Landing Stages

Landing
StageS
SeLectionS from
the aShden directory
Edited by Wallace Heim & Eleanor Margolies
The Gathering/Yr Helfa 2071 Calling Tree Gaia Theory Out of Water Lungs
Seven Missed Meals Leads to Anarchy The Villains, the Vote and the Black, Black Oil
Hunger for Trade Red Forest Antarctica Red Sun How the Whale Became
The Three Peaks 3,000 Trees: The Death of Mr William MacRae Grace and the
Sea John Muir: Rhapsody in Green The Horses The Elephantom Protest Song
Trailer Park Plays re: Fujisan Guinea Pigs on Trial Mates Homme | Animal
Invisible Giant Kes Gorilla Rats Spectrum We Have Fallen Awkward
Conversations with Animals Ive F*cked Riding with the Night Tiger A Walk at
the Edge of the World Misa Lisin RIVERRUN SOS Save Our Spaces The
Worm An Underground Adventure Song of the Earth Electric Cars Are Rubbish.
Arent They? Aurora In This Place Cheese Storm in a Flower Vase Volcano
Dark Earth Island Drift Ours Was The Fen Country Trans-Plantable Living Room
On Behalf of Nature Southbanquet How to Occupy an Oil Rig Leaving Planet
Earth Darkside Wildernest at the Beach House Tidemark Road Rage Famous
Five Birds The Exception and the Rule For Their Own Good Gardening: For the
Unfulfilled and Alienated The Ants Dinner is Swerved Hunt & Darton Cafe The
Cherry Orchard Hope Light and Nowhere Island State Mammoth Newton
The Smallest Light Feral Goodbye Sun and Bear The Gypsybird Speaks The
Medicine Showdown Pigmalion Zoo Economy of Thought Small Steps in Random
Directions The Wolf and the North Wind: A Contest in the Sky You Should Ask
Wallace Blue Lotus: Summer Death and Gardening Greed Sacred Earth Last
Land and Il gioco del gregge di capre 1,000 Suns The Garden This Side of Paradise
Pastoral Smallholding The Last Wild Adventure Capitalism If Room Enough
Oil City In the Beginning was the End Moby Dick Audible Forces Above Me
The Wide Blue Sky Give Me Back My Broken Night A Life of Galileo I Could Read
the Sky TERMINAL: A Miracle Play with Popular Music from the End of the World
Tales from the Taiga I Love You But We Only Have Fourteen Minutes to Save the
Earth The Long Life & Great Good Fortune of John Clare The Dark Earth and the
Light Sky Tate Tate The Roadless Trip NORTHALA GreenandPleasantLand
The Nightingale EP_INHALING/EXHALING Angus Weaver of Grass Ghost
Bird Lifeguard Noyes Fludde After the Rainfall Allotment Birds on a Wire
The Day the Sky Turned Black Eat $h*t: How Our Waste Can Save the World
Fukushima: A Silent Prayer of Poetry Going Green the Wong Way King Lear How
to Climb Mount Everest The Mermaid of Zennor Quick! Save the Pizza Reynard
Cadillac Solve Swamp Juice US Beef A Midsummer Nights Dream A Modern
Town NOLA On the Edge One Minute Birdwatching Plastic Beach Sealand
The Softening of MAO-A Swordy Well Thin Ice High North Movement The
Whale Tale Wotjek the Bear The Yarn Enter the Woods Machines for Living
My Plaice/The Lake The Shamans Dream Undercovered Jishin The Apple Fair
Speed of Light Ark-ive Ten Billion Stand Up Diggers All A Funeral for the Caspian
Tiger The Just Price of Flowers NOWHEREISLAND The Last Polar Bears The
Walk from the Garden Crow The Last Lunch 26 and 7 Bones the and of the
hand The Fisherman and the Mermaid Climate Week: Play in a Day The Way of
Water After Miss Julie THE BOMB - a partial history Matt Henson: North Star
Diary Keepers Remembering the Javan Tiger Tryptych Adder Catchment Island
The Price of Everything Fixer Tales of the Country My Last Car CHALK Ant
Ballet A Beautiful Thing As the World Tipped Were Gonna Make You Whole
Intangible Cities of Margharita Monticiano Charter of the Forest Warplands The
Animals and Children Took to the Streets Beef The Cry of the Mountain Deep
Waters Devotion The Dreamcatchers Gods Fool How to Catch a Rabbit
The Girl with the Iron Claws Howling Moon Life Still Lysistrata the Musical
Mission Drift The Moment I Saw You I Knew I Could Love You Mr Darwins Tree
Nuclear Family Put a Sock in It The Simple Things in Life Ten Plagues The
Tigers Bones The Tin Can People The Undoing of Man Enclosure 99 Humans
Flesh & Blood and Fish & Fowl A Funeral for Lost Species Seven Angels No
Access Sward! The Story of a Meadow The Kingsnorth Six Funeral for the Bali
Tiger Fissure The Lightswitch Project And the Rain Falls Down Greenland The
Heretic Dean Gibbons and the Knowledge of Death The Weather Factory UGLY
The Last Cuckoo Smugglers Gold Good Fix Cogent Park Hollow Glass Jack
Scout PROTOZOA OIKOS Trashcatchers Carnival Great Glen Artists Airshow
Whispering in the Leaves Swarm Earthquakes in London Witte Fietsenplan
(White Bike Plan) The Pantry Shelf 2020 Vision Allegations Attempts Bowels
Bound Copenhagen The Cardboard Metropolis The Ark The Day the Sky
Turned Black Dr Faustus Equus Fen The Four Women of the Apocalypse Hard
Rain: Our Headlong Collision with Nature Howling The Katrina Project: Hell and
High Water The Rope in Your Hands Song of Extinction Wolf Forgery of the
Pandemic 3rd Ring Out: Rehearsing the Future Birds with Skymirrors The Man
Who Fed Butterflies Brown Hare Blooming Snapdragons Ditch Pips Wildlife
Garden If There Is I Havent Found It Yet A Marriage in the Kings Forest Dead
Good Guides Rites of Passage A Little Patch of Ground A Kiss from the Last Grey
Squirrel The Forest The Comedy of Change SAGE (Sow and Grow Everywhere)
Vauxhall Pleasure Deep Time Cabaret Origins Pigs Jerusalem Grasses of a
Thousand Colors Snow When the Rain Stops Falling Electric Field The Little
Month Being Carbon Neutral Escape The Origin of the Species by Means of
Natural Selection or the Survival of (R)evolutionary Theories in the Face of Scientific
and Ecclesiastical Objections: Being a Musical Comedy about Charles Darwin (18091882) Photo 51 Plane Food Caf Arthur Fowlers Allotment The Dandelions
Story Power Plant The Rap Guide to Evolution Tree Duet Walden The World
is Too Much Tales of the Apocalypse There are a Thousand Ways to Kneel and
Kiss the Ground The Primitive Methodist Guide to the Arctic God Collar Mark
Watsons Earth Summit The Contingency Plan: On the Beach The Contingency
Plan: Resilience Rivers Up Roots Salt Still Life An Infinite Line: Brighton
Endangered Species COEDEUWYDD Cloudcuckooland Oh My Green Soapbox
Zameen (Land) Why the Whales Came Glacier The Living Unknown Soldier
Tinderbox Amaznia Black Stuff The Caravan Dads Money Global Warming
is Gay The Last Yak On Human Folly Out of Your Knowledge Eco-Friendly Jihad
LANDING STAGES
Selections from the
Ashden Directory of Environment and Performance
2000 2014
Edited by Wallace Heim and Eleanor Margolies
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Landing Stages: Selections from the Ashden Directory of Environment and Performance 2000-2014
Edited by Wallace Heim and Eleanor Margolies
Cover design by Dan Barber
Published by Crinkle Crankle Press, London
[email protected]
2014 Copyright the named authors and photographers. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, unless for personal study or the quotation of brief passages for the
purposes of review, without the written consent of the author or photographer. All rights
reserved.
ISBN 978-0-992950613 paperback

ISBN 978-0-992950606 ebook
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Additional image credits

Cover image: As the World Tipped, a Wired Aerial Theatre production, written and directed
by Nigel Jamieson, produced by XTRAX. Photo: Kevin Ryan, Charnwood Arts.
p. 59 Photo provided by Lucy ORorke and Aurelian Koch, Artistic Directors, Bouge-de-l.
p. 89 Image courtesy of Common Ground.
p. 103 Image courtesy of the Royal Collection Trust Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2014.
p. 112 EAT London. Photo Tim Mitchell, courtesy of London International Festival of Theatre.
THE ASHDEN DIRECTORY: THREE NEW PERSPECTIVES

The continuing lure of ecological performance Wallace Heim
Love, loss and rethinking our place in the world: climate change in performance

Bradon Smith
A personal timeline of performance and ecology Meghan Moe Beitiks
13
INTERVIEWS
Jonathon Porritt: How does environmental drama work? Wallace Heim (2001)
Vandana Shiva: Beginning with the small Wallace Heim (2003)
Sin Ede: Good art goes beyond the issues Wallace Heim (2006)
Richard Mabey: Discovering the comedy of survival Eleanor Margolies (2006)
James Marriott: Why activists should read the Financial Times Robert Butler (2007)
Steve Waters: It all started with James Lovelock... Robert Butler (2009)
19
24
30
34
36
38
PROJECTS
Why are there no plays about climate change? (2005)
Dawn Bishop, Emma Dunton, Kevin Graal,Caspar Henderson,Anthony

Koncsol,Pete Rogers and Miranda Thain
Asking difficult questions: climate change and performance (2009)

Mojisola Adebayo, Dan Gretton, Wallace Heim, Paul Heritage, Clare Patey

and Joo Andr da Rocha
When flowers bloom on stage (2010)

Frances Babbage, Stephen Bottoms, Ian Garrett, Satinder Kaur Chohan and

Sue Palmer
New metaphors for sustainability (2011)
Ansuman Biswas, Annie Cattrell, Monik Gupta, David Harradine, Peter
Harrison, Wallace Heim, Caspar Henderson, The Institute for the Art and Practice
of Dissent at Home, Ruth Little, James Marriott, Mario Petrucci, Hester Reeve,
Nick Robins, Bradon Smith, Carolyn Steel, Zo Svendsen, Amanda Thomson and
Alison Turnbull
5
9
49
52
58
68
Introduction
ESSAYS
Confluence: music for the river Sue Clifford (2000)
The allotment with roots in every classroom Eleanor Margolies (2003)
Reading the environment in Ibsen, Chekhov and Brecht

Robert Butler and Wallace Heim (2003-5)
Making music with other species David Rothenberg (2005-8)
The first climate change opera Robert Butler (2006)
Old tales, fresh takes (1): Erysichthon and the sacred tree Kevin Graal (2006)
Faust, Cassandra or Sally Bowles? Robert Butler (2007)
Animals on stage: what could be more natural? Eleanor Margolies (2007)
Planting an idea on the walls of the National Theatre Robert Butler (2007)
Consuming the city: food, fun and democracy Sue Palmer (2007)
Theatres going a shade greener Kellie Gutman (2007-8)
How to reduce theatres carbon footprint Kellie Gutman (2008)
To dine is a kind of performance Wallace Heim (2009)
Old tales, fresh takes (2): The narwhal Helen East (2009)
Beauty and the wind turbine inside and outside the gallery Wallace Heim (2010)
Wake Up Everyone: a play about oil and climate in Nigeria Wallace Heim (2012)
97
100
102
104
106
110
112
114
115
116
118
120
122
JOURNALS
Walking into my fears Samantha Ellis (2006-8)
Other lives brought home Satinder Kaur Chohan (2007-8)
A feast for a thousand Clare Patey (2009)
126
132
136
TIMELINE AND ASHDENIZEN
142
88
90
94
Twenty years ago, the combination of performance and ecology might have seemed an odd
coupling. But artists and theatre-makers were making the connections, often working away
from the mainstream, creating productions about energy, waste, animals, rivers, forests,
places and politics. They worked in theatres and on the land; they walked city streets, made
celebrations and invented rituals. There were numerous scattered productions, but did they
constitute an emerging field of work? And how might more work be encouraged?
In the late 1990s, the Ashden Trust commissioned Wallace Heim to survey British artists
working in these areas. Her research suggested that a website documenting these productions
could serve as a directory, to put artists in touch with environmentalists and researchers and
support what seemed like a new and undervalued field. The Ashden Directory was launched
in 2000. It was edited by Robert Butler and Wallace Heim, with Kellie Gutman joining as
co-editor in 2006.
Over the next 14 years, the editors built the first and most comprehensive database of
productions and of theatre companies working on environmental themes, listing over 700
productions. A timeline linked environmental events and political landmarks to developments in art and theatre. The editors conducted interviews, held debates, commissioned
essays, journals and films, as well as reported news. In 2008, Robert started Ashdenizen,
the companion blog to the Directory, offering commentary on how the performing arts
and wider cultural themes related to climate change.
Since the Directory began, the field of environment and performance has expanded,
with many more organisations, websites and productions contributing to it. The Directory
can no longer hope to be comprehensive. The political and cultural contexts have also
changed. Practitioners, critics and audiences now communicate with each other through a
multiplicity of platforms. These transitions call for new responses and new ways of supporting this field, and so the editors have decided to archive both the Ashden Directory and
Ashdenizen. They will remain online, but not be updated.
Landing Stages offers a selection from both sites. The Essays section shows the rich
variety of subject matter covered by the Directory, ranging from improvising music with
birds, to revisiting the theatrical canon; from listening to an opera while walking through
the City of London, to celebrating the conviviality of food. The voices of artists and
activists come through in the Interviews and Journals. The Projects that the Directory
initiated were intended to provoke new thinking: asking artists what they would change
about theatre-making in a time of climate instability; considering how flowers work on
Landing Stages: Selections from the Ashden Directory 1
stage; and generating new metaphors for sustainability. And in the last section of the
book, postings from the blog are set against the timeline from the Directory, starting with
Henrik Ibsens play An Enemy of the People and tracing the rapid movement of ideas and
events in recent years.
Three new essays introduce the selection: Wallace Heim describes the history of the
Directory and looks ahead to new possibilities for supporting performance and ecology,
Bradon Smith considers how theatre has met the challenges of climate change and Meghan
Moe Beitiks charts her progress as an ecological performance artist alongside the work of
the Directory.
The purpose of the Directory was to stimulate a conversation. It started with just a handful
of productions. The inside covers of this book list the titles of hundreds of productions that
have since been included on the Directory, in appreciation of the work of the artists who have
created this field.
Wallace Heim
Eleanor Margolies
Editors, Landing Stages
October 2014
2 Landing Stages: Selections from the Ashden Directory
THE ASHDEN
DIRECTORY:
THREE NEW
PERSPECTIVES
The continuing lure of ecological performance

Wallace Heim
Wallace Heim co-edited the Ashden Directory alongside her academic research on
performance and ecology. Here, she discusses the beginnings of the Directory and
the intentions behind it, looking ahead to new ways to support this expanding field of
work.
It started with conversations. A group of activist-artists talked with me about rivers and
energy in a damp London basement. Down a Norfolk lane, around a farmhouse kitchen
table, I talked with artists and makers about puppets, land use and butterflies. In an
Edinburgh tenement, windows rattling against the wind, a director told me about shows on
recycling fashion and the billowing street waste of crisp packets. In a sun-bleached quarry
in Cornwall, we talked about pilchards and tin and the sound of performing outdoors.
These conversations were set in motion by a chance meeting in 1997 between Robert
Butler and myself finding out that we were both compelled by what theatre could do
when it turned its forces towards the themes of environmentalism. From that meeting, the
Ashden Trust asked me to research what was happening, who was making work, where,
how, and what were their ideas and motivations. From those first exploratory meetings
with artists around the country, we found people making performance with skill, foresight
and commitment to a conjoined theatre and environmentalism. But they were marginal to
mainstream notice, and often not noticed even in their own neighbourhoods.
The Ashden Directory began as an experiment in thinking as if . What if we assumed
that these scattered, and intensely dedicated artists were just the beginning, the first signs of
a much bigger field of work that would develop because the inevitability and the strength
of theatre to deal with environmental themes was undoubtable. What could we do that
would support that field of work, as if it was already happening?
The intention was to look in several directions: towards the artists and their productions,
towards the audiences of people directly concerned with environmental issues and towards
the wider public audiences. Providing a list of these artists and their productions would show
that there was a field, and might draw more artists to the subjects of ecology. The interviews,
features and news page would show the fields importance and liveliness.
Over the next few years, we set up a trial website, leading to the present site going
live in 2000 with a database of productions, links, news, a timeline and interviews. Few
of the companies we first listed had websites, and it felt as though we were moving into
a new zone of communication, providing digital information about the live, immediate
experience of performed works. Our motivations included, of course, endorsing the

possibilities for performance to change peoples perceptions of what it means to be
human and interdependent with environments and with nature, with the other-thanhuman. It would take not just one work, but a field of work, recognised and supported
widely, to approach the threshold at which cultural and social change happens. The
Directory did not propose to be a critical forum, but a way in to the artworks and ideas.
We learned quickly that whatever this field of performance and ecology was, it would
not be categorically recognisable; it was not a species or a genre. Inventive and affecting
work was happening outside conventional script-based, building-based theatre, as artists
were walking, eating, dancing, holding conversations, working in small rooms and wide
landscapes, melding the work of art and activism, and incorporating performance practice
into practical projects, like gardening and energy production. Both the aesthetic influences
and the views about ecology were just as variable. Audiences were offered rehearsals of
emergencies, middle-aged couples in lifeboats, refrigerators in cathedrals, civic feasts on an
autumn night, testimonies from an oil-spoiled Gulf of Mexico, a black woman stepping
onto white Antarctica, wolves bursting from the walls, ministers dropping their trousers
and the last grey squirrel leaving with a kiss.
This is a family with resemblances, always changing, with its borders hazy and
continually porous to other kinds of art-making and other sources of knowledge and
experience. Its vitality depends on its not being readily categorised and on its more
subversive meanders across disciplines and art-forms.
The Directory did have a bias towards theatre. This raised expectations that
Londons mainstream theatres would grab onto the politics, conflicts and psychologies
of environmental change and contribute to this thriving diversity. It seemed so obvious,
but proved so vexed. The flurry of mainstream productions in 2010 and 2011 exposed
the presuppositions of theatre conventions most sharply. The complexities of human
relations with environments and with the climate means overturning the historical
weight of the imperturbable, tacit habit that the human subject and its actions among
other humans are theatres sole interest. Other suppositions also showed their operation:
that the environment or ecology was too materially real for theatre, confounding the
usual, more comforting combinations of reality and fiction; and that the conflicts and
conditions were too stark to be shown onstage except as represented by activism or
science.
Theatre is changing. It always has, in response to new technologies and to new
views of what constitutes the human. And it will change because it must. Meanwhile,
the impetus continues to understand how performance in all its variations offers
particular kinds of experience and knowledge about human relations with nature,
with ecologies. How can performance not just represent activities from other spheres
of life or rearrange those existing languages, but how can it create new languages and
experiences, whether unsettling, bridging or caring.
The Ashden Directory offered one slice at this, appropriate for its time. There is more
to be done in the work of attending to this field.
This disparate family warrants and needs more critical attention. This attention is
largely found in academia, but not freely online for practitioners, concerned thinkers and
audiences. Many open-access sites that publish essays and critiques of art, activism and
social practice include contributions looking at the ecological dimensions of works. But
there is the opportunity for more directed critiques on ecology and performance, whether
through sites and publications dedicated to the field or through articles that place this work
in other contexts. New forms of critical writing may be needed as well.
Current discourses on the value of ecosystems and of the arts tend to define value as the
measureable economic benefit of services provided or as financial profit. This makes it hard
to maintain a focus on the value of the arts as cultural meaning-making and on values as
pertaining to social and ecological ethics.
Too, there is no one who is not touched by a changing climate; there are no pockets of
society that can exempt themselves as potential audiences. The living relation of performer
and audience and subject matter that is the pulse of performance is its strength; expanding
audiences is not merely about numbers, but a call to develop new forms of ecological
performance.
How members of this disparate family communicate with each other is changing,
with new technologies serving new ends. What is needed may be something more than
networking, information and opinion, but it is not easy to balance support and critique,
conviviality and analysis. Conferences, journeys and workshops have considerable effect,
and further experimentations in how to come together to talk and learn could intensify
the exchanges.
There is scope within art schools and universities for students and practitioners to
develop new methods for devising work that experiment with new art-forms and engage
with current shifts in ecological thought, making ecological performance more widely
enticing, whether addressing specific ecological themes or interleaving the ecological with
other kinds of ideas.
The conditions for ecological performance include the economic. If funders and production companies cannot recognise the ecological as a viable category with enormous
social importance, then the support for the development of works is haphazard. There is
increasing, and welcome, support for reducing the material effects of productions, but that
has yet to be matched by an understanding on the part of funding bodies for the necessary
work of developing the ideas, the dramaturgies, the content and reach of productions
and projects. Ecological themes may be difficult to identify and categorise. They may be
embedded in a production that appears to have no overt environmental themes, and be

more successful for it. Identifying the ecological means not seeing it as environmentalism
in another guise, but as itself, as performance and ecology mutually engaged.
The idea of the human, what constitutes the human, is changing as ecological
realities take hold. This means that now is an exceptional time to be making performance, that special art-form that happens in the intense, immediate relations between
humans, and in the fluid realm between belief and disbelief. The hunger continues for
theatre to be that cultural place where one goes to delve into the deep recesses of human
sensibilities and emotions about a future that may be irreconcilable with what one could
bear. It is a territory requiring many avenues of intelligence, imagination, conflict and
consent. It is a place of doubt and delight. The hunger for a theatre where one goes to
be shocked or to understand, where one goes to wrestle with the future and to do this
collectively, remains strong.
Love, loss and rethinking our place in the world:

climate change in performance
Bradon Smith
Bradon Smiths background is in English literature, with doctoral research on
popular science writing. He is currently a researcher on the Stories of Change
project (Open University/University of Bath).Here, he discusses recent theatrical
work about environmental change.
In 2005, the Ashden Directory convened a round table to discuss the question, Why
are there no plays about climate change? Eight years later, TippingPoint gathered a
group to discuss the successes and failures of the climate change plays produced since
then. The Ashden Directory and blog have documented the rapid change from a time
when very few plays were to be found on the topic of climate change, through the first
mainstream examples, to the relative glut in recent years. One only needs to look at the
Ashden Directory timeline and compare, say, the entries for 2004 (three entries) and
2010 (42 entries), to see that a lot has changed and very quickly. It is now tricky simply
to keep up to date with the activity around performance and climate change.
When in 2006 I co-founded (with Benjamin Morris) the Cultures of Climate Change
seminar series at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
(CRASSH) in Cambridge, it was with the notion that there were too few fora for the
discussion of climate change from the perspective of the arts and humanities, particularly
with regards to the arts, writing and performance. We invited installation artists,
photographers, novelists, sound artists and poets to speak about their engagement
with environmental change, as well as academics who saw the importance of cultural
work in this area. We soon discovered that the Ashden Directory had been carefully
charting the wider territory concerning performance and ecology, and we were delighted
to organise an event with critic Robert Butler and playwright Steve Waters in 2009 to
discuss his recent double-bill of plays, The Contingency Plan (see It all started with James
Lovelock... page 38).
The success of The Contingency Plan is partly in taking climate change as a given,
only smuggling in the science where necessary, and putting human drama at its heart:
its emotional power comes from imagining the loss of life that results from a flood that
we never see but only hear, and a son realising he has lost his parents. Similarly, the
most affecting moment of the generally ineffectual Greenland (National Theatre, 2011)
is not when it harangues us about our shopping habits, or tries to depict the chaos of
international climate negotiations, but rather when a man finds beauty in guillemots
wheeling in the Arctic sky overhead, the loss of their habitat and their depleted population mere implications hanging in the air.
The question of exactly what it is about climate change that should cause us concern
is an under-interrogated one; there are many possible answers. But theatrical work that
has concentrated on climate science, on climate politics, or climate activism has generally
failed to ask this question, and has been poorer as a result. The plays that have been
most successful have realised that many of the answers centre on loss of human life,
of biodiversity, of species, of our own species, of comfortable fossil fuel-reliant lives, of
future generations. Many plays have found in parent-child relationships a way to evoke
the sense of responsibility for the future that is also central to our concern about climate
change.
Loss, grief, family: the successful moments of climate change theatre have shown that
the dramatic issues around climate change are the same as have found expression in plays
for two millennia. Perhaps this is why it is possible to argue that performance art and
theatrical works that are about climate change may not be the most effective works at
addressing climate change; such an explicit focus may even be a hindrance. Commentators
on the Ashden Directory and elsewhere have argued that the best plays about climate
change, once we choose to see them in that way, may be the Faust plays, or the Oresteia,
or Isherwoods Goodbye to Berlin or Brechts Life of Galileo. In these classic plays we find
themes with relevance to our present environmental concerns: Faust depicts the power of
greed at all costs; the Oresteia and Goodbye to Berlin both reveal, in plays separated by 2,500
years, our inability to see a coming disaster, and a tendency to ignore even the clearest
warnings; and Brecht shows us our deep resistance to rethinking our place in the world.
Similarly, the Ashden Directory has shown how we can reimagine and reinterpret plays
by Chekhov or Ibsen in the light of our changing climate. Chekhov, certainly, has also been
an influence for dramatists writing about climate change. Mike Bartlett would appear to
have been influenced by Chekhov when writing Earthquakes in London (National Theatre,
2010), in the three sisters in that play, and in a desire to depict the changes taking place in
one family against the backdrop of larger social change. The influence of Chekhov can also
be discerned in Steve Waters On the Beach: the end of that play, as Rob and Jenny resolve
to stay in their coastal home even as the storm gathers, would have us recall The Cherry
Orchard, even were Waters not to have chosen a line from Chekhovs play as an epigraph
for his own play-text.
But if the human drama of climate change is familiar, its epistemological implications
are not. Just as each staging of Brechts Galileo is a performance, so too was Galileo Galilei
standing before the inquisition; and it was a performance that ushered in a new knowledge,
and a new set of implications, with far-reaching social effects. Just over 150 years ago,
we began another intellectual transition. Presented with Darwins careful evidence, his
contemporaries could not ignore the theory of evolution. It challenged us with a new idea
of our position in the natural world, one that was deeply troubling to many people. The
Origin of Species is the cornerstone of that intellectual shift, but the reaction to Darwins
theory was played out in public: in reviews and letters in periodicals and newspapers, in
debates, such as the confrontation between Samuel Wilberforce and Joseph Hooker in
Oxford in 1860, and as Gillian Beer showed (Darwins Plots, 1983) in the novels of
George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, and other contemporary novelists.
Climate change is just such an intellectual transition as with the structure of our
solar system or the process of speciation, it is a knowledge that originates in, but is not
confined to our physical world. It is also a social, cultural and ethical complex. But whereas
those previous revolutions de-centred humanity, showing us not to be at the hub either of
our celestial world, or of terrestrial creation, the widespread recognition of anthropogenic
climate change reveals the extent of our influence on the planet. It also demands that we
acknowledge the consequences of our actions, across generations, and across international
borders; it gives a new ethical dimension to everyday behaviours; and it complicates our
relationship with energy, which is the foundation on which we have built so much of our
society. Climate change is also epistemological change: it brings us face-to-face with a new
and troubling picture of our place in the world. Just like Galileo did, and Darwin after
him.
Theatre can help us negotiate these changes. But it has to do more than simply avail
us of the facts. There was much critical acclaim for Ten Billion, a recent play-lecture at the
Royal Court in which scientist Stephen Emmott explained some of the facts about climate
change. But, as Wallace Heim pointed out on the Ashdenizen blog on 7 December 2012
(see page 197), although it presents us with knowledge about climate change, Ten Billion
does not give us the intellectual means to cope with it. In other words, Brechts Galileo may
be a better play for thinking about climate change than one like Ten Billion that takes it as
an explicit subject.
This discussion serves to illustrate how much has changed. Ten years ago, it was
important to ask why there was such a lack (more accurately, scarcity) of cultural production around climate change; just as it was important to encourage writers, artists and
other cultural producers to engage with the issues, and give them access to the knowledge
or experiences to facilitate new work. Organisations like TippingPoint, Cape Farewell
and the Ashden Directory were at the forefront of this. But already we need to refocus
our attention in the young field of culture and climate change.
There is now a growing body of this cultural work, and while we must keep encouraging cultural attention to climate change, there is also a need to critically evaluate the
success of the work that has been produced. But what would success mean, here? For
some, it might mean changing attitudes or even behaviour in its audience; but this is
not, I think, a helpful approach. Not only because it may lead to didactic work, but
because climate change is a difficult question with no coherent answer. Instead, theatre
and performance art can show us how climate change relates to age-old themes of love,
loss and family; but also ask us the difficult question of how we rethink our place in the
world in the light of it.
Regardless of the standard by which we judge new cultural work engaging with the
environment, a critical overview of what has already been produced is essential. This overview is even more important for performance than it is for other forms of culture, since
performance is ephemeral and fleeting. Even a play-text gives access to only a small part of
a performance, and for the larger proportion of theatrical works, dance and performance
art, not even this record remains. So that whereas the body of novels covering environmental issues remains an accessible corpus of cultural work, for example, the same cannot
be said of performance art with an ecological focus. Some form of documentation, collation, criticism and mediation is required; the Ashden Directory was ahead of its time in
realising the need for this, and we can only hope that others pick up the baton.
A personal timeline of performance and ecology

Meghan Moe Beitiks
Artist Meghan Moe Beitiks trained in theatre and performance art. Her work in
Europe and North America has also encompassed forms of activism. Here, she
discusses the changes in her work over recent years in relation to the Ashden
Directory.
The Ashden Directorys timeline was used to put art and climate in context. This timeline
puts my work and perspectives on the field of performance and ecology in the context of
the Ashden Directory.
In 2008, I was obsessed with the concept of bioremediative performance artwork
that seeks to practically restore ecologies. I had just begun volunteering as the blogger for
greenmuseum.org when Wallace Heim curated an online exhibition called enter change
for that website. It was an entry point for me into the practices of groups such as Critical
Art Ensemble and Platform, and the memes at play in performance and ecology. The
exhibition led me on to the Ashden Directory, and further discussions in performance
and ecology.
At the time, greenmuseum.org and the Ashden Directory were among the few places
online to engage in deeper dialogue with environmental art. Mike Lawlers EcoTheater
Blog had been going strong for some time. The Center for Sustainable Practice in the
Arts (CSPA) was just emerging. As a developing performing arts professional, I had
spent years studying theatre in Eastern Europe and California, working as a technician
in various venues and museums. Pulled by a cultural imperative to address sustainability,
I took a detour in the early 2000s to work as a farmer and gardener and tour across
America with an activist biodiesel bus. It was exciting and empowering to discover that
conversations that were important to me were happening on the other side of the globe
in the United Kingdom.
In 2009, the editors of the Ashden Directory had a fantastic presence at the Earth
Matters on Stage Conference, held at the University of Oregon and organized by Theresa
May. They prepared a video which included a round robin of questions between Dan
Gretton, Clare Patey, Joo Andr da Rocha, Paul Heritage and Mojisola Adebayo (see
Asking difficult questions, page 52). Watching the video again recently, it strikes me that
after four years the questions are still very relevant. How much is art worth the damage?
How do we reunite culture and agriculture? Can you talk about slowing down?
In the video, Wallace discusses listening. Listening not only to each other but to other
non-human entities. She describes the act of listening to a river as different from, but as
essential as, listening between humans.
The notion of listening also emerges in Jane Bennetts book Vibrant Matter. Bennett
writes that we need to devise new procedures, technologies, and regimes of perception
that enable us to consult non-humans more closely, or to listen and respond more carefully to their outbreaks, objections, testimonies, and propositions. For these offerings are
profoundly important to the health of the political ecologies to which we belong (Vibrant
Matter, page 108).
In my practice, I began working through these ideas of meaning and listening through
a redefinition of form through how I engaged with form. It wasnt enough anymore to
make work about sustainability and ecology I wanted the work to begin performing with
ecologies.
In 2010, I explored form in my work by creating small site-specific actions: dragging
a suitcase of clean soil around an abandoned and polluted train station, having a water
fight with a prickly pear cactus. My own performance work evolved in response to my
environment, and the kind of dialogue I wanted to see in the cultural sphere.
As I explored these concepts, Robert Butler and other bloggers on Ashdenizen provided
key critical perspectives. In an artistic field that can have a clear ethical imperative, rigorous
aesthetic dialogue can often get lost in questions of green vs. not green, climate-centric
versus not. What Ashdenizen provided was not only a look at representations of nature in
culture, but a sense of aesthetic critique combined with a view towards ecological impact.
The blog also created a sense of urgency, and continually asked why? Why isnt climate
change more widely addressed? Why are we so slow to respond to its needs?
In 2011, keeping in touch with the dialogues of the Ashden Directory had helped me
to articulate the intentions of my own practice, but also to place it within a wider field.
When I attended the Art and Environment conference at the Nevada Museum of Art,
I was familiar, via the Ashden Directory, with the work of artists such as Helen Mayer
and Newton Harrison and Amy Franceschini, and able to articulate an unintentional
relationship that their work had to performance. There were whole aspects of many
environmental works in which action, framed as art, was key. The act of planting a food
crop. The act of pushing a uniquely designed wheelbarrow. The telling of stories through
audio recordings. These elements of performance were necessary to the works being
created but were not being recognised as performance. Reading the Ashden Directory
had given me a critical understanding of performance as a wider field.
The ecology of the dialogue around and within environmental art evolved: Mike
Lawler retired his blog, Cultura21 had emerged. Greenmuseum.org became inactive and
the RSAs Arts+Ecology programme and website closed. In Britain, TippingPoint had
started. The COP15 United Nations talks on Climate Change in Copenhagen were a
turning point: there was a veritable explosion of climate-related art onsite.
By the time I started examining formal study of performance and ecology, the University
of New Mexico had developed an Arts and Ecology MFA, and Social Practice MFAs were
springing up at California College of the Arts and at Portland State University. The Arts
and Ecology MA at Dartington College of Arts moved to University College Falmouth,
where Daro Montag runs the Art and Environment course and Research in Art, Nature
and Environment (RANE). In the cultural war against climate change, it feels like these are
the developments of fortresses.
In 2013, I graduated from the School of the Art Institute of Chicagos Performance
Art MFA program. I had chosen the school because I knew ecological dialogue was
present, and in a way that I could connect directly to performance. My thesis was entited
A Lab for Apologies and Forgiveness v.3. With my collaborator Sarah Knutdson, I
attempted to create a dialogue between radioactive waste, Hollywood movies, and the
bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens, which feeds on radioactive uranium. My understandings
of listening and meaning evolved from a prompt within a Directory video to a full-blown
conceptual framework, informed by Vibrant Matter and Karen Barads concept of IntraAction. Upon graduating, I was awarded the Clare Rosen and Samuel Edes Foundation
Prize for Emerging Artists, which is allowing me, among other things, the means to
attempt to perform with a bacteria.
Culturally, climate change is now described as a terminal disease, one for which
its unclear whether theres a cure. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere remain at
high levels, global temperatures and sea levels continue to rise. The Ashden Directorys
archiving, I think, also reflects a shift in a particular cultural relationship with climate
change, that of a coming crisis that requires a targeted response. With the recent People,
Profit, Planet stream curated by Ian Garrett at the 2013 World Stage Design festival,
there is a sense of sustainability being acknowledged as an issue in the wider professional
field of performance. I do not feel anymore surrounded by a rising up against a coming
crisis. The crisis is here, it is not forthcoming or past. Now it is about mitigating damage.
Connectivity is key, both in my creative work and in the field of performance and
ecology. Those of us invested in addressing ecological issues through performance often
connect through Skype, conferences and events. We need to be able to follow what everyone else is doing, how we are working as field. Addressing climate change on a global scale
means we need to connect trans-nationally, whether thats in person at a conference, or
through the internet. I can see on a daily basis what is important, relevant and exciting to
Brandon Ballenge, Fevered Sleep, Arcola, Julies Bicycle, Patricia Watts, and Platform based
on what shows up in my Facebook feed. Tumblr now performs a blog-and-reader combined
function; more than 500 million users communicate in a short-form language via Twitter.
CSPA has an excellent feed of most crossovers between art and sustainability.
Engaging in conversation with non-human entities, on a cultural level, is a tactic

that can help us to relate to the world differently, and possibly lead to changing perspectives and behaviours. I believe that there is still hope, and that conversations like the
ones initiated on the Ashden Directory are an important part of the solution. The field
of performance and ecology is small but steadily growing and gaining acceptance. There
will be continued need for performance that engages ecological issues, and a global
perspective on that engagement.
Without the Ashden Directory, there will not be a developed place for discussion,
criticism and theory devoted solely to performance and ecology. Which is a shame,
because in my experience, dialogue about the work improves the work. It makes the art
beholden to both the art world and the intentions of sustainability: nobody gets off free
jumping on a green bandwagon, or going without their personal carbon impact being
scrutinized. There will be a continued need for us to stay connected whether this
community evolves online or through another form remains to be seen. But the Ashden
Directory has played a key role, along my timeline and the timelines of many others, in
creating connections that will evolve past its archiving.
INTERVIEWS
How does environmental drama work?

