Analysis and Design of Apartment Building PDF

IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
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ISSN 2348 7968
Analysis And Design Of Apartment Building

Nasreen. M. Khan1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology,

Ernakulam, Kerala, India
Abstract
Practical knowledge is an important and essential skill required
by every engineer. For obtaining this skill, an apartment building
is analysed and designed, located at Thrissur with B+G+8 storeys
having a car parking facility provided at basement and ground
floor. The building have a shear wall around the lift pit. The
modelling and analysis of the structure is done by using STAAD.
Pro 2007, and the designing was done manually. Design of beam,
column, slab, shear wall, stair case, retaining wall, water tank and
an isolated footing are done. And the detailing is done using
AUTOCAD 2016. Along with analysing and designing of this
building, construction sites were also visited.
Keywords: Analysis and design, Apartment Building, Lift pit,
Shear wall,
1. Introduction
Practical knowledge is an essential skill required
by an engineer. By industrial training, the practical
knowledge can be super imposed to technical knowledge.
Industrial training is an essential component in the
development of the practical and professional skills
required by an engineer. For understanding the engineering
practice in general and sense of frequent and possible
problems that may arise during construction and also
necessary solution for these problems can be experienced
and understood during industrial training. This exposure to
the practical world is the main objective of industrial
training.
While designing a reinforced concrete structure,
the aim is to provide a safe, serviceable, durable,
economical and aesthetically pleasing structure. For the
structure to be safe, it must be able to resist the worst
loading conditions. Under normal working conditions, the
deformation and cracking must not be excessive for the
structure to remain serviceable, durable and aesthetically
pleasing during the expected design life. Furthermore, the
structure should be economical with regard to both
construction and maintenance cost.
The objectives of industrial training are:
To get exposure to engineering experience and

knowledge, which are required in the industry and
not taught in the lecture rooms.
To apply the engineering knowledge taught in the
lecture rooms in real industrial situations.
To share the experience gained from the

industrial training in the discussion held in the
lecture rooms.
To get a feel of the work environment.
To gain exposure on engineering procedural work
flow management and implementation.
To get responsibilities and ethics of engineers.
During designing, a sensible designer ought to

bear in mind that structure should be a balancing of
economy, aesthetic and stability. One can always design a
massive structure, which has more than adequate stability
strength and serviceability, but the ensuring cost of the
structure may be exorbitant and the end product far from
aesthetics. In the design of structures, the aim is to design
the structure in such a way that it fulfils its intended
purpose during its intended life time and be adequately
safe in terms of strength, stability and structural rigidity
and have adequate serviceability in terms of stiffness,
durability etc. Safety requires the possibility of collapse of
the structure (partial or total) is acceptably low not under
normal expected loads (service loads), but also under less
frequent loads (such as due to earthquakes or extreme
winds) and accidental loads (blasts, impacts, etc.). Other
two important considerations that a sensible designer ought
to bear in mind are that the structure should be economical
with regard to both construction and maintenance cost and
aesthetically pleasing during the expected design life.
2. Training Information
The industrial training was done in Stuba
structural consultants; Cochin under the guidance of
Mr. Abhilash Joy.
An Apartment building is modelled and analysed
using AUTOCAD 2016 and STAAD Pro. 2007
respectively. The design is done manually, for obtaining
precise results. The building is a B+G+8 storey structure,
the basement and ground floor facilitated for car parking.
Shear wall is provided around the lift pit, two staircases are
provided. A ramp s provided to connect the basement floor
and ground floor. Appendix A provide the plan details of
the building.
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3. A Brief Description of Softwares Used In

Training
The training allowed acquaintance with a number of soft
wares. The most frequently used software includes:
3.1 STAAD Pro. 2007
3.2 AutoCAD 2016
3.1 STAAD Pro. 2007
STAAD Pro. offers a comprehensive range of
engineering simulation solution system providing access to
virtually any field of engineering simulation that a design
process requires. STAAD Pro is a general purpose
program for performing the analysis and design of a
structure. The software is released by Research Engineers
International, California, and U.S.A. It has an intuitive,
user-friendly GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis
and design facilities and seamless integration to several
other modelling and design software products. The
software has provisions to allow us to specify the entire
structure as a collection of its various elements. Thus, it
allows us to discretize the structure. The software is fully
compatible with all windows operating system but is
optimized for windows XP.
The software has an extremely friendly GUI that
makes modelling easy and accurate. For static, dynamic or
pushover analysis of bridges, containment structures,
embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe racks,
steel, concrete, aluminium or timber buildings,
transmission towers, stadiums or any other simple or
complex structure, STAAD Pro 2007 has been the choice
of design professionals around the world for their specific
analysis needs. It provides a comprehensive and integrated
finite element analysis and design solution, including a
state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, and
international design codes. It is capable of analysing any
structure exposed to a dynamic response, soil-structure
interaction, or wind, earthquake and moving loads. Once
when the overall geometry of the structure has been
specified, the section properties of individual member
elements are specified. Thereafter, loading on the members
are specified. Following this, the support conditions
relevant to the structure are specified as well.
The input to the software can easily be inspected
and modified with the help of STAAD editor. Thereafter,
the analysis can be performed. The analysis yields us the
parameters required for performing the structural design of
the software. The required values can directly be read from
the STAAD output file. The software also allows us to
perform design as per specifications in various
international codes of practice.
3.2 AutoCAD 2016

All the drawing and detailing works for this
training were done by making use of AutoCAD 2016,
developed by M/s. AUTODESK, USA. As such, this is the
pioneering software in CAD. AutoCAD is a vector
graphics drawing program. It uses primitive entities such
as lines, poly-lines, circles, arcs and text as the foundation
for more complex objects. AutoCADs native file format,
DWG, and to a lesser extent, its interchange file format,
DXF has become the standards for interchange of CAD
data.
4. Soil Investigation Report

4.1 Soil Profile
The site for the proposed project is located near
west fort junction, in Thrissur district, Kerala. The soil
profile of the proposed site can be obtained from various
field and laboratory tests, their compilation and analysis.
From the investigation report the recommendations are
also made regarding the type of foundation to be adopted.
The purpose of soil investigation including performing
field tests with in the borehole and collecting samples for
laboratory tests was to accomplish the following:
To determine the type and extend of subsurface

material up to hard core level and 1 m hard core
cutting.
To provide engineering parameters and suitable

type of foundation for the proposed building.
For soil investigation two boreholes of 150mm

diameter were bored to a maximum depth of 9.0m and
7.3m below the existing ground level. Rock stratum is
reached at these levels. The tested area comprises of
latteritic gravelly silty sand having a depth of 4.5m and
lateritic clay sandy silty clay and soft rock beneath it
having a depth of 6.0m and 7.3m respectively from ground
level. For the proposed B+G+8 storied building,
foundation recommended is a stripped footing with 1.0m
depth and 2.0mx2.0m footing, the safe bearing capacity of
200 kN/m2 can be used in lateritic gravelly silty sand.
Details of soil investigation report are shown in table
below.
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Table 4.1: Soil investigation (Bore Hole No.1)

