local builder or by calling ‘2 lumber company that sells roof trusses. Be sure to ask about the relative material costs as wel asthe labor costs for instalation. —ceting Ltwo ted mais josis Fig. 22-49. Astor ao ie a is tnd sepa 448° unit « WoodFrame CapertySection Summaries 22.1 Planning a roof calls for an understand: ing of architectural styles, as well as how the individual pleces are assembled. A roof plan must be developed before any framing can begin ‘There are four basic methods for laying ‘ur the cuts required for a common rafter. They include the Pythagorean the: ‘orem method, the unit length method, the step-off method, and the calculator method. 22.3. Ceiling framing is much like floor fram: Ing, However it is often considered to be 4 part of root framing, Protecting Other Workers from Ladders When you're car- ring a ladder, always be aware of where its in relation to the People and objects around you. Passageways and doorways are especially dangerous because you don't know what might be on the other side. Be sure to proceed slowly, As you know, long la ders should always be carried horizontally. However, the front {end should be high enough to cleat the top of a person's head. ‘The back should be Kept closer to the ground, Review Questions 1, To what basic roof type Is a mansard roof most similar? ‘Name the parts of a simple, conventional roof. 3. Name the four baste types of rafters. 4. What Is the span of a roof? 5. Describe the process for laying out a plumb ~ cut line on a rater. 6. Where isthe unit length found for a partic: ular rafter? Name the four methods for calculating the length of a common rafter. ‘8. What technique can carpenters use to speed up conventional roof construction without sacrificing quality? g 9. Why must the upper corners of clling Joists be cut off when they rest next to rafters? 10. When might openings in the ceiling framing ere CHAPTER 22 Basic Root Franny 447