Jonathon Porritt
In 2001, Jonathon Porritt talked with Wallace Heim about the balance between
hammering home a message and keeping an audience with you. At the time, he was
co-director of Forum for the Future and chair of the Sustainable Development
Commission set up by then prime minister, Tony Blair.
Wallace: Youve tried many approaches to communicating environmental issues: education,
activism, writing. You posed the question many years ago, Why is there no environmental
drama? Looking at theatre as means of communication, how would you answer that
question now?
Jonathon: I think a lot of people do veer away from the notion of theatre as a sort of
educative experience This is about the environment so youre going to sit there and learn
about the ozone layer or rain forest destruction or whatever it might be. That type of
very preachy approach is extremely unattractive to people. And it doesnt work.
Wallace: Why doesnt it work?
Jonathon: I once had an amazing discussion with John Boorman who directed a film
calledThe Emerald Forest. Hes passionate about the environment, and deeply imbued with
an understanding of the relationship between humankind and the natural world and lives it
in his own life.
For him this film was very precious because it was the first time hed been able to go
after an explicit environmental theme. He said it had been one of the hardest things hed
ever had to do because he found himself all the time using the camera in what would have
been seen as a potentially didactic, if not indoctrinating way. He had to coax himself out of
this notion of using the medium to communicate in that way.
He found that very hard because all his instincts were pushing him to do that, while he
knew if he did, the thing would die aesthetically. There was this tension between the very
in-your-face campaigning and the more oblique line that he sometimes took.
There is this line between what you need to put in there to enable people to understand
the issues and the trust that you have to have in their ability to interpret and reflect in their
own way without actually trying to form their judgements for them.
Wallace: Could this also be part of the expectation that environmental ideas are
communicated through documentaries or by activism, and not really appreciating that

theatre is something else? You enter an imaginative world. It may be other qualities to
our relations to the environment which can be brought out by theatre.
turned their energy levels plummeting downwards. If youre working with that kind of
psychological backdrop to promoting solutions to these problems, youre on a hiding to
nothing. This is a big issue.
Jonathon: Yes, exactly. I feel very strongly thats the power of it it isnt by forcing things
onto people, it is by this lateral approach, very often evocative rather than didactic, that
you can make such powerful messages available to people.
Wallace: And a big issue for environmental drama.
Wallace: And to touch people in a different way?

Jonathon: We tried this when I was at Friends of the Earth. I was Director for nearly seven
years from 1984, and one of things I set up was an organisation called TATE, The Arts for
The Earth. This was the first time that any environmental organisation had tried to mobilise
the arts behind environmental causes and it was as crude as that at one level.
It would be quite a difficult thing to do now, funnily enough. It would jar a bit because
there wouldnt be the same convening power around the concept You must do more for
the environment because everybody knows we must do more for the environment. Theres
nothing to prove in that respect.
It ran a series of events poetry readings, art auctions, exhibitions. It did bring in
wondrous examples of the more inspirational up-beat side of the environmental worldview which is often lacking. We got TATE going to try and communicate not just the
awful despair about collapsing ecosystems but also to remind people of the power of that
joyful relationship which is such an important part.
I suppose we were trying to make a much more living connection between artistic
expression and the environment which sometimes comes with a pretty dead hand
wrapped around it.
Wallace: What, the environment?
Jonathon: Yes. It really does. Not a lot of life and not a lot of joy and all the rest of it and
so youve got to keep working away at that.
The market research organisation NOP did a wonderful survey. It was an extraordinary
thing. They went out into the street this was quite a long time ago and they said to
people, Okay, were going to say a number of words to you. When you hear these words,
do your energy levels go up or do your energy levels go down? Just instant responses dont
think about it. Then they gave them all these words like love or television, and in the
middle they stuck in the word environment and the horrible, horrible conclusion of this
survey was that for the vast majority of people the mere mention of the word environment
Jonathon: It really is. A lot of this can disempower as much as empower. You can go along
to the most powerful presentation in the world about different environmental issues, and
it is quite likely that a lot of people would leave feeling less empowered to do something
about it than they were before they went in.
If you rub peoples noses too much in the imminent apocalypse model then its not
terribly surprising that many of them leave saying, Well, if its really gone that far, there
obviously isnt any point worrying about it and theres certainly nothing I can do and so I
shall just carry on as usual. They dont say it, but thats how they rationalise no change in
behaviour.
Wallace: Theres nothing to engage their emotions? Nothing to make that link between
themselves and the world?
Jonathon: Exactly.
Wallace: For children, their link with the natural world may be different than that of
adults. Ted Hughess view was that watching children acting in a play which is about the
environment can then have a very profound impact on the adults.
Jonathon: I have a slightly ambivalent view about this. There is something quite instrumental about using children to get after the mind-sets of their parents.
Ted Roszak, who is I think one of the most wonderful visionaries in this area, wrote a
book calledThe Voice of the Earth in which he talks about the differences between children
and adults. Children he describes as permeable membranes, meaning that the sense of
separation between the human organism and the surrounding world is not hard and fast.
There often is much more of a sense of engagement, which isnt always positive. Its
why sometimes nature can be very frightening for children because there isnt a sense of
safety inside a secure zone. Roszak describes this hardening that goes on as children become
older and the connections between us and the natural world that weaken as we go. We
positively promote the weakening of them by encouraging children to see meaning and fun
in practically everywhere else in life other than in nature.
Roszak explains that unless youre thinking about this explicitly and structuring
educational environments in such a way that you are keeping this permeable membrane
open to the totality of life, there will be a closing down process. For many adults, you
have to go back, strip out all those layers, separations and barriers between you and the
natural world. You have to take them down, you have to dismantle them systematically
and reconnect at that level.
He goes on from there to explain that this is what lies at the heart of the sickness of the
modern world. Because humans deny their own connectedness with the natural world they
are sick. The problem is that we arent living an honest life because were denying that very
powerful atavistic connection with life on earth.
Wallace: Maybe this is something that holds back environmental theatre. The expectation
is that the self you see or experience wont be that permeable membrane.
Jonathon: Yes, its very difficult. I dont know whether theres a way of overcoming that, in
terms of conventional theatre. We all take with us these expectations, dont we, as we troop
into the theatre. We have a sense of what it is thats going to happen. For me, workshops
are likely to be more engaging because they dont play so much on Were the actors and
youre the audience and tend to find ways of bringing people in to share the experiences
which helps to break that separation down.
Im questioning whether watching other people acting out situations and evoking
feelings is actually the fastest way to getting another person to develop that direct relationship themselves. Im just wondering whether it might become another excuse to stop you
doing it yourself if you can do it vicariously through people up there in front of you doing
it for you. If you said to me, Heres x-million pounds to allow the largest number of young
people the most powerful and sustainable access to the natural world, I guess Id put my
money there rather than into theatre. Thats quite an interesting conclusion to come to. It
doesnt work like that anyway. These are not either/ors.
Wallace: No, but bringing nature into any subject changes the subject, so it could be that
the notions of how theatre is made need to change. Theres no reason why nature has to fit
theatre.
Jonathon: Thats true. Yes, that would certainly change the conventional design of the
average theatre, wouldnt it?
Wallace: Being utopian, if there were communities who had local drama-based environmental projects and experiential works going on as part of everyday life, could that be
taken as an indicator of sustainability?
Jonathon: Thats quite a challenging question. Your utopian model is a classic example
of the question of where and how you distinguish between quantifiable outcomes and
outcomes which are a change in the behaviour of those people, or an enrichment in the
quality of life for those people. Were having a real crack at this with one of the Forums
activities. We worked with a theatre company taking a play into schools. Its a very
humorous thing about understanding waste better and where it comes from and seeing
that side of things more imaginatively. I went along to one of these performances and I
was listening to the children afterwards talking to the company and of course it was great.
They were enthusiastic. They clearly enjoyed it. They had fun. This was all written up as a
success.
And I said, Well, how do we know that? How do we know that that has actually had
any lasting impact on these children at all? Theres an act of faith here that the sheer fun
in an experience will lead to more responsible patterns of behaviour.
I know one shouldnt evaluate everything down to the last tiniest little widget of
empirical proof, but there is a point at which you have to ask, Does the act of faith
correlate with anything in reality?
Wallace: How do you see that reality, how do you see the evidence for environmental
understanding in the broader society?
Jonathon: Things are much more open now to all sorts of creative ways of interpreting
the environment, far more open than its ever been before. The same is true in terms of
business responses to these agendas and to local government responses. Theres been a huge
shift and its a substantial shift. Theres a lot of real questioning going on. It wouldnt
surprise me if by the end of my lifetime, the receptivity to the world-view that lies behind
environmentalism was broadly universalised across society.
I have a dream in the back of my mind. When Ive finished doing all this boring work
about consultancy and research and so on, I think there is an opportunity to think about
public meetings. I like doing public meetings. Im beginning to get quite twitchy about
being in a rut about all this.
In 30 years, Ive tried just about everything in terms of articulating the environment,
the mission as it were. I havent tried the arts and performance yet. Theres got to be a few
more things I can do before its over. Ill get there one day.
Part history, part fictional memoir, Jonathon Porritts book The World We Made: Alex
McKays Story from 2050 was published in 2013.
Beginning with the small

Vandana Shiva
Environmental activist, quantum physicist and author, Vandana Shiva talked with
Wallace Heim in 2003 about the importance of the arts for biological and cultural
diversity. The conversation followed Shivas lecture at the Natural History
Museum, the first in a series organised by the London International Festival of
Theatre (LIFT) under the titleImagining a Cultural Commons.
Wallace: You have said that the arts and theatre are important to you, although your work
is more directed towards activism and education. Id like to start with your own experience
of rituals and celebrations in India and what these have meant to you.
Vandana: One of those festivals isAkti,which is done at the beginning of the annual cultivation season. Its theatre in real life. In 1991, I was travelling the country trying to inform
farmers, peasant groups and tribal groups about the General Agreement on Trade and
Tariffs, which was a new set of international laws that were going to force the patenting of
life, including seed.
When I was in a tribal area in central India, one of the tribals mentioned casually that
seed cant ever be privately owned. It belongs to a whole community and they reaffirm that
every year withAkti.Every family brings their rice to the local divinity in folded leaves
called donas. Each dona is different, and they are all put together and mixed and exchanged.
The mixing is both the sharing and also a reminder that isolated rice which is not being
exchanged will have disease. It will be prone to pest attacks, it will lose resilience.
The ritual embodies three things in one go. Its a reaffirmation of biodiversity as a
common legacy. Its a reaffirmation of the dependence we have on larger forces on this
planet, because its an invocation asking for the rain and nature and the cycles of the
weather to co-operate, so that the harvest will be enough to look after the needs of the community. And its a reaffirmation of ecological balance. The most vibrant rituals are practised
in areas that havent fallen victim to industrial agriculture which is the end to ritual.
Wallace: Here, so many of those renewing seasonal rituals have gone. Its often a case of
trying to reinvent that connection again, sometimes by adapting rituals from other cultures.
There is criticism now about practitioners using rituals and contemporary work from other
cultures in an appropriating way. And there is a larger question as to how, across cultures,
artists and theatre practitioners can work together equitably and fairly, especially as so many
environmental issues recognise no political boundaries.
Vandana: All cultural evolution has taken place through the fertilising of ideas, through
cultural forms and imaginative metaphors being taken from across cultures and given a
whole new dimension, given a new life. Its a bit like that seed in Akti. If left to itself, one
farmers seed planted every year will eventually degrade. Its renewal comes out of exchange,
out of being planted on another field, being looked after by another hand.
I dont think its the exchange or the borrowings that really make for exploitation. I
think its other things in the framework of relationships between cultures that make for
exploitation. We do have a colonial legacy, and we now have globalisation and marketdriven contexts in which those who have power can appropriate from those who do
not. Those who are in the market can appropriate from those who are in the commons.
Exchange isnt the problem. The terms of exchange are the problem. Trade isnt the
problem, the terms of trade are the problem. And so we have to sort out the terms rather
than try and be insular.
I think fertilising each others ideas is just wonderful. Its amazing. Weve all enriched
ourselves through that. The point is one shouldnt try and seek private benefit, cultural
power, cultural domination out of that exchange and that needs sensitivity, it needs respect,
it needs mutual giving and taking and knowing that you are receiving a gift and you have to
carry it through with all the integrity and all the care that it deserves.
Wallace: The challenges of speaking across cultures also happen within a society. Many
people now are working within corporations and within government or institutional
settings, using theatre and the arts to facilitate a change in business and corporate practices
in relation with the environment. In your work, what ways have you found of speaking
across these divides?
Vandana: I think different individuals and different corporations have extremely different
behaviour patterns and cultures. There can be extremely large corporations which are still
able to respect critical assessment and listen to it with openness. There are others who are
so closed that any honest appraisal creates a very vicious lashing out. If a corporation wants
to make money at any cost it will not re-evaluate what its doing no matter what, even if it
is costing the earth. But if a corporation thinks yes, it should make profits but it shouldnt
unleash ecological destruction, cultural dislocation and displacement, then it will be
constantly on the alert to get signals telling it where it is going wrong.
I think the arts are a very, very important avenue for transformation because were in
this strange situation where if you really look at what the World Trade Organisation has
meant, it has basically meant there is only one kind of citizen in the world, which is the
global corporation, and ordinary citizens and ordinary people are second-class citizens. I
dont think there was a thinking that went behind that structure. I think it was just for the
convenience of finding quick markets and the maximisation of the movement of capital.
But the implications of that thinking are cosmological. Its implications are for human
rights and how we think of what is a human being, what is a human being for.
Now, there are three levels at which you can start addressing this problem the
problem that the human has been displaced by the non-human, the organisations and
corporations have been given a higher status and given all the rights of a human being and
no responsibilities of a human being. Firstly, you can do it in the old style politics which
doesnt have a richness. It reinforces existing, assumed categories. Secondly, one does need
to address the problem in a very accurate form through the work of science, through the
counting of figures. In India, for example, that is counting the number of farmer suicides
or how many rupees an Indian peasant lost in growing potatoes for export. But that
counting is far more directed to not having that pain of the powerless written off, because
unfortunately it is the case that the pain of the powerless is disregarded unless its turned
into communication of the dominant system which is figures and graphs.
But, and this is the third level, I still feel that with human transformation, the power
to reach deep within to make change, it is the arts and culture which carry that power.
And therefore even though I am not an artist and Im not from theatre, I have a very deep
respect for what can be done.
I know that ten books I write are not equal I am not equal to the two lines a village
poet will create on these issues.
Wallace: This brings us to democracy. In the European culture, theatre and representative
democracy evolved around the same time. Now, there are artists and theatre practitioners
trying to reinvent democracy in very small ways and doing this through creating social
spaces, in small events, and in creating public spaces for conversation. I think this work has
value not only in what it is telling us about what mainstream theatre isnt doing now, but its
also saying what representational democracy isnt doing right now which is allowing for
those spaces of local, public consensus. Artists, in some ways, are perceiving that need.
Vandana: I think that democracy is being reinvented in small places and it is in the nature
of growth and in the nature of birth and in the nature of regeneration, to begin with the
small. The chestnut tree didnt come as that tree, it came as that little chestnut seed. And
you were once an embryo as was I, and as are our future generations. There is sometimes
panic when something is not ready-made in its full unfolding of a potential. Thats where
my own scientific work in quantum theory is constantly helping me to remember that the
smallness is not a smallness forever, but smallness embodies an unfolding into largeness.
We are in a time of the silencing of formal democracy, and we can see this in the way
that opposition to the war in Iraq is seen as supporting the terrorists the international
debate has been reduced to that. The informal democracy people are trying to create is in
the peace movements which are against both the violence of the terrorists and the violence
of military aggression. But there are attempts to criminalise protest and to equate people
who call for peace with supporters of terrorist action. The only thing that is available in
such periods is to begin with the small, that little corner which nobody notices, which wont
be stamped out, and to create the space for democracy, through those tiny imaginations of
democracy, in a period of the death of democracy.
I think there are two things that artists are very fully aware of, as are scientists and
quantum scientists, which is of the complexity and the uncertainty of the world. It was
only for a hundred years that we thought that everything was immutable, everything
came as essentially determined for ever, fixed, locked in. It projected that fixedness onto
human beings, saying that human beings are designed to be violent, theyre designed
to be competitive, theyre designed to hurt each other, therefore we must have an allpowerful state to control them without ever thinking that the potential for cooperation
as much as the potential for competition is shaped by the context into which human
beings are put. Cooperation and competition are the result of social interaction and not
our essential nature.
Its potential that matters and potential is in the small. So I really feel that these small
spaces where democracy is being reinvented whether it be through arts and theatre or it be
through other alternatives, for example in agriculture have huge implications because they
will unfold into the future. They are shaping history, and already in them are carried the
germs of another historical trajectory.
Wallace: Practitioners can work in either an urban or a rural sphere, and deal with issues
of the local and the global. A seed, GMOs these are immediate and intimate points of
connection between my body, my food and globalisation.
Vandana: Ive always been a little puzzled by the thinking that allows it to be imagined that
the local and the global are separated planes. The local and the global are interactive. The
point is which end you begin with and what you privilege. When you privilege the local, the
global becomes a system of mutually interacting, mutually respectful autonomous systems
whether that is for food, or for culture, or for the way we govern ourselves. Or, you can
privilege the global in which case the global is in every local, but the local is reshaped on the
terms of global privilege. Thats where global corporations reach the remotest village in India.
Subsistence peasants shape their actions on the basis of mythic beliefs. Corporations are using
those mythic beliefs as marketing tools using all our gods and divinities, Guru Nanak in
Punjab and Hanuman in south India to be salesmen for Monsanto. They are transporting
subsistence peasants down a track from which they cannot retreat.
So there is no separation. The point is what do you privilege, how do you see the
interaction, and again, if you come back to that issue of terms of relationship, there is no
separation. The point is what is the relationship? Will the global extinguish the local in its
self-expression and turn it into just zones of colonisation? Or will the global be a formation
of the free self-expression of the many locals and create a global linked through humility?
We have to leave a space for other species on the planet, other cultures, other regions, other
countries, and live in the right way with awareness of what is the space that others are
entitled to.
Wallace: Theatre practitioners and artists are saying that another world is possible. Are you
hopeful that this is happening, that this is possible?
Vandana: Yes, Im very hopeful. An interviewer that I spoke to yesterday, said, The big
protests are making a difference. I said, Youre looking in the wrong place. The protests
arent supposed to shape the alternative. The alternative begins where people live, where
they teach, where they eat. So if you really want to see whether change is being made look
at how it begins in the small places.
The point is where does the change begin and I believe the change has begun and its
unfolding. And it carries the future, because that other trajectory, of false advertising and
selling hybrid seeds and pesticides with no idea of the consequences, selling false illusions, is
a trajectory of self-destruction. This is the way corporations are dealing with the planet. Ive
called it the suicidal tendency, and it is extinguishing the future.
Wallace: I was very struck in your LIFT lecture when you said its telling the truth that
works. That the arts tell a truth but its different from a scientific truth. There is an
experience of a truth that art or ritual or performance can bring, but it may not have
that absolute verifiable aspect. I wondered if youd been moved by the other truths that
youve heard people speaking?
Vandana: I have been deeply moved by truths that are not verifiable in the scientific way
but they are verifiable by human experience. When a play or a painting or a piece of music
makes a difference its because it is, in a way, being verified through the experience that it
triggers in others. That experience is then, in some way, reflecting lived experience or the
puzzle of not being able to make sense of things. The arts can do that, the arts can explain
confusion, lend clarity to it, in deceitful times in which public relations are trying to shape
our thinking and our imagination.
I think arts can reveal, arts can tell the truth in a much richer way than science. It is the
nature of science to tell the truth a bit at a time. When the first five farmer suicides in India
happened, they said, Oh, they were all alcoholics. And then ten suicides happened, and it
was, Oh, they were all alcoholics plus adulterers. Then 20,000 happened, and it was about
debt and seeds and chemicals. The lie that this was to do with a personal problem rather
than the larger context was exposed.
But whatever it is, through the science, you tell one story at a time. The wonderful
thing with art is you can tell many stories at a time. Life is many stories at one time and
therefore the truth is richer in the communication and the telling of it in the arts.
Wallace: In some ways artists and theatre practitioners need to take risks in communicating the big issues, or in developing a language for expressing the experiences of these
issues the patenting of life, genetic modification of seed, climate change. For much of
what is called political theatre here, these issues are outside the areas of interest and we
want to encourage people to take risks and address them.
Vandana: Ive always given so much weight to carving out the small spaces and letting
them grow, including in our work, the seed saving. We started with three seed banks now
weve established more than 24. You begin with the small, you begin with the do-able, you
begin with that which you can do and that which you can do under the most repressive
context. And in the doing of it, you make the repression retreat, you change the terms.
Last yearTime magazineidentified ten people who are shaping the future, and they
identified me and Navdanya our movement for conserving biodiversity. And there
was a line at the end and this wasTime magazine, not the kind of people who would
normally touch us with a barge pole but the last line was, and through the work of
Navdanya the terms have changed. Instead of traditional seeds and agriculture being
judged by the yardstick of biotech, the biotech industry is now to be judged by the
yardstick of ecological agriculture.
But to make that yardstick real, you have to make it happen. To make it happen
takes personal commitment. It has to begin with the person, it has to begin at the local.
Nurturance for an idea comes from two sources. It comes from partnerships which can
make an idea happen, sometimes with small amounts of money which can make an idea
grow and find nourishment from other sources. The second thing it really needs is a
deep, deep belief that it is possible, that another way is possible. And, because what you
bring to life whether you do it as an artist or you do it as conservationist is the total
function of how much youbelieveit can be done.
Vandana Shivas recent publications include Biopiracy: T he Plunder of Nature &
Knowledge (2011) and Making Peace with the Earth (2013).
Good art goes beyond the issues

Sin Ede
As arts director of theGulbenkian Foundation, Sin Ede pioneered projects bringing
artists and scientists together. In 2006, she talked to Wallace Heim about what fires
her imagination.
Wallace: Why do you think that the science in many art-science projects often sidelines
the environmental sciences, including those that observe the natural world, ecosystems and
climate change?
Sin: I think that this is to do with the status of environmental science within the science
community or, more explicitly, within the politics of science. There are sexy subjects
in science, like in vitro fertilisation or cloning or heart surgery or nano-technology, but
environmental science carries with it a whole burden of responsibilities and guilt which
makes it problematic for political investment in it.
But this is not to say that artists dont engage with it. Artists have always engaged with
nature particularly since Romanticism. I think we still carry that legacy of Romanticism
with us. I was listening to an interview on the radio this morning about the House of Lords
opposing wind farming, and thinking, But there is no pristine nature left! It is sentimental to
believe that our heaths and mountains are natural. Actually, wind farms are wonderfully
aesthetic objects.
Artists turn a lot of ideas on their heads and do not accept an agenda that everything
we call nature is good. They are very well able to deconstruct what is meant by nature.
Some artists do engage with environmental issues but not necessarily in the usual way. They
are interested in the science and they are interested in survival, but we have got to look at
nature and new technologies in a realistic and energetic way and not in a sentimental way.
Wallace: Most science and art projects involve the visual arts. What have you seen that
connects performance and the environment?
Sin: There is quite a history to this, to do withTheatre-in-Education. TiE really burgeoned
in the 1960s and on into the 80s. TiE had a Marxist-Socialist agenda, but it did deal with
environmental issues and enact them in very startling ways. The playwright who wrote the
classic of that time wasDavid Holmanand his playDrink the Mercuryin 1972, which was
about mercury poisoning around the seas of Japan. It was taken into the classroom. There
was a starkness and a boldness about it. The style of performance was quasi-naturalistic.
It also used expressionism and very large gestures. Japan and the American multinational
company were represented by characters in masks. It was a bit crude in its way, but that
history was of very bold productions and it had a real agenda to it.
I remember a particularly brilliant piece I think it was by Nottingham Playhouse
about finding oil on a Shetland Island. It lasted the whole day. Children were put in
an imaginary plane and told that they were the inhabitants of an island. They were made
familiar with the old ways of the island and then some people from an oil company came
and said, Good news! Weve found oil on your islands.
They did live debate and interaction with the children about whether this was a
good thing or not, and of course made everyone see how complicated it was. It would
bring jobs, it would bring new facilities and nicer homes for people and at the same
time bring environmental problems. The complications and complexities of that issue
were wonderfully wrought so that nobody came home saying, I definitely think this, I
definitely think that. Everyone could see it from both points of view.
I am not in touch with educational theatre, but I am not aware of that kind of bold,
stark, Lets take an issue and really deal with it way of working.
Wallace: Many of the companies listed on the Ashden Directory do work in schools. How
do you think the demands of that work have changed?
Sin: My sense is that around 1988, which brought in the new National Curriculum, the
whole picture changed. Funding was different, and people started talking about curriculum
targets.
The thing that often gets me is that anything worthy and difficult always seems to be
dumped onto education. Its as though they say, One of the most important things we
must do about renewable energy or whatever is educate children.
Yet children are the most powerless people in our society. Then they say, We will
educate the children and it will be alright and it will all go away. As though schools
havent got enough to do, without taking on the burden of responsibility and the misery
of environmental issues. It seems like a way of hiving things off.
You know there are haughty old men who get up and say, We can educate our children
to do this or that. No we must educate you. You are the people with the decision-making
powers! You get yourself educated! I feel very strongly about that, dumping on education,
asking teachers to take on the problems of the world. It is going to be another 20, 30 years
before those children begin to be decision-makers themselves.
There is another thing which I feel very strongly about as arts director here, which is
that no art is strictly issue-based. TiE was unashamedly issue-based. Thats what its purpose
was. ButKing Learisnt about geriatric medicine. It is about hundreds of different things.
I dont go to the theatre because I think Oh, heres a good play which will make me dead
miserable about wind farms. I go because I want the richness of human experience.
The most interesting environmental play is IbsensAn Enemy of the People. It is a
brilliant piece of writing that shows the political dilemmas surrounding environmental
issues. It is the most fantastic example of somebody standing up for freedom and not
looking at the commercial aspects of it. You see how unpopular the hero has to make
himself and the effects on his family as a result of that.
This brings up the question of quality. I think this isthekey issue. When people write
to me with an application and say, Were writing a play to change the world and these are
the issues, I say, Well, whos going to disagree with that? Butare you any good?
Im only interested in funding good art. Im much more likely to ask, So whos your
playwright? Whats her track record? Is she any good? Because its absolutely hopeless unless
you get a good writer. And then of course a good writer will say, I dont write playsabout a
specific issue.
Wallace: This brings up several important aspects of drama and the environment and its
relation with real life. The environment can come across as just another political issue,
and the special significance of it is lost. Or an environmental crisis like nuclear waste or
climate change can simply be too real, too depressing.
Wallace: How do you think of the environment?
Sin: If you had to make a real decision about genetic engineering what would you do?
That real-life situation belongs more to the soaps which can take these things on very well
and raise the public debate. The American film,The Day After Tomorrow, about global
warming, is using drama in an obvious way. The next time people read the papers they may
be slightly more aware, which is what you want to happen. You want Americans to think:
this is the consequence of not signing up to the Kyoto Agreement.
I think the environment does open itself up very well to live debate and debates are
dramatic. The audience can say things which make it even more complicated, and the whole
thing makes for a wonderful, exhilarating experience. Call it drama if you like its real life,
it makes you rethink things. I get my dramatic hits out of real debate and discussion.
The most exciting debate I ever went to was on BSE, a few years ago at the British
Association, because it included farmers. There was Richard Lacey, the whistle-blower on
the link between BSE and nCJD, and the solicitor for the people who have vCJD on one
side and on the other side were farmers. Richard Lacey was saying, This is happening
and youre not listening to it, and the farmers were saying, No. You are ruining our
livelihoods. It was thrilling and I did feel I was witnessing a piece of drama, really a
piece of live drama.
Sin: Its terribly important to me. Because I was brought up in the countryside, Ive seen
it all change a lot. But I am also very anti-sentimentalist. The opening of the chapter on
art and the environment in my new book Art and Science begins with that Thomas Hardy
poem In Time of The Breaking of Nations and he says, only a man harrowing clods,
and so on, will go onward the same. And I say he was wrong. He was saying our simple
agrarian life is going to go on forever. Well, it stopped. All over the world. It stopped.
There is no maid and her wight whispering by, and no thin smoke without flame. There
are monocultures. There are new slaves working in global industries, the forests are being
cleared. But that agrarian idyll is still in our imagination, it still has an effect. It is locked
into our culture, into the worlds cultures.
My two daughters were brought up in London and they dont feel the same way
about nature as I do. They are environmental politically but they dont have the same
sense of its wildness. They havent got that memory that I carry with me, from my
parents and grandparents. I can name hundreds of wild plants because thats how I was
brought up. You have to relearn that now. But I also see myself as modern. You have to
accommodate tourism and jobs now in a way that doesnt destroy the environment.
Sin Ede edited and contributed toStrange and Charmed: Science and the Contemporary
Visual Arts (2000) and is the author of Art and Science (2005).
Wallace: As arts director for theGulbenkian Foundation, youre able to observe the
directions new works are taking, and also to influence those directions through funding
policy and criteria. Where do you see science and art going now?
Sin: When I was on the Science on Stage and Screen committee at the Wellcome Trust
we got I cant remember how many plays with the titleHello, hello, hello, Dolly, Dolly,
Dolly.They were all really dreadful plays about cloning. Nothing had broken boundaries.
Discovering the comedy of survival

Richard Mabey
Writer and naturalist Richard Mabey spoke to Eleanor Margolies in 2006 about what
he reads, and about how a production of A Midsummer Nights Dream revealed the
links between the art of comedy and survival in the natural world.
Theatre wasnt particularly interesting to me until an extraordinary occasion in 2005, when
I was invited to help with the Royal Shakespeare Companys production ofA Midsummer
Nights Dream,directed by Gregory Doran. He roped me in to make a film about natural
symbolism and I also wrote a programme note for the production. Seen through Gregs
eyes, Shakespeare suddenly opened itself to me. It was a complete revelation.
The play in the sense of playing was as important as the content. What mattered
was the play between people and that was in everything that was happening on stage.
I think I understood theatre in Joseph Meekers terms properly for the very first
time. Im a great believer in play. I basically go along with Meekers idea as I described
it inNature Cure that play is the purpose of life.
Joseph Meekers bookThe Comedy of Survival(1974) is about a metaphorical resonance
between survival in the natural world, and survival in literary comedy. The comic way is
about durability, survival, reconciliation and, above all, play. It was a huge experience to be
involved with that production, and it helped me understand something important about
myth and theatre.
However, there is a problem with myth. Its a question that arises for all of us who write
about the natural world or make glamorous films about remote parts of the world. As I
discuss inFencing Paradise,myth is fundamentally very valuable. Its the way that humans
get to grips with the world, with the imponderables. But it can replace the real world. In
a sense, myth is the progenitor of virtual reality. Watching David Attenboroughs Planet
Earth, I wondered: do we really know whether the animals shown are real? Would it matter
if they were simulations? Would anyone mind?
Its a problem for a writer, too. By writing, you can pick something out and make it
seem more important than it is. It is a challenge: for the writing to be important and vivid
and yet not push the subject into oblivion by becoming a substitute for it. I have no answer
to the problem no answer except hard thinking and watching.
There is one kind of answer in John Clares poetry. The poems have a great quality of
evocation. You would never read a Clare poem instead of going outside; it makes you want
to experience the real thing.
Ive talked to the poet Kathleen Jamie about this quality, about how writers can let the
things they write about shine through. The term she uses is transparency. In contrast, the
great failing of wildlife television is its refusal to admit the existence of the hidden. One
doesnt have a sense of inwardness; everything is drawn out onto the surface.
There are very few twentieth-century English nature writers I bother to read, but
there are some outstanding writers on nature. I love Iain Sinclair all his London books of
course, but alsoEdge of the Orison,his wonderful book about the poet John Clare, retracing
his walk from High Beach asylum in Essex back to Northampton. Its not really nature
writing, and yet...The Snow Geeseby William Fiennes is another great book in this area. I
became more and more attracted by his description of the journey and of the birds.
Ronald Blythes work goes back toAkenfield,but more recently hes published a trilogy
collecting hisWord from Wormingfordcolumns for the Church Times. They bring reflections
on local, theological and philosophical matters together with a description of the life of the
writer.
I loveWaterlog,by Roger Deakin, which is about swimming his way through Britain.
And inFindings, Kathleen Jamie has written far and away the best book in my field.
I return to the Romantics Clare, Blake and Coleridge especially again and again.
But in terms of my professional writing, most of the books I now read for pleasure and
inspiration are American. Because the United States contains really wild places, the writers
arent afraid to write wildly. Their vision is bigger. And they are considered writers, not
nature writers. Annie Dillard won a Pulitzer prize forPilgrim at Tinker Creek,a level of
literary honour that is scarcely thinkable in this country.
There has been a tradition of high-quality nature writing in America from the nineteenth century on, with Henry David Thoreau there at the start. The American tradition
is broader, more poetic and with a greater sense of philosophical enquiry than anything in
Britain.
Other American writers important to me are Joseph Meeker, Barry Lopez author
ofArctic DreamsandOf Wolves and Men,and David Quammen. QuammensMonster of
Godlooks at the role of big predators in the human consciousness what does it mean to us
to know that there are man-eating lions, tigers and bears out there?
Richard Mabeys books include Fencing Paradise (2005), Nature Cure (2005) and
Dreams of the Good Life: The Life of Flora Thompson and the Creation of Lark Rise to
Candleford (2014).
Why activists should read the Financial Times

James Marriott
In 2007, James Marriott, member and co-founder of Platform, a collective working
at the intersection of arts, activism, education and environment, talked to Robert
Butler about studying the Financial Times and Petroleum Argus.
For the background material for our work on oil and climate change, I work very closely with
Platform colleagues. Together we track two companies, BP and Shell, and think very hard
about them. Weve done that now for ten years. We read four kinds of things between us.
One is the financial press the Financial Times, the Wall Street Journal. I read the
Financial Times more or less from cover to cover. I particularly read the companies report at
the back, which is a column about what is happening in various key stocks. Theres rarely a
period longer than five or ten days when they wont report on BP or Shell, because BP and
Shell together constitute between 18 and 19 per cent of the entire FTSE-100.
The second thing we read is the trade press, papers like Upstream or the Petroleum Argos,
dealing with specific sectors of the industry, but on a global scale.
The other reading we do is the activist network, the critics and artists. At any one time,
there are hundreds of campaigns. Just off the top of my head, in relation to BP, there are
people campaigning in Iraq, in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Nigeria, Colombia, around the North
Sea. All around the world there is resistance to the way oil and gas development takes
place, and to the very principle of it. Everywhere around the world, there are groups saying
we dont like this, and this is why we dont like it, and churning out information about it,
mainly on the internet.
And number four is dialogue with people within the institutions an expanded
notion of reading talking to people in the oil industry or associated industries such as
advertising, or people who have been in the oil industry and retired. Were constantly
trying to find people to sit down and talk with. What Im looking for is colour, texture,
character. Literally, character. How do the companies think? How do the individuals think?
How does a corporation as an institution think and feel? What are its fears? Thats texture.
What I find intriguing is that, generally speaking, we dont think of these companies as
having character. They have a logo on the petrol station and so on, but theyre not portrayed
as having any texture. BP is hugely powerful. Its certainly more powerful than many states it
works with in the world. You could argue that its more powerful than the British government.
What interests me is that the government and the state are things that are tangible and
characterful, full of characters. Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and David Cameron ... the
drama is constant. It is constantly theatricalised in front of us. Now what do we know about
BP? Its largely faceless. And the media dont create theatre out of it.
During the petrol crisis in 2000, BP put forward Chris Gibson-Smith now chairman
of the London Stock Exchange to talk about it on Newsnight. I watched the interview
with Jeremy Paxman and I thought it was astounding. Paxman didnt know anything about
this guy, didnt really know what his job was. He got his job title wrong, didnt know what
his remit was in the company, didnt know anything about his personality. If this interview
had been with even a fairly low-level politician, he would have known his inside leg
measurements.
It was a demonstration of the fact that in our culture theres no character to these
things, and regardless of any critique of should we or should we not have corporations,
are they good or bad etc., these companies are just not represented.
The modern-day corporation isnt a monolith. It doesnt have everything done inhouse. It exists as a web of other institutions which it works with and interrelates to. Part
of what we do in the Unravelling the Carbon Web project is a cycle of events called Gog
and Magog. We do walks in London, with a small audience, every three months to try and
unpack the web of institutions that make Shell and BP function.
The walks take place on the days the quarterly results are released. There are four very
important days in the year for Shell and BP and the AGM isnt one of them. Every large
corporation has quarterly results. They say, On this day, this is how weve done for the last
three months. At that point, you can see all these institutions interacting. Were trying to
unpack, but also theatricalise these most important days. The four quarterly days, when
they have to say, This is how were doing, this is what were going to do, is a moment that
they build up to. Its a piece of opera. I use opera advisedly. Their events are for a very small
audience, about 200 people journalists, analysts and they are really carefully staged, with
music and lights, as they say, We are the worlds seventh largest company, and this is how
were doing, and youre going to carry on investing in us.
The idea is to take a small audience on a performance walk, trying to get as many
people from that web of institutions to be on that event. We go to a whole set of different
locations, in the City of London mainly, and a bit in the West End. We use the fables of
Gog and Magog, the two giants who founded London, as part of the performance script.
This piece of work is called Gog and Magog because BP and Shell are very, very closely
related. Theyre twins. If you map them, as weve been doing, you could certainly argue that
they are one financial block.
It was out of these walks around City institutions that John Jordan and I developed the
idea of And While London Burns, an opera for one that you can download onto your mp3
player and follow through the streets and alleys of the Square Mile.
And While London Burns was reviewed by Robert Butler in 2006 (see page 100).
It all started with James Lovelock...