BORE HOLE NO.1
W.T = 1.5m
Standard
Penetration
Description of
Depth
Test Results
Classification
soil
in m
( No. of
blows, N)
Lateritic
gravelly silty
GM-SM
4.5
60
sand (red)
Laterite clay
with sandy silty
CI
6
33
clay(red)
Soft rock
7.3
>50
Hard rock
10
Table 4.2: Soil investigation (Bore Hole No.2)
0.003
W.T = 1.5m
Description of
soil
Lateritic
gravelly silty
sand (red)
Laterite clay
with sandy
silty clay(red)
Soft rock
Hard rock
Classification
Depth in m
Standard
Penetration
Test Result
(No. of blows,
N)
GM-SM
4.5
CI
12
7.5
9.0
22
>50
40
4.2 Recommendations
1.0m depth and 2.0mx2.0m footing, the safe bearing
capacity of 20T/m2can be used in lateritic gravelly
silty sand.
For high rise structures, bored cast in situ DMC piles
resting in hard rock with sufficient embedment length
can be provided with the following capacity. Presence
of hard rock to be tested by taking core samples.
Dia. (cm)
Capacity (T)
50
66
60
92
70
123
site also to be verified by the client before

construction.
Above recommendations are based on the soil
investigation report based on the actual bore hole
data. Any difference in soil profile to be referred
to the consultant to modify the recommendation
or to the designer to change the design.
5. Load Calculations
5.1 Structural Discretization
For the analysis of R C building, the first step was fixing
the positions of each column in each floor. Then beamlayouts for each floor were drawn. Then the structure was
discretized. Discretization includes fixing of joint coordinates and member incidences. Then the members were
connected along the joint co-ordinates based on the plan
and thus the structure was modelled in STAAD.
5.2 Member Property Specification
The properties of various frame member sections such as
cross-sectional dimensions of the slab, beams, columns,
staircases etc and material properties were defined and
assigned. The dimensions are as follows:
Table 5.1 Properties of Member Sections
Member section
Dimensions (mm)
Slab Thickness
150
Shear Wall
Thickness
220
Beams
Columns
B1 220 x 500
B2 220 x 450
B3 220 x 300
B4 300 x 600
C1 300mm dia.
C2 220 x 700
C3 220 x 600
C4 220 x 550
5.3 Support Condition

The support condition given was fixed.
The 3D model view of the proposed building is shown in
the figure 5.1 and the rendered view of the proposed
building after assigning the properties are shown in the
figure 5.2.
Pile Load test recommended for foundation.

Foundation to be considered as per latest IS codes
and to be certified by a qualified site engineer.
Authenticity of the lab report with respect to the
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5.4 Load Calculation

The various loads considered for analysis were:5.4.1 Dead loads
The dimensions of the cross section are to be assumed
initially which enable to estimate the dead load from the
known weights of the structure. The values of the unit
weights of the structure. The values of the unit weight of
the materials are specified in IS 875:1987(Part-I). As per
IS 875: 1987 (part I). The dead load assigned in the ground
floor is shown in the figure 5.3.
Unit weight of brick
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
= 20kN/m3
Here sample calculation is done:

5.4.1.1. Wall load
Thickness of wall = 200 mm
a)
Main wall load
= unit weight of brick x
thickness of wall x( floor height beam depth)

=20 x 0.20 x (3 -0.45)
= 10.2kN/m
Fig. 5.1: 3D model view in STAAD
=20 x 0.20 x (3-0.50) (with different beam size)

= 10kN/ m
= 20 x 0.20 x (3-0.3) (with different beam size)
=10.8kN/m
b) Partition wall load
= 20 x 0.10 x (3 -0.45)
= 5.1kN/m
=20 x 0.10 x (3-0.51) (with different beam size)

= 5kN/ m
= 20 x 0.10 x (3-0.3) (with different beam size)
=5.4kN/m
5.4.1.2 Floor load
Thickness of slab
= 150 mm
Slab load
= 0.15 x 25 = 3.75kN /m2
Floor finish
= 1.25kN/m2 (as per IS 875 part 1)
Total floor load = 5kN/m2

5.4.2 Live loads
Fig. 5.2: 3D Rendered View of Model in STAAD
They are also known as imposed loads and consist of all

loads other than the dead loads of the structure. The
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standard values are stipulated in IS875:1987 (part II).The

live loads considered are given in table 5.2. The assigned
live load on ground floor in STAAD. Pro will be as shown
in the figure 5.4.
Table.5.2: Live loads
Area
Live load ( kN/m2)
All rooms and kitchens
Toilet and bathrooms
Corridors, Passages, Staircases
Balconies
Machine room
Electrical Room
Parking
Fig. 5.4: Live Load Acting on Ground Floor

5.4.3 Earthquake Forces
Fig 5.3: Dead Load (Ground Floor)
Earthquakes generate waves which move from the

origin of its location with velocities depending on the
intensity and magnitude of the earthquake. The impact of
earthquake on the structures depends on the stiffness of the
structure, stiffness of the soil media, height and location of
the structure, etc. the earthquake forces are prescribed in
IS 1893:2002 (part-I).
Since the building is located in Kerala, it is
included in the zone III. And the seismic base shear
calculation and its distribution was done as per IS
1893:2002 (part-I). The base shear or total design lateral
force along any principle direction shall be determined by
the following expression:
Eq. 5.1
VB = Ah X W
Where,
V B = Design base shear
A h = Design horizontal seismic coefficient based on
fundamental natural period, and type of soil
W = Seismic weight of the building
The design horizontal seismic coefficient,
Ah=
Eq. 5.2
Where,
Z = Zone factor given in table 2, for the maximum
considered earthquake (MCE) and service life of the
structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator is used
so as to reduce the MCE zone factor to the factor for
design basic earthquake (DBE).
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I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use

of structures, characterized by hazardous consequences of
failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value
or economic importance (Table 6 of IS 1893 (Part 1):
2002).
Along x direction,
Ta =
= 0.85sec
Along y direction,
R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived

seismic damage performance of the structure, characterized
by ductile or brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R)
shall not be greater than 1.0. The values for buildings are
given in Table7 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002.
Ta =
=0.626 sec
Design horizontal seismic coefficients (A h ),

Ah =
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient. Sa/g is

determined on the basis of approximate fundamental
natural period of vibration on both the directions.
Eq. 5.6
Along x-direction,
Natural period of vibration,

Ta =
Eq. 5.3
=
Distribution of design Force

The design base shear was distributed along the height of
the building as per the following expression,
Qi = VB
=
Therefore,
Eq. 5.4
Ah =
= 0.058
Where,
W i = Seismic weight at floor i
h i = Height of floor i
n = Number of stories in the building (i.e. the number
of levels at which the masses are located).
Base shear (V B ), V B = A h W
Eq. 5.7
Calculation of W,
i.
Calculation of W of ground floor,
5.4.3.1 Earthquake loading

As per IS 1893:2002 (part-I) earthquake loads are
calculated.
Total beam length = beam length (no: of columns x

width of column) = 1590m
Kerala belongs to seismic zone 3.

