Unit 1s

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE2351-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT-I
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHODS
BY
Mr.R.PANDIARAJAN/AP/CIVIL
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UNIT-1
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHODS
Since twentieth century, indeterminate structures are being widely used for its obvious
merits. It may be recalled that, in the case of indeterminate structures either the reactions or the
internal forces cannot be determined from equations of statics alone. In such structures, the
number of reactions or the number of internal forces exceeds the number of static equilibrium
equations. In addition to equilibrium equations, compatibility equations are used to evaluate the
unknown reactions and internal forces in statically indeterminate structure. In the analysis of
indeterminate structure it is necessary to satisfy the equilibrium equations (implying that the
structure is in equilibrium) compatibility equations (requirement if for assuring the continuity of
the structure without any breaks) and force displacement equations (the way in which
displacement are related to forces). We have two distinct method of analysis for statically
indeterminate structure depending upon how the above equations are satisfied:
1. Force method of analysis (also known as flexibility method of analysis, method of consistent
deformation, flexibility matrix method)
2. Displacement method of analysis (also known as stiffness matrix method).
In the force method of analysis, primary unknown are forces. In this method compatibility
equations are written for displacement and rotations (which are calculated by force displacement
equations). Solving these equations, redundant forces are calculated. Once the redundant forces
are calculated, the remaining reactions are evaluated by equations of equilibrium.
In the displacement method of analysis, the primary unknowns are the displacements. In this
method, first force -displacement relations are computed and subsequently equations are written
satisfying the equilibrium conditions of the structure. After determining the unknown
displacements, the other forces are calculated satisfying the compatibility conditions and force
displacement relations. The displacement-based method is amenable to computer programming
and hence the method is being widely used in the modern day structural analysis. In general, the
maximum deflection and the maximum stresses are small as compared to statically determinate
structure. For example, consider two beams of identical cross section and span carrying
uniformly distributed load as shown in Fig. 7.1a and Fig. 7.1b.
The loads are also the same in both cases. In the first case, the beam is fixed at both ends and
thus is statically indeterminate. The simply supported beam in Fig. 7.1b is a statically
determinate structure. The maximum bending moment in case of fixed- fixed beam is wL2/12
(which occurs at the supports) as compared to
wl2/8 (at the centre) in case of simply supported
beam. Also in the present case, the deflection in the case of fixed- fixed beam
wl4/384EI is five times smaller than that of simply supported beam
5wl4/384EI . Also, there is
redistribution of stresses in the case of redundant structure. Hence if one member fails, structure
does not collapse suddenly. The remaining members carry the load. The determinate structural
system collapses if one member fails. However, there are disadvantages in using indeterminate
structures. Due to support settlement, there will be additional stresses in the case of redundant
structures where as determinate structures are not affected by support settlement.
The analysis of indeterminate structure differs mainly in two aspects as compared to determinate
structure.
a) To evaluate stresses in indeterminate structures, apart from sectional properties (area of cross
section and moment of inertia), elastic properties are also required.
b) Stresses are developed in indeterminate structure due to support settlements, temperature change
and fabrication errors etc.
Instructional Objectives
After reading this chapter the student will be
1. Able to analyse statically indeterminate structure of degree one.
2. Able to solve the problem by either treating reaction or moment as redundant.
3. Able to draw shear force and bending moment diagram for statically indeterminate beams.
4. Able to state advantages and limitations of force method of analysis.
7.1 Introduction.
In this lesson, a general introduction is given to the force method of analysis of indeterminate
structure is given. In the next lesson, this method would be applied to statically indeterminate beams.
Initially the method is introduced with the help of a simple problem and subsequently it is discussed
in detail. The flexibility method of analysis or force method of analysis (or method of consistent
deformation) was originally developed by J. Maxwell in 1864 and O. C. Mohr in 1874. Since
flexibility method requires deflection of statically determinate structure, a table of formulas for
deflections for various load cases and boundary conditions is also given in this lesson for ready use.
The force method of analysis is not convenient for computer programming as the choice of redundant
is not unique. Further, the bandwidth of the flexibility matrix in the force method is much larger than
the stiffness method. However it is very useful for hand computation.
7.2 Simple Example

Consider a propped cantilever beam (of constant flexural rigidity EI, and span L), which is carrying
uniformly distributed load of as shown in Fig. 7.2a. The beam is statically indeterminate i.e. its
reaction cannot be evaluated from equations of statics alone. To solve the above problem by force
method proceeds as follows.
1) Determine the degree of statically indeterminacy. In the present case it is one. Identify the
reaction, which can be treated as redundant in the analysis. In the present case or can be
treated as redundant. Selecting RB as the redundant, the procedure is illustrated.
Subsequently, it will be shown how to attack the problem by treating MA as redundant.
INTRODUCTION:
The analysis of indeterminate structures is the major field in structural

engineering.
There are several methods of the analysis, the best among these studied so far
being Kani s method.
But this method will not be convenient for the analysis of present day multistorey
building.
The need for the analysis of high degree indeterminate structures and
development of computers have given rise to this new method called the Matrix
Method.
Basically there are two methods of matrix method namely flexibility matrix
method and stiffness matrix method.
Flexibility matrix method The systematic development of consistent deformation
method in the matrix form has lead to flexibility matrix method. In this method,
basic unknowns are redundant forces.
Hence, the analyst has to first identify basic determinate structure and thereby
identify redundant forces.
The number of redundant forces is equal to degree of static indeterminacy.
The displacements in basic determinate structure due to a given loading and
redundant forces are found and the consistency conditions are formed.
The resulting simultaneous equations are solved to get redundant forces. Then,
the required quantities at any sections are calculated.
The equations developed are in matrix form. Since computers can be used for
solving simultaneous equations, there is no Limit for the number of equations that
can be handled.
This method is known as the Force, Flexibility or Compatibility Method.
Stiffness matrix method The systematic development of slope deflection method
in the matrix form has given rise to stiffness matrix method. In this method, the
basic unknowns are displacements ofjoints.
The equations of equilibrium are Qangtatztr formed and solved to get slopes and
deflections at thejoints.
Using these, moments and shear forces are calculated. This method is known as
Stiffness Matrix,
Different Approaches to Matrix Method
There are two approaches to the solution of matrix method:
Direct approach
Transformation matrix approach.
DIRECT APPROACH
The first method gives a clear concept of analysis, while the latter is ideally suited
for developing general purpose computer programs for structural analysis.
Since this chapter is an introduction to the method for undergraduate students,
only the direct approach is dealt.
The terms used in matrix method are explained first, then flexibility method and
stiffness methods are taken up.
DEGREE OF STATIC AND KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY
The number of equations required over and above the equations of static
equilibrium for the analysis of a structure is known as the degree of static
indeterminancy or degree of redundancy of the structure.
A structure is said to be kin indeterminate if the displacement components of its
joints cannot be determined by compatibility equations alone For these structures,
additional equations based on a equilibrium conditions must be formulated to
obtain the number of equations necessary for determining all the unknown
displacement components.
The number of equilibrium conditions needed to find the displacement
components of all joints of the structure is known as the degree of kinematic
indeterminacy or degree of freedom of the structure
For a beam, the degree of freedom at an end is as given below:
i) Freeend-3
ii) Simply supported / roller end - 2
iii) Hinged end iv) Fixed end- 0.
Hence, degree of kinematic indeterminacy Dk for
i) One end hinged and the other on roller = 3
ii) Propped cantilever = 2
iii) Fixed beam =O

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wl2/8 (at the centre) in case of simply supported

5wl4/384EI . Also, there is

7.2 Simple Example

The analysis of indeterminate structures is the major field in structural

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