Steve Waters
The playwright Steve Waters talked to Robert Butler about The Contingency Plan, his
double-bill of plays about climate change, first staged at the Bush Theatre, London in
May, 2009.
Robert: When did you first think you might write a play about climate change?
On the Beach, the Bush Theatre, London, 2009. Left to right: Robin Paxton (Robin Soans), Jenny
Paxton (Susan Brown), Will Paxton (Geoffrey Streatfeild) and Sarika Chatterjee (Stephanie
Street). Photo: Tristram Kenton.
Steve: In about 2006, I was invited to do a project with Hampstead Theatre, where I was
matched with a younger writer, George Gotts. We were doing something called Daring
Pairings. The idea was that you would write a play together very quickly. We both decided
we wanted to write something aboutJames Lovelock.His book Revenge of Gaiahad just
come out, so we both read it, and then we wrote a series of scenes very, very swiftly in
response. It was titled A Plague of People and it got a reading and went down very well.
I got very interested in what had surfaced in that. There was this older couple, Robin
and Jenny who feature inThe Contingency Plan. Theyre the parents. And there was Will,
whos a young scientist, a glaciologist, going into government. Theres a scene where Will
meets with a civil servant and she is blindly unaware of any of the things he wants to tell
her, all the bad news if you like, and it was quite a funny scene.
I was keen to write something about climate change. It seemed, in 2006, there was a
step-change in the public discussion about it. Lovelock seemed to crystallise that because
the book was so scary and so full of drama. Theres something wonderfully lurid about that
book and something really quite repellent as well.
Robert: Were you thinking ofLovelockas a Cassandra figure?
Steve: I think so. Lovelock interests me because, firstly, he was such a visible figure.
Secondly, he was such a contradictory figure. He was railing against urban greens and
was very critical of certain mainstream environmental politics. On the other hand, like
no one before, he was saying it may already be too late. We may have already passed
various tipping points. Thats the sort of person that interests me. Somebody who in
a way embodies some of the fault lines within green politics. Theres something really
misanthropic about some of that book.
Robert: So he would be a much more interesting dramatic figure than sayJonathon Porritt
because there are so many contradictions?
Steve: Absolutely. In the fragmentary play I wrote for the Hampstead, there was one
scene with Robin and Jenny, and they were walking in the Peak District and suddenly he
turned to Jenny, who hes been married to for many, many years, and said he couldnt be
in a relationship with her anymore. This profound negativity and pessimism that he was
expressing was something I wanted to pursue further.
In that scene there were a lot of allusions back toRachel Carsonswork and Robins
own early environmentalism and a sense of a lost opportunity, and a genuine, profound
pessimism for the future. There was something that had totally eroded his belief in
relationships and human beings. That psychology really interested me.
Robert: What did you learn from presenting that earlier play at the reading?
Steve: One of the things is how you think youre in a great community of talk and debate
about climate change, and actually youre not. Youre in a little bubble of concern about
climate change. I was quite staggered by how many people, in the liberal arts scene in
London of all places, didnt even seem to have the first inkling of what I was talking about.
It was just a dim presence on their radar. They didnt even know whether they believed it
at that point. Even though it seemed to me a burning issue, the thing I just had to get out
of my head, for other people they hadnt even begun to get it into their head, and that was
pretty scary.
Robert: A very important event, which you must have come across quite early in your
research forThe Contingency Plan, was the1953 flood.
Steve: I wanted to make sure that everything in the play had a precedent in some respect.
This 1953 flood was a very particular event, in the sense of the devastating impact it had on
eastern England, and on the Netherlands. It was largely to do with early warning systems
not working, with a series of very contingent factors to do with tidal surges, to do with the
fact that it was a spring tide, to do with weather conditions, the direction of the wind, and
so on.
So a number of things combined to make an ordinary event an extraordinarily
devastating event. I think 300 people died in England, thousands of people died in the
Netherlands. It almost happened again very recently in 2007. There was an event in the
autumn where Lowestoft and places on the eastern coast were subject to very similar
conditions. Gordon Brown called a COBRA meeting. Theyre all in the bunker there,
just like they were when the banks failed.
Robert: So your basic premise was that with the ice from the Antarctic melting if 1953
happened again, it would be massive?

Steve: Thats right. Obviously the play indicates its probably Greenland thats culpable. But
the character at the centre of the play, Will Paxton, the glaciologist, is bringing even worse
news. Hes saying, look, this is an intimation of an even more scary scenario. He works on
the biggest ice sheets in the world and even they are not utterly impregnable. Thats his
argument.
I suppose the thing that made the play plausible to me was the way in which every time
you hear the IPCC report, everythings at least ten or 20 years ahead of what they imagined
five years previously. That sense of the non-linear aspect of climate change was the conceit
that drives the play.
Robert: In the plays, the father and son are both glaciologists. The father worked on Pine
Island in Antarctica back in the 1970s, and he discovers information that makes him think
that actually the ice sheet is not that indestructible and he goes to the Thatcher government.
The government doesnt listen to him and this precipitates his resignation. The work of the
father is carried on by the son. He goes into government, in Whitehall in the present day. Is
all this fictional?
Steve: The kernel of the story came when I was talking to John King at theBritish Antarctic
Survey. He was in East Antarctica on the peninsula about ten to 12 years ago, and there was
much more warming than he had been anticipating. It was apparent that an ice sheet was
about to break off from the landmass.Greenpeacecontacted him and asked, Should we
mobilise around this? He said he couldnt make a political gesture at that time. His ethics as
a scientist prevented him making that leap into politics. And then ten years later, the science
had lined up. The warming could be explained by anthropogenic climate change.
What intrigued me was the idea that somebody might be working in Antarctica
in the 1970s, but they werent interested in climate change. What would happen if
somebody at that time had started to see evidence of something but they didnt have a
paradigm to explain it as climate change? It was developing in certain areas of science but
there wasnt a consensus.
I imagined this man finding this out, and getting a pretty dim audience from everybody
around him including his colleague, the character Colin Jenks, and being destroyed by
that premature knowledge. Then turning in on himself and being very destructive as a
consequence.
There is something genuinely tragic about the whole question of climate change. Whilst
we know there are political ramifications, we know people are responsible, we know theres
culpability and all of that, at the same time it is a genuine tragedy to me in the sense that
its something that weve all inherited, its something that we didnt necessarily set into
motion knowingly and its disproportionate in its impact. I wanted that feeling in the play.
This sense of there being this long secret waiting to be discovered under the ice or in the
atmosphere and it then was discovered too late and responded to, too late.
Its a sort of Ibsen play in the way the past impacts on the present and its too late to
address that particular aspect of the past.
I was particularly interested by Will. Hed grown up sensing this darkness in his
father and how that manifests in misanthropy. Again, thinking of Lovelock who was
marvellously robust after being disbelieved for so long, who carried on speaking to people,
meeting with Margaret Thatcher, keeping his Gaia thesis afloat even in the most arduous
of circumstances. But Robin is not robust. He turns in on himself and as a consequence
he sets this poison chalice for Will about disengaging altogether from public life.
I met with a lot of scientists who, generally speaking, were uncomfortable about
politics, sceptical about the way government works, anarchist in their instincts in some
respects. All they respect is other scientists and the very particular work that they do. The
thing that interested me in the play was: how do such people speak to government and
how does government speak to them? Its very easy for government to decide to dispense
with people who are telling the truth.
grotesque moment when Robin, with a fish tank and a model and a scale map, shows his
family what will happen to his land in Norfolk with climate change.
Theyre all thinking this is a manifestation of his breakdown. Its a horrible scene in
some respects but its quite funny, too. The audience were looking at the model in the
interval. You feel so fraudulent, because of course, its not unrealistic, but it is an act of
fiction.
In the second play, Resilience, Robins nemesis is the scientist Colin Jenks whos the
government advisor. He does a demonstration about resilience. Everyone holds a piece of
string, like a cats cradle. Then, he says, lets take away the trees, lets take away the worms,
and he starts cutting it. I took that from theTransition Handbook. Its a common workshop
exercise but it seemed like a delicious thing to do with government ministers standing there
pretending to be oak trees or jays or worms. It was in a sense didactic but it is a comic
moment, and I think as long as those things are grounded in a character or a theatrical
moment then you can smuggle them through.
Robert: In the plays, you didnt have anyone who was a green advocate. Why did you keep
out that strain of the debate?
Steve: I think some people from the Department of Energy and Climate Change came.
They didnt send me an angry email, but in the play, they came off lightly.
Steve: One could already imagine what that character would be like. They are very hard to
engage with theatrically and very uninteresting in some respects. Theyre too smart, theyre
too clever, too knowing and they would articulate the subconscious of the play. I just dont
like that sort of play and Im interested in finding voices which are a very long way away
from my own, in terms of the language they deploy and their morality.
The character Jenny is an interesting example. Shes involved in mitigation activities
and carbon reduction and community things. Its laughed at merrily in the play, but Im
totally behind that. Thats what I do. Thats the activism I can understand and engage with.
But I can also see how a scientist such as Will who knows the scale of the problem might it
hard to find any value in it.
Robert: Its set in a Tory government and the Conservative minister is always saying, Ahh,
what am I going to tell David?
Robert: When I saw the plays, I was sitting next to the Daily Telegraphs critic and at the
end of the first play he turned to me and said, Tell me this isnt true. Did you get feedback
from any scientific or government advisers?
Steve: I have a strong, queasy feeling about the Conservatives in power. Thats a bit tribal
of me.I just wanted a new government who in the very first week of their tenure have this
disastrous flood in Bristol. And before theyve read the papers and been briefed properly
what are they going to do about it? Because it isnt going to happen at a convenient time,
lets face it.
Robert: Did you think you had to explain climate change to an audience?
Robert: The government advisors and ministers are around a table in Whitehall, wondering
whether to evacuate towns along the east coast. The country is watchingStrictly Come
Dancing. If they make the wrong call, David is going to be angry.
Steve: I tried to side-step explaining climate change. The play says its a given. What it
tries to explain instead is local manifestations of climate change so there are a couple of
lantern lectures moments. In the first play, On the Beach, there is this hilarious but also
Steve: The best analogy was the build-up to Y2K, to the Millennium Eve, when everyone
looked foolish afterwards. Its a very difficult position for the government, but it struck
me that a Tory government might have said, Well, the state would make it worse. People
should make their own arrangements to evacuate. The invisible hand would evacuate
Lowestoft.
Robert: It strikes me when reading your plays that they are about people at work.
Steve: Im interested in people under pressure, people in situations where they make moral
choices. Theres this fascinating thing in theatre about representative character somebody
who stands for something, somebody who manifests a tendency or an idea. Ones always
trying to work against that, but I do think people are like that. Theres a degree to which
people define themselves ideologically and then they behave accordingly. I am interested in
the way people manifest their convictions, but also the way they get lost in them.
Someone said to me that Im really interested in people who are wrong. I thought that
sums it up very neatly. I am very interested in people who are wrong. I feel Im wrong a lot
of the time. Im ignorant. I dont know what the hell Im talking about. Theres a lot of time
when I feel like I have no right to say this. I think those characters who are in that position
really interest me. People who havent quite got the authority or speak beyond their brief or
who transgress some kind of social code. And theyre wrong but theyre right.
Robert: Is there an education going on, in the best sense of education?
Steve: Yes, in a sense its educational, but that sounds too pat doesnt it? Theres a degree
to which I dont know what I think, but I know the play helps me think aloud and I hope
it helps other people think aloud, too. Thats the way it seems to me to work rather than
imparting a body of knowledge.
What kind of knowledge serves politics? How can any mind contain all the things that one
needs to know to make a decision about most of the things that politics pertains to? Resilience
is a satire. The huge challenge to the politics of climate change is outside of the knowledge of
politicians.
Robert: One wants a lot more plays now, not necessarily climate change plays but plays that
are dealing with capitalism or consumerism or the idea of the individual against the group
and our responsibilities. These touch on themes that are very pertinent to climate change but
dont necessarily have to go under the banner of climate change.
Steve: Absolutely. Most playwrights are urbane folk. They live in cities and they sit in theatres
and theyre in a particular place where nature doesnt feature. Theres a strand that is very
absent from English theatre but not from Russian theatre or Norwegian theatre. In Australian
theatre, it is interestingly present.
Resilience, the Bush Theatre, London, 2009. Left to right: Tessa Fortnum (Susan Brown), Colin
Jenks (Robin Soans), Sarika Chatterjee (Stephanie Street), Will Paxton (Geoffrey Streatfeild).
Photo: Tristram Kenton.
It intrigues me, why is there not a play by David Hare about climate change? Why
isnt there a play by David Edgar? Theres a real generational thing there. They dont know
how to talk about it, so the traditional left is in trouble. Caryl Churchill is the only one
whos made steps towards it, because of her background in feminism and her connection to
environmentalism.
The only hope Id derive from climate change is that it has generated a completely
different sort of politics, which is now proving to be really robust. It doesnt need government
in the same way and it does reach over to government, like 10:10. Im not saying its the
solution but it does get people talking very quickly and that gives me an enormous amount of
hope.
This conversation took place as part of the Cultures of Climate Change seminar series
at CRASSH, University of Cambridge (see Bradon Smiths essay, page 9).
PROJECTS
Why are there no plays about climate change?

In June 2005, the editors of the Ashden Directory hosted a discussion about the lack
of major plays about climate change. Around the table were:
Dawn Bishop, policy officer, Council for Environmental Education
Emma Dunton, executive producer,Actors Touring Company
Kevin Graal,storyteller,Talking Tales
Caspar Henderson,journalist
Anthony Koncsol,director,Konflux Theatre-in-Education
Pete Rogers,new media artist
Miranda Thain, director,Konflux Theatre-in-Education
Miranda: With climate change, its such a huge topic on a global scale, were confronted
with the problem of how we can make it relevant and real to younger children. How
can you explain climate change to a five-year-old in an hour? How could they make any
difference?
Anthony: As a learning-through-theatre company, do we go for the immediate impact? Or
do we go for planting the seed for children in the hope that in 20 years time they will want
to become actively involved in actually making a change? If thats not too late.
Kevin: Youve got to grab their attention and make the thing concrete. I use traditional
stories, creation myths, legends and folktales from around the world. Theres a traditional
story for every situation, for every theme.
Im sure that the place to start is with very young children. You have to start as early
as possible to educate a generation of children who will have the vocabulary in their grasp.
They are the five-year-olds at your shows now. When theyre older, when theyre in their
sixties and seventies, the shit really will have hit the fan. And then theyll be more likely to
act, or pressure their politicians to act, when they become citizens. I dont think we need to
wait until they are teenagers or they are intellectually capable.
Dawn: Environmental organizations likeGreenpeace,WWF andFriends of the Earth
produce loads of good stuff for teachers. But the thing that shocked me is that its all
science and geography. There is nothing for art teachers or drama teachers. Theres
no encouragement for art or drama teachers, and these issues can certainly produce
imaginative works of art. Why are these organisations limiting themselves to making it
so factual? Because ultimately climate change is an emotive thing. Its looking at what we
value and whether we want to preserve it. Were all going to be affected by it, and were
all contributing to it.
Kevin: Sometimes the way to go is through metaphor and allegory. If you want to get children to understand how sacred the land is, then you can tell them myths and stories about
baddy characters who desecrated the landscape, and then had really heavy things happen
to them. That fires them up. Theres no end of stories about what happened to people who
desecrate trees.
I recently discovered this wonderful Greek myth. A king destroys the Earth Goddesss
tree. So the goddess sends the spirits out to the north to get Famine to visit him. Famine
breathes into his nostrils and he wakes up absolutely starving and nothing he eats will satisfy
him. In the end, he eats himself, he consumes his own flesh. Its an unforgettable image of
what were doing. Were consuming ourselves. Something like that, which is not agitprop or
didactic, grabs children. Theyll remember it. Later on, when someones talking about trees,
theyll have that imagery in their mind.
Emma: I think, simultaneously, we should be educating adults now. Drama is the perfect
medium for a story about a crisis. There are plays about AIDS, but in some ways AIDS
is a more graspable subject. You can weave personal stories out of it because it is about
individual people. With the environment, its this drip-drip effect. Nobodys quite sure how
bad it really is. To get those themes in the context of an adult play is quite hard.
Caspar: The Hollywood filmThe Day After Tomorrowtried to make a big story out of
climate change with big production values. But clearly, the scenario is absurd. A scientist,
Myles Allen, at Oxford University, told me there were surveys done on people after they
had seen the film. People were less concerned about climate change because they saw this
extreme thing and thought, Oh if thats what its about, I just dont believe it.
Kevin: Philip Cooney, the Chief of Staff to the chairman of the White House Council on
Environmental Quality, removed scientific evidence from documents on climate change for
the American government, making climate change sound less threatening. I thought that
would be a great story.
There is this wonderful phrase weasel words. Its very hard on weasels! But the idea
is that the weasel can suck the contents of an egg and just leave a very small hole. It looks
like its a normal egg, but in fact its been drained of life. This is what these people do with
words. They drain the meaning out of them.
Politicians every week, every month, every year, will be giving us a host of new clichs that
were supposed to learn. Thats a drama to be told for us, for grown-ups. There are traditional
folk tales about how the manipulation of language allows people to commit crimes.
Caspar: Theres a good play to be done about that meeting after George W. Bushs first
election, when Dick Cheney, the vice-president, held a meeting to discuss US national
energy policy, behind closed doors, with Exxon and others. We still dont know what the
key decisions were.
Dawn: If you wanted to get people writing plays about climate change, what sort of things
could you do? Would you have a competition? Would you go to an established playwright?
Emma: You could go to a theatre company or venue who did new writing, like the Royal
Court or the Bush. You could commission a play, or have a competition and a prize for the
best play. You could have one or two established playwrights spearheading it. Id be very
careful about doing something very broad like the environment. You need to put it in
some sort of dramatic context, like the meeting with Dick Cheney.
Caspar: The classic problem here is that cause and effect are a long time away from each
other. The current climate is heavily influenced by historic emissions. You cant go into the
guilty guys office. Not in quite the same way. It makes it much more difficult to dramatise.
Were not going to see the consequences of what were doing now for probably most of our
lifetimes. And, once you get into the complexity of the science you have completely lost the
drama.
Kevin: It seems a bit strange that were talking about how to commission or make this
work happen. Artistic work happens because people feel the need to express something.
And it seems a bit artificial to force it. So the question must be, Why arent people
feeling this desperate need to express this? It must be because the consequences seem to
be so far ahead. You never miss the water until the well runs dry.
Emma: Thats why there are so many history plays, because weve now seen the consequences
of these things, and so now the playwrights can write about that. You need to tap into a
particular story or event.
Caspar: It doesnt need to be a very didactic Brechtian play. Although Im sure if Bertolt
Brecht was around, hed be writing plays about climate change.
Asking difficult questions:

climate change and performance
In 2009, the editors of the Ashden Directory invited six people to propose a question
about climate change and performance. Each question was answered by another person
in a chain of exchanges recorded in the film, What can be asked? What can be shown?
British theatre and performance in the time of climate instability. The six were:
Mojisola Adebayo, artist and theatre-maker
Dan Gretton, writer and co-founder ofPlatform
Wallace Heim, academic and co-editor of the Ashden Directory
Paul Heritage, academic and director of Peoples Palace Projects
Clare Patey, artist and curator
Joo Andr da Rocha, performer and associate producer of Peoples Palace Projects
Mojisola asks: How do we research, make and tour international performance and art
about climate change without contributing to its causes? How far is art worth the damage?
Dan responds: My first reaction was that I was uncomfortable with the implications that
artists have a special dispensation, implying that artists have rights other citizens dont
have. This is a bit too close to environmentalists jetting around the world for weekend
conferences on climate change. A term I use for this is the narcissism of frenzy.
But thinking further, the implication of Mojisolas question is to look at the specific and
unique role art can have. We live in a time when, rationally, everybody knows the critical
issues to do with climate change. All the scientific data is out there. Weve had the reports.
But this has stayed at the rational level. The great challenge in the next years is
connecting that rationality with the gut because thats where change really begins and
where art has an enormous role. In Platform, we say we try to connect the frontal
cortex and the solar plexus. Thats where art is critical.
On travelling and moving around theres something paradoxical in the world.
Theres the illusion of connectivity. We think technology has given us these new ways of
communicating Skype and Twitter and Facebook and all these technologies. But my
experience is actually that people have never felt less connected. To meet people in real
places in real time and have that eyeball-to-eyeball contact has become more important.
Weve always attempted in Platform to work in a long-term way. Weve been working
on the human rights and environmental impacts of the oil industry since 1996. And
something happens after a certain amount of time whether five or ten years. You get to a
depth of working where youre beginning to have real political efficacy. Theres a real power
to the work you can do.
So much of the world, in terms of capitalism, emphasises the short hit, the quick
turnaround, move on to the next subject. If you subvert that, something remarkable can
happen.
Dan asks: My question starts with a quotation from the German writer Rilke: Ive often
asked myself whether those days on which we are forced to be indolent are not just the ones
we pass in profoundest activity. Whether all our doing when it comes later is not only the
last reverberation of a great movement which takes place in us on those days of inaction.
In the light of increasingly apocalyptic forecasts about climate change and an
understandable tendency for many of us as artists, activists and educators to react to
this changing reality by mirroring it with increasingly urgent and sometimes apocalyptic
language for instance the recently released film Age of Stupid in light of that, how
do you respond to Rilkes question? Could you talk about the role that slowing down
and reflectivity play in both in your creative process and in your interaction with your
audiences?
Clare responds: Ive worked within different types of organisational cultures, from
campaigning to the corporate sector to television and theatre. All of them have something
of speed about them, whether thats the clocking-in and the clocking-out, or the do it
now, the urgent response. None of them are about or accept slowing down as part of their
culture.
The first time I had to face the idea of slowing down myself was when I devised this
project Feast that happened on an allotment and that was about growing an alternative
school dinner over the course of a year (see The allotment with roots in every classroom,
page 90). Suddenly I wasnt in control anymore and neither was the clock. We were back
in natures time and back to the arc of the year and the sun rising and setting and the fact
that the bean took that long to grow. And we couldnt do anything about that.
Not only did that slow the project down, it informed its integrity in the way that
people began to work and to interact. The children who took part in it are part of school
culture, which is time-orientated and doesnt encourage you to slow down and have time
for the imagination and time to think.
We were involved in productive and creative and physical activity gardening. We
were weeding or we were planting. For me, one of the most magical things that came out
of the project was that it allowed time for incidental conversation. Teachers remarked that
they had never heard kids talking in that way to one another. It seemed to be about what
we ought to be doing.
I agree with Rilke. Its about that space and its rhythm. Its a belief that like nature, like
spring comes after winter, ideas come after periods of rest. Were all part of that. Its about
that balance and cycle. Its about harmony.
And, its an act of defiance. Its fighting against fast meaning speed is good; fast
money, fast food fast. Capitalism is fast. Modernity is fast. Gardening isnt fast.
Clare asks: How can we reunite culture and agriculture through performance?
Joo responds: Thinking about agriculture in Brazil is quite different from talking about
agriculture in Britain, Europe or the United States. Culture in Brazil is still close to the
countryside, because 50 per cent of the population in Brazil lives in the countryside.
One way to reunite agriculture and performance is in looking at how food is being
produced, how countries are producing and selling food, transferring food to other parts of
the world. When we talk about Brazil, people are fighting for the right to have some land
to produce food for their family. People are still dying in Brazil because of the Landless
Movement. When we talk about Amazonia, for example, the deforestation is not about only
destroying nature. Its about technology; its about how we are producing food.
To reunite agriculture and performance, we will find new ways to perform, really
innovative ways to perform. To rescue rural culture, we need to understand agriculture
as well.
Joo asks: Talking about climate change and the environment nowadays, could it be fashion?
It is easy to talk about a disaster, for example. I would like to ask about your personal life,
practically, day by day, what are the steps you are taking to decrease the impact of your life in
the world?
Paul responds: Joos question goes to the essence of what we are talking about: what am
I really doing to reduce the impact of my life in the world? That personalisation of the
cultural politics around environmental action reminds me of the work we did 20 years ago,
and have carried on doing, around AIDS and HIV. Environmental and cultural activism is
a reminder of that deep personal intensity. What do we do to change?
The question is extraordinary. Its about disappearance. How can we move towards our
own disappearance in a positive way? By reducing our impact. We cease to want to place
ourselves out there, which is almost the complete opposite of what every artist does, in the
traditional western idea we have had of the individual artist since the Renaissance.
What am I doing? I can only talk about it in practical ways. Our project Amaznia was
an example of the sort of partnership that Joo indicates is the solution if we are going to be
able to work together. We worked with existing cultural forms, the dance and drama forms
of the Amazon region, with local artists in order to produce work that would deal with the
impact on their environment, not us as artists from outside making the work.
Joo talks about the strategies, partnerships and structures we need to set up. What Ive
taken from working in the Amazon region has been about how that connectedness is the
only way we can hope to work to move forward.
Also, this brings a constant realisation that this work is about form and structure and
the ways of doing it rather than about content and what is said. It is about the quality of
those partnerships and the ways in which we form them.
Paul asks: How can we listen to, see, feel and learn from those who are talked about rather
than those who are talking in the great climate change debate?
Wallace responds: To answer this, I want to think about how climate change makes this
question different from other political situations; I want to think about how listening can
be done; and I want to think about how this question might change how theatre is made.
I think climate change muddles the orders of peoples and publics that have been made
in other contexts, particularly other political contexts. I think its shown up very complex
patterns of connections that cross location, that cross time and culture. So I think that its
not only those who have been rendered invisible or unheard in any culture, or those that
are most vulnerable or those most immediately suffering that need to be listened to. Its
possible that one must also listen to those who might be economically or educationally
privileged. Its also necessary to learn from various expertises, whether thats the scientific,
the institutional and local knowledge.
But those to whom we really must listen in the widest sense of listening are the
other living beings, the animals and the others, the habitats and environments, the elements
and processes, the circulations upon which we depend. This kind of listening may actually
change how we listen.
How can listening, seeing, feeling and learning from another be done? I dont have any
short answer to that. I dont think theres one form of listening. Listening to a river is very
different from listening to a human adversary. I think one way to start is to stop talking but
this doesnt mean a blank silence. Listening is fiercely difficult.
Oddly enough, I think a good conversation is a good analogy for listening. It depends
on the relations between those who are together. It depends on being open to being
changed by what one has seen or felt. It also involves judgement in being able to discern
whos making sense and whos making noise or merely capitalising on the situation.
Sometimes it can mean having to give an account of oneself in public which can be very
painful. A good conversation has a life of its own. Its not really in anyones control.
The ideal would be to spend time together face-to-face, but this isnt always possible. I
think the responsive and critical imagination required for listening at a distance is crucial
to develop, if it can be. I want to think, too, about why listen? Why is it necessary?
The question Paul raised is really a question about climate justice. Its about how
listening and theatre-making can be involved in the challenge to redefine and reinvent
what it means to be just and for whom in the face of climate change.
I also think that justice isnt merely a set of rules and decisions but its a way of knowing
what to do in a situation that is so unprecedented and complex that theres no experience
or no principle to show the way. The practice of listening can play a part in developing that
capacity to respond to change.
I dont want this focus on listening to overshadow the imperative to speak and to
express and to make very provocative theatre, because I think the question of how to listen
has engendered new forms of performance making. Boal is an example and even Grotowski.
It could be these new and necessary forms of listening that are developing in response to
climate change will be part of how theatre itself adapts and changes, because it must.
Wallace asks: The forms of theatre and performance are continually changing. Theyre
adapting and evolving in response to ideas and technologies and desires. Its important
to think about the material effects of productions but I think its vital to consider the
experience of theatre itself, the heart of its art-making, its immediacy, its relations and how
these, too, might need to change. So my question is: What would you keep from theatre
and performance practice and what needs to change in response to climate instability?
marketing and international touring. Perhaps we need to start thinking about what we need
less of and start to strip that stuff away.
Lope de Vega said theatre is two human beings, a passion and a platform. Id say, throw
a bit of poetry in there and thats good enough for me. We need to think of stripping away.
Very practically, we need to address the subject of international touring.
And lastly everything Im saying is as much for me as anyone else I think we need
to be wary of climate change opportunism. Theres an interesting thing happening. We
are starting to make work in response to the subject of climate change which is fantastic.
Theatre-makers must make work in response to everything. But I think we need to be
very careful of using climate change just as excuse to make more work, but without really
taking responsibility for our own actions. I see a lot of that happening. Ive probably been
involved in some of it, and I think we need to be careful of it.
What do I think we need to change? I think we need to reduce, reuse, recycle, to
make and create locally and review our attitudes in terms of our positions as theatremakers. We are a little bit arrogant, and we need to change that.
The film of this exchange, What can be asked? What can be shown? British theatre and
performance in the time of climate instability, was devised and directed by Wallace Heim
and is available online at www.ashdendirectory.org.uk. It was shown at the Earth
Matters Onstage conference at the University of Oregon and was followed by a live
video conversation between conference participants in the United States and the six
contributors speaking from London.
Mojisola responds: I asked my partner this question. She works for the Royal Shakespeare
Company. She said that she thinks that some people in the theatre think they are above
climate change. I really, really love that image that somehow we are above this subject.
In the theatre and performance world, we have this belief that theatre is inherently
good for you and therefore theatre-makers inherently do good and that nothing in our
work could ever be harmful, and I think this relates to the question of climate change. I
dont think that we are taking the subject seriously and I dont think that we are taking our
practice seriously.
Obviously, climate change wherever we work, wherever we live has an effect on
us all. The first thing that needs to change is that attitude that we are somehow above
this subject.
Shakespearean theatre was some of the most ecologically friendly theatre and some of
the greatest theatre in the western world. People performed outside; they used the sunlight
for light. There werent masses of fliers and pamphlets and thick programmes. Our theatre
today is characterised by excess and indulgence in terms of big sets and costumes and
When flowers bloom on stage

How does the vivid presence of a flower draw attention and spark the imagination?
How do real flowers behave on stage? In 2010, we asked a playwright, a performer,
a designer and two academics to describe a particular flower in performance.
Frances Babbage, reader in theatre and performance, University of Sheffield
Stephen Bottoms, professor of theatre and performance, University of Manchester
Ian Garrett, co-founder and director, Centre for Sustainable Practice in the Arts
Satinder Kaur Chohan, playwright
Sue Palmer, artist and writer
Poppy
The flowers were scarlet poppies and they burst through the wall. In 1997,the Lecoqtrainedtheatre company Bouge-de-l presentedUnder Glass.
Its young woman protagonist lives a closed existence in a cramped bedsit, selecting
each day the same clothes, in the same order; her ritualized sequence of actions
structures each day predictably, protecting her from all outside influence. Yet on one
wall of her attic room is a poster of an Alpine field, studded with flowers.
An unvoiced and largely repressed fantasy of Switzerland and what this appears to
represent is stirred into life when a young Swiss man, a neighbour, meets and fleetingly
befriends her before leaving again, to return to his native country or travel elsewhere.
The audience recognises, as he does not, the consequences of his actions for this
vulnerable woman: better perhaps that he had never come at all.
In the performances final moments, she is left alone, again, in the small, drab room
even more alone, because abandoned. She leans against the wall, unspeaking: the
damage done seems irreparable.
Then, utterly without warning, flowers push their way through the wall. The dirty,
fading wallpaper becomes an Alpine meadow, and pressed against it she appears to us to
lie amongst poppies: maybe sleeping; maybe dying. She will never leave her little room;
she will not travel to the places she dreams about. But in this moment she is transported
there, and at the same time the pure fresh air and open fields burst in here. Living
flowers, poppies, pushing in through peeling paper, connect two worlds: poetically, the
image layers fresh against stale; movement against stasis; death against life.
Under Glass by Bouge-de-l (1997). Photo: Al Cane.
This woman will not trust someone else another time. She will retreat still further.
Perhaps she will die. But as she breathes in the scent of flowers, we can believe that
something has changed for her in a way worth the anguish that comes with it.
Frances Babbage
Daffodil
One moment a movement has fused itself onto my memory from Lets get some
weather in here, a solo show by Mary Southcott.
Just off-centre in the performance space is a white plastic window box, and facing
the audience are a row of daffodils, yellow and bright in the studio lighting. They are
looking perky and buoyant as only daffodils can, and very yellow, the trumpet variety.
At one point in the performance, Mary switches on a desk fan that stands behind the
Daffodils, Heygate Estate, London. Photo: Eleanor Margolies.
daffodils and a deeply satisfying event takes place.

As the fan turns its automated 120-degree span, so the daffodil heads respond
bobbing, nodding. The bobbing heads in the breeze are met by collective warmth and
delight from the audience our attention is absorbed by the responsive movement of
the flowers that is so familiar, so recognisable.
Marys simple creation of a small weather system in the studio is utterly captivating:
the outside is suddenly on the inside. The relationship between the wind and the flower
is placed at the centre of my attention, so I can see in absolute detail the architectural
brilliance of the flower at being able to both receive and resist the wind.
The articulation of the flowers and their ability to work with the wind speaks; their
heads work with receptivity, capacity, intelligence. The daffodils have performed for us.
Sue Palmer
Breath of Life
Flowers are a bit queer. We think of them, habitually, as natures gift of colour and scent, yet
they are also the most intensely cultured of plants: we see them in ornately presented beds,
or simply cut and arranged into bunches, bouquets. For most of us, particularly those of us
in cities, flowers have typically been uprooted before we even see them: they have become
human art and craft.
And yet, so often, we idealise them romantically, pretending that we are somehow
apprehending their beauty in a virginal state of nature: I wandered lonely as a Cloud,
wrote Wordsworth in hispoemon daffodils, transforming himself from human into mere
vapour, just in time for his revelatory apprehension, all at once, of the yellow host dancing
in the breeze.
Being natural is simply a pose, remarks Lord Henry Wootton in Oscar WildesThe
Picture of Dorian Gray, and the most irritating pose I know. For Wilde, the artifice of
human culture is inescapable, and that includes our relations with the so-called natural
world: we live after the fall, in full self-consciousness, and simply being as opposed to
performing is only an option for the disingenuous.
No wonder, then, that the most renowned emblem of Wildes proto-queer
community of decadents and aesthetes was the green carnation the little green
flower that hisSalomepromises to drop as a boon to the Young Syrian who admires
her so. Carnations do not, of course, grow in green naturally and for that matter they
dont grow red, white or yellow either, though all these colours have been cultivated as
variations on (deviations from?) the bright pinkish-purple that nature provided. The
appeal of such cultivars to Wilde was precisely their frank reminder of theunnatural.
Something similar is apparent in the flower photography ofRobert Mapplethorpe, in
the 1970s and 80s. Mapplethorpe gave us detailed, precision close-ups that capture the
classical beauty of the floral, yet the pristine lighting and cool composition of these images
make these blooms unavoidably cultured sometimes so cool as to appear almost deathly.
Mapplethorpes fascination with the phallic properties of flowers, moreover whether their
stems or, more particularly, their pollen-bearing anthers and filaments often seems to
render them queerly anthropomorphic, particularly when juxtaposed on the wall with his
human nudes.
Its not only male artists who have apprehended this queerness in the floral, though.
Take, for instance,Susan Glaspellsextraordinary play The Verge, first staged in 1921 by
New YorksProvincetown Players.
The plays heroine, Claire, is a troubled, radically feminist figure who expresses her
attempts to break free of old forms, old assumptions, both through her unorthodox use of
language which oscillates between tortuous stuttering and flights of strange poetry and
through her obsessive work as an experimental botanist.
The various men in Claires life Tom, Dick, and Harry are tediously literal and
natural(istic) by comparison, and they fear that her behaviour of late has become altogether
too queer. Glaspells 1920s usage of the word doesnt appear to carry the same sexual
connotations as it does today, but her inference is nonetheless towards something feared
because it is alien, inexplicable, an implicit challenge to the presumed norm.