So seismic zone coefficient, Z
=0.16
Importance factor, I
=1(other buildings)
Response reduction factor, R
=3
Height of building
=30 m
Dimension of building along X- direction = 12.21 m
Dimension of building along Y- direction =26.5 m
Beam load
Wall load
Time period,
= Length of wall thickness of wall height of wall
= total length of beam thickness of beam 0.5 unit

weight of concrete
= 1590 0.22 0.5 25 = 4372kN
Unit wt. of brick

Ta =
Eq 5.5
Main wall length
= 55.31m
Main wall load
= 55.31 0.2 3 20 = 664kN
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Distribution of design Force
Slab load
=Area thickness of slab unit
weight of concrete
= 422.8572 25 0.15
Eq. 5.8
= 1585.72kN
Table 5.3: Calculation of Q i
Column load
Floor
Wi
N)
Basement
floor
=302.179 kN
Total W = Beam load +wall load + slab load + column
= (no: of columns width) thickness of column height
hi
Wihi2
Qi
-3
Ground
floor
6927
First floor
8030.38
72273.42
19.0995
Second
floor
8030.38
289093.68
76.398
Third floor
8030.38
650460.78
171.896
Fourth floor
8030.38
12
1156374.72
305.592
Beam load = 25 0.22 0.5 1640 = 4510kN
Fifth floor
8030.38
15
1806835.5
477.488
Wall load = 20 0.1 3 118 + 20 0.2 3 98.31
Sixth floor
8030.38
18
2601843.12
687.582
Seventh
floor
8030.38
21
3541397.58
935.876
Eighth floor
8030.38
24
4625498.88
1222.368
Terrace
floor
6939
27
5058531
1336.805
of column 25
=(3x 0.152 + 3 0.7 0.22+4 0.8 0.22 + 5 0.6
0.22 + 11 0.55 0.22 + 4 0.75 0.22 ) 3 25
load
=4372 kN + 664 kN + 1585.72kN + 302.179 kN
=6927 kN
ii.
(k
Calculation of W for intermediate floor
=1887.72kN
Slab load =25 0.15 25.915 13.761
=1337.31kN
Column load = 295.35kN
Total W
= Beam load + wall load + slab load + column load
= 4510kN+1887.72kN+1337.31kN+295.35kN
=8030.38kN
iii.
Calculation of W for roof floor

Total, W
19802308.68
The representation of lateral load acting on the structure in
STAAD. Pro. along the +ve X direction and ve z
direction is as shown in the figure 5.5 and figure 5.6
respectively.
= 943.86+4510+147.675+1337.31
= 6939kN
Base shear, V B
= Ah W
= 0.067 78106 = 5233.102kN
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5.4.4 Load Combinations

Design of the structures would have become highly
expensive in order to maintain either serviceability and
safety if all types of forces would have acted on all
structures at all times. Accordingly the concept of
characteristics loads has been accepted to ensure at least
95 percent of the cases, the characteristic loads are to be
calculated on the basis of average/mean load of some
logical combinations of all loads mentioned above.
IS 456:2000, IS 875:1987 (Part-V) and IS 1893(partI):2002 stipulates the combination of the loads to be
considered in the design of the structures. The different
combination used are:
Fig 5.5: Seismic force in +ve X direction
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
1.5 (DL + LL)

1.2 (DL + LL + ELx)
1.2 (DL + LL + EL z )
1.2 (DL + LL - EL x )
1.2 (DL + LL - EL z )
1.5 (DL + EL x )
1.5 (DL + EL z )
1.5 (DL - EL x )
1.5 (DL - EL z )
0.9 DL + 1.5EL x
0.9 DL + 1.5 EL z
0.9 DL - 1.5 EL x
0.9 DL - 1.5 EL z
All these combinations are built in the STAAD. Pro.

analysis results from the critical combinations are used for
the design of structural member.
Note:
DL - Dead load
LL - Live load
EL x - Earthquake load in x direction
EL z - Earthquake load in z direction
5.4.5 Analysis
The structure was analysed as ordinary moment resisting
space frames in the versatile software STAAD Pro 2007.
Joint co-ordinate command allows specifying and
generating the co-ordinates of the joints of the structure,
initiating the specifications of the structure. Member
incidence command is used to specify the members by
defining connectivity between joints. The columns and
beams are modelled using beam elements. Member
properties have to be specified for each member. From the
analysis, maximum design loads, moments and shear on
each member was obtained. From these values, we design
the structure.
Fig. 5.6: Seismic forces in ve Z direction
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6. Design of RC Building
6.1. General
bending moment is acting on the beam CD. The bending

moment and shear force diagram for the corresponding
continuous beam is shown in the figure 6.2 and 6.3
respectively.
The aim of structural design is to achieve an acceptable

probability that the structure being designed will perform
the function for which it is created and will safely
withstand the influence that will act on it throughout its
useful life. These influences are primarily the loads and the
other forces to which it will be subjected. The effects of
temperature fluctuations, foundation settlements etc.
should be also considered.
The design methods used for the design of
reinforced concrete structures are working stress method,
ultimate load method and limit state method. Here we have
adopted the limit state method of design for slabs, beams,
columns and stairs.
In the limit state method, the structure is designed
to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it through its
life and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements, such
as limitation to deflection and cracking. The acceptable
limit of safety and serviceability requirements before
failure is called limit state. All the relevant limit states
should be considered in the design to ensure adequate
degrees of safety and serviceability. The structure should
be designed on the basis of most critical state and then
checked for other limit states.
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic
requirements:
Stability - To prevent overturning, sliding or buckling
of the structure, or part of it, under the action of loads.
Strength - To resist safely the stresses induced by the
loads in the various structural members.
Serviceability - To ensure satisfactory performance
under service load conditions which implies providing
adequate stiffness and reinforcement to contain
deflections, crack widths and vibrations within
acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability
and durability.
Fig. 6.1: Beam position - STAAD Model (Ground Floor)
6.2 Design of Beam

A beam is a structural member subjected to a
system of external forces at right angles to the axis. Beams
are usually provided for supporting slabs and walls or
secondary beams. The beam in which steel reinforcement
is provided in the tensile zone only is known as singly
reinforced beam. In the case of doubly reinforced beam,
reinforcement is provided in compression zone also to
carry compressive stresses. Design of beams were done
using IS 456:2000 and SP 16:1980. Fig. 6.1 shows the
selected continuous beam to be designed, maximum
Fig 6.2: Bending Moment Diagram (Envelope)
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d-d
= 562.5-35 = 527.5 mm
f sc
= 609.26 N/mm2
But, f sc should not be greater than 0.87 f y

= 0.87 500 = 435 N/mm2
Therefore,
=
= 973.37 mm2
=
Fig. 6.3: Shear Force Diagram (Envelope)
6.2.1: Material constants
Provide 4 bars of 20 mm (A sc = 1256.64 mm2)
Use M25 concrete and Fe500 steel bars
= 973.37 mm2
f ck = 25 N/mm
A st1
f y = 500 N/mm2
6.2.2: Preliminary dimensioning of beam CD
Width of beam, b = 300 mm

Depth of beam, D = 600 mm
Assume 25mm cover and 25 mm bars
= 1675.86 mm2
Total tension reinforcement =
= 973.37 + 1675.86 = 2649.23mm
Effective depth, d = 600 25 10 = 562.5mm
Provide 6 bars of 25mm in two layers (2945.24mm2).
6.2.3: Ultimate bending moment
Design of positive moment:
Maximum positive bending moment, Mu = 447.299 kNm
Mu - M u lim = (447.299-317.99) = 129.309kNm
(From STAAD)
Stress in compression steel
Maximum negative bending moment, Mu = 541.343 kNm
X u max
= limiting value of neutral axis depth
(From STAAD)
= 0.48 d = 0.48 562.5 = 270 mm
6.2.4: Limiting moment of resistance

lim
= 25+12.5 = 37.5mm
=
= 0.134 f ck b d2
= 602.778 N/mm2
= 0.134 25300 562.52 = 317.99kNm

Mu >
lim ,
Hence doubly reinforced section.
Design for negative moment:

Mu - M u lim = (541.343 317.99) = 223.353 kNm
Stress in compression steel,
But, f sc should not be greater than 0.87 f y

= 0.87 500 = 435 N/mm2
Therefore,
=
= 551.197mm2
=
X u max
= limiting value of neutral axis depth
Provide 2 bars of 20 mm (A sc = 628.32 mm2).
= 0.48 d = 0.48 562.5= 270.0 mm

d
= 25+10 = 35mm
A st2 =
= 551.197 mm2
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6.2.6: Main reinforcement

A st1
Table 6.1: Reinforcement details of beam AB (220

450mm)
Provide 16 mm bars
2
= 1675.86 mm
d = 417mm
Total tension reinforcement,

=
Beam AB
2
= 1675.86 + 551.197 = 2227.057mm
Provide 5 bars of 25mm in two layers (2454.37mm2).

Bending Moment,
Mu (kNm)
6.2.5: Check for shear reinforcements

V u = 375.146 kN (From STAAD)
Vu
=
=
bd
v
Pt
centre
Right
Positive
Negative
Positive
79.126
51.016
88.767
2.1
1.33
2.3
0.542
0.321
0.602
497.23
294.49
522.2748
(#316mm)
(#216mm)
(#3-16)
= 2.2 N/mm2
Pt, (from
SP16:1980)(table 3)
Left
= 1.6
Ast (required) =
As per IS 456-2000, table 19
mm2)
= 0.72 N/mm
>
Ast (provided) mm2
, So shear reinforcement is required
Strength of shear reinforcement,
=(
bd)
= 375.146 10 - (0.72
562.5)
= 253.646kN
(From Clause.40.4 (a) of IS 456:2000)
Spacing of stirrups,
86.694
Shear stress, v =
Vu (N/mm2)
bd
0.9
Pt =
Sv =
= 96.98 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter 2-L stirrups

According to IS 456:2000, Clause 26.5.1.5, the spacing of
stirrups in beams should not exceed the least of:
i.
0.75d = 0.75 562.5 = 421.875mm
or
ii.
Factored shear force,

Vu (kN)
300mm
Hence provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups @ 90mm
0.57
Permissible shear
stress, c, (N/mm2)
0.5124
v > c , hence shear reinforcement required

Strength of shear
=
reinforcement,
bd)
( -
39.68 kN
Spacing,
=
459.57
Shear reinforcement
8 mm , 2-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c
c/c gradually increasing to 150 mm towards the Centre.

The reinforcement detailing for the beam CD is shown in
the figure 6.4.
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Table 6.2: Reinforcement details of beam BC (220mm

500mm)
Table 6.3: Reinforcement details of beam CD (300mm

x 600mm)
20 mm bars
Provide 16mm bars

Beam AB
d = 467mm
Beam BC
Bending Moment ,Mu

(kNm)
Pt, (from
SP16:1980)(table 3)
d = 565mm, d = 37.5mm
Left
centre
Right
Left
Centre
Right
Positive
Negative
Positive
Positive
Negative
Positive
63.640
54.480
129.8
317.99kNm
317.99kNm
317.99kNm
1.33
1.14
2.7
447.299
541.343
295.815
0.321
0.279
0.727
551.197mm2
973.37mm2
329.8
286.65
746.92
#2-20mm
#4-20 mm
#2-12 mm
(#216mm)
(#216mm)
(#416)
2227.057
2649.23
1432.275
#5-25mm
#6-25mm
(two layers)
#3-25mm
lim = 0.134
f ck b d2
Bending Moment,
Mu (kNm)
=
Ast (required) =
mm2)
Ast (provided) mm2
Factored shear force,
Vu (kN)
Shear stress, v = Vu
bd
(mm2)
Ast (provided)
0.9
0.72
Permissible shear
0.55
stress, c, (N/mm2)
Strength of shear
reinforcement,
=
46.077 kN
( bd)
Spacing,
443.22
=
Shear reinforcement
=
+
102.584
(N/mm2)
Pt
A sc (provided)
8 mm , 2-legged stirrups @ 300

mm c/c
Factored shear
force, Vu(kN)
375.146
Shear stress, v
(N/mm2)
2.2
1.6
Pt =
Permissible shear
stress, c, (N/mm2)
0.72

Strength of shear
reinforcement,
=( bd)
Spacing,
=
Shear
reinforcement
253.646 kN
97.62 mm
8 mm , 2-legged stirrups @ 90 mm c/c to
150 mm c/c towards the Centre.
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6.3. 1: Material Constants

Concrete, f ck
= 30 N/mm
= 500 N/mm
Steel, f y
Depth of column, D
= 700 mm
Breadth of column, b
= 220 mm
Unsupported length of column, l = 3000 - 700 = 2300 mm
Support condition: - two ends hinged
As per Table 28 of IS 456:2000
Multiplication factor for effective length = 1.0
Effective length of column, l eff = 1.0 l = 1 2.3 = 2.3 m
Factored axial Load, P u
Factored Moment in X-dir., M ux
Factored Moment in Y-dir., M uy
Fig 6.4: Reinforcement Detailing of Beam CD
= 3322.316kN
= 2.369kNm
= 30.840kNm
Type of Column:
l eff / D = 2.3/0.7 = 3.2 < 12
l eff / b = 2.3/0.22 = 10.45 < 12
So design as a short column with biaxial bending.
6.3.2: Calculation of eccentricity, (Ref: Clause.25.4 of IS
456:2000)
6.3. Design of Column

Column size
Eccentricity in X direction,
Eccentricity in Y direction,
= 11.93 < 20 mm
= 220 mm 600 mm
The support condition of column to be designed is shown

in the figure 6.5.
= 27.93 >20 mm
6.3.3: Moments due to minimum eccentricity

M ux = Pu e x =3322.316 x 0.02 = 66.45kNm
M uy = Pu e y = 3322.316 x 0.02793 = 92.79kNm
6.3.4: Longitudinal reinforcement
Assume percentage of steel, P t = 2.5%;
=
= 0.08
(0.8% - 6% is the range of minimum steel area of column

as per IS 456: 2000)
Assume 40 mm clear cover and 25 mm diameter bars,
40 + (25/2)
=52.5mm
Uniaxial moment capacity of the sections
Fig. 6.5: Column position STAAD model
= 0.1(About X axis)
= 0.2 (About Y axis)

=
= 0.72
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= 0.01
i.
(From chart 48 of SP 16)
= 32.34kNm
= 0.01
(From chart 50 of SP 16)
= 32.34kNm
For 3% steel, Fe 500 and M30 concrete,
= 22N/mm
(From chart 63 of SP16)
= 220
Gross Area,
Least lateral dimension of compression member =

220 mm
ii.
16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement bar to be tied= 1625= 400 mm
iii.
300 mm
Provide 8mm diameter lateral ties at 220mm c/c.
The column reinforcement detailing is shown in the figure
6.6.
700 = 154000 mm
= 3388kN
=
= 0.9 and
For
Permissible value of
= 0.89
= 0.07
= 0.9
= 0.89, (Refer chart 64, SP- 16)
= 0.5, which is greater than the
actual value of
Fig 6.6: Column Reinforcement Detailing
So the assumed reinforcement of 2.5% is satisfactory.

=
= (2.5220700)/100 = 3850 mm
2
So provide 8 numbers of 25mm diameter bars (3927mm ).