The ultimate expression of Claires queerness lies in her cultivation of a tiny, fragile
flower which she has named, simply, Breath of Life. This is a flower which, Glaspells stage
directions tell us, glows from within but not with stereotypically feminine beauty. (Id
rather be the steam rising from the manure than be a thing called beautiful! Claire asserts.)
This paradoxical bloom, though bred by a human, somehow radiates a strangeness that
is beyond the frames of reference within which humans categorise and control the products
of the natural world. Let this be release, Tom whispers in awe on seeing the flower, This
breath of the uncaptured.
Claire remains, however, unsatisfied, terrified that her creation (and her feminism?) will
too swiftly become captured, accommodated, naturalised:
Breath of the uncaptured?
You are a novelty.
Out?
You have been brought in.
A thousand years from now, when you are but a form too long repeated,
Perhaps the madness that gave you life will burst again,
And from the prison that is you will leap pent queernesses
to make a form that hasnt been
We domesticate flowers at our own risk. Theyre deviant little buggers as queer as they
are natural, as artificial as they are real. And we made them that way.
Stephen Bottoms
volumes, 1875-86). It went largely unrecognised at the time due to its eccentric collection
of intensely detailed observations of plants and their processes, woven with passionate prose:
The flower exists for its own sake. The production of the fruit is an added
honour to it is a granted consolation to us for its death. But the flower is the
end of the seed not the seed of the flower.
Ruskins writing was rich with religious and moral beliefs, with flowers as the emblematic
fulcrum of beauty and resonance.
I scattered flowers collected and dried from both Brantwood and my own garden
around the edge of the dining table. As I introduced RuskinsProserpina, their perfume
filled the room: roses, marigolds, camomile. Pinks, reds and yellows. Flowers normally
contained and organised in vases now strewn over the table.
I invited the audience to consider this: Charles Darwin had dined there in 1879. He
was 70, Ruskin was 60. The discussion was probably rich, with Darwin speaking about the
recurring struggle for existence, the mechanical process that had little or no reliance upon
soul or will, and Ruskin passionate about his belief that nature did not exist by competition
alone, that cooperation and soul played crucial parts.
As the content of a conversation over 200 years old was evoked, next to the flower
petals, I placed a circle of one-pound coins: money laid down for Ruskins criticisms of
capitalist ideology, of mechanisation and loss of craft. His highly influential writing on
value was laid out in his bookUnto This Last. Gandhi had read this on a train journey in
South Africa; it inspired him to direct action, to theSalt Marchand the collapse of colonial
Lungwort
I have alungwort, a Pulmonaria Officinalis Glacier, fromBrantwoodin my garden; it
comes up perennially in early spring with a pale white-blue flower. When it flowers, I
think of that large house and rambling garden beside Coniston Water, the former home
of writer, thinker and art criticJohn Ruskin.
In 2001, I created a site-specific performance project, The Price of Clouds, at Brantwood.
The house is a significant tourist attraction, and I wanted to make something unusual for
visitors that unravelled some of Ruskins philosophies and ideas, and to both work with, and
challenge, the tourist culture.
I offered visitors the chance (free of charge) to come to a special guided tour of the
dining room overlooking the lake. I began as an ordinary tour guide would, speaking about
the objects and features, but over the 20 minutes, I evoked some of the extraordinary events
that had occurred in that room, using three elements: salt, money and flowers.
Ruskin wrote a book calledProserpina about plants and flowers (published in two
Lungwort. Photo: Sue Palmer.
India. So into the centre of the table, I poured salt. Normally contained as a condiment,
now salt was spilling over, the grains scattered on the money and in with the flowers.
At the end of my tour, I offered a souvenir of the dining room to each member of
the audience a small bag containing either salt, a pound coin or some dried flowers. Not
only did this reverse the usual order of purchasing a memento of the house, but it provoked
a complex choice for each visitor: each one had value, significance, a use even, and each
object was imbued with meaning. Most visitors, I remember, chose the flowers.
Sue Palmer
Kudzu. Photo: Jack Anthony.
Kudzu
Every evening in most theatres, the air conditioning is turned up high, while technicians
check every piece of 575+W lighting and meticulously focused speaker clusters. They
ensure that there is no foreign light, that the artificial fog moves the right way, and that
the audience is comfortably buffered from influences we dont control. This makes the
ecology of the theatre inhospitable to most living things.
As a graduate student at CalArts, I worked on a production of Naomi lzukasSKIN,
in which the scenic design had a ground row of living plants between the audience and
the stage. This thin strip of greenery was conceptualized as a natural lens to view a grey
industrial space (really the theatre itself ), and we worked long hours on supporting this
living design element.
To maintain the foliage we removed the plants from the theatre daily to bring them into
the sun. We installed a plastic membrane between the soil and the rest of the set to allow
for regular watering. We had to find mature plants, and spares for those that died, to fill a
flower bed one foot by 100 feet for two weeks of performances. Finally, we had to figure out
where these plants would go when we were finished.
After all that, the plants never looked real. In the hyper-designed theatrical realm, their
lush leaves looked bland so much so that they were lit bright green to make them pop.
All this effort to include living things, for something that ultimately looked fake. We could
have skipped this life-support system entirely, and plastic plants would have been just as
effective, if not more so.
When I lived in Houston, Texas, I designed a set in a warehouse space. The play called
for a large facade in a tropical location. I wanted to grow the set, and researched kudzu,
an Asian vine known as the plant that ate the South, brought into the United States to
combat erosion. It is known to grow over one foot in a day. I quickly learned that it was
illegal to bring kudzu into Texas. It is a plant that could tough out the harsh theatrical
environment, but so aggressive that it is legislated against.
It is unnatural to enter a building in the early morning, sit in the dark and leave at
night. During the winter months, Ive not seen the sun for days. When Ive tried to bring
the outside inside as in these examples it has proved a poor substitute for a theatrical
substitute or has been banned.
We should be thinking about our theatre spaces in the same way that landscape
architects think about working with an environment. What is the best thing for this
geography and use? How do we make a theatre space that fulfils our needs and desires,
while supporting life?Perhaps rather than just putting solar panels on the roof, we
should be thinking about making sure a building allows life into it in the first place.
Ian Garrett
Lotus
Lotus Beautyis the working title for a play Im writing about the lives of different generations of Asian women in Britain, set in a ladies beauty salon in suburban London.
While grappling with notions of beauty, I took a walk around my neighbourhood in
Southall, west London. In a small park, in a dilapidated, brown-edged pond, a beautiful
white lotus stood elegant and poised, rising above half-submerged carrier bags, cigarette
butts, beer cans and smack needles in the murky water. Using the lotus symbol, I wanted
to write about a spiritually bankrupt twenty-first-century British-Asian suburbia,
increasingly obsessed with external beauty and the physical self, consumed by ego,
money and materialism.
I asked my mother about the lotus in rural India. As a child, she used to pop lotus seeds
with her friends, eating them like popcorn. Lotuses used to spring up in flooded fields in
her village. As frequent drought and new development swallowed up ponds and swamps,
few remain.
For the women in my play, the lotus eventually blooms in trapped lives, a reminder that
untainted beauty can indeed rise from earthly mud.
Satinder Kaur Chohan
scent. Red camellias, placed along a rocky path descending through the woods between
abandoned high-heeled shoes, fill the place with yearning. A bunch of bluebells given
as a tryst in the crook of a tree for one audience member at a time, already written with
the inevitability of the flowers quick wilt. And the gardens, a site for subversive action:
a guided tour pokes fun at the quintessential English garden; another performance
transforms it into a place of zombies and half-deads.
The flower-filled landscape is not seen or used as decoration or backdrop but as an
environment to open perception and explore the magnitude and detail of both real and
invented worlds.
Sue Palmer
Snakes head fritillaries

Students on the site-specific course at Dartington College of Arts make performance
work all around the estate, in fields and woods, along and in the River Dart. The college
sits within a classic pastoral estate landscape in Devon. The garden is the first part of the
estate to fold out of winter: crocuses, hellebores, snakes head fritillaries, tiny vibrant pink
cyclamen, white and mauve anemones.
From the end of February to mid-May the landscape transforms. The astonishing
emergence from bare earth to flush of leaves and flowers and then to seed follows the
trajectory of the creative process researching, devising and performing. Flowers border
journeys, fill the gaze and accompany the process of making.
The fecund Devon spring landscape is so complete in itself that to add theatre to
it often renders the maker superfluous to the event of sheer abundance taking place all
around: how can anything be added to a bluebell wood?
To balance the automatic lean towardsTitaniaand the faeries, students look at
Banksysaltered oil paintings: a CCTV camera monitoring a pastoral scene. A more
thoughtful attention comes into play: the flowers become visible processes that the
performance work unfolds in relation to.
Wild garlic with its strong green leaves and white starflowers becomes food, material,
Snakes head fritillary. Photo: Sue Palmer.
New metaphors for sustainability

Metaphors help shape the world in which we live. Some conjure up, very effectively,
a particular set of circumstances: the iron curtain, the green belt and the glass
ceiling.But some of the most pressing ideas are short of illuminating or imaginative
metaphors sustainability is one of these.In 2011, the editors of the Ashden
Directory asked artists, writers, cultural commentators and environmentalists to
suggest a metaphor for sustainability.
The act of breathing

I cant imagine something that sustains forever and the notion of an endpoint isnt there
in the idea of sustainability. The word itself, from the Latinsustinere, means to hold
something up. Its as if theres some magical wish to hold up against gravity.
The image I keep coming back to is of the breath with its inherent balance, and the
craziness of trying to breathe in forever.
Its necessary also to let go, to recognise the limits of my ribcage, the limits of my
diaphragm and body to hold any breath. And in letting go, in breathing out, I speak and
sing to the world, and make a contribution that is unique to this body.
What is sustained is the song, is the music. It has to be let go of and given. Its that
music, that note, that for me, sustains.
Ansuman Biswas, artist
A sailing boat
Sustainability is a rather grey and unclear term, but if it means anything, it means that we
have to live with the finite resources of the earth. This sense of finite capacity comes to me
through the experience of boats driven by sail and by oar that use the motive power of the
wind and the tide captured through wood and flax and hemp.
Sailing makes you extremely aware of the forces of nature it makes it very intimate.
The skill comes from using whatever is there, that finite amount of power. The finiteness,
too, comes from the space of the boat itself. The boat frames my needs and desires about
where I can go and how long its going to take me. It concentrates the mind.
A strangers compass (see page 81). Photo: Wallace Heim.
James Marriott, artist, activist, member of Platform
The soil in my familys garden (see page 72). Photo: David Harradine.
The soil in my familys garden

We dont even know what to call it, whether its soil or earth or dirt. Earthy seems
nourishing, homely, but we generally dont like things that are dirty or soiled. Dirty implies
sex, which is getting to the heart of the matter: productiveness, creation, fecundity.
I keep an allotment in Hackney, inner London. For seven years Ive been digging
kitchen waste into the ground, applying horse shit gathered on Leyton Marsh, and
bagging up leaves from the London Plane trees by the childrens playground, waiting
for them to break down into humus (brown nectar, nourishment, life). This soil, heavy
London clay, grey-brown, full of pebbles: this is sustainability. Its what sustains me.
Everything I know about gardening a knowledge that resides in my fingernails,
the calluses on my palms, the ache in the small of my back, the blunt edge of my spade,
and the dirty Tupperware box in which I keep my seeds I learned in a garden in
Yorkshire when I was a child. My grandfather was a market gardener. We grew gladioli,
tomatoes, chrysanthemums, dahlias, potatoes and spring onions for the market in Leeds.
I remember one afternoon, my fingers stinking of tomato plants, when I asked him if one
day the garden would be mine. I could not imagine how life could continue without it.
The very idea of family took root in that garden, with our hands and spades in that dark,
scented, sensual soil; knowledge sown like seeds from generation to generation.
Soil: mineral structure fleshed out with the detritus of life and death. Wondrous
recycler. Transformer of things into other things. As a child, it was unfathomable and
miraculous to see the yellow-white flower of a double-headed chrysanthemum be created
from heavy black soil.
Working my allotment in Hackney, I pull on the rake I brought from my grandfathers
garden. I have started to plan what I will do when my parents die, when that garden may
no longer be ours. I think I will sack up some soil and bring it to London, because it carries
time in it, and memory in it, and it carries my family in it, and I was grown in it. And I am
sustained, here in the city, by the memory of the texture of it and the smell of it. And by the
life, the life, the life that turns on an infinite cycle in the hidden dark depths of it.
David Harradine, artistic director ofFevered Sleep
Coral reef
Healthy tropical coral reefs are among the the richest, most diverse and productive ecosystems on the planet. The secret of the reef is that nutrients and materials are reused and
recycled with great efficiency and rapidity in an almost closed loop.
Coral reefs are places of stupendous beauty and wonder. Sustainability can and must
be highly dynamic, just as a coral reef is: an arena for competition and struggle, yes, but an
arena with limits and where new kinds of flourishing and cooperation are forever unfolding.
Cruelty, suffering and death are not eliminated, but the scope for doing your own thing or
doing something new whether it be to bake cakes with five-year-olds, design new photovoltaic systems, or dance flamenco while dressed as a flamboyant cuttlefish is greatly
increased.
Caspar Henderson, writer and journalist
Mercury
My chief reservation about sustainability is that it can signify so many things to different
interest groups. Sustainable forest can mean a rich and ancient woodland drawn upon
occasionally but left mostly to its own devices, or it can be a perpetual pine plantation
supplying wood pulp and with practically zero biodiversity in it. Theres no overall consensus concerning the precise shape sustainability will take.
Thats why Ive chosen mercury as a metaphor for sustainability. It challenges any
assumption we might have that sustainability takes a uniform or consistent form among
those considering it.
The image of mercury scurrying across a surface is familiar to most people, and is
apt here because it allows us to better grasp the current ungraspability of sustainability.
Sustainability is a fraught and fugitive issue, beset by political and personal evasions and
manoeuvrings. Whats more, the way in which sustainability can be made to adapt shape
is both weakness and strength.
On the negative side, if mercury is mishandled it becomes a toxic nuisance; likewise,
sustainability can be distorted, misrepresented or misapplied, either through ignorance
or cynically, to allow damaging practices to continue beneath a veneer of acceptability.
On the positive side, if put to proper use in a careful and structured way, and if its
complex nature is understood and worked with, sustainability also provides an extremely
valuable, if not life-saving, tool.
Mercury can communicate what the weathers doing outside, or signal the degree of
fever in the human body; sustainability, too, could be harnessed to monitor and sustain
the wellness of our species in relation to its environment. Either that, or we can let the
concept mess with our brains and slip through our fingers.
Mario Petrucci, poet and physicist
The timeless meal
The shopping divider
What is it were trying to sustain? For me, the meal is the emblematic, wonderful situation
that sums up the whole point of sustainability.
When you talk about food, theres a tendency to talk about how much grain can you
produce on that much land, with that much water? Thats very important, but you have
to relate every conversation you have about food with the kind of life that you are talking
about. Its about a vision of society.
The table is a place where you dont just share food, but you share ideas, you share love,
you share conversation. Its a beautiful metaphor of the kinds of things that were trying to
sustain. Its good life in every possible sense not just good in terms of wonderful food
but also good in terms of the ethics of what you eat. If I am hungry, I have a practical
problem. If you are hungry, I have an ethical problem.
We come across it so regularly at the supermarket checkout, but there is no word readily
available to describe it. We are reluctant to make explicit the distinction between our needs
mein and those of others dein. This is exactly where the beauty of both the shopping
divider and sustainability could lie: in marking the confines of our needs, they enable us
to direct attention to our fellow human beings.
Monik Gupta, environmental blogger at ko-Fakt
Carolyn Steel, food urbanist
Symbiosis
I have occasional bouts of recycling rebellion I go fuck it and throw it away. I want to
waste, I dont want to be sensible. This is something to do with the moral imperative around
the idea of austerity its just not fun.
Part of the idea about symbiosis, is that you dont have that same kind of moral anxiety
around all of your actions. Symbiosis asks us to think about how there might be human
symbiotic interactions that have benefits for the environment. Youre directed to a positive
action instead of endlessly thinking about the negative. The symbols for this kind of activity
are bees and bee-keeping.
Replacing austerity with ingenuity celebrates invention and entrepreneurialism and
thinks about whats at hand and what is possible in limited circumstances but treats those
circumstances as a pleasureable challenge.
Zo Svendsen, lecturer and director of METIS Arts
A matter of time
The timeless meal: Feast on the Bridge, 2009. Photo: Tim Mitchell.
Sustainability is all about the allocation of the scarcest resource: time. How much time do
we devote to what is in the present, and how do we balance the imperatives of time past,
time present and time future?
The task, then, is to defeat the ravages of geological time and transfer those things of
value from one civilisation to the next, particularly now that we have passed during
our lifetimes from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
For me, Homers Iliad is the archetype of human value across time. The Iliad has survived the collapse of a number of civilisations through luck, persistence and care. But will it
survive ours?
The Iliad was written perhaps in the eighth century BCE, some 2,800 years ago. For
me, sustainability means enabling those in the future to have an equivalent chance to
benefit from this fundamental text, constructing an arc into the future 2,800 years long.
This means that my time horizon is (or should be) 4811 CE, far further out than the 2050
timelines of the climate negotiations or the seventh generation thinking of the counterculture.
The consequences of this shift in perspective are profound: we need to conceive sustainability as beyond culture and indeed language, as the transmission of value beyond time.
Nick Robins, writer and analyst in corporate accountability and sustainability
The Spiderweb Tapestry

The interweaving
This tapestry is woven from the webs of a million Golden Orb spiders in Madagascar. I
read about it inNature, and went to see it in theAmerican Museum of Natural History,
New York. The project was conceived and led by Simon Peers and Nicholas Godley,
using technology designed by French missionaries Jacob Paul Cambou and M. Nogu
in Madagascar in the late nineteenth century. Delicately held in tiny stalls, the spiders
collected from telegraph poles by 70 local people were milked by hand each day and
released. Each spider produced 80 feet of golden filament, which was spun and woven
by local craftspeople over four years. Its an astonishingly beautiful, perhaps miraculous,
work of art.
Whose art, though, is responsible for the tapestry? So many makers came together to
spin this intricate traditional pattern from a natural substance stronger than steel, and a
million of them were spiders. Its my metaphor for integralism, resilience and the cooperative
values underlying sustainable living.
Universal nature/human nature: the woven web
The Spiderweb Tapestry begins with the web itself, that global symbol of complexity and
interconnection, and adds to it the specifically human dimensions of culture, tradition,
stewardship and imagination.

Produced with a combination of
curiosity, imagination, great care,
local knowledge and local resources,
it is at once organic and mysterious,
fabricated and wild, particular and
universally evocative. It literally
glows with the active participation
of non-human forces. My metaphor
seeks to develop and transform our
sense of care in relation to both the
human and the non-human world.
Only active, attentive and
responsible stewardship of earths
living systems and the natural
capital on which we rely entirely
for survival will make the fabric
were woven into resilient enough to
survive the shocks its now subject
to.
The Madagascan tapestry is a
work of ethical ingenuity: drawing
on the self-organising tendencies of
the non-human world, it combines
the exceptional capacities of human
hands and human minds to create
something much more valuable in
cultural and ecological terms than
the sum of its parts.
Ruth Little, dramaturg and
associate director ofCape Farewell
The Spiderweb Tapestry at the

American Museum of Natural History.
Photo: Godley & Peers.
The kelo
Theres a Finnish word a ranger told me, kelo, which describes a tree which has died,
dried out in the wind and yet remains standing, often for decades, only quietly and
imperceptibly decaying.
Dead wood supports a huge amount of biodiversity when still standing, and once
the kelos have fallen, they continue to form a crucial part of the living ecosystems of a
pine wood. At each stage of their decay, they give something back to their surroundings
and support different species at different stages of decomposition. When standing, they
provide viewpoints for raptors and their holes and cavities provide nest sites for a range
of woodland birds, including crested tits. Their rot holes are used by the larvae of rare
hoverflies, green shield-moss grows on old stumps and capercaillie use the upturned root
plates of the fallen for cover and for dust baths.
For me, these dead trees contain an essential reminder about how in both physical
and in psychic terms, things that seem no longer with us, things that might appear to
be useless and redundant, and things that become invisible can continue to influence,
support and nourish the present, and the living, in ways that we might not yet know, but
will perhaps, in time, come to realise.
Amanda Thomson, artist and researcher
Le Tour de France
The bicycle is a wonderfully efficient and ecological mode of transport; and the dynamics of
professional cycling are a model for the cooperation that real sustainability will require.
No rider could win the Tour without his team. Despite the intense competition, and
personal rivalries, there is a fundamental trust within the group of riders, the peloton,
following a set of unwritten rules. But there is another side to cycling. Teams are reliant
on their corporate sponsors, deals are done between riders of competing teams and doping
blights the Tour. These problems strike right at the heart of a sport shot through with the
ethos of teamwork and cooperation.
There is a temptation to cheat with sustainability too: to greenwash and make token
changes, but never integrate it fully into our lives and societies. But the cooperation that is
central to professional cycling is also central to sustainability; as in a cycling team, one specialism
will not be enough and, as in the peloton, we need to trust that others will also make the effort.
The kelo. Photo: Amanda Thomson.
Bradon Smith, research associate, Open University
The fetch
The dehesa
The fetch (length) of a wave can be incredibly long. For example, it could stretch from
the east coast of the United States, where it might originate, and travel uninterrupted by
land mass across the Atlantic Ocean, arriving on the shores of the west coast of Scotland,
in particular the Orkneys, where it would then be forced to break against the coastline.
The simple equation relating to this phenomenon is that the length of a wave
determines its power and energy.
The uninterrupted fetch length of a wave seems like a strong natural metaphor for cause
and effect. The behaviour of oceans, seas and weather appear to override any political or
territorial boundaries and constraints, reminding us of the larger rhythms of earth systems
that can so easily be damaged and altered by different types of human-made pollutants.
Fetch can also mean to go and collect and is to some extent predictive and about a
future intention. Collecting and harnessing ideas and ways of living more sustainably would
seem to be navigating in the right direction.
I first saw the Spanish dehesa on a trip to Extremadura some 20 years ago. We drove for over
50 miles without passing another car and the temperature soared to 53C.
Rather like the evocative Spanish term duende, used in the performing arts to mean
soul or spirit, dehesa is a difficult word to translate. Meadow, wooded pastureland and
grazing operation, it is a sylvo-pastoral system that covers 20,000 square kilometres, mostly
in south-west Spain but also stretching into Portugal and Morocco. It is one of the oldest
created landscapes in Europe a cultural landscape if you like just how ancient no one
quite knows, but certainly several centuries, and it remains an outstanding example of
intelligent husbandry. It is beneficial to the needs of human beings but also hospitable to a
whole variety of other creatures, including many rare butterflies and acorn-fed Iberian pigs,
and is the wintering ground for most of Europes population of Grus grus, the common
crane.
Thedehesa is an area where maximum exploitation sits side by side with maximum
conservation and it is also incredibly beautiful.
Annie Cattrell, visual artist and senior research fellow

Alison Turnbull, visual artist
A strangers compass
The fetch. Photo: Annie Cattrell.
Walking an unfamiliar Cumbrian fell with a compass, often without a map, links me to
the land in a special way. The invisible, magnetic north that spins into place on the device
is often perplexing and counter-intuitive. However reassuring it is to know there are vast
forces of geology beyond any I can see, I still have to negotiate the land right in front of me:
that granite face, that swamped mire, that fast river. There is no picture in which to find
myself, only wit, the land and the pull of a distant polar force.
A few times, Ive come across a dropped compass. Theres a moment, clearing the mud
from its face, when I wonder whether it was left behind because it was broken, or not
believed. Is the north that was found in a strangers hand the same as in mine?
I dont think sustainability can be likened directly to a compass, as if there was a pole of
certainty to it. There are orientations that guide, but they fluctuate with a landscape that is
continually shifting. The incremental decisions made in response to immediate conditions
themselves change the situation, alter what is possible to do. I see sustainability as a response
to change, one that keeps alive the capacity to respond to further change. What kind of
compass would show this light-footed improvisation that makes sure those in the future can
navigate their own way?
A family of metaphors
Walking with a strangers compass comes closer as a metaphor. The compass is given,
handed over, and it connects me to those I will never know, while helping me cross the
land that I am in. The instruction is not reliable; maybe not safe. Or maybe it is, and the
coordinates are sharper than on my own compass, signalling a clearer route. Is it pulling me
in a direction I couldnt have imagined?
One day, Ill leave my compass behind.
water on a fire: The world is big plank of wood and its

on fire. The only thing to save it is water. Sustainability is
water thats what it is. (Neal, 10)
helping turn the page: The world is a big round book, but
it needs help to turn the next page, it cant do it by itself so
we all have to help the big book turn its next page. Thats
sustainability helping to turn the page. (Gabriel, 8)
Wallace Heim, writer and co-editor of the Ashden Directory
Come into my house

I made my metaphor in my house. The camera is out on the street and I open each
door/window in turn and call out for various thinkers to come into my house.
As an artist, I am more interested in restoring richness to the cult of everyday life
and in incorporating the force of poetic imagination than in reflecting/interacting with
culture at large. My metaphor therefore reflects this sensibility.
I suppose the only thing someone like me at this point in the environmental
direness of 2011 can do is to come back to the doorstep, where the agency of the single
being starts, and to call for the paradigm shift in our thinking that might finally allow
us to dwell as an act of loving the world.
Deleuze, come into my house
Heidegger, come into my house
Badiou, come into my house
Plato, come into my house
Spivak, come into my house
Diogenes, come into my house
Agamben, come into my house
Nietzsche, come into my house
Hester Reeve,
artist and lecturer
Come into my house (DVD). Photo: Hester Reeve.
The Institute for the Art and

Practice of Dissent at Home.
a child asleep: Sustainability is Sid asleep, rapid eye

movements, visceral dreaming, thoughts shooting round
his brain, wiring and rewiring the connectors in his head,
trying to sort out what happened today ready for some sort
of tomorrow. (Sid, 3, asleep)
the family: The queer family, the radical family, the family that doesnt depend upon or nurture
the endless reproduction of repressive ideologies. Rather a family that depends indirectly upon
reproduction of itself with difference. It happens through friendships, encounters and love affairs.
Its the indirectness that is crucial, the indirectness at the heart of all family-making. I
wont suffer climate chaos in Bangladesh or the terrible local effects of the Alberta Tar Sands
extraction, except indirectly. How can everyone act in solidarity with other people? The
indirectness is what stops us. We have to embrace the indirectness, like we embrace the
difference that is produced in our kids every day as they grow away from us. Its the only way
to be happy in the long run.
The relationship between me and my kids is the best metaphor I have for sustainability.
Maybe because its not even a metaphor but a living, loving struggle. (Gary, 39)
failing better: Sustainability is allowing difference, allowing impossible encounters to
take place and surprise you. Sustainability is getting out of the box you are in, getting
out of networks you belong to, seeing beyond your own group. Sustainability is learning
a new language, but a really new language, a new method, a new skill. Sustainability is
the provocation that stops you being righteous.
Fail. Fail again. Fail better. Go for the impossible. (Lena, 36)
The Institute for the Art and Practice of Dissent at Home:
a family of two adults and three children living in Everton, Liverpool
The yew tree

Theres something not real about the word sustainability, implying the possibility of being
liberated from death. But also there are nurturing, practical, organic aspects to the word,
implying maintenance and growth.
Trees are living processes. It is estimated that the Llangernyw Yew, in Conwy, Wales, is
over 4,000 years old. It sheltered people from the early Bronze Age. It is tempting to think
that one of those people stood under the tree imagining life 4,000 years in the future. Yews
represent the passage from life to death, and beyond, into the land of shadows.
The timeless quality of yew trees can also be personally experienced. Stepping into the
low-hanging canopy of a yew, the air is cool and still, a natural sanctuary in which to reflect,
to slow down and contemplate life beyond the moment.
This is an uncertain world. In past centuries, when death was a more present, daily
occurrence than it is now, maybe yews gave people hope that the world will continue. Hope
that although one day we will die, part of the world we knew and loved will sustain.
Peter Harrison, artist
All the metaphors for sustainability, the contributors biographies, Hester

Reeves film Come into my house, and a film of James Marriott, Carolyn Steel,
Zo Svendsen and Ansuman Biswas describing their metaphors can be found on
www.ashdendirectory.org.uk
The yew tree. Photo: Wallace Heim.
ESSAYS
Confluence:music for the river

As a director of Common Ground, Sue Clifford encouraged celebration as a starting
point for action to improve the quality of everyday places. In 2000, she was working on
Confluence, a project that brought people together to make music for the River Stour.
Above, a buzzard flies over the edge of town. I am mid-country on the line. Further east
no buzzards, but to the west more. There is another fault line here chalk and cheese. The
saying is supposed to come from the lush vale of clay supporting fine milch cows and the
downs around offering quite other prospects. Great hill forts steer the chalk hills round the
sodden vale, beacons disguised as trees beam wearying messages about.
A town of green sand stands high above villages of brick and yellow stone, awaiting
the arrival of trucks bigger than cottages which keep its high street alert to corporate
dangers. Badgers clean out their older hamlets in the evening dark. Worms, having read
their Darwin, continue making the history of the world, unaware that they loom large
as breakfast for the brock, and feature little in strategic deliberations about sustainability.
And our deliberations spool around the smallest and largest questions. Why do badgers
matter? How do we create a culture of wanting to care? How do we nurture a new mutuality
between nature and culture?
Emerging from an imperative in ecology, Common Ground set out to explore the arena
where nature and culture meet, and to excite people to stand up for their own surroundings. So much of the environmental action we had personally been part of had become
embattled, simplistically scientised, more and more about the rare, the endangered, the
spectacular, the exotically exciting.
Our arguments began to coalesce around the ordinary. This is where most of us live our
lives, where most of nature is, and unless we look after the ordinary, the rare cannot survive.
Unless we do something for our own places and to change ourselves, how can we expect
others to change their expectations?
We have tried to give people courage to make a start from where they are and what
they know. We are concerned to encourage people to animate their values, to make
demonstrative efforts to communicate what is significant in their surroundings and to be
tolerant of other peoples values. Everywhere means something to someone.
In the south-west, Common Ground has pioneered a project encouraging people
to create music for the River Stour as it rises through Somerset and Wiltshire and flows
southward through Dorset to the sea. We hope it will give everyone ideas. Confluence has
already brought into existence river carols written and sung by a new community choir;
watery ballads performed in village hall, library and pub; the Fish Cabaret (with teenage a
cappella group, school jazz band, a singing fishmonger); storytelling particular to this river;
music for a bridge played by a scratch group the Cutwater Band. And our composerin-residence on the River Stour, Karen Wimhurst, has created lots of new music spoken
histories literally interwoven with a new composition for wind instruments, an experimental
piece mingling the sounds of a working mill with percussion and voice, pieces for wind
players, percussionist and plumbers on new musical instruments made from plumbing
artefacts for a challenging concert based around readings which animate the little rivers
which run through your house.
Impelled again by ecology we are encouraging the names of brooks to be carved onto
their bridges with the idea of getting local groups to search out elusive names, to take on
the naming using an alphabet especially created for their valley, so every bridge within the
catchment using this letterform lets you know which river basin you are in.
Here in Shaftesbury, high above the Stour, everything is drying out after the wettest
April on record, a few swallows are arriving, and for the moment, the continuing privilege
of living with badgers symbolises a quiet tolerance and care which may have lasted for
longer than a thousand years.
Bridge: Common Ground.
The allotment with roots in every classroom

In 2003, Clare Patey and Cathy Wren created Feast with Rosendale Primary School
at the Rosendale Allotments. The year-long project brought together children,
artists, food, the outdoors and the curriculum. Eleanor Margolies paid a visit.
If you cross the road from Rosendale Primary School in south-east London, unlock the
gate to the Rosendale Allotments and climb Knights Hill, you enter a world of patchwork
gardens. One plot is striped with raspberries and currants; another is occupied by bee
hives. Some gardeners grow sunflowers, roses, courgettes, sweetcorn and sweet peas. Others
specialise in cabbages, or plants from Madeira. On one allotment, a bathtub overflows
with mint; on another, a flask of tea sits beside an old wooden chair.
A class of five- and six-year-olds arrive at the allotment. Their teacher says: First of all,
look around and see whats changed since you were last here. The children move between
the raised beds, spotting fist-sized pumpkins hidden under enormous leaves and the pale
green marbles of new tomatoes that have replaced the blossoms, and take turns to point out
their discoveries to the whole class. There are gasps of surprise as a girl splits open a pod to
reveal a row of peas.
The children divide into groups to weed, water and harvest. They gleefully unearth
potatoes and lever carrots from the ground with determined effort. At the end of the lesson,
they carry the produce back to school where they will cook and eat it.
This is Rosendales second year on their allotment. It all started with Feast, a year-long
project designed and organised by the artists Clare Patey and Cathy Wren through the
London International Festival of Theatre (LIFT). The whole school was involved in creative
activities led by visiting artists, while a small core group of children worked closely with
Catriona Andrews, a professional gardener.
The first public event was an open evening for parents and children, with a tasting of
vegetables, to help decide what to plant, and a pooling of ideas about seasons and special
days. Then artist and illustrator Sophie Herxheimer took up temporary residence in a shed
on the allotment, keeping a visual diary of developments.
At the summer solstice, children made ceramic plates with sculptor Martin Brockman,
to be fired in a kiln shaped like a lion. They decorated fabric using vegetable dyes such as
turmeric and beetroot with textile artist Madhumita Bose, and parents stitched the panels
into tablecloths.
In performance workshops, theatre director Mark Storer prepared the children for
their role as hosts. Meanwhile, chef Ken Hawkesworth led cookery workshops and
planned a menu with the schools catering manager.
The year of creative, culinary and horticultural work culminated in a feast in which
these elements came together. Over two nights, 400 people enjoyed a meal cooked with
ingredients grown on the allotment. Tables were laid over the raised beds, labelled to
show what once grew beneath the guests feet; children served soup (from watering cans),
ratatouille, strawberries, raspberries and bread that had been baked in ovens constructed on
the site. A choir sang a specially-composed grace.
Throughout history and in every culture, the turning of the seasons has been marked by
communal feasts. Through Feast, these city children experienced food, their environment
and the seasons in new ways: tasting unfamiliar foods, learning how long it takes a tomato
to grow, creating a festival, and witnessing the cycle of growth from seed to plant to flower
to seed.
A year on, this project has spread throughout the school, establishing roots in every
classroom. The schools environmental co-ordinator, Olivia Greenaway, says that the
allotment is now seen as part of the school and she has plans for next year: she wants to
grow flowers alongside the vegetables and to find ways to hold more lessons outdoors on
the allotment, where primary science curriculum topics such as habitat or eat more fruit
and veg can come to life. Children who were once astonished by the dirt on freshly-pulled
carrots now relish raw beetroot, encouraging each other to taste new foods.
For the core group of children, working on the allotment was very different from
school work: they gardened alongside others of different ages, in the open air; the work was
physical but required care, patience and thought. Many gained confidence simply by getting
to know others of different ages. Clare Patey feels the conversations that took place as the
children weeded were some of the most important experiences of the year.
The Feast project was a rich experience for a small group of children and a year of creative
excitement for hundreds more. The children who work on the allotment now talk about
the purpose of compost, wash carrots in a water butt and pick a few late strawberries. There
is a sense of absorption and observation alongside silly jokes and groans about hard work.
They spot butterflies and caterpillars, compare the taste of the spinach this week to that of
two weeks ago, and bury their hands in the soil. One boy is enjoying his first experience of
digging. I want to have a garden with weeds, he says.
The Rosendale experience shows that nature can be experienced in the heart of a city.
A local allotment also creates new connections with the community. Neighbouring plotholders of different ages and backgrounds greet the children, comment on the innovations
and offer advice. The allotment has become part of the childrens world.
Feast on Rosendale Allotments. Photo: Tim Mitchell.