6.3.5: Lateral ties (from IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.3.2)
Diameter
a)
The diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than
one- fourth of the largest longitudinal bar =
b)
25 = 6.25 mm
It should not be less than 6 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties
Pitch
Pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall not be more
than the least of the following distances.
6.4. Design of Two-Way Slab

Slabs are plate elements having their depth much smaller
than other two dimensions. They usually carry a uniformly
distributed load from the floors and roof of the building.
Design of reinforced concrete slab was done using IS
456:2000. Slabs of thickness 150 mm is used in the
building and designed as two-way slab. Grade of concrete
M25 is assumed for slab design. The slab to be designed is
shown in Figure 6.7
Concrete, f ck
Steel,
fy
= 20N/mm
= 500 N/mm
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6.4.2: Dimensioning
Clear span distance in shorter direction, l x = 2.7 m
Clear span distance in longer direction, l y = 4.71 m
As per IS 456:2000, Clause 24.1,
Thickness of slab = l x / 32
= 4710/32 = 147.19mm~ 150mm
Assume 20mm cover and 8mm diameter bars
Eff: depth, d
= 150 20 8/2 = 126mm
= clear span + eff. depth = 2.7 + 0.126= 2.826m

L ex2
L ex1
= centre to centre of support = 4.71m
L ex2
= clear span + eff. depth= 4.71 + 0.126 = 4.836m
Eff: span along short span, L ex = 2.826m
Eff: span along long span, L ey = 4.836m
6.4.4: Load calculation
Dead Load on Slab
Live Load on Slab
Floor Finish
Total load
Factored load
= 0.1525 = 3.75kN/m
= 3kN/m
= 1kN/m
= 7.75kN/m
= 1.57.75 = 11.625kN/m
6.4.5: Type of slab

Eff: span along short span, L ex
Eff: span along long span, L ey
= 2.826m
= 4.836m
= 4.836/2.826 = 1.7< 2.
Hence, design as two-way slab.
6.4.6: Ultimate design moment coefficients
As per IS 456:2000 table 26, take the moment coefficients
for
= 1.63, one short edge discontinuous,
Fig.6.7: Slab layout - STAAD model
Short span moment coefficients:

Negative moment coefficient, x
Positive moment coefficient, x
Long span moment coefficients:
Negative moment coefficient, y
Positive moment coefficient, y
= 0.0606
= 0.046
= 0.037
= 0.028
6.4.7: Design moments

M x (-ve) = x W l x 2 = 0.0606 11.625 2.8262 = 5.63kNm
M x (+ve) = x W l x 2 = 0.046 11.625 2.8262 = 4.278kNm
M y (-ve) = y W l x 2 = 0.037 11.625 2.8262 = 3.433kNm
M y (+ve)
= y W l x 2 = 0.028 11.625 2.8262 =
2.598kNm
6.4.8: Check for depth
M u = 0.133f ck bd
Fig.6.8: Plan of two-way slab
6.4.3: Effective span
As per IS 456: 2000 clause 22.2
Eff. Span along short and long spans are computed as:
L ex1
= centre to centre of support = 2.7m
d req =
=
= 46.0 mm < 126mm
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Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the

design ultimate moment.
6.4.9: Reinforcements along Short and long span
directions
As per IS: 456 Annex G Clause. G.1
The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation:
= (100
182.784)/ (1000
= 0.29N/mm (IS 456:2000,
Design shear strength of concrete = k

= 1.3 0.29 = 0.377 N/mm (IS 456:2000 Clause 40.2)
Maximum shear stress,
= 3.1 N /mm (IS 456:2000 Table 20)
Table 6.4 Calculation of A st

2
Area (mm )
long
span
126) = 0.146
Permissible shear stress,

Table 19)
Mu =
short
span
= 100 A s / bd
Percentage of steel, p t
+ve moment(kNm)
4.278
79.299
-ve moment(kNm)
5.63
104.902
+ve moment(kNm)
3.433
63.43
-ve moment(kNm)
2.598
47.855
< k
required.
<
, so shear reinforcement is not
6.4.13: Check for deflection

= 182.784 mm (From 6.2.11)
= 180 mm
fs =
= 285.583 N/mm
6.4.10: Check for area of steel

As per IS 456 clause 26.5.2.1
A stmin = 0.12 % of bD =
= 180 mm
6.4.11: Check for spacing

As per IS 456:2000 Clause. 26.3.3(b)
Maximum spacing = 3d or 300mm, whichever is less
= 3 125 = 375mm (or) 300mm (take lesser value)
= 300 mm
Reinforcement provided
= 100 A s / bd = (100 182.784) / (1000 126)

= 0.145
Modification factor = 1.9
(IS 456:2000, fig. 4)
Permissible l/d ratio = 32 1.9 = 60.8
Actual l/d
= (4836/125) = 38.688 60.8
Therefore, deflection is safe with provided depth.
6.4.14: Check for cracking
(As per IS 456:2000, Clause 43.1)
Short span: Provide 8mm diameter bars @ 275mm c/c
1. Steel provided is more than 0.12%

2. Spacing of main steel 3d = 3 125 = 375mm
(A st prov = 182.784 mm)
3. Diameter of reinforcement
Long span: Provide 8mm diameter bars @ 275mm c/c

(A st prov = 182.784 mm)
= 150/8
= 18.75mm
Hence it is safe against cracking.

The slab detailing is provided in figure 6.9.
Spacing prov < spacing max

6.4.12: Check for shear
As per IS 456:2000, Table13
Shear force, Vu
=
=
= 16.426kN
As per IS 456:2000 Clause 40.1

Nominal shear stress,
=
= 16.426 10/ (1000 126)
= 0.130 N/mm
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6.5.2: Preliminary dimensioning

Rise of stair, R = 150mm
Tread of stair, T = 300mm
Effective span
= 4.0+0.20
=4.2m
(As per IS 456:2000, Clause 33.1)

Let thickness of waist slab = 250mm
Use 12mm dia. bars and clear cover 25mm
6.5.3: Load calculation
Self-weight of landing slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.25kN/m2
Live load on loading slab = 3kN/m2
Finishes = 1.25kN/m2
Total load on the landing slab = 10.5kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 10.5= 15.75kN/m2
Dead load of waist slab
= Thickness of waist slab25
= 0.25 25
Fig 6.9: Reinforcement Detailing of Slab
6.5. Design of Staircase
= 6.98kN/m
The self-weight of the steps is calculated by treating the

step to be equivalent horizontal slab of thickness equal to
half the rise .
The common staircase is designed, the dimensioning of

staircase is shown in figure 6.10.
Self-weight of step
= 0.50.1525 = 1.875kN/m
Floor finish
= 1.25kN/m
Live load
= 3kN/m
Total service load= 13.105kN/m

Consider 1m width of waist slab
Total service load /m run = 13.1051.0 = 13.105kN/m
Total ultimate load = W u = 1.513.105 = 19.6575kN/m
Fig 6.10: Top view of staircase

6.5.1: Material Constants
Fig. 6.11: Loading Diagram
Concrete, f ck
= 25 N/mm
6.5.4: Ultimate design moment
Steel,
= 500 N/mm
Maximum bending moment at the centre of the span is

given by,
fy
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Mu =
= 43.345kNm
6.5.9: Distribution reinforcement

0.12% cross sectional area
6.5.5: Check for the depth of waist slab

d required =
=
= 262.8 mm2
= 113.75mm
d provided > d required
Use 8mm bars
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the

ultimate moment
Spacing
6.5.6: Reinforcements
Provide 8 mm bars at 175 mm c/c
required
= 191.27 mm
6.5.10: Check for spacing of distribution steel
= 0.694
From table 3 of SP 16: 1980, P t
As per IS 456:2000 Cl: 26.3.3 (b)

= 0.167
= 365.73mm2
A st =
Maximum spacing for 12 mm bars
Max spacing =
, whichever is less
=
= 450 mm
Spacing
Spacing =
whichever is less
= 309.24 mm
Provide 12 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c spacing

6.5.7: Check for spacing of main steel
.
..
provided
< spacing
maximum
Safe
6.5.11: Check for shear

(As per IS 456:2000, Clause 40)
As per IS 456:2000 Cl. 26.3.3 (b)

Max spacing =
whichever is less
Shear, V u
=
=
, whichever is less
= 41.28kN
= 300 mm
As per IS 456:2000, Clause 40.1
Spacing provided < spacing maximum

.
..
Nominal shear
stress, v
Safe
6.5.8: Check for area of steel

As per IS 456:2000, Cl. 26.5.2.1,
0.189N/mm
Pt =
A st min = 0.12% cross sectional area

=
= 262.8 mm2
= 0.167
As per IS 456: 2000, Table 19, c = 0.302N/ mm
Ast provided > Ast minimum
As per IS 456: 2000, Cl: 40.2
Hence ok.
Design shear strength of concrete, k c
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= 1.1 0.302 = 0.3322 N/ mm

As per IS 456: 2000, Table 20
Max. value of shear stress, cmax = 3.1 N/ mm
So shear reinforcement is not required.

Reinforcement detailing is provided in Figure 6.12
v =
= 0.193 N/mm2
Assuming minimum reinforcement ratio in the horizontal

direction
P t = 0.25% (IS 13920, Cl.9.1.4)
Design shear stress, c = 0.37 N/mm2
c max =3.5N/mm2
v < c
So shear reinforcement is not required
Pt
=
=750 mm2
A st =
Provide 10 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c as horizontal

reinforcement (785 mm2)
6.6.4: Vertical reinforcement
Axial force =34.037kN
A st
=
= 78.25 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c

6.6.5: Flexural strength
Fig 6.12: Reinforcement Detailing of Staircase
6.6 Design of Shear wall
Axial force = 34.037kN
Moment
= 112.943kNm
Shear force = 123.929kN
The moment of resistance of a slender rectangular shear

wall section with uniformly distributed vertical
reinforcement may be estimated as follows.
(From IS 13920: 1993 annex a.)
When, x u / l w <x u */ l w
= [(1+ ( /)) (
) (

Use M30 grade concrete and Fe 500 steel
6.6. 2: Preliminary dimensions
Horizontal length of the wall = 2680 mm
Thickness of wall
= 300 mm
As per IS 13920:1993 Clause 9.1.2
Thickness of wall should not less than 150 mm
Provided thickness is ok
Effective depth of the wall section,
= 0.8 l w
dw
= 0.82680
= 2144 mm
6.6.3: Horizontal reinforcement
Factored shear force Vu = 123.929kN
As per IS 13920 Cl.9.2.1
(0.168 + )]
Where,
= vertical reinforcement ratio = Ast / (t w x l w )
= 261.799 x 103/ (300 x 2144) = 0.407
=
= 5.9015
=0.62
= 0.001
= [(+) / (2 +0.36)] = 0.49
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= 0.617
x u / l w< x u */ l w
M uv = 5496 kNm
Mu
<M uv
Section is safe in flexure

6.6.6: Boundary elements
As per IS 13920:1993, Cl.9.4.1,where the extreme
compressive stress in the wall due to factored gravity loads
plus factored earthquake force exceeds 0.2
, boundary
elements shall be provided along the vertical boundaries of
the walls.
Area of cross section = 2680 300 = 804000 mm2
Moment of inertia of the section =I y =
=2.47 1012
Extreme fibre compressive stress (f c ) =

= 1.31N/mm2
0.2
= 0.2 30 = 6 N/mm2
f c < 0.2
So no boundary elements required.
Fig. 6.13 Reinforcement Detailing of Shear Wall

6.7 Design of Retaining Wall
Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to
unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between
two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing
undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to
be shaped severely and engineered for more specific
purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses.
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to
resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired
change in ground elevation that exceeds the repose of the
soil. Here we are designing the retaining wall as cantilever
retaining wall. Here the height of soil is 4m.Angle of
repose is 30o as per standard penetration test.
6.7.1. Preliminary dimensioning
Height of embankment below ground level = 3 m
Density of fine sand = 18 kN/mm2
Angle of repose =30o
Safe bearing capacity = 200 kN/mm2
Coefficient of friction = 0.5
For M20 grade concrete f ck = 20 N/mm2
For Fe 500 grade steel f y = 500N/mm2
6.7.2. Dimensions of retaining wall
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Factored bending moment = 107.172 1.5 = 161kNm
Minimum depth of foundation =
Limiting thickness of stem at the base, d

=
= 1.235 m
Height of wall above its base, H = 4 +1.2 = 5.2 m

Thickness of base slab
= 241.522 mm
Assumed thickness of 450 mm is more than limiting value.

Hence section is under reinforced.
Adopt an effective depth of 450 mm at bottom and tapered

=
= 433.33 mm
Adopt the thickness of base slab
= 450 mm
Thickness of stem at base
= 450 mm
Height of stem = 5.2 - 0.45
= 4.75 m
Width of base slab, b = 0.5H 0.6 H = 2.6m to 3.12m

Adopt 3 m width for base slab
to 200 mm at top.
=
= 0.795
P t = 0.193
A st =
(Table 4 of SP 16)
= 1188 mm2
Provide 16 mm bars
Spacing =
= 169.11 mm
150 mm
Provide 16 mm bars at 150 mm spacing in vertical
direction at bottom of stem gradually increases to 300 mm
towards top.
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of cross sectional area
=
x 1000 x 450 = 540 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars at a spacing of 145 mm on both

faces.
6.7.4. Stability calculations
Heel projection = 2.4 3.5 = 1.05 mm
The stability calculations for 1 m run of wall is shown in
table 1
From that, Z =
Fig. 6.14: Dimensioning of retaining wall
6.7.3. Design of stem
Sl.
No
Height of stem = 4.75m

Maximum bending moment in stem, M =
1
ka =
M = 0.33
= 0.33
2
3
= 1.6m
Table 6.5: Stability calculations for 1m run of wall

Magnitude Distance
Loads
of load (
from a,
kN)
(m)
W1= 0.2 x 4.75x 25
22.8
1.65
= 0.5 x 0.25 x 4.75 x
14.25
1.833
25
W2 = 3x0.45 x25
32.4
1.5
W3= 4.75x1.55x18
132.525
0.78
Moment
kNm
37.62
26.12
48.6
103.37
= 107.172kNm
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Maximum design ultimate bending moment in heel slab =
Moment due to earth

4
107.17
1.5 x 45.43 = 68.145kNm
pressure =
From IS 456 2000, Annex G,

M = 322.88
M u = 0.87 f y A st d [1
=
201.975
Eccentricity, e =
- x =
Solving,
- 1.6 = 0.1
A st = 484 mm2
b/6 = 2
e< b/6
Provide 12 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c.

6.7.6. Design of Toe Slab
Maximum bending moment in toe slab is determined by
taking moments of forces about point c.
h
Total shear force at c =

=
1.2 = 72.948kN
X =
Fig. 6.15: Pressure distribution at the base

Maximum pressure
= 80.76kN/mm2
Minimum pressure
M u = 0.138
= 53.84kN/mm2
d=
= 0.623
0.623 = 45.45kNm
Bending moment = 72.948
Factored bending moment = 1.5

f ck
45.45 = 68.17kNm
b
= 157.16mm
6.7.5. Design of heel slab

6.7.7. Design of Reinforcement
Table 6.6: Calculation of BM in heel slab
Loads
W3 =
4.75x1.55x 18
Self-weight of
heel slab
Total
Deduct for
upward
pressure 53.84
x1.55
Upward
pressure (ghj)
0.5 13.9 1.55
Magnitude
of load (kN)
Distance
from a
Moment
(kNm)
Mu
Solving,
A st = 281.42mm2
Minimum reinforcement, A stmin = 0.12% of cross sectional
area
132.5
0.775
102.68
16.74
0.775
12.97
115.65
= 540 mm2
Spacing =
83.45
0.775
64.67
x 1000 x 450
= 209.44mm2 200 mm
Provide 12 mm bars @200mm c/c.