Reading the environment in Ibsen, Chekhov and Brecht

How did Ibsen, Chekhov and Brecht place humans (and other animals) in the natural
environment? Robert Butler and Wallace Heim explore the work of three major
playwrights.
The first laboratory animal on stage
Reviews of Henrik IbsensThe Wild Duckoften focus on the dilemmas and conflicts of
human relations. Another, highly relevant aspect of the play usually passes unnoticed: its
commentary on the way humans regard animals.
The semi-domesticated animal has an important role beyond mirroring the fate of
the human characters, according to the philosopherH. A. E. Zwart. In his 2009 essay,
The Wild Duck and the Origin of a New Animal Science, he argues that what is staged
inThe Wild Duckis the struggle between a scientific and a romantic perception of animal
behaviour that continues to influence contemporary debates about animals in research.
The Wild Duckwas written in the 1880s when the scientific practice of observing
animal behaviour under artificial conditions was emerging. Under those conditions, often
in private rather than institutional settings, the animals environment and behaviour were
reduced to separate and modifiable elements. What happens to the wild duck on stage is
similar to what was happening to other animals. Scientific practice was altering the ways in
which animals were viewed.
The contrasting romantic perspective values animals as being at one with their natural
surroundings. As expressed in the play, the animal taken from its natural environment loses
its dignity and its mystery as it becomes domesticated and docile. The disconnection of the
animal from its natural surroundings is seen as a form of violence.
This conflict between romantic and scientific perceptions of the animal and animalhuman relations as first expressed inThe Wild Duckcontinues to be a backdrop to current
debates on the well-being, integrity and death of animals used in research.
Wallace Heim
Chekhov the proto-environmentalist
In Reading Chekhov (2001), one of the best recent books about the playwright,Janet
Malcolm considers Chekhovs green credentials. Her discussion centres first around the
character of Astrov inUncle Vanya who worried that beautiful landscapes are disappearing
forever. Astrov is an environmentalist, in Malcolms words, because of his concern about
the destruction of the Russian forests and for his remarkable grasp of the principles of
ecology, decades before the term came into use. Malcolm quotes the critic A. P. Chudakov
who wrote that Chekhov was the first writer in literature to include the relationship of
man to nature in his sphere of ethics. Malcolm suggests that Chekhov was a poet of the
domesticated landscape rather than of the sublime. He was drawn more to shady old
gardens than the great wildernesses. Chekhov hated theatricality, Malcolm writes, and was
evidently as uncomfortable with natures histrionics as with mans.
In Una Chaudhuris penetrating 1994 essay, There Must Be a Lot of Fish in that
Lake: Toward an Ecological Theater, she argues that Astrovs position is one of resourcism
or shallow ecology, where nature is seen as providing materials that can be transformed into
commodities.
InThe Seagull,by comparison, Chaudhuri sees the staging by the side of the lake of
Treplevs ill-conceived play as an example of the disjunction between culture and nature.
After seeing the play, the sympathetic Trigorin can only say, the scenery was very beautiful.
Perhaps this is how Chekhov is to be viewed today. He is not an Astrov, who sees how
the forests can be turned into engines of progress. Nor is he a Trigorin, simply admiring
the landscape. Rather, as a dramatist, he is highly alert to the collisions in our lives between
nature and culture.
Robert Butler
If Brecht were alive today, what would he be writing about?
At the Ashden Directorys round-table discussion in 2005, Caspar Henderson claimed that
if Brecht was alive today, he would be writing about climate change (see Why are there no
plays about climate change?, page 49). This leads to the questions, Do we need Brecht?
and Do we needaBrecht? One way to consider these questions is to ask what Brechtian
theatre has to offer theatre-makers working with environmental themes. Another way is to
take a longer view, seeing something more radical suggested by Brecht that may inspire an
environmental reinvention of theatre.
In Brechts own writings about theatre, his forcefulness and direction was towards
changing human society, towards educating an audience and providing entertainment.
Science was a source of fascination, as seen in his playLife of Galileo.For Brecht, the
sciences held a potentially liberating power for humankind if their methods and rationality
could be applied to human affairs. As to nature, the sciences made the alteration and
exploitation of nature possible in order to make the planet a fit home for mankind.
Nature was a resource for scientific and technological experimentation, a treasure to be
exploited which, in a Marxist society, would benefit all of humankind, not just those social
classes which controlled nature and industrial production. Even Brechts theoretical work,
A Short Organum for the Theatre,is named after Francis BaconsShort Organumin which he
advocates wringing from Nature her secretsto make practical use of them.
So it seems that Brechts views of nature are at odds with environmentalist views. But,
as Brechts theatrical methods have permeated political theatre in the second half of the
twentieth century, could these be adaptable tools for making works which propose to
change an audiences perceptions about nature, to change their habits and assumptions
about the environment?
Most theatre endeavours to make the familiar strange. Brecht did this differently. His
estrangement effect appealed to reason, intending to produce a critical attitude in the
spectator, distanced from any feeling of empathy with the characters of the play, in order
that one could see the real motives and forces behind what was socially unquestioned.
Brecht attempted to exclude emotion in favour of reason and objective facts. Epic theatre
was supposed to force the spectator to consider other possibilities than those expressed
in the theatre of the day, and to expose the contradictions and power struggles hidden in
bourgeois society. Brecht brought together the events and actions of the everyday with the
current political theories and movements of the time.
Some of Brechts methods might be made appropriate for environmental works, in
the same way that a writer and director may borrow from other genres, traditions and
conventions, like the thriller, the docu-drama, or narrative realism. The hazard is that
stripped away from Brechts immediate passions, they become tools for didactic theatre,
showing a view of nature based mostly on information, politics and science. This theatre
can miss out what makes questions about nature so vital, nuanced and imploring.
Brecht had Marxism as a theoretical basis, and confined his works to human social
relations. Human relations with nature do not have a single theoretical basis, and the
experiences, emotions and perceptions involved are different and differently complex than
those Brecht explored. And environmentalism now is re-configuring politics, global power
and private feelings.
Brecht offers us an extraordinary example of how to take theatre into new and necessary realms. Brecht could not express what he wanted to express in the theatre of his day.
So he changed theatre.
To express what must be expressed about human relations with nature could mean
reinventing theatre, and that could change both how theatre is made in the twenty-first
century and how people respond to the environment in their everyday lives.
Brecht didnt work alone, and it may be now in collaborative working that new forms
emerge. A changed theatre may take place in small ways; it may show itself firstly in the
mainstream; it may take many shapes, not just that developed by one director.
So, as Brecht changed theatre to express what needed to be expressed, if he was alive
today, he might be making environmental performances. But the theatre reinvented
may not be his theatre. Brecht left the door open for future change, writing in theShort
Organum:There are many conceivable ways of telling a story, some of them known and
some still to be discovered.
Wallace Heim
Making music with other species

Jazz musician, composer and professor of philosophy, David Rothenberg plays and
improvises music across species boundaries. In 2005, he wrote for the Ashden
Directory on playing clarinet and saxophone with birds; in 2008, he was interviewed
about his experience of playing music with whales. These themes are explored in his
books Why Birds Sing (2005) and Thousand Mile Song (2008).
Improvising in the aviary
I met my friend Michael Pestel at the gates of the National Aviary in Pittsburgh, a mostly
forgotten federal institution in a rundown neighbourhood. Pestel told me what a great
place it was to jam with the more-than-human world. Plus, the human staff were friendly;
they liked to let musicians in during the early hours before the public storms the gates.
If the voice of an animal is not heard as message but as art, interesting things start to
happen. Nature is no longer inscrutable, some alien puzzle, but instead something beautiful,
a source of exuberant song. Call the sounds of birdlife music and theres a place for humanity
within them. Call them language and its all mute, untranslatable, a foreign tongue with no
one around to translate for us. But what if we take the more intuitive approach of hearing it
all as music?
Pestel is there with his flute and various homemade stringed instruments. I have
clarinets and saxophones. In the Rain Forest room, we are engulfed in humidity. It swelters.
The birds are at first sluggish, but as we play they dart all over the place. These tropical
types are agile, instantly melodic.
Ba ba bu ba pe pa, goes a bright yellow Spreo superbus, the superb starling, a clear
pentatonic scale. Magnificently clear, five open tones. Its an open invitation to us wind
players.
Soon hes eclipsed by the Indian shama thrush, Copsychus malabaricus, a virtuoso mimic
and explorateur. One new phrase after another. Anything we play is just raw material for him.
An orange mockingbird of the tropics, nothing fazes the guy, he keeps coming back with a
new variation. Hes not stuck in a rut. Whatever we feed him he can use and transform. Every
song he sings seems brand new.
Pestel and I move slowly through this man-made forest, looking, listening for particular
birds who were ready to interact with us, to take us seriously as singers in the dawn chorus.
In front of one thicket, I play a few notes. All of a sudden a strong, melodic outburst
comes out. Who calls in there? Hes grey, black and white, robin-size, hopping, dancing
around like mad. I keep playing, hes responding. At first he comes back at me with rising
arpeggios, strong and tough. I play back. He cocks his head, leaps to join in. My notes
change. His notes change. There seems to be some real camaraderie here. But what is the
message? If it is music, the message matters far less than the sound. Do we go somewhere
together that we couldnt go apart?
A woman walks by pushing a huge mop, swabbing the place down. Terry Lunsford
looks up with a smile: Are you getting it on with my man up there? she asks.
Yeah, I say, Who is that?
Thats a white crested laughing thrush, Garrulax leucolophus.
Oh yeah? I laugh, and the bird laughs some more, but his laugh is a melody, a
saxophone laugh, a Charlie Parker laugh. We all laugh.
Pestel comes by with his flute. Hes amazed, never heard this particular bird take off
before. We get it all down on tape. I listen to the tape later at home. Its more musical than
a lot of jams Ive done with humans, thats for sure. In their native Moluccan Islands, these
laughing thrushes go around in noisy, cackling groups of one or two dozen birds out in
the wild, mostly hillside areas of south-east Asia. Their sound is generally considered a call,
with specific social functions, rather than any kind of purely melodic song. Does this mean
my bird was trying to tell me something specific, like to get me into his group or to get me
out of his world? He seemed to live on his own, apart from any other members of his tribe.
Perhaps he was lonely. Or maybe the distinction between song and call is not so clear when
a bird is confronted with a strange alien music? This guys sounds were definitely changing
in relation to mine. Something was going on.
Later I do some research and discover that only two scientific papers have ever been
written on this cheerful beast. Turns out this is one of those species where both males and
females sing, reaching for each other in sound to give voice to their togetherness in a wild,
noisy world. When he heard me, who did he think I was?
Hear bird sound as music and there is always some mystery to enjoy. Hear the whole
world as music and youll find we live inside a plethora of beautiful sounds. If the natural
world has a place for us then humanity will no longer be able to destroy this beauty
blindly. See, playing music with birds does have its lesson. It teaches us to strive for the
collaborative creativity possible with the other inhabitants of this fabulous planet. How
many other creatures out there are waiting for the chance to jam?
Talking about whale music
People have thought about birds and music for thousands of years, but with whales, its
only been about 40 years. You can trace the moment when it happened. The humpback
whales song was discovered by Roger Payne and Scott McVay in 1971, and the song
catapulted into peoples concerns. The discovery of the humpback whales song was one of
the driving forces of the environmental movement. There is one thing that confuses the
whole story, though, which is the fact that if you dive under water, you can also hear them.
So why did no one notice this before the 60s?
The story in all the books is that you need an underwater microphone, a hydrophone,
to hear the whales singing. But if there are enough whales, and youre close enough, you
can hear them when youre swimming under water. Ive heard it. Its faint but its there.
Why didnt anybody talk about this? Its as if you have to want to listen before you can
hear. You have to decide that theres something worth hearing down there.
Humpback whales change their songs. They learn new songs and communicate what
theyve learned to each other. Theyre all singing the same song, and it sounds like theyre
all singing together, but no singing whale is closer than one kilometre to another singing
whale. As the weeks, months and years go by, they all change their songs in tandem, so they
are usually singing the same song. We dont know why they change their song when they
meet new whales, and why theyll change so that they all sound the same. Nobody really
knows what whale song is for because there is no clear evidence female whales are listening
to this, even though its only the male whales that sing.
The idea that the whale might listen to a human clarinettist and interact is fascinating.
We dont know what music means, even though its very meaningful. It communicates and
it connects people. You can play music with someone who doesnt speak your language
and you can make something interesting together. So why cant you do that with another
species? You dont know what theyre thinking but perhaps music can cross species lines
more than language can.
Playing with a whale feels like being on the edge of some new possibility, something
beyond the human world. We are amazed by communicating with animals, by the
possibility that you can reach this other consciousness.
There is something special about jazz improvisation that allows this to happen. Jazz is
open. Its always been able to welcome different kinds of music in. If you believe that music
can be spontaneously created by people who dont always know whats happening, then
youll believe that you can make music with creatures you dont quite understand. With
improvisation, its a question of what can be conveyed in the moment and developed, how
you are spontaneously inspired by something that youve heard or thought about.
John Cage has been influential for me. He said he preferred nature to music and
that music operates like nature. I love that idea though it does go all the way back to
Aristotle. Figure out how nature works and try and work that way. Of course, one of the
ways that nature works is that we cant quite figure it out, and that is an important part
of my approach. We dont know how it all fits together. The uncertainty has to be there.
Thats one of the ways to imitate nature and its manner of operation. To do things that
you cant quite explain thats what improvisation is really about.
The first climate change opera

A political mystery tour for one person equipped with an mp3 player, the opera
And While London Burns (2006) takes Robert Butler through the City of London
to reveal a web of interconnected corporations and institutions.
Youre sitting at a table in Starbucks in the City of London when a female voice whispers
into your ear, Hello. Im your guide. Follow me.
It turns out this seductive guide has a very specific tour in mind. I will take you to
fund managers, banks, insurance companies, lawyers, advertising agencies and recruitment
agencies
The guide (played by Josephine Borradaile) is one of the three main characters in a
remarkable audio operaAnd While London Burns. The opera is composed by Isa Saurez
and has a libretto by John Jordan and James Marriott. From a table in Starbucks, you
will follow an hour-long route round the city. You may only ever be a few hundred yards
from Bank tube station, but the opera will take in Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, the Niger
Delta, Algeria, Iraq, Siberia and the Gulf of Mexico.
The guide coaxes you up the escalator, along the pavement, and across the road. See
the little birch tree there ... turn left.
That pink building, you soon learn, is Morley Fund Management, which has 165
billion to invest. Yes, thats billion pounds. It holds 2.1 per cent of all BPs shares. The
building opposite, next to the Roman ruins, is the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.
It provided a loan of $143 million for BPs massive gas scheme in West Papua. As you
stand in the shadow of these prestigious offices, a childrens choir sings in your ear about a
warming world.
The operas central character, never named, is a fund manager in his 40s, played with
fierce, edgy intensity by Douglas Hodge. A frayed, exhausted figure, his journey through
the city relives the end of his love affair with a climate scientist, Lucy (Deborah Stoddart).
It also charts his growing despair at the short-sightedness of his work in the city.
The operas multiple soundtrack interweaves his story with Saurezs haunting choral
refrains, factual observations from the guide, and the ambient city sounds of footsteps,
car horns, planes flying over, PA announcements and the clatter of cutlery in restaurants.
The first pleasure in followingAnd While London Burnsis the serendipitous one of
surrender. Nearly everyone else in the city at lunchtime is hurrying purposefully from
office to sandwich bar and back. But you are a tourist, cut free from those pressures, with
no idea where you are about to go, and with only some voices as a lifeline.
The second pleasure is one of discovery. See the gap in the black marble wall on your
right, says the guide, Step into it and start climbing the stairs. You head down corridors,
peer into buildings, and find out what happens the other side of the tinted windows. The
journey becomes a magical mystery tour, a London walk, a political essay, a short story
and a requiem.
Gradually, the pieces pull together. As you move from Morley to Sumitomo, from the
Royal Exchange to Deutsche Bank, from the Gherkin to the Lloyds building, you hear how
money and influence flow from one institution to another. To give a single example: the
chairman of BP sits on the board of the Royal Bank of Scotland and the chairman of the
Royal Bank of Scotland sits on the board on BP. In 2004, RBS loaned BP $100 million
dollars to help construct the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. This is what the librettists call
the carbon web, the intricate pattern of alliances that centres around black gold.
Jordan and Marriott are in no doubt that the same oil industry that builds the skyscrapers and pays the city salaries also threatens communities in the developing world
and produces the mountains of exhaust that drive climate change. The bitter irony is that
many of the people who know the most about the dangers of climate change are insurers
working inside the Gherkin. To meet the insurance claims that arise from the results of
climate change, the opera tells us, they are investing in the very things that cause those
insurance claims.
And While London Burnsoffers an intriguing tour of these high-tech buildings, which
registers the global effects that flow from decisions that are taken within them. As protest
art, it is highly imaginative, serious and timely.
Old tales, fresh takes (1):

Erysichthon and the sacred tree
The editors of the Ashden Directory asked two storytellers to retell an old tale
with contemporary environmental resonances. In the first of these stories, Kevin
Graal looked to Greek mythology for a story of how we are consuming ourselves.
King Erysichthon despised the gods and one day tried to cut down a grove of trees sacred
to the earth goddess Demeter (also known as Ceres). In this grove there was a towering,
venerable oak, on which votive garlands were hung and inscriptions carved expressing the
gratitude of suppliants to the nymph of the tree.
But Erysichthon saw no reason to spare it and ordered his servants to cut it down.
When he saw them hesitate he snatched an axe from one of them. His first blow hit the
trunk, the oak shuddered and groaned and blood flowed from the wound. From the
midst of the oak came a voice, I who dwell in this tree am a nymph beloved of Demeter,
and dying by your hands forewarn you that punishment awaits you. At last the tree,
suffering repeated blows, fell with a crash.
The dryads were dismayed at the loss of their companion. They went to Demeter to
ask for Erysichthon to be punished. Demeter agreed and planned as punishment that she
would deliver him over to Famine.
Demeter herself could not approach Famine, for the Fates have ordained that these
two goddesses should never come together. So she called an Oread from her mountain
and sent her on dragons and chariots to the farthest part of ice-clad Scythia, a sad and
sterile region without trees and without crops. Cold dwells there, and Fear, Shuddering
and Famine. The Oread found Famine in a stony field, pulling up the scant herbage with
her teeth and claws. Her hair was rough, her eyes sunk, her face pale, her lips blanched,
her jaws covered with dust, and her skin drawn tight, so as to show all her bones.
Famine obeyed Demeters commands and sped to Erysichthons bedchamber, where
he was sleeping. Famine enfolded him with her wings and breathed herself into him,
infusing her poison into his veins. Having discharged her task, she returned to her land.
When Erysichthon awoke, his hunger was raging. Even when he was eating he complained
of hunger. The more he ate the more he craved. His hunger was like the sea, which receives
all the rivers, yet is never filled; or like fire, that burns all the fuel that is heaped upon it,
yet still has an appetite for more.
Erysichthons wealth rapidly diminished under his unceasing demands for food,
but his hunger continued unabated. At length, he had spent everything and had only
his daughter left. She, too, he sold. His daughter resisted being sent away as a slave on a
Erysichthon cutting down the sacred tree of Ceres, Crispin van de Passe the Elder (1564-1637).
ship, and prayed to Neptune. He heard her prayer and changed her form into that of a
fisherman, deceiving her would-be master. When she resumed her own form, her father
was pleased to find her, and sold her again. But as often as she was sold, she was changed
by Neptune; now into a horse, now a bird, now an ox, and now a stag, always escaping
her purchasers to come home. In this way, the starving father procured food, but never
enough for his appetite.
Finally, hunger compelled him to devour his own limbs and he strove to feed his
body by eating his body. Only death relieved him from the vengeance of Demeter.
This retelling is based on a text by the American writer Thomas Bulfinch (17961867) in his Age of Fable (1855).
Faust, Cassandra or Sally Bowles?

For many, the character of Faust epitomises a contemporary response to climate
change. In 2007, Robert Butler suggested other dramatic characters in whom we might
recognise ourselves and the way we think about the present moment.
Each chapter in George Monbiots book Heat How to Stop the Planet Burning (2007),
has an epigraph from either Marlowes Dr Faustus (c.1590) or Goethes Faust (17901832). The first quote from Dr Faustus establishes its pertinence: The God thou servest
is thine own appetite.
Georg Faust was an early sixteenth-century German magician and astrologer. After his
death in 1540 or 1541, he quickly passed into legend. In Marlowes play, Dr Faustus strikes
a deal with the Devils servant Mephistopheles. He will be given 24 years to live in all
voluptuousness if, at the end of that period, he surrenders his soul to hell. Mephistopheles
explains exactly what the consequences will be, but Dr Faustus refuses to believe him.
Monbiot writes, You could mistake this story for a metaphor of climate change.
Several of Cassandras remarks in Aeschyluss Oresteia are equally apposite. Cassandra
has the gift of prophecy and foretells the invasion by the Trojan horse, the death of
Agamemnon and her own end, but is not believed. Until very recently Monbiot, along
with many other climate change activists, must have felt like echoing Cassandras words:
Man? You are lost to every word Ive said. As the scientific evidence mounted over the
last decade, he might also have been tempted to quote her warning, No escape, my
friends, not now.
Another strong contender as a classic text for climate change is Cabaret, the Kander
and Ebb musical based on Christopher Isherwoods novel Goodbye To Berlin, published in
1939. The action takes place in Berlin in the early 1930s. In the foreground, theres the
Weimar world of hedonism; in the background, theres the ominous rise of Nazism.
A number of commentators on climate change have alluded directly or indirectly to
the second world war. Al Gore writes in An Inconvenient Truth (2006), There was a storm
in the 1930s of a different kind: a horrible, unprecedented gathering storm in continental
Europe. Gore quotes Churchill, speaking in 1936: The era of procrastination is coming
to its close. In its place we are entering a period of consequences. NASA scientist Jim
Hansen has wondered whether Americans in the future will have to deal with a legacy of
guilt, as Germans have done in our own time.
In one of the most pertinent exchanges in Cabaret, the party-loving Sally tells Cliff that
shes going back to work at the Kit-Kat Klub. Isnt it heaven? Cliff doesnt think so. You
know, Sally, someday Ive got to sit you down and read you a newspaper. Youll be amazed
at whats going on.
Lilo Baur as Cassandra in the National Theatre production of Oresteia (2000).

Photo: Ivan Kyncl/Arena PAL.
Animals on stage: what could be more natural?

In contrasting ways, Rhinoceros and War Horse question the boundaries between the
human and the animal. Eleanor Margolies discusses two London productions from 2007
that use different theatrical strategies animal observation, physical characterisation,
mask and puppetry to represent the natural world.
War Horse at the New London Theatre. Photo: Brinkhoff Mgenburg.
Someone has let the animals loose on stage. At the Royal Court, Ionescos play Rhinoceros
demands a herd of rampaging rhinoceroses, whileWar Horse, Nick Staffords adaptation for
the National Theatre of Michael Morpurgos novel, has a horse at its emotional centre.
Both of these productions involve research into animal behaviour, but with quite
different emphases. InRhinoceros, realistic masks and a life-size puppet are combined
with an expressionist transformation of the actors body and movement. InWar Horse,
animal observation determined the design and movement of the life-like but nonrealistic animal puppets who perform alongside the humans. Both productions question
our understanding of the boundaries between animal and human behaviour. As
respectable townsfolk become stampeding beasts, one man asks rhetorically: Whats
more natural than a rhinoceros? Another anxiously responds: Yes but a man turning
into a rhinoceros thats unquestionably abnormal.
TheRhinoceroscompany watched videos, contacted the campaigning organisation SOS
Rhino, and took a field trip to Colchester Zoo. Actor Zawe Ashton saw an image from the
play reflected in the rhinos physiognomy: a huge, glazed eye, lost in the armour of the
body, as if a human being were trapped inside. But for another actor, the rhinoceroses were
a bit too sweet too cuddly.
The actors observations and their empathy for the animal Other had to be
converted into a theatrical movement vocabulary. Working with director Dominic
Cooke and movement director Sue Lefton, the actors explored ways of changing the
alignment of the spine and their gaze.
As Jean, Jasper Britton transforms himself in the course of a single scene from a man
with a sore head to a furious animal. He directs his face straight downwards to the floor,
his bare shoulders round so that his back becomes barrel-like, and his legs propel him
powerfully towards a wall. Stopping just before he crashes into it, he trots on the spot, as if
puzzled by this inexplicable barrier. He seems to be trying out a new physicality as he argues
for a new philosophy of nature: Dont give me moral values Im sick of moral values ...
We need to rediscover our primordial wholeness.
Jeans transformation is aided by make-up and a series of masks, until at last he crashes
through a wall as a full-size rhinoceros. The combination of physical acting with realistic
masks and puppets makes his transformation from human to rhinoceros believable. At the
same time, it seems to be the result of an act of will. As is said of another character: Maybe
[he] felt he needed to let go after all those years behind a desk. Ionescos exploration of this
desire to be natural, to put aside moral scruples and join the herd, takes the play beyond
surreal fantasy to imply a political dimension.
In contrast toRhinoceros,War Horsedraws attention to the otherness of the horse
rather than to the possibility of humans becoming animal.The young heros mother
tells him: You should never talk to horses, Albert They never understand you.
Theyre stupid creatures. Obstinate and stupid, thats what your father says, and hes
known horses all his life.
War Horseis a collaboration between the National Theatre and the South African
puppet companyHandspring, founded by Adrian Kohler and Basil Jones. The movement
of Handsprings puppets from a gawky stiff-legged colt to full-grown horses that stretch
their necks, rear up on two legs and even carry human riders is breathtakingly real. They
breathe and quiver when stroked. Moreover, they seem to employ all the non-verbal means
of communication used by real horses: shifts of weight, neighs, whickering and snorts, a
turn of the ear or a flicking tail.
This rich expressive detail is essential because while Michael Morpurgos novel is
narrated by a horse, in the stage adaptation, his viewpoint is suggested without words.
Farm horse Joey sees the first world war from both sides: he is sold to the British cavalry,
pulls a hospital cart and a gun for the German army, works on a French farm and, after
being caught on barbed wire in no mans land, is reunited with Albert, the Devon farmers
son who has followed him into the army.
The horse puppets designed by Kohler are of cane, bent into curving shapes that suggest
the underlying anatomy, and lined with a translucent skin that highlights the sculptural
form. Two puppeteers are visible inside the horse (which is slightly larger than life-size), and
a third stands outside to manipulate the head.
Their visibility does not detract from the imagined life of the horse. This is partly
because we are used to seeing humans alongside horses, but it is also because unconcealed
animation is part of the aesthetic of the whole piece. The audience can see how images
are constructed, whether it is farmers holding poles horizontally to represent a fence or a
shadow puppeteer adding painfully live, jerky soldiers to a projected image of exploding
shells. While the illusion that the horses are moving independently is bewitching, the
presence of puppeteers is a reminder that these horses are not animals observed in nature
but animals enlisted in human life: in agriculture, warfare and theatre.
The physical characterisation of the horses is based on extensive research and observation, from watching videos of the work of Monty Roberts (the horse whisperer) to a
visit to a Kent farm run by the Working Horse Trust. Such research, says Basil Jones, is
about deepening the companys empathy and understanding of animals. It feeds into
the performance in subtle ways, informing the devising of non-verbal scenes such as the
aggressive first encounter between two stallions, Joey and Topthorn.
Members of the company directors, actors, writer and designer also met soldiers of
a mounted artillery regiment, the Kings Troop, as they groomed their horses and carried
out military manoeuvres on Wormwood Scrubs. One soldier, says Jones, told the story of
the death of a horse during a public parade and how the other horses were affected by it
not eating for several days. This story gave substance to a scene in which Joey realises that
Topthorn has died: Our knowledge of how real horses were affected by the death of their
friends and that horses do have friends is very important in the way we approach and
develop this scene.
The two-year-long development ofWar Horseallowed puppetry to be developed as
a theatrical language throughout the piece, rather than as a one-off special effect. The
audience has time to pass from initial wonder through curiosity about technicalities to an
understanding of the design and movement vocabulary.
Handsprings animals are neither cuddly, anthropomorphised creatures, nor naturalistic
portraits. In War Horse, as in other productions by the company such as The Chimp Project
(2001) and Tall Horse (2004), they display the constructed nature of the puppet in order to
explore the role animals play in human life.
The power of puppetry to represent things that are impossible to stage vast landscapes, imaginary worlds, a herd of rhinoceroses or the horrific experiences of war
comes from an audiences ability to see with double-vision, perceiving both the material
reality of the puppet and the fiction it represents. Since the observation of animals also
involves a kind of double vision, in which the human viewpoint is always present even
as we try to understand that of the animal, there remains much more to explore in the
potential of puppets to dramatise both the natural world and human relationships to it.
Planting an idea on the walls of the National Theatre

In 2007, Heather Ackroyd and Dan Harvey covered part of the National Theatres
concrete exterior with grass. Robert Butler met them before they began work.
You might expect the first line of a play to have an impact on a theatre audience. You might
not expect it to have an impact on the building itself. But anyone who sees the Nationals
Lyttelton fly tower covered in grass this summer (and wonders why) should turn to the
work of the Swedish playwright August Strindberg.
Two years ago the National Theatre presented Caryl Churchills version of Strindbergs
A Dream Play. This surrealist drama, written in 1901, opens with the line, Look how the
tower has grown. Before rehearsals, the director Katie Mitchell rang two artists she knew
and left a message.
Heather Ackroyd and Dan Harvey are best known for their pioneering use of grass.
In 2003, they grew grass inside Dilston Grove, a deconsecrated concrete church in
Bermondsey. The whole interior of the building was carpeted in grass seedlings that germinated, flourished and died. Katie Mitchells message on their answerphone suggested that
their next project might be the Lyttelton fly tower. By chance, this was an idea that had
occurred to the artists themselves.
When Ackroyd & Harvey started working together in 1990, they used to pass the
National Theatre as they crossed Waterloo Bridge on the bus home to Brixton and
wondered idly about covering the fly tower. They dismissed the idea because they had
never worked on that scale. Seventeen years later, this is exactly what they are going to do.
It will be their biggest project to date. They will be doing the north and west sides (north
faces the river; west faces Parliament).
Its a big task, and one that has to be done quickly, which is why Ackroyd & Harvey
have recruited 22 assistants. Two tons of clay will be carefully mixed on site. The clay needs
to have a definite consistency. Like cream cheese, says Harvey. Two teams will apply a thin
layer of clay to the concrete surface and then take handfuls of germinated seeds that have
been soaked in sacks and push them into the clay.
Within hours nearly two billion seeds will be getting thirsty. Trying to find the right
water source has delayed the project. The way round has been to access the ground water
that collects in the Nationals carpark, and pump it from the basement to the fly tower.
It will take the seeds two to three days to reorientate themselves, and then delicate green
blades will appear. After a week, the scaffolding and protective netting will be taken down
and the grass exposed to the elements. Soon after, Ackroyd & Harvey will stop watering the
grass and allow the luxuriant pelt to follow its own course. The cycle of growth and decay
will make a striking contrast to the immutable concrete strata of Denys Lasduns design.
FlyTower. Photo: Ackroyd & Harvey.
Five weeks later, a skip will arrive, the senescent grass will be peeled off, and the
concrete underneath will look (as last years trial showed) a little bit sprucer.
It would be wrong to think of Ackroyd & Harvey as guerrilla gardeners. An art
catalogue would place FlyTower, very properly, within a framework of pieces that present
natural processes in places of architectural interest. FlyTower would be seen as a timebased exhibit that combines Ackroyd & Harveys interest in sculpture, botany and
ecology. It would be related to the biochemical research they have done on chlorophyll,
underpinning their use of photosynthesis, and to the crystallised whale skeleton that
demonstrates their preoccupation with transformation. The art critic, no doubt, would
touch on themes of erosion, transience and evanescence.
In 1893, Strindberg was in London during an abnormally hot summer. When he
crossed Waterloo Bridge, he suffered a hallucinatory attack. Its unlikely, now, that he will
be the only person to cross Waterloo Bridge and imagine that he or she is seeing things. As
the first line in A Dream Play says, the tower has grown.
Consuming the city: food, fun and democracy

In April 2007, the London International Festival of Theatre (LIFT) commissioned
artists and community groups to create an edible model of London. Sue Palmer
joined the public to eat it.
Liquorice gates and Battenberg blocks, gingerbread roads with bright red urban clearway
icing lines, a red and white grape Gherkin, the Thames full of sparkling Perrier and the
London Eye a pizza wheel with red pepper capsules:this was EAT London, a ceremony
of urbanphagy (eating the city)on a hot and sunny Saturday in Trafalgar Square.
Waffle brickwork and icing cement, towers of cucumber sandwiches (triangular),
finely chopped green spring onion lawns, a rich Tate Britain fruit cake covered in white
marzipan with blue iced features, an aloo chop Nelsons Column all this and so much
more laid out on a day that began with a three-dimensional food map of central London
assembled together, followed by a musical parade where the 14 individual stalls were
wheeled apart and the food served up free to the visitors. We ate London.
Community groups such as Nu-Life, Project Phakama and Roj Womens Association
had each made a section of central London. As the architectured food was consumed, a
large-scale black and white map gradually appeared through the crumbs.
There is something fantastic about suddenly recognising an iconic London landmark
made out of sponge cake and crafted icing features you see the artistry and the playfulness
of the maker, and architectural grandeur rendered domestic. And theres the fun of not
recognising a place and asking one of the cooks, and the quick working out that a whole
field of rice balls and peas is the shape and structure of Hyde Park.
I arrived just as the stalls were serving up, seeing the first knives unceremoniously slice
up the gingerbread roads. The gingerbread was passed out to the crowds in light wooden
trays the food appeared strangely resonant and exotic, as if imbued with a sense of
democracy; we were finally consuming the city rather than the city consuming us.
Both traditional and contemporary foods were cooked and placed together to reflect
the diversity and coherence of London. Colourful, radiant, handmade, generous every
stall was good to look at. There were queues circulating all around the square as people
aimed for a slice of the Houses of Parliament, or Selfridges. And the atmosphere was
joyous, social and available participatory in the best sense of the word in relation to
theatre.
Its good to eat City Hall. I began imagining the places I know well made out of
food, and eating them. We are surrounded by what we eat. Animals continually graze
on their food maps. EAT London had this blatant reality and honesty to it. We are what
we eat took on multiple dimensions.
After the event I wandered down Whitehall, coinciding with the mysterious Changing
of the Guard, on toBrian Haw, the peace campaigner,standing in his three square metres
on Parliament Square, and then to Tate Britain andMark Wallingersreconstruction of
Haws original protest against the Iraq war. The new protest exclusion line (one kilometre
around the Houses of Parliament) runs straight through Tate Britain and hence through
the middle of the reconstructed line of placards and teddy bears.
I was consumed with thoughts of democracy and political protest, citizenship and
social engagement. EAT London (set in Trafalgar Square, also part of the exclusion zone)
was an excellent demonstration of art inviting people to connect a feast for the eyes,
mouth and heart.
EAT London. Photo: Tim Mitchell.
Theatres going a shade greener
How to reduce theatres carbon footprint
The new impetus to green British theatre production and infrastructure was
described by Kellie Gutman in a series of reports (2007-8).
In 2008, Kellie Gutman rounded up the resources available to help theatres trying
to go green.
Less power At theArcola Theatrein London a new play, The Living Unknown Soldier,was
powered by a5kW hydrogen fuel cellinstalled in their foyer. TheNational Theatreteamed
up with Royal Philips Electronics in agreen switchinitiative to install exterior and foyer
lighting, using highly efficient LEDs to cut the amount of energy needed to light the fly
tower by 70 per cent, saving 100,000 a year.
More recycling In the West End, theDominion Theatrereceived the Mayors Green
Procurement CodeExtra Mile Award for their many recycling programmes, including one
for batteries (a million batteries a year are thrown away by theatres presenting musicals).
The theatre also instituted a paper recycling program and installed recycling containers in
the bars as well as can-crushers throughout the building. Over 200 fluorescent light tubes
were recycled, and the percentage of recycled products purchased has increased.
Sharing ideas TheCentre for Excellence in Training for Theatre(CETT) at the Central
School of Speech and Drama held a two-day conference:Theatre Materials / Material
Theatres, including a roundtable discussion on Greening the Theatre Industries.
Better buildings In 2006, the Green Light Trusts new building in Suffolk, The Foundry,
was awarded a RIBA Sustainability Award for its construction methods. Its as carbon
neutral as possible. In 2008, Small World Theatre in Wales built a 1.2 million centre
using sustainable methods and materials as part of its zero carbon theatre policy. The
centre contains a theatre and a community space with a Resource Centre in Education for
Sustainability and Global Citizenship.
Legislation supporting change While in office, London Mayor Ken Livingstone developed
aClimate Change Action Plan for London Theatre. The Mayors office partnered with
the Arts Councils London office, the Theatres Trust, Ambassador Theatre Group, National
Theatre, Alistair McGowan, Independent Theatre Council, Equity, Arcola Theatre, PLASA,
and the Association of British Theatre Technicians. In 2008, these groups continued to
work with the new Mayor, Boris Johnson, to make theatre a focus of energy conservation,
with a goal of a 60 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions by 2025 (relative to 1990 levels).
Id start by readingGreening up Our Houses: A Guide to a More Ecologically Sound Theatreby