6.7.8. Check for safety against sliding
10.77
0.516
5.55
Maximum bending moment in heel slab
45.43
Total horizontal earth pressure =

=
= 81.12kN
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Maximum possible frictional force = x W

= 0.5 x 201.976 = 100.99kN
Factor of safety against sliding =
= 1.25 < 1.5
Hence a shear key has to be designed.

6.7.9. Design of shear key
If P p is the passive earth pressure developed just in front of
shear key the value of
pp = kp P
kp =
= 3.0
P =71.78kN/mm2
p p = 71.78 3.0
= 215.34kN/mm2
If depth of shear key be 450 mm,
Total passive pressure = P p = p p a
= 215.34
.45 = 96.903kN
Factor of safety against sliding =
= 2.44 > 1.5
Hence the retaining wall is safe against failure due to

sliding. The Reinforcement in Stem is extended up to
Shear Key.
6.7.10. Check for stresses at junction of stem and base
slab
Net working shear force, V = 1.5 P ( W)
=1.5 81.12 100.98
= 20.7kN
Factored shear force, V u = 31.05kN
Nominal shear stress,
6.8 DESIGN OF WATER TANK

6.8.1 Material constants
Use M 25 grade concrete and Fe 500 steel
6.8.2 Dimensions of water tank
Length of water tank, l
= 4.5 m
Width of water tank, b
= 2.5 m
Capacity required for tank = 30400 l
Height of water tank, a
= 2.5 m
= 0.0776 N/mm2
=
pt =
Fig 6.16: Reinforcement Detailing of Retaining Wall
= 0.3375
From table 19 of IS 456:2000

Permissible shear stress, c = 0.408kN/mm2
v > c, Hence shear stress are within permissible limits
Fig. 6.17 Plan of water tank
6.8.3 Design constants
As per IS 456:2000, table 21
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Permissible stress in concrete,

As per IS 456:2000, table 22
= 8.5 N/mm
Permissible stress in steel, = 0.55 f y

As per SP: 16-1982, Clause 6.1,
275 N/mm2
= 10.98
=0.253
j=1
= 0.916
6.8.4 Design of side walls

Unit weight of water
Height of water tank, a
Width of water tank, b
= 10kN/m3
= 2.5 m
= 2.5 m
1.0
Moment coefficient for individual wall panel, top free,

bottom and vertical edges fixed from IS: 3370 (Part IV)1967, (Table 3)
mx
= 0.029
Maximum horizontal moment, M = m x w a3
= 0.029 10 2.53
= 4.531 kNm
As per IS: 3370 (Part II)-2009, (Clause 4.5.2.1 Table 1),
Permissible Tensile strength in concrete due to bending =
1.8 N/mm2
1.8
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist

6.8.5 Reinforcement required in horizontal direction
Area of steel required,
Area of steel,
= 115.32 mm2
As per IS :3370 (Part II)-2009 Cl:8.1.1 The minimum

reinforcement in walls floors and roofs in each of two
directions at right angles, with in each surface zone shall
not be less than 0.35 percent of the surface zone for high
strength deformed bars and not less than 0.64 percent for
mild steel reinforcement bars.
Minimum reinforcement required, A st min = 0.35 % of
concrete section = 0.35% 2001000 =700mm2
Spacing required = 161.57mm
Provide 12mm diameter bars @ 150 mm c/c in horizontal
direction
6.8.6 Reinforcement required in vertical direction
Moment coefficient,
Mx
Maximum vertical moment, M
= 0.009
= M x w a3
= 0.009 10 2.53
= 1.41 kNm
Area of steel required,
A st
Z=
= 35.89 mm2
Minimum reinforcement required, A stmin
= 0.35 % of concrete section = 700mm2
Spacing required =161.57 mm
Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 150 mm c/c in vertical
direction
2517.2 103 =
6.8.7 Design of base slab
Effective depth of wall, d

= 122.89 mm
Using 12 mm diameter bars and 25 mm clear cover
Assume an overall depth, D
= 200 mm
Effective depth provided, d
= 157 mm
Check for effective depth
Let the thickness of base slab be 200 mm.

Use 12 mm diameter bars and 25 mm clear cover.
Effective depth, d = 157 mm.
6.8.7.1 Loads on the slab
Dead load
= 0.2 x 25 = 5kN/m2
Load due to water
= 2.3 10= 23kN/m2
Finish load
= 0.8kN/m2
Total load, w
= 28.8kN/m2
Factored load
= 43.2kN/m2
Taking
= 1.8;
Z=
= 2517.2 103 mm3
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Hence, design as a two way slab. All edges are

discontinuous.
6.8.7.2 Check for effective depth
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist

6.8.7.3 Area of reinforcement in shorter span
Moment coefficient,
= 0.101
Moment,
= 0.101 43.2 2.52

= 27.27 kNm
Area of steel required, A st =
=
= 694.083 mm2
For 12 mm diameter bars

Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 150 mm c/c as main
reinforcement.
6.8.7.4 Area of reinforcement in longer span
= 0.056
Moment coefficient,
Moment,
Fig. 6.18: Reinforcement Detailing of Water Tank
=
6.9 Design of Isolated Footing
= 0.056 43.2 2.52 = 15.12kNm

Area of steel required, A st =
= 382.317 mm2
For 12 mm diameter bars
Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c
Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct

contact with soil. The R.C. structures consist of various
structural components which act together to resist the
applied loads and transfer them safely to soil. In general
the loads applied on slabs in buildings are transferred to
soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are
that part of the structure which are generally located below
ground Level. They are also referred as foundations.
Footings transfer the vertical loads, Horizontal loads,
Moments, and other forces to the soil.
6.9.1 Material constants
Use M 25 grade concrete
Fe 500 .
Concrete, f ck
Steel, f y
Column size
Depth of column, a
Breadth of column, b
and HYSD steel bars of grade

= 30 N/mm
= 500 N/mm
=220 mm 700 mm
= 700 mm
= 220 mm
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Perimeter of the critical section = 4 (a+d) = 4 (700+ 537.5)

= 4950 mm
Therefore, from clause 31.6.3 of IS 456-2000
Factored axial Load, P u = 3322.316 kN

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil = 200 kN/m2
Nominal shear stress in punching or punching shear stress

is computed as,
=
=
= 1.09 N/mm2
Allowable shear stress = k s

Where, k s = (0.5 + c );
c =
= 0.3143
k s = 0.5 + 0.3143 = 0.8143

c
Fig. 6.19: Dimensioning of Foundation

6.9.2 Size of footing
Factored axial Load, P u = 3322.316 kN
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil = 200 kN/m2
= 16.61 m2
Area of footing =
Provide a square footing of 4.5

Net upward pressure,
Pu=
4.5 m
=
= 164.065
kN/m2< 200kN/m2
Hence safe.
6.9.3. Two way shear
Assume a uniform overall thickness of footing,
D = 600mm.
Assuming 25 mm diameter bars for main steel, effective
thickness of footing,d is
d = 600 50 12.5= 537.5 mm
The critical section for the two way shear or punching
shear occurs at a distance of d/2 from the face of the
column, where a and b are the sides of the column.
Hence, punching area of footing = (a + d)2 = (0.7 +
0.5375)2 = 1.53 m2
Punching shear force
= Factored load (Factored
upward pressure punching
area of footing)
= 3322.316 (164.0651.53)
= 3071.3kN
= 0.25
= 1.369
Allowable shear stress = k s c

= 0.8143 1.369 = 1.12 N/mm2
Since the punching shear stress (1.09 N/mm2) < allowable
shear stress (1.12 N/mm2),
Hence safe.
The check for assumed thickness is done and it is safe.
Hence, the assumed thickness of footing D = 600 mm is
sufficient.
The effective depth for the lower layer of reinforcement, d l
= 600 50 12.5 537.5 mm, Effective depth for the upper
layer of reinforcement, d u = 600 50 25 12.5 512.5
mm.
6.9.4 Design for flexure
The critical section for flexure occurs at the face of the
column.
The projection of footing beyond the column face is
treated as a cantilever slab subjected to factored upward
pressure of soil.
Factored upward pressure of soil, P u = 164.065kN/m2
Projection of footing beyond the column face, l =
(4500 700)/2 = 1900 mm
Hence, bending moment at the critical section in the
footing is
Mu
296.137kN/m
m width of footing
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The area of steel Ast can be determined using the

following moment of resistance relation for under
reinforced condition given in Annex G 1.1 b of IS
456:2000.
The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation:
Sufficient development length should be available for the

reinforcement from the critical section.
Here, the critical section considered for L d is that of
flexure.
The development length for 25 mm dia. bars is given by
Ld = 47 = 47 25 = 1175 mm.
=
296.137 106
0.87
500
512.5
Providing 60 mm side cover, the total length available

from the critical section is
[1
= 1840 > 1175.
1391.29 mm2
The corresponding value of P t = 0.272%
Hence O.K.
Hence from flexure criterion, P t = 0.272 %

6.9.7. Check for bearing stress
6.9.5. One way shear
The critical section for one way shear occurs at a distance
d from the face of the column
For the cantilever slab, total Shear Force along critical
section considering the entire width B is
Vu
= P u B (l d)
= 164.065 4.5 (1.9 0.5125) = 1024.38kN
The nominal shear stress is given by,
v=
= 0.4 N/mm2
From IS 456-2000, clause 34.4

The load is assumed to disperse from the base of column to
the base of footing at rate of 2H: 1V.
Hence, the side of the area of dispersion at the bottom of
footing = 700 + 2 (2 600) = 3100 mm.
Since this is lesser than the side of the footing (i.e., 4500
mm)
A 1 = 4.5 4.5 = 20.25 m2
The dimension of the column is 220 mm x 700 mm.
Hence, A 2 = 0.220 x 0.7 = 0.154 m2
From Table 61 of SP 16, find the P t required to have a

minimum design shear strength
with f ck = 30 N/mm2.
= 0.38
v=
0.44 N/mm2
11.467 > 2
Hence, Limit the value of
For P t = 0.272 % the design shear strength
N/mm2< v = 0.4 N/mm2.

Hence from one way shear criterion provide P t = 0.4 %,
Permissible bearing stress
with c = 0.45 N/mm2

Comparing P t from flexure and one way shear criterion,
provide P t = 0.4 % (larger of the two values)
Hence,
Actual bearing stress =
A st =
=2
= 0.38
= 2400 mm2
Provide 25mm dia. bars at 200mm c/c.

Therefore, A st provided = 2454.37 mm2> A st required
(2050 mm2). Hence O.K.
= 0.45
f ck
= 0.45 x 30 x 2
= 27 N/mm2
= 21.574 N/mm2
Since, The Actual bearing stress (21.574N/mm2) <The

Permissible bearing stress (27N/mm2), the design for
bearing stress is satisfactory.
6.9.6 Check for development length
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1.
Fig. 6.20: Reinforcement Detailing of Foundation
8. CONCLUSION
Analysis and design of an apartment building having G + 8
storeys is done. Analysis is done by using the software
package STAAD Pro. V8i, which proved to be premium of
great potential in analysis and design sections of
construction industry. The structural elements like Ramp,
shear wall and retaining walls are also provided. As per the
soil investigation report, an isolated footing is provided.
All the structural components were designed manually and
detailed using AutoCAD 2016. The analysis and design
was done according to standard specifications to the
possible extend. The various difficulties encountered in the
design process and the various constraints faced by the
structural engineer in designing up to the architectural
drawing were also understood.
Dr. Punmia B. C. Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar

Jain, Reinforced Concrete Design, Laxmi publications
private limited, New Delhi.
2. S. Ramamrutham and R. Narayan, Design of
Reinforced concrete structures, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
3. Unnikrishna Pillai. S. and Devadas Menon,
Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
4. IS. 456: 2000, Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced
Concrete - Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
5. IS: 875 (Part I) - 1987, Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake)
for Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian
6. IS: 875 (Part 2) - 1987, Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake)
for Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian
7. IS: 875 (Part 3) - 1987, Indian Standard Code of
practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
8. IS 1893 (Part 1):2002, Indian Standard Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
9. SP 16 (1980): Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to
IS 456:1978, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
10. SP 34 (1987): Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement
and Detailing, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
11. IS 3370-part 2 (2009): Code of Practice Concrete
structures for the storage of liquids, Reinforced
concrete structures , Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi
12. IS 3370-part 4 (1967): Code of practice for concrete
structures for the storage of liquids, Design tables,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
Appendix A: Plan Details
REFERENCES
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Fig. A1: Basement Floor Plan
Fig. A2: Ground Floor Plan
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Fig. A3: Typical Floor Plan
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.

Analysis And Design Of Apartment Building

Department of Civil Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology,

To get exposure to engineering experience and

To share the experience gained from the

During designing, a sensible designer ought to

3. A Brief Description of Softwares Used In

3.2 AutoCAD 2016

4. Soil Investigation Report

To determine the type and extend of subsurface

To provide engineering parameters and suitable

For soil investigation two boreholes of 150mm

Table 4.1: Soil investigation (Bore Hole No.1)

site also to be verified by the client before

5.3 Support Condition

Pile Load test recommended for foundation.

5.4 Load Calculation

Unit weight of brick

Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3

Here sample calculation is done:

Main wall load

= unit weight of brick x

thickness of wall x( floor height beam depth)

=20 x 0.20 x (3-0.50) (with different beam size)

=20 x 0.10 x (3-0.51) (with different beam size)

= 0.15 x 25 = 3.75kN /m2

= 1.25kN/m2 (as per IS 875 part 1)

Total floor load = 5kN/m2

They are also known as imposed loads and consist of all

standard values are stipulated in IS875:1987 (part II).The

Toilet and bathrooms

Corridors, Passages, Staircases

Fig. 5.4: Live Load Acting on Ground Floor

Fig 5.3: Dead Load (Ground Floor)

Earthquakes generate waves which move from the

I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use

R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived

Design horizontal seismic coefficients (A h ),

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient. Sa/g is

Natural period of vibration,

Distribution of design Force

Calculation of W of ground floor,

5.4.3.1 Earthquake loading

Total beam length = beam length (no: of columns x

Kerala belongs to seismic zone 3.

= Length of wall thickness of wall height of wall

= total length of beam thickness of beam 0.5 unit

Unit wt. of brick

Main wall length

Main wall load

= 55.31 0.2 3 20 = 664kN

Distribution of design Force

= (no: of columns width) thickness of column height

Beam load = 25 0.22 0.5 1640 = 4510kN

Wall load = 20 0.1 3 118 + 20 0.2 3 98.31

Calculation of W for intermediate floor

Calculation of W for roof floor

5.4.4 Load Combinations

Fig 5.5: Seismic force in +ve X direction