Larry K. Fried and Theresa J. May (1994), followed byEasy Eco Auditing(2008) by
Donnachadh McCarthy. With those under my belt, Id calculate my carbon footprint with
tools from Julies Bicycle, or MoOlelo Theatres Green Theatre Toolkit, or the Carbon Me or
the Carbon Trusts websites.
A good source of advice is Ian Garretts online Center for Sustainable Practice in the
Arts, which gathers articles and news from around the world and disseminates them to the
broadest audience possible. The Centre for Alternative Technologys website offers a host of
free practical solutions.
Next, Id check out theSustranswebsite to find route maps on how to cycle or walk to
work. If the theatre was in London, Id go to theTransport for Londonwebsite to plan my
journey and order free London Cycle Guides. Id encourage all staff, actors and theatregoers
to do the same. If no safe route existed, Id ask them to use public transport instead.
The office would be as paper-free as possible. As much office equipment, metals,
plastics and paper as possible would be recycled, as well as batteries. Electrical use would
be reduced by replacingincandescent bulbswith compact fluorescents, and stage lighting
would be changed to try to use as little wattage as possible. Id check out the Arcola
Energy Blogfor help with lighting.
Should space and orientation permit it, solar panels would be installed for electricity and
hot water. If in London, Id consult the Mayor of Londons solar initiative website,Solar
for London. I would also look at theUrban Wind Energy websiteto see if wind energy was
viable for my setting. Tap water, not bottled water, would be available for drinking, and all
staff would have their own reusable glasses, mugs or drinking bottles.
Sustainable materials would be sourced for sets; theyd be reused as much as possible,
or donated to other theatre groups. Costumes would be recycled into future productions or
made from recycled materials.
In the wardrobe department, washing lines would replace the clothes dryer as often
as possible. Dressing room showers would have low-flow showerheads. All toilets would
have ultra-low water flow. Id go to theGreen Consumer Guidewebsite to learn about
environmentally friendly cleaning supplies and paints, office supplies and other green office
issues.
And to cap it off, Id hire writers to write new works about green issues, which would
be produced and staged in this greenest of theatres.
To dine is a kind of performance

Theatre critic Bonnie Marranca founded PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art and is the
author of Ecologies of Theater (1996). Wallace Heim listened to Marrancas 2009 lecture on
the connections between theatre criticism and food, drawing on the themes of her book A
Slice of Life (2003).
Bonnie Marrancabegan her lecture, The Theatre of Food, with an evocation of the food
of her Italian-American childhood in New York: peppers and eggs, tomatoes, spaghetti and
stews, donuts, hamburgers, pies, root beer and chocolate peanut butter cups.
Describing food in film, visual arts and performance over the twentieth century,
Marranca talked of the centrality of food in culture and everyday life, and of how food
describes the mentality of an age and its geographies of taste:
What is a dinner plate but a field of narrative that tosses back all kinds of
images between servings, especially ones own. [...] For better or worse, the
dinner table is the centre of the world, the family meal the source of the drama
of the self.
Food, according to Marranca, played an important part in the modernist movement,
starting with thebanquet thrown by Picassoin 1907 for Henri Rousseau, with Gertrude
Stein and Alice B. Toklas. In the 1920s, audiences for Dadaist provocations revived the
custom of throwing vegetables at performers. The Italian Futurist F. T. Marinetti published
a manifesto on cookery in 1932, TheFuturist Cookbook, denouncing pasta as nostalgic,
preferring a radical use of colour, shape, music and lighting without regard to taste and
nutrition.
Marranca described the continuing relationship of the avant-garde with food
throughAlan KaprowsYam Festivalin the 1960s, and the inclusion of food in many
of hishappenings. Judy Chicagos installation The Dinner Party(1974-79) has become
an icon of feminist art, associating the ceremonial banquet with a celebration of
women. The associations with feminist art continue in the work ofKathy Acker,
Lucinda ChildsandCarolee Schneeman.
In the 1980s, ecological performance artistRachel Rosenthalused cauliflowers in
Rachels Brain, a production about the human in evolution.Suzanne Lacy initiated dinner
as a performance event, holding a series of dinner performances. Continuing in this mode,
Rirkrit Tiravanijainvites people into a gallery space where he makes and serves a Thai meal.
On stage, the customs of eating have provided a commentary on theatre itself, as well
as on human life.Bertolt Brecht made the connection between theatre and eating when he
disparaged the conventional stage as a culinary theatre, meaning that the consumption of
stale ideas during a performance was a form of bourgeois gluttony. The British kitchensink realist dramas of the late 1950s showed that all was not well in society. The kitchen
and familial meals featured particularly inArnold Weskersplays.Chicken Soup with Barley
shows a familys conflicts and fragmentation over socialist ideologies, as the protagonist
Sarah provides abundant domestic meals. InThe Kitchen, set in the basement of a large
restaurant, the chefs, porters and waiters struggle with love, food, politics and money in the
course of a days work.
To dine is a kind of performance, where, from our place setting, we exchange
stories, debate ideas, and reveal our dreams, the unspoken settling temporarily
in the silence between adverbs. Not surprisingly, many of the influential plays
in the world repertoire take place in the kitchen or dining room. Here huge
psychological dramas are served forth and characters devour one another or set
themselves free in forked sentences [E]veryone, at one time or another, has
experienced the difficulty of swallowing angry words. The dinner table is one
of the great settings of heartbreak.
In her lecture, Marranca touched on wider issues of food and global food production,
fast food, theSlow Foodmovement, and the disparity between American and European
responses to genetically modified foods, pointing out that a bowl of fruit is no longer a
still life, it has within it the ethics of production. But the centre of Marrancas talk was the
cultural meaning of eating together:
The experience at table offers one of the few realms of privacy and intimacy in
a culture of increasingly vulgarised public obsessions. It honours speech, direct
communication the face-to-face, not interface.
Quotations are from the preface to A Slice of Life: Contemporary Writers on Food, ed.
Bonnie Marranca (2003).
Old tales, fresh takes (2): The narwhal

In her retelling of an old tale, Helen East turns to the myths of the Inuit people. In
a subsistence way of life, every creature that can be eaten, including the whale, is
essential food. But hunters need the hunted to survive as a species and so restrict
the time and means of hunting. Killing is permitted only out of need, not greed.
In the bare bones of winter only the strongest survive.
In the worst winter of way back time, not many were left alive.
Those who could, moved on, to see what food they could find.
The weak ones tried to follow, but some were left behind:
An old woman, her granddaughter and little brother Tutigat, who was blind.
The grandmother tried to lose Tutigat, but his sister wouldnt let him go.
When a bear attacked them, his sister helped him aim the bow.
His arm was strong, and he killed the beast, but grandmother told him he had missed,
and secretly cut and cooked the meat when she thought that he had gone to sleep.
He knew that she was lying; he heard the water boiling; he smelt the bear meat cooking.
He heard the grandmother whisper to his sister come out and eat.
tried to grab hold of the girl, but at that moment the line jerked hard. Grandmother
skidded, slid across the ice and shot into the water.
The sea sucked her in, spinning her round and round, and then spewing her out. As
she surfaced with a gasp like a whales spout, they saw her hair had whirled into a
long white twist like a tusk. Her skin was dark and leathery with cold. Her shape was
smoothing out streamlining.
Then the whale dived down and down she went. Deep, deep, deep. Down she went for
ever.
Thats how it happened, thats how she changed. She became the black narwhal, with
the white tusk that glints when it catches the sun.
Thats how it happened, way back then.
A version of this folktale, collated from sources in Labrador and Greenland, appears
in Henry Rinks Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, with a sketch of their Habits, Religion,
Language and other Peculiarities, published in London in 1875. Another version is in
Howard Normans Northern Tales, from a translation by Severance Rosegood of a
story told by Pioopiula in 1975.
Tutigats sister saves him from starving but is forced to abandon him by a lake. A goose
helps him by dunking him under water, and miraculously, he gains his sight. Now, as he
rejoins his grandmother and sister, the roles are reversed.
Lets see what we can catch! said the boy. This time he led the way.
Winter had eased and it was the white whales season. They came to a sea break where
several were swimming offshore. Taking up his harpoon, Tutigat tied the end of the
line around his sister, so she could act as anchor.
You have always shared with me, he said. Now you can be my whales tail.
The girl was delighted because this meant that she was partner in the hunt, with equal
shares in the catch. She settled herself firmly on the shore-ice, and soon her brother
had harpooned a small whale which they easily hauled inland.
Now there was food, but the grandmother said, One more! One more! And let me be
the whale-tail now! for she wanted to be sure of her share, too.
This time there was a bigger whale a beluga but it was further out.
Hurry! Hurry! said the grandmother. Tie me! Tie me!
Then Tutigat took aim, and threw the harpoon.
The whale was wounded, and it pulled on the line. The old woman began to slip. She
Pencil drawing: Nancy Nichols.
Beauty and the wind turbine inside and outside the gallery
In 2010, a photography exhibition prompted Wallace Heim to consider how
conventional assumptions about beauty shape our attitudes towards wind turbines.
TheGuardians online exhibition of photographs of wind turbines, The Beauty of Wind
Power, purports to show the aesthetic value of turbines in their beauty and awe-inspiring
visual qualities. To back this up with use-value, the paper gives the numbers of households
provided with wind-generated electricity, ranging from 80,000 at Burbo Bank at the
mouth of the Mersey to 145,000 in Manawatu, Tararua in New Zealand.
The photographs show striking silhouettes, the sensuous and almost animate curves
of the blades and landscapes that seem to fold around the pristine and elegant machinery.
The photographs are well composed, like picture postcards, and its this conventional representation that makes me wonder whether the wind turbines are beautiful, or whether it
is more the case that it is the photographs as images that are most pleasing.
Conventional assumptions about beauty seem to operate on both sides of the wind
farm debates.To generalise, when the opponents of wind farms extol the beauty of a landscape which will be destroyed by ugly or intrusive turbines, the counter-argument is often
that those views of a landscape are historically contingent or do not take into account the
industrialised character of the British landscape. That very sense of what is beautiful is
reacted to as being simplistic, unchanging, too readily accepting of the bucolic as right,
and needing to be preserved.
Images like theGuardiansphotographs are open to a similar criticism. They are too
easily seen as pleasing if not beautiful. Their aesthetic, as well, reflects views of composition,
lighting and the relation of viewer to landscape which can be critiqued as historically
contingent, over-simplified, so familiar from popular media that it appears as a normal or
an unquestioned image of beauty. This may be a strategy in trying to persuade the public of
the aesthetic value of turbines, but it doesnt go far enough into questioning what is or can
be seen as the beauty of these machines.
Rather than settling on pleasing images or familiar vistas as justifications for or against
wind farms, it can be the unsettling disjunction between the conventionally beautiful
representation and the landscape as experienced that may open up debate about what is
beautiful, what causes beauty and what is intolerable. The inclusion of wind turbines on
land and seascapes could be changing what is considered beautiful or awe-inspiring, in ways
that arent yet articulated, and in ways that the previous notions of beauty cant configure.
Another way to make an argument that wind power has aesthetic value is to take it into
the gallery, and let that space do its work of turning industry into art.Alec Finlays
installation sky-wheels, at theHatton Gallery, Newcastle, was part ofthe AV10 Festival.
On the walls are the words: all art is, is rhythm; every form heals. Sixteen small, wooden
turbines painted in variations of blue sit on a blue plinth. The blades dont turn, but on
each is printed words, metaphorically conveying the motion of wind: turning toward
living; turn still sails; what changes change. It is as if the turbines camouflaged by
the blue can express a deeper poetic to their function.
A series of recordings of whooshes, swishes, motor hums, and sharper, cricket-like metallic
sounds is at first soothing and intriguing. But it begins to feel quickly as if the rich irregularities
of waves or winds had been stripped down to a too-regular noise. The manipulation into a
sound work makes the sound too small, too easy to dissect. Although it was working with
a different aesthetic to the photographs, it also was not doing the work of turning these
structures into appreciable art. Something of the scale, the awe, the experience was missing.
The installation is an appreciation of wind power, but possibly too literal for some.
Driving back from Newcastle, I stopped at the turbines of the Lambrigg Wind
Farm, by Junction 37 on the M6, the crossroads with the road between Sedbergh and
Kendal. The five monumental structures sit on high ground between the Howgills, and
the undulating slopes down to the River Kent valley and the high fells to the west. Its a
favourite picnic spot for locals during the day, and a place for lovers in the evenings. The
light was fading, and the wind was low, westerly, giving the blades a gentle, breath-like
cadence. The presence of those structures and their enveloping sound kept a half dozen
people there, just being there, until the sun set.
Lambrigg Wind Farm, Cumbria. Photo: Wallace Heim.
Wake Up Everyone: a play about oil and climate in Nigeria

Nigerian playwright Greg Mbajiorgu was commissioned to write Wake Up Everyone by
the African Technology Policy Studies Network in 2009. Three years later, Greg sent the
Directory a copy after reading Robert Butlers blogs about the difficulties of writing plays
about climate change. Wallace Heim found truth and turbulence in the central character.
In Wake Up Everyone, the policy world is represented in the main character, Maukwe
Aladinma, a retired professor of agriculture, now attempting to get the local government
in the rural Ndoli area to build flood defences and advising communal farmers on using
organic waste and planting stronger, non-GMO seeds. The professor is also a dramatist. In
a play-within-a-play, the actors of his theatre company rehearse scenes describing the effects
of climate change, those happening now and those anticipated: rivers dried, torrential
floods, tornadoes, plagues, famines and poverty. The surrounding scenes are naturalistic; the
rehearsals are to be performed as if in a dream or possessed.
A local official, Edwin Ochonkeya, blocks the building of the defences. When floods
sweep the land, the farmers become an angry mob, running off stage to exact revenge on him.
The play has a purpose: to support impoverished farmers, to educate, to build resilience
against the effects of climate change in ruralNigeria. The information on climate change
is familiar, if uncomfortable. The role of the expert in presenting knowledge to farmers is
familiar, too, the belief and disbelief, the sometimes awkward juncture of different kinds of
experience, the social power implicit in different kinds of knowledge.
The depiction of the official, Ochonkeya, is what startles. His actions are presented
as commonplace. A militant against the oil companies, he was on the verge of forming
his own kidnapping gang when a massive oil spill damaged his familys land and killed
his father. He employed a lawyer to bring an action against the companies. They settled
out of court and funded his campaign for local office on condition that he didnt make
any further case on behalf of affected farmers. He won his campaign with the rhetoric
of environmentalism: Before this plague of climate change the oil companies had
milked our land dry, but have given nothing to nourish it. All that is left (of my familys
farmland) is thick layers of oil, oil in our waters, oil in our wet lands, oil in our fragile
soil, down to the roots of our edible crops, oil and more oil...
And now, he is stopping any adaptation to or mediation of climate damage. In a
single character, the play conveys the immediate, turbulent, deceptive forces underlying oil
production inNigeriaand inCanada, Baku-Tbilisi,Iraq and theArctic.
Wake Up Everyone was awarded first place in the Individual Award in Arts and
Humanities Research at the Nigerian Universities Research and Development Fair, 2012.
Oil spill at Goi Creek, Nigeria, August 2010. Photo: Friends of the Earth, Netherlands.
JOURNALS
Walking into my fears

Playwright Samantha Ellis wrote a journal for the Ashden Directory as she
researched The Last Wolf in Scotland, her play about rewilding and the proposed
reintroduction of wolves to the Scottish Highlands.
9 March 2006
I get on the Tube today with a book, Barry LopezsOf Wolves and Men (1978). A wolf stares
out from the cover, its yellow-green eyes wild and strange.
Im reading the book because of a website I chanced upon when researching
Leviathan for a play about Noahs Ark. My research on the Biblical monster led me onto
other monsters and then to a website on which Aboriginal women were campaigning
against conservationists. The conservationists wanted to reintroduce the crocodile to a
nearby river. The women didnt want the crocs back. Theyd been glad when the last one
was killed off. Now they feared for their children.
It was the first time Id encountered the concept of faunal rewilding. It seemed such a
perverse idea a forced return to a harsh and terrifying past. I couldnt fathom why anyone
would want to do it and because I hate not knowing why people do things, I started doing
some research.
Wolves terrify me. But Lopez is irresistible. His thesis is that we create our animals, just
as we create our gods. We know little about the wolf, but much about how we imagine the
wolf to be. He loves wolves because they are elusive. So elusive that he says he can look in
the direction of a grey wolf standing in the snow in winter twilight and not see him at all.
I can see that there is a poetry to this, that there is an argument for a sense of relationship with predators that I certainly have lost in my urban, disconnected life, and that what
the conservationists called charismatic megafauna have a kind of savage splendour.
I begin to see why conservationists might be fascinated enough by wolves to want to
bring them back to live among us. Which means I might have a play.
27 June 2006
Im starting to wonder how much of my fear of the wolf is justified. Id always assumed it
must be based on facts, but Im finding that wolves rarely attack people, dont howl at the
moon, arent driven mad by the smell of blood and are only about the size of a German
shepherd.Yet the fear of wolves seems to be both primal and universal.
Last night, I watched Angela CartersThe Company of Wolves. Its a schlocky, dated
horror film, but a classic, driven by Carters haunting formulation that the really bad wolves
are not the ones that howl in the night but the ones who are hairy on the inside.
European wolf (Canis lupus) in birch forest, Norway. Photo: Mark Hamblin.
I went to bed. A moonbeam fell across the pillows. I dreamed a wolf burst through
my window.
9 September 2006
Im in the Cotswolds for Scary or What?, a one-day conference on reintroduction organised
by theWildland Network. There are 80 conservationists here who dont want to just preserve
whats here but to radically remap our landscapes and reconnect us with the wild.
Im surprised by how much talk there is of fear and death. In a landscape with predators, we would have to give up ourBeatrix Potterview of nature and remind ourselves that
the wild is full of killing. Maybe we need this, not just because it would be more realistic
but also because fear is the flipside of survival. It can be exhilarating. It can make us feel
more alive.
I want to feel a bit of exhilaration myself so instead of going on the field trip Id signed
up for (to look at beavers in an enclosure), I venture into the Forest of Dean to try to get
a glimpse of the wild boar which were reintroduced by mistake when they escaped from
wild boar farms. Trying hard not to think about tusks, I follow the others into the forest
at dusk. It is dark and mossy, bats are emerging, and were looking for field signs (thats
conservationists code for scat and hair and scratches). I pull some hairs out of a tree trunk.
They are long and brown and coarse.
I feel about a million miles from my desk in London.
16 September 2006
Im on a moor on the east coast of the Highlands, looking at theHill o Many Stanes. Over
a hundred standing stones peek from the gorse and heather. Theyre not solemn or majesticlooking, but squat and higgledy-piggledy. Archaeologists suspect they may have been a
Neolithic lunar observatory. The cold sweeping mists certainly feel Neolithic.
It isnt hard to find anti-conservation views in the Highlands. History has muddied
the issue of what to do with the land. Where conservationists see wilderness, many
Highlanders see depopulation. The message is clear: the wolf doesnt have a lot of friends
in the Highlands.
Neither, of course, do the conservationists. A battle is raging about how to use and
manage the land. I feel as though Im drowning in opinion. I want to get everyone in the
play walkers, stalkers, golfers, poachers, crofters, conservationists, shepherds all depicted
by five actors with a lot of hats and stick-on facial hair.
19 September 2006
Alladaleis nicknamed the Jurassic Park estate because of owner Paul Listers plans to
create a fenced-off wilderness reserve in the middle of the Highlands in which various
native species will be released, from the red squirrel right up to the brown bear.
I set off with the head keeper and stalker, Innes MacNeill, for the wilder reaches of the
23,000-acre estate. Its stunning. There are gnarled and twisted ancient Caledonian pines, a
sparkling salmon river, scarlet-berried rowans and Highland cows.
The estate is already home to a posse of wild boar which have had to be fenced off
because they were causing damage to the tree roots. As I edge gingerly away from the boars,
MacNeill asks, Why are you writing this play? I give the response I always give, which is
that I write about what I fear and what I desire, that writings a way of walking into my fears.
He flicks a switch, and says, Go on then. Step over the electric fence.
So I have to.
20 September 2006
TheHighland Wildlife Parkat Kincraig is run by conservationists who want to give people
an authentic experience of the wild. Its home to a pack of wolves. We arrive mid-afternoon
and go straight to the enclosure. Two wolves trot through the grass, giving us a sidelong
look. It feels wrong to be looking at them in brilliant sunshine. For all the research, all the
myth-shattering, I still imagine coming upon a wolf at night, a full moon shining on the
snow, flakes glittering on its fur.
One of the wolves trots back through the enclosure. He has a slinky way of moving and
a cunning look. He slows down to a lope. And then he stops. And stares. I stare back.
The mesh of the enclosure separates us. Im in a car. He isnt even very big. But still I
feel a chill down my spine. He holds the stare for a moment before moving on.
24 October 2006
Im in Surrey, working with a group of eight- to ten-year-olds to make a play in a week.
They like improvising stories set in outer space, but the real surprise is asking them to
make the sounds of a forest.
They start with owls hooting, wind rustling through trees, leaves crunching underfoot, and then one boy starts making ghost noises while another howls like a wolf. They
seem to have a sense that wolves are necessary to forests, but also that wolves occupy
the same imaginative space as ghosts. Does this mean that we should leave wolves in
our imaginations? Or does it mean that we imagine wolves because we need them, and
therefore should bring them back?
2 November 2006
Ive finished my first draft.
3 November 2006
Im ripping my play apart. When I read it, Im just bewildered. I do at least know what I am
writing about: life and death, love and survival. Its a relief since for a while I thought I was
writing a play about Scottish land reform.
The prey and predator relationship is what really fascinates me. Is human life separate or
are we part of the food chain? Is life sacred or are we just meat?
Ive started to write a character who wants to shed the protection of civilisation and
society (like Lear crying Off, off, you lendings as he tears off his clothes in the storm)
and face raw nature, red in tooth and claw, to pit himself against the elements.
For this character, losing our fear of predators has been a bit like losing ones faith.
The wolf is not just an animal but a psychological function; just as God reminds us we
are not on top of creation, so a wolf reminds us we are not top predator. We can and
should still feel fear.
18 December 2006
Last night I finished a draft of the play that I am happier with. With some regret, Ive got rid
of a Hebridean Druid, a pair of fishermen, two ramblers, a City stockbroker, an octogenarian
poacher, a Canadian retracing his Highlands roots, a historian and a squirrel expert.
However, Ive had fun writing some ghosts.Eagan Macqueen, who killed the last wolf
in Scotland in 1743, pops up to settle a pub argument while theBrahan Seerprophesies the
end of sheep farming. (He made his prophecy in the seventeenth century and sheep farming
isnt over yet.)
31 January 2007
Im barely awake when a friend texts me to say I should read a new study by scientists at
Imperial College London. It suggests that the wolf needs to be reintroduced, that wolves
could rejuvenate the Highlands by predating on deer and thus reducing the pressure on
forests and woodland. Im excited to see the issue has finally hit the headlines. By the time I
get to The Scotsmans website, over 60 people have left comments on the story.
I cant help joining in and then, when I log in again, I find that someone has responded
by declaring love and asking me to be his vixen.
2 April 2007
Tonight Im celebrating the Jewish festival of Pesach (Passover) with my family. The Pesach
narrative doesnt have much to say about the wilderness where the Jews spent 40 years in
between leaving Egypt and finding Israel. The wilderness does feel like a rite of passage.
Theres a sense that you have to journey through unknown places, even to get lost, before
you reach the promised land. I wonder just how wild the wilderness was, and if they
encountered any wolves. There are, pleasingly, still wolves all over the Middle East, and at
least 400 in Israel alone.
24 July 2007
Shakespeare refers to wolves 50 times in his plays. He uses the wolf as shorthand for cruelty,
giving King Lears daughter Goneril a wolvish visage because she is ruthless enough to send
her father out into a night so harsh that If wolves had at thy gate howld that dern time,/
Thou shouldst have said, Good porter, turn the key...
InThe Merchant of Venice, it is Shylock who is excluded from polite society because
his desires/Are wolvish, bloody, starved and ravenous. Here, the wolf is synonymous with
greed.
InOthello, the wolf acquires a reputation for lustfulness, with Iago suggesting that
Desdemona and Cassio are as salt (lecherous) as wolves in pride (on heat).
14 February 2008
Im writing this a couple of days into a two-month artists residency at theMacDowell
Colonyin snowy New Hampshire all silvery birches and sticky, feathery pines.
Its deep midwinter. Last night we had a snowstorm, then an ice storm and what
the Americans called a power outage. We lit Victorian oil lamps to have dinner by and
huddled round the hearth until the power came back on. Late at night, back in my studio,
I curled up in bed to read King Lear and shivered as I heard what was unmistakably
howling. I woke to find tracks circling my studio. Apparently, though, they are more likely
to be coyotes rather than wolves.
2 April 2008
Its strange to think that Ive been living in the shadow of one of the key sites in American
eco-criticism. The artists colony is shadowed byMount Monadnock, one of Henry David
Thoreausfavourite climbs. Its name comes from an Abenaki word for mountain. Talk to
anybody here the artists, the maintenance team, anyone and Native American lore and
language comes up sooner rather than later.
In Britain, we do have a long way to go in making our countryside feel accessible to
those not born there. Go for a walk somewhere wild in Britain and you rarely hear an
accent that isnt English. The British landscape sometimes feels closed to those who arent
connected to it by history or blood.
The historianPatrick Wrighthas even speculated that the English landscape might be a
racist construct. Certainly, the defensiveness towards American grey squirrels, Alaskan sitka
spruces, Japanese sika deer, anything that isnt thatched does veer towards xenophobia. Our
eco-literature, too, rarely comes from anyone who doesnt have an historical connection to
the place they are writing about. But Im hoping that will change, and is changing.
25 May 2008
The beavers are coming back! The beaverhas always been the front line of reintroductions
in Scotland. Several conservationists have made the point to me that there is no hope for
reintroducing wolves or bears when even beavers arent being let back in.
But now this is changing. The Scottish environment minister Michael Russell has said
Yes to a trial reintroduction of 16-20 beavers to Argyll. The beavers will be the first in
Scotland in 400 years.
Talking to theSunday Herald, Russell cast the plan in oddly moral language: Beavers were
an original victim of wildlife crime when they were exterminated and its time to rectify that.
How to be a Heroine by Samantha Ellis was published in 2014.
Other lives brought home

Playwright Satinder Kaur Chohan journeyed to the Punjab to researchZameen, her
play about land and families caught in the global economies of cotton, seeds and debt.
In 2007, I travelled to north-west India to research my playZameen(Land). Set in the
cotton fields of Punjab,Zameenseeks to weave a twenty-first-century tale of globalisation
around the village lives of a small, cotton-farming family. I had seen a request for short
plays byKali Theatre, a company specializing in writing by Asian women. Instantly, I
knew I wanted to write a play set in the land of my ancestors.
My family had been farmers in Punjab. My father migrated to Britain in 1968 and
my mother followed five years later, with my brother and sister. I am the only Britishborn member of the immediate family, growing up in Southall, west London a town
familiarly known as Chhota Punjab (Little Punjab).
For many months, I sat at my desk writing Zameen using only newspaper reports,
books and my parents shaky memories of agricultural life in Punjab. My core
characters slowly emerged: Baba, the ageing and hard-working cotton farmer; Chandni,
the dutiful daughter, who dreams of escaping her prescribed womanly fate; and Dhani,
the alcoholic and drug-addicted son, who dreams of escape to Amrika. As the play
developed, I added two characters, both of whom embodied a global dimension: Lal, a
village moneylender who doubles as a local commission agent (seller of corporate seeds
and pesticides); and Suraj, his son and Chandnis childhood sweetheart, who returns
from a brief period away as an illegal immigrant in Amrika.
The first trip
I arrived in Barnala, Punjab, in May at the beginning of the cotton-sowing season. I
travelled across the cotton belt, visiting villages in the southern districts of Sangrur,
Moga and Bathinda. Ostensibly, this is the old Punjab of close-knit families and village
communities, wholesome food from the fields cooked over a chula stove, sleeping out
on a charpoy under the stars, drinking endless cups of chai, gossip, laughter, but the
reality is very different.
Before leaving for Punjab, I had contacted theMovement Against State
Repressionin Chandigarh, a non-profit organisation partly involved in gathering
information about farmer suicides in Sangrur and providing support to the families.
In Bathinda, I contacted the Punjabi Bharat Kisan Union (Punjabi Farmers Union). I
also contacted Umendra Dutt, executive director of the ecological NGOKheti Virasat
Mission, which promotes sustainable agriculture and natural farming throughout
Punjab.
These vital contacts gave me invaluable advice, informed perspectives and trusted
contacts within the villages themselves. I stayed with cotton-farming families,
immersed myself in the rhythms and routines of village life and interviewed cotton
farmers, suicide widows, young village men and women, even moneylenders.
I met many families across the cotton belt who told how, burdened by debt and
the loss of land, their loved ones had killed themselves, many swallowing industrial
pesticides, or had fallen into chemical addictions.
Gurdial Singh, who is over 70, has lost three sons. Two jumped in front of trains and
a third electrocuted himself. Our house was ruined. The debt became more than the value
of the land. A suicide widow in her thirties in Sangrur wept as she remembered, One
day he just said to me: The debt has become too much. Its gone to my head. I cant live.
Only when I die, will I get rid of the debt. He swallowed a pill but he died because of
the debt. There were seven of us to feed and he couldnt earn a lot of money.
In a state that boasts a strong matriarchal tradition, Punjab has the worst child sex
ratio in India due to its high rate of female foeticide. A suicide widow Taran Kaur, 25,
told me, When I got married at 15, I didnt have a dowry. Nowadays, the girls family
have to buy televisions, coolers, washing machines, motorcycles, cars, even hand over cash
or land, depending on what the boys family demands. As India embraces western-style
consumerism, even village dowries must include expensive products, leading some villagers
to think it easier to do away with a daughters later financial burden prior to birth.
Transcribing the interviews
In late June 2007, I returned to Britain with hundreds of photographs and 60 taped interviews, which I transcribed with the help of my father and sister-in-law. Sometimes, they
were in tears. Other times, they wondered if it was necessary to be so meticulous. I felt
I needed to work carefully through all the interviews as I might find a word, anecdote,
emotion or feeling that would tell the story better or infuse more power into the play. I
tried to listen to the Punjabi closely, translating words or phrases that sang with images or
metaphors.
Rural Punjabi certainly retains a colour and vibrancy that a colloquial British-Punjabi
is rapidly losing.Zameenis conceived in Punjabi but it is written like a play in English
translation. Treating it as such, the actors would later perform the play in their own British
accents.
As I continued to transcribe the interviews through the summer, I began to wonder
about the impending harvest. So, after delving into some savings, I returned to the family
with whom I stayed in Bathinda to see the cotton in bloom, and bring the cotton cycle to a
close.
Image from the poster for the 2008 Kali Theatre production of Zameen.
Photo: Satinder Kaur Chohan.
The second trip

If the first trip to Punjab had been very work-structured, the second was more meandering
soaking up the joy, pain and nuances of village life.
In the village of Bhuccho Khurd, I joined in the convoy of tractors, trundling down
the long, dusty road into the cotton fields.
From afar, the cotton looked like a light dusting of snow. Close up, a jungle of spiky
cotton sticks scratched as we plucked cotton balls from the pods. Many stalks were
covered in mealy bug the latest pest of many to ravageBt cottonin the fields. There
were tobacco caterpillars and other pests, crawling over the plants and sometimes, my
clothes.
I could not pick as quickly as the others, nor last as long, often sneaking away to
stretch out under the kikar tree or lie on a charpoy when the heat or work became too
much. The women had no such choice they worked from morning to sundown, cotton
sacks swelling on their backs, laughing and gossiping to get through the sweltering day.
On the first Punjab trip, I tried to learn more about Punjabi drama, visiting venues
such asPunjab Naatshalain Amritsar, meeting legendary writers such as Gursharan
Singh and inspiring directors likeKewal Dhaliwalof Manch-Rangmanch and Zulfiqar
Khan of Theatre Age, an extraordinary, small theatre group based in Chandigarh that
educates slum children in the afternoon and trains them as performers in the evening.
I returned to Britain determined that Zameenshould exude the spirit of a specific
form of Punjabi theatre. If the play draws inspiration from Lorcas heightened depiction
of Spanish rural peasantry or Ibsens concern with contemporary social issues, it also
draws upon the entwined folkloristic elements and consciousness-raising politics of
Punjabi street theatre, often deployed in villages and cities as an instrument of social
change.
Between April and June 2008,Zameenplayed on a national tour, and was met with
diverse and enthusiastic audiences, including first-time Asian theatre-goers and nonEnglish speaking Asians. Zameenis a play about small lives and global concerns. As
First World global consumers, we should know more about the lives of Third World
rural producers and the high cost of human suffering and environmental degradation
they pay to put the cotton clothes on our slightly more affluent backs.Zameenseeks to
offer a glimpse into their world.
A feast for a thousand

From 2006 to 2011, a team ofartistsled byClare Pateytransformed a London
bridge for one day each year in order to serve up a spectacular harvest supper.
Feast on the Bridge encouraged people to reclaim a public space, share a meal,
have a dance and a conversation. Here, Clare Patey talks through the 2009 feast.
Photographs by Tim Mitchell.
Getting ready
On Friday afternoon we loaded up everything in Peckham and drove to Southwark Bridge.
The road was closed at 10pm, and then we set everything up.We worked all through the
night, building little sets to be dressed. There were about 100 tables. We were laying the
table for 1,000 people.
Each of the place settings on the tablecloths has an illustrated food story printed onto
it, collected from Londoners in the months leading up to the event.The Feast on the Bridge
is part of theThames Festival. Last year they said 35,000 people came.
Gardens on the move
A number of shopping trolleys taken out of London canals were given to us by British
Waterways.We worked with three primary schools, a seniors group, a visually impaired
group, the Guerilla Gardeners, the Coin Street Community and others, to grow mobile
edible gardens.They also grew mobile gardens in potato crates, barrels, shopping baskets,
recycled boxes, in a skip and in a boat everything had been used before. We were trying to
bring a sense of harvest to the bridge.
Eating your hat

This is an edible hat.The idea was
to make mobile edible hats that
people would put on and then
they would go round the tables
with a pair of scissors and they
would chop off bits of the hats
into peoples dinner.There were
army helmets, top hats, wedding
hats and a fez. The hats had
nasturtiums, chives, basil, mint,
lettuce, and tomatoes. There was
watercress growing on the brims.
Hay fights
Storyteller John Rowe told stories every hour.All the kids sat round on hay bales. When
he had finished telling stories, there was a massive hay fight.Id say about 100 people
were throwing hay at each other for four hours. All these adults playing like kids, and kids
playing like kids, they were all doing the same thing. There was something very carefree
about seeing an urban population doing such a simple thing.
Mayo alchemists
People were invited to come to an
mayonnaise-making ritual around an
egg-shaped table at high tide and low
tide, and there was a more communal
free-for-all during the afternoon.
All the eggs were laid by the
chickens that were on the bridge
that day. Some of the eggs were
actually laid on the bridge.Theres
something quite alchemical about
mayonnaise because there are only
two ingredients.
The beast cake

The Beast on the Bridge
was a mythical beast of the
river.Konditor & Cook
made the cake. It was six
metres long. Visitors to
the bridge were invited to
come along and decorate
it. Mini-cakes formed
the River Thames; people
decorated them with
watery colours.It was a
huge thing to move. Twenty people pushed this trolley into the centre of the bridge
and then we served the cake, and gave away free tea.
Pumpkin lanterns
Visitors to the bridge carved about 100 pumpkins. There were all sorts. People generally
do faces: devils, scary ones, mythical ones. One of the pumpkins was being sick, with lots
of pulp coming out of its mouth.Pumpkin has got a lot going for it: its traditional, its
autumnal, you can cut out the faces, you can use the pulp for soup, you can give away the
seeds so that people grow pumpkins for next year, and its a lantern. We put lights in them
and took a barrow down the centre of the bridge and handed out the pumpkins, so they lit
the tables as evening drew in.
A balmy evening
At night we had a band, the Bikini Beach Band.NMEdescribes them as the kings ofsurf
noir.Three guys in the audience were dressed as Elvis. They sat around all day waiting for
the music and then they started dancing. Theres an incredible view over the River Thames.
Its dominated by St Pauls, which looks really beautiful at night, and the other way, theres
Tower Bridge, and you are in this space thats usually got cars on it, so its quite magical
at night.It was a balmy evening at the end of one of those Indian summer days. It was
probably the nicest day for weeks. We were very lucky.
TIMELINE
&
ASHDENIZEN
The Ashden Directory timeline relates

environmental and political events to
developments in art and theatre, beginning
with Ibsens intertwining of social and
environmental themes in his 1882 play, An
Enemy of the People.
The Ashdenizen blog notes on culture
and climate change began in February
2008. For the first three years it was mainly
written by Robert Butler (RB). From June
2010 the blog included guest contributions
from Wallace Heim (WH), Kellie Gutman
(KG), Bradon Smith, Kellie Payne, Benjamin
Morris, Abbie Garrington, Monik Gupta
and Su Grierson.
1800
1949
1899
1945
1882
1850
1882 Premiere of
Henrik Ibsens play,
An Enemy of the People.
1884 Premiere of
Henrik Ibsens play,
The Wild Duck.
1899 Premiere of
Anton Chekhovs play,
Uncle Vanya.
1945 As the first

atomic bomb explodes
atTrinitySite in New
Mexico, nuclear
scientistJ. Robert
Oppenheimer
quotesfrom the
Bhagavad-Gita, I
have become Death,
Shatterer of Worlds.
1949 Publication
of A Sand County
Almanac by Aldo
Leopoldwhich defines
conservation and
wildlife management,
and initiates a genre of
nature writing.
1961
1962
1961 Launch of the
World Wide Fund for
Nature(WWF).
1962 Publication of
Silent Spring by Rachel
Carson,describing the
impact of pesticides on
the ecosystem through
the food chain. The
book led to a change in
US pesticide policy and
is credited with inspiring
the environmental
movement.
1964 The Royal Hunt of the

Sun, a play by Peter Shaffer
about the Spanish invasion
of Peru and the destruction
of the Inca empire, is
produced at the National
Theatre, London.
1970
1967
1967 Publication of The
Historical Roots of Our
Ecological Crisis by Lynn
White Jr.
1969 Friends of the

Earthis founded
byDavid Brower.
1970 Earth Dayis

celebrated for the first
time.
Time magazine
putsbiologist Barry
Commoneron its
cover, calling him
the Paul Revere of
ecology.
Teddy Goldsmith
foundsThe Ecologist.
The Environmental
Revolutionby Max
Nicholson is published.
1971
1978
1974
1971 Greenpeaceis
founded.
Not Not Not Not Not
Enough Oxygen by Caryl
Churchill is broadcast
on BBC Radio 3. The
play is set in a dystopian
2010 of air pollution and
street violence.
1972 A Blueprint for

SurvivalbyEdward
Goldsmithand the
editors of The Ecologist is
published.
The PEOPLE party is
founded in Coventry,
England, becoming
theEcology Party in
1975 and winning its first
council seat in 1976.
David Holmansplay
Drink The Mercury, about
the effects of heavy
metal pollution on the
fishermen of Minamata
in Japan, is produced by
Belgrade TiE, Coventry.
1973 OPECoil
embargoinflicts worldwide economic damage.
E. F. SchumachersSmall
is Beautifulis published.
Christopher
Hamptons play Savages,
about the extinction of
the indigenous peoples
of Brazil, is produced
at the Royal Court
Theatre, London.
1974 The Freeway,

a play by Peter
Nicholsabout a
giant traffic jam on a
motorway, is produced
by the National Theatre
at the Old Vic, London.
1975 Broadcast of the

first episode of the BBC
sitcomThe Good Life, in
which Tom and Barbara
Good give up the rat
race to become selfsufficient in Surbiton.
1978 Thetanker
Amoco Cadizruns
aground off northern
France spilling 70 million
gallons of crude oil.
1979
1979 Publication of
Gaia: A new look at
life on Earth by James
Lovelock, popularising
his hypothesis of a
self-regulating system
that maintains the
conditions for life on
Earth.
Release of The China
Syndrome, a film about
a television reporter
and cameraman
investigating a routine
story at a local nuclear
power plant. With a
whistleblower, they
expose a cover-up of
failed safety procedures.
The Three Mile Island
nuclear accident in
Dauphin County,
Pennsylvania occurs 12
days later.
1982 The United

Nations adopts aWorld
Charter for Nature,
endorsed by every
nation except for the
United States.
1986
1983 Release of the

filmSilkwood, starring
Meryl Streep as Karen
Silkwood, a whistleblower on hazards
at the Kerr-McGee
plutonium plant in
Oklahoma.
1984 Bryony Laverys

play Origin of the
Species,about a
female archaeologists
relationship with a
prehistoric woman, is
produced by Monstrous
Regiment at Birmingham
Repertory Theatre
Studio.
TheArts for The
Earth (TATE)
programme is started by
Friends of the Earth UK.
In Bhopal, India, a
chemical spill at Union
Carbidesfactorykills
thousands.
1985 On its way to

protest at French
nuclear testing
in the Pacific, the
Greenpeacevessel
Rainbow Warrior is
sunk by operatives
of the French foreign
intelligence services.
1986 The nuclear

reactor at Chernobyl
explodes.
1987
1987 Gro Harlem
Brundtland, the
Norwegian prime
minister, publishesOur
Common Futuredefining
sustainable
developmentas
development which
meets the needs of
the present without
compromising the ability
of future generations to
meet their own needs.
1988 Global warming

emerges as a public
issue when NASA
scientistJames
Hansentells the US
Congress that research
indicates human beings
are dangerously heating
the planet, particularly
through the use of fossil
fuels.
Rubber tapper, trade
union leader and
environmentalist Chico
Mendesis assassinated
by a rancher in Brazil.
1992 Earth Summitin

Rio: 1,600 scientists,
including half the living
Nobel Prize laureates,
sign apetitionwarning
about dangers of
climate change. It fails to
make the front page of
theNew York Times.
Direct actionantiroads protestsbegin
at Twyford Down in
Hampshire, UK.
Still Waters by Platform
imagines the unburying
of four tributaries of
theRiver Thames
among the earliest of
projects to uncover or
daylight a river.
Tony Kushners
playAngels in America:
Millennium Approaches, in
which an angel descends
to earth through a hole
in the ozone layer, opens
at the National Theatre,
London.
1992
1993 In Ben Eltons

novel Gridlock, a city
chokes on carbon
monoxide.
1994 The Kyoto

Convention, the United
Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change, enters into
force.
Theresa J. May and
Larry K. Fried publish
Greening up Our Houses:
A Guide to a More
Ecologically Sound Theatre.
Una Chaudhuriguestedits an edition of the
journalTheateron
ecology and
performance, which
includes her seminal
essay, There Must Be a
Lot of Fish in that Lake:
Toward an Ecological
Theater.
1995
1995 Writer and

environmental activist
Ken Saro-Wiwaand
eight other Ogoni
campaigners are
hanged by the military
dictatorship in Nigeria.
2003
2000
1996
1996 Road protester
Swampyemerges from
tunnels at Fairmile
Camp, Devon.
Ecologies of Theater
by Bonnie Marranca is
published, with essays
on John Cage, Gertrude
Stein, Robert Wilson,
Meredith Monk, Rachel
Rosenthal and Heiner
Mller.
1998 The release of the

filmA Civil Action, about a
lawyers eight-year battle
with giant corporations
over children poisoned
by industrial pollutants.
1999 The United

NationsKyoto
Protocolis open for
signature by countries
agreeing to limit carbon
dioxide emissions. The
United States does not
sign.
In BBC Radio 4
dramaThe Archers, Tom
Archer is acquitted on
a charge of criminal
damage, after admitting
damaging a trial crop of
GM oilseed rape.
2000 Shakespeare
scholarJonathan
BatepublishesThe Song of
the Earthabout literature
and environment.
Erin Brockovich is released,
a film based on a true story
of contaminated water in a
small town and one of the
largest successful lawsuits in
US history.
BETWEEN NATURE:
Explorations in ecology
and performance, an
international eventbringing
together performers,
academics and activists,
is held at at Lancaster
University.
Launch ofthe Ashden
Directory, the first website
for environmentalism and
performing arts.
2002 Futerra produce the

filmThe Seasons Alterusing a
scene from ShakespearesA
Midsummer Nights Dreamto
warn of climate change.
Titania is played by Cherie
Lunghi, Oberon by Lloyd
Owen, and Helena by Keira
Knightley.
Larsen B ice shelf in
Antarctica collapses.
2003 Asummer heatwave

caused, many argue, by
human influences on the
environment, kills 30,000
people in Europe.
First Cape Farewell
expedition of artists and
scientists sails to the High
Arctic to study global
warming.
Activist, environmentalist
and scientist,Vandana
Shivaspeaks on Diversity
and Celebration in a lecture
organised by the London
International Festival of
Theatre (LIFT).
Playwright Chris Ballance,
standing for the Green Party,
is elected as Member of the
Scottish Parliament for the
South of Scotland.
2004
2004 In his filmSuper

Size Me, Morgan
Spurlockeats
McDonalds fast-food
meals for a month. In
March, McDonalds
announces that by
the end of 2004, the
Supersize portions
willno longer be
available.
The Day After
Tomorrowis released,
a Hollywood disaster
movie aboutclimate
changewhich makes
no reference to US
consumption of fossil
fuels.
Steve Kurtz of Critical
Art Ensemblecharged
withbioterrorism.
2005 What the

warming world needs
now is art, sweet
art: the author Bill
McKibbenwonders
about the lack of books,
plays and operas about
climate change It
hasnt registered in our
gut; it isnt part of our
culture.
Hurricane Katrina
devastates New
Orleans. Sea surface
warming caused by
human actions is
increasing the intensity
of tropical storms.
The New Yorker
publishes athreepart series on climate
change by Elizabeth
Kolbert.
The Royal Society of
Arts (RSA) and Arts
Council England launch
Arts & Ecology,a
series of symposia,
commissions and
publications.
2006 Al Gores book

and filmAn Inconvenient
Truthare released.
PlaywrightCaryl
ChurchillwritesWe
Turned on the Light, a
librettoabout climate
change for Orlando
Gough and The Shout,
performed at the BBC
Proms.
The release of Syriana,
apolitical thrillerabout
corruption in the global
oil industry.
Vanity Fairand
Elleproduce special
green editions.
The Royal Court
Theatre, London,
presentsHot
Air,lectures byChris
Rapley, Head of the
British Antarctic Survey,
andJohn Schnellnhuber,
who devised the
climate changeTipping
Pointmap of the world.
The lectures were
introduced by Caryl
Churchill.
Ibsens playAn
Enemy of the People
isrevivedby several
companies, including the
Shakespeare Theatre
in Washington, DC,
and Tara Arts, whose
UK adaptation sets it
in nineteenth-century
British-ruled India.
James Lovelock
publishesThe Revenge
of Gaiain which he
warns that planetary
ecosystems and human
life may not survive
the accelerating pace
of climate change and
advocates nuclear
power as the best
immediate option for
energy production.
David Cameron,the
Conservative Party
leader, appoints Zac
Goldsmith, editor
ofThe Ecologist, as
deputy chair of a policy
review committee on
the environment.
The US National
Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration
announce that CO2
levelshave reached
381ppm(parts per
million) which is
2006
100ppm above the
pre-industrial average
and higher than levels
for the past 30 million
years.
Two plays dealing with
indigenous peoples
and the extinction
of their cultures
are revived:Peter
ShaffersThe Royal
Hunt of the Sun(first
produced in 1964)
at the National
Theatre, London,
andChristopher
Hamptons Savages(first
produced in 1973)
at the Royal Court
Theatre, London.
2007
2007 Al Goreand
theIntergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change(IPCC) share
theNobel Peace
Prizefor their efforts
to build up and
disseminate greater
knowledge about
man-made climate
change, and to lay the
foundations for the
measures that are
needed to counteract
such change.
The National Theatre,
London and Royal
Philips Electronics
team up on aGreen
Switchinitiative for
lighting the fly towers.
For the second
consecutive year,
theBBC commissionsa
work on climate change
for the Proms: The
Water Diviners Tale, by
Rachel Portman (music)
and Owen Sheers
(libretto).
The United States
Supreme Court in
agroundbreaking
decisionrules that
greenhouse gases are
pollutants, opening the

door to litigations against
industries producing
high levels of carbon
emissions.
Live Earthconcert
for a climate in crisis
takes place across every
continent.
The IPCC produces four
scientifically authoritative
reports confirming the
human cause of global
warming; warning of
the impacts of climate
change; and outlining the
economic and lifestyle
changes necessary to
mitigate those impacts.
Pope Benedict, speaking
to a conference on
climate change at the
Vatican, urges Catholics
to becomefar greener.
The Vatican plans to
installmore than 1,000
solar panels.
Arcola Theatre
initiatesArcola Energy,
aiming to make the
theatre carbon neutral.
TheEco Prize for
Creativityis won
byPuppet State
Theatrefor their
production ofThe Man
Who Planted Trees.
The Simpson family save
the town of Springfield
from environmental
disaster inThe Simpsons
Movie.
April 2007 is the
hottest April since
1865 in Britain, and the
preceding 12 months
the hottest since
records began in 1659.
Floods in June in
Britain force thousands
from their homes.
Monsoonfloodingin
the Indian subcontinent
causes 14 million
Indians and five million
Bangladeshis to leave
their homes.
Al Gore wins
two Oscars for his
documentaryAn
Inconvenient Truth.
Receiving the award,
hetells the audience,
Its not a political issue.
Its a moral issue.
Rajendra Pachauri,
chair of the IPCC,
says after theBali
Agreementto negotiate
a new climate change
treaty by 2009: If
there is no action
before 2012, that is too
late. What we do in
the next two to three
years will determine
our future. This is the
defining moment.
2008
15 February 2008
brrring, brrring
The news that40% of
the worlds oceanshave
been heavily affected
by pollution has been
headlined as a wake-up
call.
This over-worked phrase
has shifted slightly since
it first surfaced in 1976
to describeplacing a
requestwith the hotel
front desk to receive a
call the next morning.
In its original sense, a
wake-up call wouldnt
be unexpected and
wouldnt be news.
Wake-up call joins
saving the planetas one
to avoid.
RB
2008 The Ashdenizen

blog on culture and
climate change is
started.
25 February 2008
going the distance
1 April 2008
artists and activists
Two years ago at the Royal Court Theatre, London, playwrightCaryl

Churchillintroduced Chris Rapley and John Schnellnhuber by saying
that climate change was tough to write about for a playwright
because of the distances.
Theres a good argument for suggesting that activists and

artistsshouldntspend their weekends hanging out together.
This argument might take the James Joyce approach: art stops
time (aesthetic arrest). It has no purpose other than itself.
Art that tries to titillate turns into pornography; art that tries
to motivate turns into propaganda. To give art some ulterior
purpose is to distort it.
Those distances are spatial and temporal: what A does in one

country affects B in another; what C does in one century will affect
D in another. These arent easy issues to put on stage.
James Garvey, secretary of theRoyal Institute of Philosophy, has
just written a very good, short and accessible guide to exactly
these questions. InThe Ethics of Climate Changehe says that we
are accustomed to thinking about individual, easily identified harms
which are local, right in front of us in both space and time ... Now,
cumulative and apparently innocent acts can have consequences
undreamt of by our forebears.
He describes the atmosphere as a common resource, like a village
well. It is also a finite one. Whoever pollutes it, harms others; and
justice, of course, expects those who harm others to stop doing so,
and (where possible) to make amends for the damage done.
The problem, as Voltaire wrote, is that no snowflake in an avalanche
ever feels responsible.
RB
Voters in Ecuador
approve a new
progressive constitution
which givesnaturethe
same rights as human
beings.
The London
MayorsGreen
Theatre Taking
Action on Climate
Changeprogramme
launched, aiming to
reduce by 60% the
energy used by London
theatres by 2025.
2008
Or the argument might take the Chekhov approach: it isnt the

artists job to solve the problems of society. It is the artists
job to state the problems correctly. Chekhov was a protoenvironmentalist not because he was an activist, but because
he was highly alert to the collisions in our lives between nature
and culture.
Two immediate problems face the artist-as-activist. The first
was raised by Philip Pullman at last yearsTippingPoint eventin
Oxford when he said an artist is simply not in control of how his
or her work is received. People make of it what they will.
The second problem for the artist-as-activist is highlighted
in Anthony Lanes recentNew Yorkerpiece, Master and
Commander: Remembering David Lean. If the artist is any good,
the work has its own imperatives. Describing Leans approach
to This Happy Breed in 1943, Lane says that the director was
content to make films with propaganda value, but the shape of
the film at hand was what absorbed him.
RB
BBC2 broadcastsBurn
Up, a thriller about the
oil industry and climate
change written by Simon
Beaufoy.
7 April 2008
hold the main stage
6 May 2008
the singularity of the event
8 May 2008
telling a green story
When David Hare said theatre

could prepare us for things wed
like to avoid but cannot, he was
referring to bereavement and
grief. But he might just as well
have been talking about climate
change.
For the last 500 years the word theatre

generally has meant a walled building that allows
artists to exercise heightened aesthetic control
by cutting out the natural world around them,
according to actor and academicRush Rehm.
If you are trying toimplement environmental changewithin a theatre,

its important to avoid the idea that this is just a new way of making
people feel bad about themselves. The last thing anyone wants is another
inspector with a clipboard going round checking up on them.
Except, that is, that hardly

any major playwright has even
mentioned climate change. The
only two (as far as I know)
that have made any significant
contributions to the debate
areCaryl ChurchillandVclav
Havel. Most playwrights feel
more at home discussing moral
and political climates.
In a recent interview, David Hare
stressed what an extraordinarily
rich time this has been for
political dramatists. He spoke of
9/11, the Iraq War, Bush, Blair
and so on. But the sequence of
reports that have emerged from
the IPCC(in 1990, 1995, 2001
and 2007), reports that have
fundamentally changed the way
many people view the worlds
future, didnt get a mention.
Climate change is the front page
story that never makes it onto
the main stage.
RB
In his book Radical Theatre: Greek Tragedy in the

Modern World, Rehm contrasts the conventions
of theatrical realism with Greek theatre in the
fifth century BCE, which he describes as having a
completely different theatrical aesthetic. It was
aggressively public, part of the ongoing life
of the city, subject to the forces of nature
(the major dramatic festival took place
in early spring, the lesser ones in winter),
played against a backdrop of thepolis,
acted out on a beaten earth orchestra,
with the land, sea, and sky beyond.
Each area of the theatre has its own processes (and carbon footprint)
and the people who understand those areas best are the people working
within them. So start by empowering those people. Make it clear that
every aspect of a theatre reflects the creative energies and values of the
theatre as a whole.
Dont talk about cuts, reductions and banning things. Talk about where
things come from, where things go, and how those processes might
be reimagined. Its this narrative, the one that runs from where things
are sourced to where the waste ends up, that fundamentally reflects
atheatres place within its community.
Start with the view that everyone within the organisation can be smart
and ingenious and think outside the box. Everyone in the building is
involved in telling this story.
Roland Barthes observes that, in such

performances, the spectators immersion in the
complex polyphony of the open air (shifting sun,
rising wind, flying birds, noises of the city) restores
to the drama the singularity of the event.
RB
2008
RB
Climate of Concern,
three days and
nine plays on the
environment, takes place
as part of theNew
York Institute for the
HumanitiesFestival.
Arcola Theatre opens

Simple 8s production
ofThe Living Unknown
Soldierpowered entirely
by a5kW hydrogen fuel
cell.
35productionsat
the Edinburgh Festival
Fringe connect with the
environment, animals or
climate change, more
than in any previous
year.
9 May 2008
the joke climate changes
14 May 2008
mostly about animals
19 May 2008
legal functions
A few months ago I wrote an article asking why there wereno jokes about
climate change. The largest A-Z joke book I could find didnt have a single
entry for climate change or global warming or environment or earth or
planet. To get things going I came up with a lightbulb joke.
The philosopher Timothy

Morton has suggested
we are in a kind of
Celtic twilight, becoming
most aware of things
at the moment we are
destroying them. He has
spoken of the sense of
excitement, and then
the sense of melancholy
(and even mourning),
that accompanies
going deeper into the
interconnectedness of
everything.
There was a distinguished line-up at the Tricycle

Theatre last night for aone-off performance of
extracts from Philippe Sands new bookTorture
Team.The book details how half a dozen lawyers
within the Bush administration paved the way for
the introduction of torture.
Q: How many climate sceptics does it take to change a lightbulb?

A: None. Its too early to say if the lightbulb needs changing.
People are now posting new lightbulb jokes of their own. Dozens of
them.My favourite so far:
Q: How many climate sceptics does it takenotto change a lightbulb?
A: Approximately 100. One to say that the current absence of light is
the result of natural solar cycles and the other 99 to disseminate this
finding through their science organisations and oil industry-funded
think tanks.
Morton said his next

bookThe Ecological
Thoughtwould be mostly
about animals. It was
clear that humans had
been decentred by the
dual impact of Darwin
(who was really helpful
for progressive ecological
thinking) and Derrida
(deconstruction is
ecologys best friend).
The responses give an idea of the number of points that can be made.
Heres a selection:
Q: How many climate sceptics does it take to change a lightbulb?
A: None. Its more cost-effective to live in the dark.
A: None. We only know how to screw the planet.
A: None. Changing lightbulbs is for engineers.
A: None. Eventually the lightbulbs will right themselves.
A: First we need more research and we need more research about
what that research will be.
A: I cant hear you! I cant hear you! I cant hear you!
RB
2008
This kind of thinking

would pose an
extraordinary challenge
for twenty-first-century
playwrights: how to write
plays in which humans
were only bit-part
players.
RB
A clip fromthe judges summing upin the 1961

filmJudgment at Nuremberg was also shown. The
film was inspired by the 1947 caseUnited States
of Americav. Josef Altstoetter et al.As Sands
writes in the May 2008 issue ofVanity Fair,
The case is famous because it appears to
be the only one in which lawyers have
ever been charged and convicted for
committing international crimes through
the performance of their legal functions.
As Sands rightly stresses, it would be absurd to
make any factual or historical comparisons. The
point is to pursue the underlying principle. The
lawyers were seen to be accomplices.
This underlying principle must also apply to
environmental crimes and decisions that relate
to climate change. In hisLondon Review of
BooksessayOn Thinning Ice, the international
lawyer Michael Byers says that as so much is
now known, Governments that today refuse
to prevent climate change may well come to be
regarded in the future as having perpetrated
international crimes.
One day, perhaps, the Tricycle Theatre will be
staging atribunal play about that.
RB
27 October 2008
art, ads and agit-prop
28 October 2008
two oppositions
There is a tricky relationship between art and green thinking. Theres

propaganda, which has a single message, and theres art, which has many
possible interpretations, and then theres political art, which exists
somewhere in between the two.
A reader saysyesterdays blogwas harsh on green advertising campaigns:
Any work that tries to raise public consciousness about an issue (and
stimulate a response) would appear, broadly speaking, to be political art.
Thats a category, of course, thats embraced everything from Picassos
Guernica to David HaresStuff Happens.
Theres also a vein of stylish and imaginative work emerging about climate
change that has more to do with advertising than agit-prop. Thats
laudable enough if it expresses your point of view (and it does mine).
But these posters, ads and videos are going to value slickness,
entertainment and superficiality. Why? Because theyre employing the
language and tone of consumerism to promote lifestyle choices. For
many Greens, theres going to be an inherent contradiction there.
The range of creative responses to climate change is going to call for
a new set of tools (a new taxonomy, perhaps). The first approach that
comes to mind is the one that puts propaganda at one end of the
spectrum and art at the other. But therell be propaganda with high
aesthetic value. And therell be works that seem to be protesting but
actually refuse to be pinned down. (Blowin in the Windwould be a
classic example from the Sixties.)
Theres likely to be terrific tension between the urgency of the issue and
the aesthetic challenges it presents (even assuming that this is something
that needs to be aestheticised). A critical framework is essential. Climate
change is going to cause enough damage without it being responsible for
a lot of bad art.
RB
Are you saying that the connection between the language of consumerism
to promote lifestyle choices necessarily produces superficial activities? I
think that theres a connection between the aesthetics or the how of a
message being delivered and the message itself. But I also think that for
some people, the actions that they might take in response to that may be
significant for them, meaningful for them, in ways that cant be predicted.
To clarify, there are two oppositions here. One is between green thinking
and consumerism and the contradiction involved in using consumer
techniques to push green messages. Consumer advertising has a dominant
tone/style thats hip, jaunty and sexy and this tone largely crowds out other
voices, emotions, experiences. Its as if green messages are having to dress
up in someone elses clothes to gain any visibility. At some level, form affects
content.
The other opposition is between advertising, which closes down meaning
to push a single message, and art/literature, which opens up meaning and
possibility and doesnt try to control how its interpreted.
Its not that the activities that green campaigns promote are superficial. Its
that a campaign poster or ad or video has to be instantly digestible. As a
form of communication, this can make it superficial. The actions that flow
may well be beneficial and meaningful, but judging that isnt part of critical
discourse about the arts.
RB
2008
12 November 2008
why theatres dont touch climate change
25 November 2008
instinct for the times
The nature of climate change (how it affectsother people in other

countriesand how it will affect other people in other centuries) makes
ita unique challengeto theatre.
Philip Pullman has rightly called

climate change the most
important challenge the human
race has ever faced. But the
news hasnt reached everyone.
Take political playwrights.
The impact of individual actions spreads out, very diffusely, across time
and place. Its hard tosee how thiscan be addressed within the classical
dramaturgical model of cause and effect. Its one reason why no major
theatrehas staged a play on the subject.
But there are five other reasons why theatres dont touch climate
change.
1.Theatres think climate change is about science and so its going to be
extremely technical. But it isnt. Its about dramas core themes: human
relationships, the way we live, what we value.
2.Theatres are worried theyll be accused of hypocrisy, so they are going
to need to get their house in order first.But this is not a them and us
subject where you have to be greener-than-green before you can talk
about it. Everyones implicated, everyones involved. Theatres should be
open about that.
3.Theatres are holding off engaging with this subject (as one theatre
director told me) because theyre not sure what they think about it.
But not knowing what you think about something is the perfect moment
to engage with it.
4.Theatres imagine the plays will either have to beagit-propor
apocalypticand they dont want to do either.But climate change is driven
(as the great American biologist E. O. Wilsonhas said) by our high levels
of per capita consumption:where stuff comes from and where it goes.
Climate change is about everyday life.
5.Many of the leading fossil fuel companies areprominent sponsors of
the arts.Oh yes, good point.
RB
2008
Barack Obama is
elected president of
the United States.
He comes to the job
with anenergy policy:
reducing greenhouse
gas emissions by 80% by
2050; ensuring 10% of
electricity comes from
renewable resources
by 2012; putting plugin hybrid cars on the
road; and investing in a
Imagine someone in 50 years

time trying to understand what
people were thinking or feeling
about climate change by reading
some of the plays that had been
staged in 2008. OK, so theatre
isnt journalism. Theres going to
be a time-lag. But nearly 20 years
afterthe first IPCC report, the
answer would be: people werent
thinking about it at all. It had
barely impinged.
RB
clean energy future. He

also has anarts policy
to expand public/
private school arts
partnerships; create an
artists corps; champion
the importance of arts
education; and provide
health care and a fair tax
programme for artists.
12 April 2009
theatre in 25 years
30 March 2009
no hiding from this story
In the 25th anniversary issueof American Theatre, 25

practitionerswere asked how they imagined theatre in 25
years time. Here are ten of their ideas about the future.
This blog has suggested before that Greek drama, with itsfocus on hubris, offers
rich source material for plays on climate change. As the issue ofclimate change
refugeesbecomes increasingly urgent theres another Greek narrative that offers a
ready template: The Odyssey.
InLe Mondetoday, Jacques Mandelbaum and Thomas Sotinel placeWelcome, a new
film about a swimming instructor who helps train a young Kurd to swim the channel,
in a tradition that includes Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, Ken Loach, Stephen Frears
and Costa-Gavras. They argue that this type of story will only increaseas the rich
countries:multipliaient les mesures rpressives et dissuasives lencontre des migrants.
2009
The range of extreme risks undertaken by illegal migrants gives these stories the appeal
ofun modern Ulysse. (Except, of course, that Odysseus was heading in the other
direction: he was on his way home.)
The authors also suggest that another character is vital to the success ofWelcome: the
citizen who is suddenly confronted by the situation of the illegal immigrant. Its through
these characters (les intercesseurs) that the audience enters these hidden worlds.
RB
2009 President Barack

Obamainaugurated
in January: We will
harness the sun and the
winds and the soil to
fuel our cars and run
our factories ... And to
those nations like ours
that enjoy relative plenty,
we say we can no longer
afford indifference to
the suffering outside
our borders, nor can

we consume the worlds
resources without
regard to effect. For the
world has changed, and
we must change with it.
The RSA hosts the

Chico Mendes Legacy
Lecture, in association
with the Young Vic and
Peoples Palace Projects.
Arcola Energy
and Arcola Theatre
startGreen Sundays,
opening the theatre on
the first Sunday of each
month as a meeting
place for projects on
arts and sustainability.
One billion people

take part inEarth
Hourby switching off
their lights at 8:30 p.m.
to mark the beginning of
the UN Climate Panels
meetings.
1. Theatre will mix both local and virtual communities.

2. Ways of producing will flourish that have less impact on
the planet.
3. Social settings (clubs, bars, living rooms), site-specific
locations, galleries, black boxes, parks, community centres
will become the new normal.
4. Artists will band together in small communities rather
than living as travelling mercenaries.
5. Movies and TV will be quaint nostalgia, as will laptops,
iPods, PlayStation and other gadgets.
6. No space will be safe from theatre. It will happen
anywhere.
7. The sector will realize that all theatre is local.
8. American theatre will dramatize a changing America,
neighbourhood by neighbourhood, city by city, region by
region.
9. A regional theatre will present a five-play season that only
features one show from a European-centered perspective.
10. Youll bring your own text (SMS), your own soundtrack
(iPod), light your own show (LED), and use onstage toilets.
RB
The US Environmental
Protection Agency
termsheat-trapping
gasesas pollutants, and
will regulate them for
the first time.
Mike Hulme
publishesWhy We
Disagree About Climate
Change: Understanding
Controversy, Inaction and
Opportunity.
2 May 2009
just one word
22 June 2009
the action of telling stories
Mr McGuire: I want to say one word to you. Just one word.

Benjamin: Yes, sir.
Mr McGuire: Are you listening?
Benjamin: Yes, I am.
Mr McGuire: Plastics.
On Saturday afternoon, 15 people writers, academics, activists sat round a

table for three hoursdiscussing climate change stories at a seminar sponsored by
Artists Project Earth and hosted by Artsadmin. The theme wasdisplacement and
migration.Heres a sample of the points made.
2009
When Mr McGuire inThe Graduatesaid plastics had a future, he might

not have fully appreciated what kind of durable future that would be.
The Timesreports today onthe giant, spiralling plastic rubbish dump
between Hawaii and Alaska.
RB
8 June 2009
what cant be said
On this morningsStart The Week, John Keane, author ofThe Life and Death
of Democracy, was asked about the arts and the development of democracy,
from the Greeks onwards, and the function artists might have today.
Climate change impacts on formal and aesthetic questions

1. Climate change is altering our sense of structure in fiction. In particular, the
treatment of time. This change is not primarily driven by experimental interest in
form, but by the urgency of the subject matter (e.g.Age of Stupid).
2. Climate change narratives can be worthy, monotone, monochrome and secondrate. Art is complicated. It finds beauty in tragedy. Humour captures our attention.
So, too, does heroism and hope.
3. We can describe whats happening now and what we imagine things will be like in
the future. Its hard to convey the process that will carry us between the two points.
Its a long story, but this connection begins most clearly in the Greek
world where, for example, theatre tragedy and comedy operate in
parallel to thepolis, to the decision-making assembly. Theatre is theatre
for the citizens. There is, for example, the election by lot of judges.
The chorus all-male, playing female roles utters things that are not
otherwise said. So there is a very strong and deep connection between
democracy and theatre.
The rest of the story is incredibly complicated. During the twentieth
century, we see growing tensions between parliamentary democracy
and art, and thats not necessarily a bad thing. Through art can be
expressed things that cannot be said or cannot be done within the field
of formal politics.
The distinction seems slight, but significant. For the Greeks, it was not
otherwise said; for us, it is cannot be said.
RB
The way in which we tell climate change stories is a political act.

1. After Hurricane Katrina, for instance, the displaced inhabitants of New Orleans
were described as refugees, diasporees or the term insisted on by some NGOs
clients.
2. The meta-narrative of climate change can be imposed on poorer societies by richer
ones (weve given you the problem, now were giving you the way to interpret it).
3. Local politicians can adopt this as a way of increasing their profile. If you are
interested in keeping a communitys stories vibrant for that community you may
want to resist the introduction of overarching stories from outside.
4. Poverty and environmental degradation are intimately connected. Poor people are
experts on poverty. They know a large part of the problem isofficial corruption and
weak infrastructure.
5. Migrants enrich societies. As someone who had to flee New Orleans wittily wrote
in public to the prospective hosts who had offered hospitality, One things for sure
your food is about to get better.
A story about activism is itself activism

1. After the action (e.g.shutting down Kingsnorth power station) comes the story
about the action (A Time Comes, the 2009 film by Nick Broomfield). The story is also
an action.
2. Climate change insists we revise our sense of place in the world. This is not a
simple question of problem solving. We need to hear from many voices. We need a
rich politics of climate change.
RB
1 October 2009
thin, narrow and superficial
23 November 2009
knowing where youre coming from
In this bloggers experience, its all-too-easy for a commitment to green issues to

become a quick way of making judgements about other people and their actions. In
that respect, its just another form of puritanism.
What Mike Hulme does in his new bookWhy We Disagree About Climate
Changeis a little like whatElliot Kupferberg, the psychiatrist played by
Peter Bogdanovich inThe Sopranos, does.Both pick away at the seeming
neutrality of the authority figure and reveal a dynamic thats more
complicated and human.
In his essay on the historian Thomas Carlyle, the Victorian writer John Morley
captures the wrongheadedness of this approach:
The central thread ofThe Sopranosis the relationship between the

volatile Mafia boss,Tony Soprano, and his immaculately composed
psychiatrist,Dr Jennifer Melfi. Tony Soprano leads a violent and
emotional life and once a week he explains how he feels about things to
the rational and detached Dr Melfi.
Nowhere has Puritanism done us more harm than in ... leading us to take all
breadth, and colour, and diversity, and fine discrimination, out of our judgements
of men, reducing them to thin, narrow, and superficial pronouncements upon the
letter of their morality, or the precise conformity of their opinions to accepted
standards of truth, religious or other.
But psychiatrists themselves go to see psychiatrists, so its a dramatic

moment when the tables turn, and Dr Melfi discusses her own troubles
withherpsychiatrist, Dr Kupferberg.
Among other evils which it has afflicted, this inability to conceive of conduct except
as either right or wrong, and correspondingly in the intellectual order, of teaching
except as either true or false, is at the bottom of that fatal spirit of parti-pris, which
has led to the rooting of so much injustice, disorder, immobility, and darkness in
English intelligence.
RB
2009
In the same way, Hulme argues inWhy We Disagree About Climate

Changethat the climate change debate isnt simply about rational people
trying to get irrational people to see some sense. Everyone who joins
the climate change debate is operating within sets of values that need to
be examined and understood.
These values inform our attitudes, for instance, to risk, science,
justice, nature and culture. How we think about these subjects will
largely determine how we think about climate change. We also tend to
interpret the world (however subconsciously) through the great literary
or Biblical narratives. And these stories resonate in very different ways.
To be effective in this climate change discussion, perhaps we need, like
psychiatrists, to find out where were coming from.
RB
The Contingency Plan by

Steve Waters, a double
bill of plays from the
frontline of climate
change, opens at the
Bush Theatre, London.
Earth Matters on Stage,

a symposium on theatre
and ecology, and the
Ecodrama Playwrights
Festival are hosted by the
University of Oregon.
1 December 2009
out of the window
22 December 2009
the one about the ordinary situation
Today, 35 of the worlds leading climate research institutions gave a warning about sea
level rises based on their report Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research, 2009).
Last year this blog asked where wereall the green jokes?
Quite a fewsurfaced on the internet after that, but still
only a tiny fraction when you consider the scale of the
subject.
Their warning isthe front page storyin todaysTimes. Benny Peiser, director of the
new Global Warming Policy Foundation, was asked to comment.(The GWPF website
states that Our main purpose is to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that
has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly
intolerant.)Peiser said, The predictions come in thick and fast, but we take them all
with a pinch of salt. We look out of the window and its very cold, it doesnt seem to be
warming.
So a report from 35 climate research institutions is rejected by a guy saying,Hey, look
out the window, its cold today. Not sure where the integrity and balance lies there.
RB
Major exhibitions on
climate change and the arts
are staged in the months
running up to the United
Nations Climate Change
Conference,COP15:
C Words, by Platform
(Arnolfini, Bristol);
RETHINK(galleries across
Copenhagen);eARTh
Art of a Changing
World(Royal Academy
of Art, London); Radical
Nature(Barbican,
London);FutureSonic,
(galleries across
Manchester);Climate for
Change (FACT, Liverpool);
andTwo Degrees
(Artsadmin, London).
2009
TippingPointannounces
plans for four
commissions of up
to 30,000 each for
the creation of new
performances that have
to do with climate
change.
The United Nations

Climate Change
Conference,COP15,
is held inCopenhagen
7-18 December, with
no binding agreement
reached.
So we tuned intothis weeks editionofWord of Mouth

on BBC Radio 4 which was looking at what makes a
joke funny, to see if there were any tips for more laughs
about climate change.
One guest on the programme,a professor of social
sciences, explained there are lots of jokes about sex,
race, and lavatories, and very few about gardening.
We make jokes about topics that make us anxious or
aggressive. (Well, climate change makes plenty of people
anxious and aggressive.)
The prof explained that Freud said jokes are a
way of expressing things that we normally cant
express andHenri Bergsonsaid laughter depends on
ananaesthesia of the heart, a certain cruelty.
A classic joke has a structure, the prof went on: its a
fantasy story which builds to a punchline which even
though we know its coming will catch us unawares.
(We know climate change is coming, but it will still catch
us unawares.) But jokes are alsoculture-bound, theyre
often related to moments of embarrassment in ordinary
situations.
So that was it. There arent many climate change jokes
because it isnt an ordinary situation. It isnt culturebound. Or not yet.
RB
Text
11 February 2010
rack the value
18 March 2010
as the snow melts
Pavan Sukhdev, a special adviser to the United Nations Environment Programmes

Green Economy Initiative, argues that the economic invisibility of nature in our
dominant economic model is both a symptom and a root cause of the rapid decline in
biodiversity and ecosystems. We value, he says, what we price.
Stephen Fry said on the TV show QI that spring advances in the UK from the south to
the north, obviously at a speed of a third of a mile an hour.
If Shakespeare is right, though, whatever price we put on nature now, well put an even
higher price on it when its gone. As the Friar points out (a little sententiously) in Much
Ado About Nothing:
For it so falls out
That what we have we prize not to the worth
Whiles we enjoy it; but being lacked and lost,
Why, then we rack the value.
RB
2010 A workshop at Tate

Modern, Disobedience
Makes History, led
by the Laboratory
of Insurrectionary
Imagination, ends with
participants posting
a banner stating ART
NOT OIL from the
gallery windows. Actions
and interventions by
groups opposed to the
sponsorship by BP of the
Tate and other major art
institutions continue all
year.
2010
The British Council
and Julies Bicycle
publish a collection of
essays Long Horizons.
An Exploration of Art and
Climate Change.
The National Theatre,
London and Arts
Council England host A
Low Carbon Future for
the Arts? conference.
Ian McEwans Solar, a

satirical novel focusing
on climate change, is
published.
The Royal Society
and Tate Modern host
Rising to the Climate
Challenge: Artists
and Scientists Imagine
Tomorrows World
symposium.
Turns out things happen more briskly in the United States. The 4th/5th grade class at
the Paideia School in Atlanta measures the progress of spring as defined by the first
daffodil blooming. They do this by writing to post office directors from the tip of Florida
to the top of Maine, and asking them to mail back a postcard with the date of the first
sighting of a daffodil. The class follows it all on a map with coloured pins, etc., and finds
the speed of spring on the East Coast.
The research has shown the southernmost daffodil arrived in Alma, Georgia on 21
January, and the northernmost daffodil arrived in Fort Kent, Maine on 7 April (2009).
The distance was 1780 miles in 76 days, 23.4 miles per day or one mile an hour. Thats
three times the speed that spring moves in the UK.
Our co-editor Kellie Gutman was asked by the Paideia School teacher, Peter Richards,
to be one of the spotters. Kellie fits the target area for spotters, as she lives within five
miles of US Route 1, which runs from Florida to Maine, and takes in Miami, Jacksonville,
Augusta, Columbia, Raleigh, Richmond, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark,
New York, New Haven, Providence, Boston, and Portland. Peter sent her the postcard
ready to be filled out and mailed at the first sighting of a daffodil.
Two weeks ago, Kellie went to the spot in her garden where she expects to see the first
flower. Nothing but snow. But Boston hit 65 degrees this Wednesday and its expected
to be warm all week.
RB
Ash plumes from

eruptions of the
Eyjafjallajkull volcano in
Iceland force the closure
of European air space.
UK coalition
government formed
between Conservatives
and Liberal Democrats in
May promises to be the
greenest government
ever. Caroline Lucas is
first Green Party MP
elected to Westminster.
Explosion on the
Deepwater Horizon
oil well in the Gulf of
Mexico kills 11 people
and starts an oil spill
spreading across the
region.
5 August 2010
ten things you need to know about earthquakes in london
31 August 2010
the effects of entitlement
1.Earthquakes in London is the National Theatres first climate change play.
Its this bloggers view that Joseph Conrads Heart of Darknessis the most influential 100
pages of the last 110 years. For those interested in climate change and culture, its special
achievement is that its a work of art that addresses an immediate moral concern the
slave trade in the Congo but gives that concern a much wider and deeper significance.
2. The writer, Mike Bartlett, hada big critical hitlast year withCock; the director,
Rupert Goold, had an even bigger hit withEnron.
3.Earthquakeslasts three hours; a sprawling story that spans from 1968 to 2525 with a
cast of 70-80 characters.
4. The central figure, Robert Crannock, an atmospheric physicist with three estranged
daughters,is based on James Lovelock (the science, not the relationship with the
daughters). Crannock thinks its a waste of time to recycle. He believes the planet can
only cope with a billion people (and five billion will have to go).
5. Bartlett wasinspired by a quotefrom Lovelock comparing the current situation
to the Weimar Republic: Enjoy it while you can. In theatre, Weimar Germany
equalsCabaret.So the set is a cocktail bar that snakes through the auditorium with
members of audience sitting on bar stools or leaning against railings, and actors
performing on the bar table:Cabaretmeets climate change.
Some credit for its current status as one of the most widely studied texts in our culture
must go to others. T. S. Eliot took the epigraph for The Hollow Men (1925) from the
novella. Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre dida radio versionin 1939. In 1979
Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Nowintroduced the story, in a very different context,
to a new generation of filmgoers.
And nowtheres a graphic novel by Catherine Anyango.The graphic artist describes
the books relevance today in terms which will be familiar to those following the climate
change debate:
Its about the idea of entitlement; [how] through the ages we enforce our feelings
of entitlement in whatever way that age will allow from Leopold II owning the
Congo as a private possession to the corporations involved with blood diamonds.
The effects of entitlement have not so much gone out of fashion as out of sight.
6. Add to this, multiple plot lines: one daughter is environment minister in a coalition
government with a marriage on the rocks who is tempted to join the aviation industry;
another is about to have a baby; a third is an alcoholic who goes with a guy who next
morning wants to blackmail her because his family are climate change victims in Eritrea.
7. What you get is a disjuncture between theplotinessof the play and the showybignight-outmanner in which its been staged. The production is colourful and immersive,
but that doesnt take you deeper into the lives of the characters.
8. The punchiest speech is the attack on the baby-boom generation for wrecking the
planet (Weve got about five years left before its too late, so youll forgive me if I dont
wait for the next election), but it doesnt have the impact on stage it has in the text.
9. In the last 15 months there have been two climate change plays with Lovelock
characters. The other was Steve Waters double billThe Contingency Plan. (One actor,
Geoffrey Streatfeild, has been in both.)
10.The Contingency Planwas better: more focussed, more authoritative, more laughs.
RB
Publication of InFlight Entertainment, a

collection of climate
change short stories by
Helen Simpson.
3rd Ring Out:
Rehearsing the Future,
a play by METIS Arts,
is the first of a series
of commissions by
TippingPoint.
Uncivilisation, the Dark
Mountain Festival, takes
place.
2010
Floods in the Indus
River basin of Pakistan
cover one-fifth of the
countrys land area and
affect 20 million people.
London International
Festival of Theatre and
the ICA present a panel
discussion The Climate
for Theatre.
Earthquakes in London
opens, the first play
produced by the National
Theatre, London about
climate change.
RB
12 September 2010
the game-changer
14 October 2010
is junk a celebration or a critique of waste?
The likely impacts of climate change present a challenge philosophical and cultural
to some of the most basic assumptions about who we are and what kind of civilisation
we want. In doing so, it repositions humanity and humanitys sense of what it is to be
human. It is, in short, a game-changer.
Junkitecture is a clever term, combining design and waste. But what if the materials
used for buildings, for sets, for props, for puppets, for the vehicles and floats of parades,
were thought of simply as materials? Of course, they would have a special value orfeel
if they had been used for something else. But to call them junk is toshare the attitude
that separates the new from what we think of aswaste. What is happening with the
use of materials in the arts that have ahistory can often be more of a valorisation of
consumerism and excess, acelebration of trash as trash or salvage, than a critique of
waste or anaffirmation of recycling.
If we accept that position, which this blog does, then we see that culture is not an
add-on to the subject of climate change or simply a means of communicating more
effectively about it. Culture is the process by which we come to understand, and live
through, its wider implications. Historically, culture and the arts have been one of the
main ways in which people have tried to understand significant shifts in human values.
This is not to suggest everyone has to rush out and paint pictures or write plays about
climate change. It is more subtle than that. In the nineteenth century, the publication
of DarwinsOrigin of Speciesaffected artists work in many areas, both explicitly and
implicitly. In the twenty-first century, the bleak news contained in the IPCC reports may
havean influence as far-reaching.
T. S. Eliot wrote that Stendhal, Balzac and Flaubert were analysts of the individual soul
as it is found in a particular phase of society. The IPCC reports have introduced a new
particular phase of society.
Its encouraging that more and more artists, writers and performers are finding ways
of responding to this development. And they are doing so in many different ways. But
theres a sense that the critical framework, within which this work can be discussed, is
largely absent.
RB
The Jellyfish Theatre,

a temporary structure
built of reclaimed
materials, opens in
London. Two ecological
plays, Oikos and Protozoa,
are commissioned for
the space.
WWF publishes
Common Cause:The
Case for Working with
our Cultural Values. The
report recognises
that the values people
hold are important in
motivating change.
What if no special claims could be made for using reclaimed or recycledmaterials

because it was commonplace? Then, what would be remarked on wouldbe the design,
the space or object itself, and the qualities that thematerials brought to it.
The Jellyfish Theatre building was enchanting for its design and for itstransiency, a
theatre space in a symbolic shape, assembled fromwhat was to hand, played in, and then
dispersed, the theatre becoming againthe material that it was, maybe to be used again,
having acquired anotherlayer of history.
WH
The Deepwater
Horizon oil well is
sealed in the Gulf of
Mexico, 153 days after
the explosion.
10:10:10: A day of
global positive actions
on climate change.
Richard Mabey
publishes Weeds:
How vagabond plants
gatecrashed civilisation
and changed the way we
think about nature.
British Museum
Director Neil
MacGregor concludes
his BBC Radio 4 series
A History of the World
in 100 Objects with the
solar-powered lamp and
charger.
COP16, the UN
Climate Change
Conference takes place
in Cancn, Mexico. The
agreement reached,
considered a fragile
lifeline, acknowledges
the need to keep the
temperature increase
to 2C, sets up a green
climate fund to help

poorer countries adapt
and gives financial
support for the
preservation of forests.
Mediating Change, a
series of four panel
discussions on culture
and climate change, is
made available as online
podcasts.
20 January 2011
from no plays about climate change to three in a month
11 February 2011
two very different plays about climate change share some
things in common
It was only a couple of years ago that this blog was writing about why theatres dont
touch climate change. It seemed, at the time, as if there was something about theatre,
or the way people conceived of mainstream theatre, that made the subject almost
impossible to treat. This was part of a more general avoidance of the environment as a
subject for the performing arts. The Ashden Directory was launched, back in 2000, as a
way of following and encouraging those works which did engage with this subject.
But now things are changing. Eighteen months ago there was, finally, a good play about
climate change. It was also possible to see the green shoots of climate change theatre in
the works, for instance, of playwrights Wallace Shawn and Andrew Bovell.
Fast forward to January 2011, and this month alone three climate change plays will open
in London Greenland at the National, The Heretic at the Royal Court, and Water at the
Tricycle.
Why is this important? Because climate change alters the way we think about our lives.
The news contained within the various IPCC reports will be as influential, as paradigmshifting, on the way we see ourselves as Darwins Origin of Species. It is, ultimately, a
question of values and relationships. As such, it is a natural subject for theatre.
RB
2011
2011 Greenland written
by Moira Buffini, Matt
Charman, Penelope
Skinner and Jack Thorne
opens in the Lyttleton
Theatre at the National
Theatre, London.
The Heretic, a play by

Richard Bean about a
climate scientist, opens
at the Royal Court
Theatre, London.
Water, a play about

climate change by Filter
Theatre Company, opens
at the Tricycle Theatre,
London.
Climate change drama isthe new growth industry, writes Michael

Billington in todaysGuardian. Well, about bloody time.
Greenlandopened at the National on 1 February, and Richard Beans
The Hereticopened at the Royal Court last night.They couldnt be more
different.
Greenlandhas four authors, multiple storylines and an anxious desire
to reflect the range of positions people have taken on the subject. The
Hereticis the work of one author, its science is about as plausible as its
plot-line, but its got some great characters and some very funny jokes.
If the two plays are similar at all, its in what they dont achieve. Neither
play catches the intensity of feeling that surrounds these issues in the
developing world. Both are Eurocentric although understanding how
one half of the world impacts on the other is central to the subject.
Nor does either play give a genuine sense that the news contained
within the IPCC reports changes our view of the world, and our place
in it. The reports do this, and they do it as profoundly as Galileo stating
that the earth revolves around the sun or Darwin stating that all species
of life have a common ancestry.
These are ideas that cant be speedily researched by playwrights. They
raise large philosophical and ethical questions. (The first report was
published in 1990, so weve had 20 years to think about it.) But the
ideas have to be lived with, experienced and internalised.
At the moment it feels as if playwrights are reacting to the journalistic
noise around climate change. When the deeper ideas do emerge
in plays, and these ideas inform the actions of the characters, the
immediate subject of the play may not even be climate change.
RB
17 February 2011
what frankenstein and titania tell us about climate change
The 11 February post might have mentioned that many themes that
relate to climate change already exist in other plays. Joe Smith,
senior lecturer in environment at the Open University, finds that
the Nationals production of Frankenstein is more thought-provoking
about climate change than Greenland:
2011
There is a Romantic anti-industrialisation/anti-urbanisation

strand which runs through environmentalism from Day
One. But there are also strands in recent discourses of
climate change solutions that are in thrall to science and
technologys apparent invincibility and adaptability. Hence
the arch-modernists who were formed in the white heat
of technology environment of the 1950s and 60s are happy
to contemplate immense geo-engineering experiments and
massive expansion of nuclear power Science discovered this
problem and Science will solve it.
24 February 2011
wanted: a portrait of the climate scientist as a real
person
In his preface toThe Coast of Utopia, Tom Stoppard makes the
point that writers can have real political influence. Turgenevs
Sportsmans Sketches, Stoppard writes,were plausibly said to
have done more than anything else to turn the Reforming
Tsar Alexander II towards abolishing serfdom.
But the writing has to be precise and observant. Discussing
Alexander Herzen, Stoppard writes, What he detested above
all was the conceit that theoretical future bliss justified actual
present sacrifice.
Susannah Clapp, the Observers theatre critic, suggests A Midsummer

Nights Dream. In Act 11, Titania describes how, through this
distemperature,
Twentieth-century history was on Herzens side. Its easy to

imagine, today, that many playwrights resistance to climate
change as a political subject comes from this idea that it deals
with a theoretical future and that it is being used to justify
actual present sacrifice. Playwrights like to write about real
situations, flesh and blood characters, the here and now. And
they like jokes.
In some ways, the most interesting characters to put on stage
now are climate scientists: not a climate sceptic disguised as a
climate scientist (as inThe Heretic), but the climate scientists
who are simultaneously appalled and fascinated by what they
are discovering.
The seasons alter: the spring, the summer,

The childing autumn, angry winter, change
Their wonted liveries, and the mazed world,
By their increase, now knows not which is which.
RB
Seven TippingPoint
commissions announced:
As the World Tipped, My
Last Car, In the Beginning
was the End, A Beautiful
Thing, Found Voices,
Unplugged and A Funeral
for Lost Species.
Atlast years TippingPoint conferencein Oxford, climate

scientists spoke candidly and wittily about how their work had
altered their lives and their world views. If caught accurately,
that kind of portrait might have real political influence.
RB
25 February 2011
would a play about climate scientists be the best way to write about climate
science?
The artist and theatre-maker Tim Nunn responds to the last post:
My trouble is not wanting to use climate scientists at all. Is it the same as writing
about human rights by portraying a human rights activist? (That isnt a rhetorical
question by the way.) Your last paragraph makes it sound as if the climate scientists
would do a pretty good [job] themselves if they were given the chance why
should we represent that on stage? (Again, not a rhetorical question.) Ive been
torn about this for ages and not finding a way through.
True, theres no reason why a play about climate science need feature any climate
scientists. A good play is about more than its immediate subject matter. For instance,
David Hares The Permanent Way is about the privatisation of the railways. But its real
theme is grief.
That said, there have been important plays that are fairly directly about scientists. In
Science on Stage, Kirsten Shepherd-Barr lists a wonderfully diverse range of scientists
who have (since Brechts Galileo) peopled the stage: Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg,
Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Lise Meitner, Ralph Alpher, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung,
Rosalind Franklin, Thomas Huxley, Tycho Brahe, Johann Kepler, Stephen Hawking and
Paul Dirac.
But Tim Nunn is quite right: a play about human rights does not have to feature a human
rights activist.
RB
2011
26 February 2011
why human rights activists are not like climate scientists
In the last blog, the point was made that a play about human
rights didnt have to feature a human rights activist. The analogy
between human rights activists and climate scientists has
prompted a couple of emails.
One email pointed to the difference in the way the professional
and emotional lives interact:
I think climate scientists and human rights activists are
completely different in terms of the potential tension
between their emotional and professional lives, the material
they are working with and how they are viewed publicly.
The other suggested that the kinds of knowledge that each work
with and represent are fundamentally different:
Science is so embedded in knowledge about climate change,
that it is a different kind of thing to human rights. So Im
not sure the comparison really holds up. Does this matter?
Maybe not in a general kind of way if what this means is
that the specialist or expert is not the only person who
can speak. But it does matter in a more specific way that
in thinking about climate change on stage, it might be a relief
to get rid of the scientists, but one may still have to come
to grips with science in much more complexity than just the
facts or predictions or scepticism.
RB
2 March 2011
comedy doesnt have to float free
Nicholas Lezard suggests in the Guardian that
Ian McEwans novel Solar is hampered because
you cant have a comedy about climate change.
8 June 2011
spring moved at 1.3 miles an hour
Its curious that Lezard thinks comedy floats

free of the world. Comedy, classically, is
quotidian. It is all about the everyday, the
bumbling, ridiculous, faltering, sometimes
obscene manifestations of the everyday,
ordinary world. It is classical tragedy that is
freer of the ordinary world. Thats not to say in
the intervening centuries the comedic and the
tragic havent changed, intertwined and adapted
to each other and new situations, as they might
again now. Maybe it is that the dark laughs in
Solar are out of place, an old type of comedy
that cant grasp the situation.
WH
For a couple of years, this blog has been reporting on a remarkable project at
the Paideia School in Atlanta, Georgia, which follows the arrival of daffodils
along the east coast of the United States. The results for 2011 are now in.
The southernmost daffodil appeared in Jacksonville, Florida on 4 March, and
the northernmost daffodil arrived in Fort Kent, Maine, on 27 April. The speed
was 1,812 miles in 56 days, 32.4 miles per day, or about 1.3 miles an hour.
This is the 21st year of the daffodil project. The previous five years posted
speeds of 12, 16, 20, 23.4, and 23.5 miles per day. It seems that a late-starting
spring, such as was experienced in Boston this year, makes spring race up the
coast to catch up. When a blooming daffodil was finally spotted in Boston,
on 5 April, spring quickly followed with a sudden, intense flowery display,
unrivalled for many years.
KG
2011
Ten Climate Stories
exhibition opens at
the Science Museum,
London.
Artsadmin holds the

Two Degrees Festival:
Art & Activism.
A Greening Design
forum is hosted by
the Society for British
Theatre Designers and
Rose Bruford College.
Bjrks Biophilia opens

at the Manchester
International Festival.
A mock ecocide trial in

the UK Supreme Court
finds fictional corporate
CEOs guilty of two
counts of ecocide
relating to the Canadian
Tar Sands, and not guilty
on one count relating to
the Deepwater Horizon
disaster.
2012
2012
2012 The biennial Arts

Council England State
of the Arts conference
includes, for the first
time, two sessions on
Artists and Our Future
Environment.
The Great Immensity,

a play about climate
change by North
American theatre
company The Citizens,
financed with a
$750,000 grant from
the US National Science
Foundation, opens in
Kansas City.
Chief executive Alan

Davey announces that
Arts Council England
is the first arts funding
body worldwide to
embed environmental
sustainability into its
funding agreements
for National Portfolio
Organisations and Major
Partner Museums.
Research in Drama
Education publishes
a themed issue on
Environmentalism,
edited by Deirdre
Heddon and Sally
Mackey.
Readings in Performance
and Ecology published,
edited by Theresa J. May
and Wendy Arons.
Ten Billion opens at the

the Jerwood Theatre
Upstairs, Royal Court
Theatre, London,
with scientist Stephen
Emmott in collaboration
with director Katie
Mitchell.
LIFT, the London
International Festival of
Theatre, hosts a panel
discussion called Not
Waving But Drowning.
Has theatre risen to
the challenge of climate
change?
7 June 2012
indie-theatre take on deepwater spill
21 May 2012
talking about climate change
2012
One of the explanations offered for why climate change is not more
prominent in peoples thinking is that its not physically seen. It doesnt
feel real enough.
During April and May, script-in-hand readings by local actors of

The Way of Water, Caridad Svichs play about the effects of the
Deepwater Horizon oil spill, toured over 50 venues in North
America and Brazil, Berlin, Aberystwyth, Glasgow and London.
But a different view comes out in the stories people tell about how
climate change is immediately altering their everyday lives. The climate is
changing how they feel about the world and their decisions about what to
do.
The play, marking the two-year anniversary of the spill, travelled

quickly, more like an indie-music event than a theatre tour. This
new kind of theatrical experience is low-budget, international,
tied in with social media and carbon-light.
Project ASPECT, based at University College Falmouth, isgathering

stories about climate changefrom individuals and communities inWales,
northernEngland,LondonandCornwall. Building a digital narrative
archive, they are capturing on DVD how people talk about the climate in
the context of their everyday lives.
The play deals with the toxic effects of the spill on four people,
on their health, livelihoods and sense of community. The plays
impetus is towards taking action against corporate malfeasance, a
revision of the plotline of An Enemy of the People.
After the reading in Aberystwyth, Carl Lavery, Senior Lecturer
in Drama, blogged Ten Thoughts on The Way of Water. Here are
three:
There are those who watch. Heather continues the diary her mother
started, recording every day what work is done on the family farm and
the weather. Duncan and Matt are surfers inCornwall, watching the
storms. There are those who work with renewable energy, or, like Hanna,
find green jobs for young people. Many are changing the way they grow
food and eat: Mary from Incredible Edible; Owen with his backyard
in Peckham; and masked night-time Ninja guerrilla gardeners. Singers,
rappers, athletes tell their stories. Spontaneous acts of community
kindness sit alongside the meticulous work of digitising the weather
reports from world war one ships logs.
When I think of The Way of Water, I think of its linguistic

rhythms and poetic beats its politics of voice.
When I think of The Way of Water, I think of four young
actors in Wales finding its meanings, walking its lines, tracing
its shapes.
When I think of The Way of Water, I think of my Dad who
died from a lifetime of exposure to the toxic fuel tanks of
Phantom fighter jets.
In these stories of everyday life, there is a cultural reality emerging, softvoiced, but pressing.
WH
WH
Records are broken

for the lowest extent of
Arctic sea ice.
The Whanganui River

in Aotearoa/New
Zealand is the first river
to be recognised as an
entity in law.
Volcano Theatre
and the Centre for
Alternative Technology,
Wales present the
Emergence Summit, on
arts and sustainability.
Creu Cymru, Julies

Bicycle, Cynnal Cymru
and others join to green
42 Welsh theatres and
institutes.
Performance Research
issue On Ecology
is edited by Stephen
Bottoms, Aaron Franks
and Paula Kramer.
14 June 2012
the eden project and the overburden
The partnership between the Eden Project and Rio Tinto has been billed as
supporting education projects about sustainability and research into postmining regeneration. This was to be a working partnership, not merely the
means for Rio Tinto to obtain a social licence to operate. The term was
coined in the late 1990s by the Canadian mining executive Jim Cooney to
refer to the relationship that mining companies develop with communities
affected by mining projects to gain their acceptance. The social licence to
operate has come to refer also to the creation of a benevolent public image
for corporations such as BP and Shell through their association with cultural
institutions.
One of the education projects of the Eden Project/Rio Tinto partnership is
a pop-up childrens book, Earthly Treasure, full of pictures of dazzling jewels
and brightly coloured pages showing how modern life can only exist through
minerals that must be mined.
Theres a page showing a huge open pit mine, a sombre, near-monochrome
dug-out bowl. You can slide trucks to take away the surface layer and pull
down the tab and blast away the top layer of earth, called the overburden.
26 November 2012
a climate limerick
Unable to pass up the opportunity to
submit an Environmental Turkey of
2012 in the form of a limerick to the
contest run by the Nicholas School
of Environment at Duke University, I
have chosen the epidemic of melting
glaciers worldwide as my subject.
The contest, open to American
citizens, ends at midnight tonight.
This is my offering:
As the global temperature warms
Our planet reacts with fierce storms.
The impact is felt
When our glaciers melt
And the coastline around us re-forms.
KG
The overburden. The infinitely complex soil that makes life possible is merely
a weight, a waste to remove to get to the riches below. The phrasing harks
back to Francis Bacon, who wrote in his Novum Organum in 1620 that miners
were the new class of man who would interrogate and alter nature. Nature
could be forced out of her natural state and squeezed and moulded.
The soil holds no more secrets. Its only the burdensome surface layer.
This normalizing of opencast mining and mountaintop removal is given to
children as one more gem to absorb in their education. More than cultural
benevolence lies behind the publication of Earthly Treasure: its phrasing
condones licence making free with the Earth even as it seeks to obtain a
social licence to operate.
WH
2012
7 December 2012
ten billion from another side
The Guardian theatre critic Michael Billington,in his nominationofTen Billionas the best
theatre event of 2012, claims that all the people he knows who saw the production
found it life-changing. From my unscientific poll of a dozen people who saw the
production, including myself, its possible we were in a different theatre. The lecture
was well-crafted, the production tight, but the event was neither moving, informative
or motivating. It was old news, a first-year introductory lecture, Al Gore without the
cherry picker.
2012
Billingtons lauding of the production is encouraging. That he, and others, were deeply
affected is even more so, although one wonders what he has avoided reading or seeing
for the past 20 years if the information presented was shocking. But Billington finds
that it is not merely the accumulation of statistics, but the presence the performance
of Stephen Emmott, the verifiable scientist, the speaker with a creditable reputation
outside the theatre, that gave the production its urgency. For this audience, the fluid
realm of belief and disbelief that makes theatre work had to break down for the shock
of climate instability to be heard. At the same time, the theatrical occasion of sitting in
that darkened room, listening to another human speak, heightened any effect.
Asking those who found the production lacking, I found each person had had at least
one, if not many, moments outside the theatre when the numbers added up, when the
terror hit, when someone trusted spoke about a future irreconcilable with what one
could bear. These events can be motivating and ifTen Billion provided that for some,
then theatres role as educator has been met.
Edinburgh Festival
Fringe hosts over 100
theatre, dance, physical
theatre, spoken word,
comedy and childrens
shows with ecological
themes.
The Man Who Planted
Trees receives the
Center for Sustainable
Practice in the Arts
award for sustainable
production at the
Edinburgh Fringe.
Kieran Lynn receives

the Nick Darke Award
for environmental
playwriting for his play
Wild Fish.
Hurricane Sandy
travels across the
Caribbean and eastern
coast of the United
States.
But if youve already had that experience, theatre is where you want to go to
understand it, and a collocation of facts will not do that. This is a far more confused
territory, requiring human imagination and many avenues of intelligence, deliberation,
conflict and consent.It requires doing something like the processes of science, itself
its questioning and cross-questioning, experimentation, doubt and informed agreement.
Guardian theatre critics

Michael Billington and
Kate Abbott name Ten
Billion as the best theatre
production of 2012.
Theatre may not be the place to present firm courses of action; Emmotts advice to get
a gun falls especially short. Conventional forms of theatre may, or may not, be adequate
to the combination of reality and fiction that understanding climate change demands.
But theatre, or something like it, continues to be a place where, collectively, humans
find a way through. There will continue to be many kinds of productions for many kinds
of audiences. For the audience that gets the facts but wants more, the hunger for a
theatre that reaches into that uncharted territory remains strong.
WH
2013
2013 Reports show
that carbon dioxide
levels have passed
400 parts per million,
considered to be an
indicator that the
amount of the gas in
the air is higher than
it has been for at least
three million years.
Artsadmins Two
Degrees Festival
investigates climate,
consumerism,
community.
In Balcombe, West
Sussex, the local protest
against Cuadrillas
exploratory drilling in
advance of fracking is
joined by No Dash for
Gas: Reclaim the Power.
Daniel Byes How
to Occupy an Oil Rig
receives the 2013
Award for Sustainable
Production at the
Edinburgh Festival
Fringe.
The World Stage
Design event in Cardiff
includes People, Profit,
Planet, a strand of
talks and performance
on sustainable design
organised by the
Center for Sustainable
Practice in the Arts.
2014
The Fifth Assessment

Report of the IPCC
begins publication with
the Working Group
report on the Physical
Science Basis, finding it
unequivocal that even
if the world begins to
moderate greenhouse
gas emissions, warming
is likely to cross the
critical threshold of
2C by the end of this
century.
2014 The IPCC report

on impacts, adaptation
and vulnerability
concludes that the
effects of climate
change are already
visible in melting sea
ice, thawing permafrost
in the Arctic, and dying
coral reefs. Climate
change is leading to
heat waves, heavy rains
and mega-disasters.
These events pose a
threat to global food
stocks and human
security, and no one will
be unaffected.
Natures Revenge 2: The Revenge Augury and Entropy The Vanishing Point
EP_Human Bin Back on Track Hot Air H2h0pe: the Water Diviners Tale Air
Traffic Controllers Carrlands Long Shore Drift War Horse Water Crown
Prince The Sabbats Invisible Bonfires Feast on the Bridge HALF LIFE Another
Kind of Silence The Hunting Season Remote Patrol Meetings Knowlittle One,
Nineteen Rhinoceros Field Sensing ENCLOSURE A Second to Midnight EAT
London Kings Wood Symphony The Curse of the Grabbers Conference of the
Birds A Need for Speed Futurology: A Global Revue BOUNDARY Moj of the
Antarctic: An African Odyssey And While London Burns The Man Who Planted
Trees Clares Walk Walking to Save Some Sea The Legend of Slim McBride and
the Lost Tribe Faustus Strawberry Fields Cider with Roadies Score for a Hole in
the Ground It Is Like It Ought To Be: A Pastoral Transglobal duets We Turned on
the Light Home of the Wriggler White Open Spaces No Plan B - the History of
the World Backwards In the Shadow of Trees The Wolves in the Walls EP_Landfill
Promise on Earth The Land High Plateau Longline: The Carnival Opera Ct
Myrddyn Nebulous The Storr: Unfolding Landscape It Is For The Tiger Botany
Begins at Home Early One Morning Windy Old Weather GEOGRAPH: Trace,
Vanishing Point Metamorphosis Barebones Sheepskin Gulp! Mulgrave Corn
Dollies Weeping Ocean The Giants Foot Caerdroia Footprints in the Sky The
Man from the Council Roots The Saladinis Stories on the Downs Creek Tales
Freedom in The City The Rubbish Monster What on Earth!? The Weather
Youve Made a Meal of That Elephant Messenger Bird Song Camellia House
Last Blackbird The Return Monsoon Mela One Rock Of All The People In All
The World Rare Earth Apple Pip Feast Your Eyes October Plenty Chemical
Mix Hothouse Heatwave Silence of a Dale Frog in Love Visit EARTH WATER
SKY Almost Human Auntie Janet Saves the Planet A Way of Life Blooming
Weed Car-less Talk! Taylors Trailer and the Tractor Factor Turning of the Tide
Beech One Dark Night The Price of Clouds The Theft of Sita Red Skies Over
the Severn Whose Land Is It Anyway? Frankenstein Keep Off the Path Food
for Thought, Wild-Life & Breathing Space Convergence Vessel Hive & Aquifer
Breath Wheelie Bins Youre Rubbish! Tutu and the Sky Goddess Yew Wood,
Wouldnt You? The Path Ghost Nets 2 Norahs Ark Magic Sky Magic Earth
On the Slate Moon Shrine, Outcrop & Channel Dont Chill Out Bringing the
Rainforest into Your School The Riot Green Man Water Water Everywhere
Talking Rubbish One World killing us softly/Desk Killer Croissant Neuf Circus
Days of Plenty The Cry of the Bittern HEVVA ! Noahs Park Saving Energy
She Thinks Shes a Fish Threshing About Walkabout Bottle Busters Bringing in
the May Transmutation, Beacon, Flux & Dark Matter The Barbers of Surreal Sharp
Seedlings In the Same Breath Beauty and the Breast The Secret Sign The Selfish
Shellfish A Geological Cookery Class Green Roadshow Leech! Butterfly Rover
Alum Halus & Water Crossing The Podfather Dance to My Tune Epitaph for the
Whales Broccoli and Sprouts Clown Show Vgtal The Man With Green Hair
Following the Stars Diary of a Crisp Packet The Birch and the Pine and Phil I Am
a Road A Rock Cake Cookery Class Harvest of Ghosts Carpel and Stamen
Manifiesto de la Selva Hope Deferred The Women Who Threw the Day Away
90% CRUDE/Unravelling the Carbon Web The Field Watermark Robin Hood
and the Sherwood Experience Greening the Mountain Fields Fossil Woman
Meeting Ground Ghost Nets Menace of the Mud Monster The Road An
Elephant Called Slowly Dex Dipper and Wyrd Walks The Shorewatchers House
Three Tides Turning The Pine and the Eagle Wild Works! Sonia the Baby Seal
The Last Rainforest Return of the Copper Flyer Warped Windows Out of
the Skip Court in the Woods Leaves among Thorns Eric the Eaglet from Outer
Space A Load of Old Rubbish Beneath the Waves DELTA MERTON ISLAND
HOMELAND Danger My Ally Forest for Our Children The Dream A Scottish
Reservation The Factory Angels in America The Wilderness STILL WATERS
Rhino Lost Forest of Caledon Sinking Ark Sweet Fancy Transport Wars Arctic
Heart The Bees The Weatherhouse A Day Out at Partick Beach Sorted The
Salmon Just Right Singing in the Rainforest Wild Walks ! TREE OF LIFE, CITY OF
LIFE Water of Life A Serious Leak Whale The Story of Putu, Siku and Knik Le
Veterinaire Extraordinaire or The EEC meats its match Vermin! A Word about
Waves Beltane Fire Festival The Cressida Folly Wyoming The Green Woman
The Swallows Salt and Slack Water Psyche! Open the Box! A Second Soaking
Out with the Ark Natural Causes Operation KBT The Energized Guyz Origin
of the Species The Reapers Year The Hedge The Sea Saw Red II A Drop in the
Ocean Seol The Brontosaurus Show The Patience of Fossils Carnival/Carnival
of the Animals When the Boats Came In The Trumpet Rat and Other Natural
Curiosities Small Heads (Dont Wear Big Hats)! The Badgers The Homemade
Circus The Clone Show Power Mad Landmarks Journey of the Treeman On
An Uncertain Insect The Cranium Show The Freeway Experiments Savages
Drink the Mercury Not Not Not Not Not Enough Oxygen The Royal Hunt of the
Sun Moby Dick Rehearsed The Cheviot, The Stag and the Black, Black Oil An
Enemy of the People...
At the heart of the Ashden Directory is the work of thousands of artists creating theatre
and performances with ecological themes. To give their productions a presence in this
volume, we list some titles here.
A whistle-blower on a towns
polluted water becomes an enemy
of the people. A jazz clarinettist
makes music with a laughing thrush.
An opera exposes carbons web of
power and investment. A theatre
covers its walls with growing grass.
From 2000 2014, the online Ashden
Directory supported the emerging field
of performance and ecology through its
directory of productions, a timeline, news,
interviews and essays. Ashdenizen, the
companion blog, added commentary on how
the performing arts and wider culture relate to
climate change. This selection of writings and
photographs from the two sites, together with
three new essays, traces how performance
engages with a changing environment.
Cover image: As the World Tipped,
a Wired Aerial Theatre production,
written and directed by Nigel Jamieson,
produced by XTRAX. Photograph by Kevin Ryan.

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Landing

Edited by Wallace Heim & Eleanor Margolies

ISBN 978-0-992950613 paperback

Additional image credits

THE ASHDEN DIRECTORY: THREE NEW PERSPECTIVES

TIMELINE AND ASHDENIZEN

Landing Stages: Selections from the Ashden Directory 1

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The continuing lure of ecological performance

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experience of performed works. Our motivations included, of course, endorsing the

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embedded in a production that appears to have no overt environmental themes, and be

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Love, loss and rethinking our place in the world:

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A personal timeline of performance and ecology

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Engaging in conversation with non-human entities, on a cultural level, is a tactic

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How does environmental drama work?

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communicated through documentaries or by activism, and not really appreciating that

Wallace: And a big issue for environmental drama.

Wallace: And to touch people in a different way?

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Beginning with the small

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Good art goes beyond the issues

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Wallace: How do you think of the environment?

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Discovering the comedy of survival

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Why activists should read the Financial Times

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It all started with James Lovelock...

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