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    Equilibrium PDF

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    Patricia
    This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including: - Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations remain constant. - The equilibrium constant, K, relates concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium. - Le Chatelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, it will shift to relieve that stress. - Factors like concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalysis can affect the position and shift of equilibrium but not the value of K.

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    Equilibrium PDF

    Uploaded by

    Patricia
    202 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including: - Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations remain constant. - The equilibrium constant, K, relates concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium. - Le Chatelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, it will shift to relieve that stress. - Factors like concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalysis can affect the position and shift of equilibrium but not the value of K.

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    This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including: - Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations remain constant. - The equilibrium constant, K, relates concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium. - Le Chatelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, it will shift to relieve that stress. - Factors like concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalysis can affect the position and shift of equilibrium but not the value of K.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    202 views5 pages

    Equilibrium PDF

    Uploaded by

    Patricia
    This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including: - Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations remain constant. - The equilibrium constant, K, relates concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium. - Le Chatelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, it will shift to relieve that stress. - Factors like concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalysis can affect the position and shift of equilibrium but not the value of K.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    CHEM 301 LECTURE

    Unit 4. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM


    Chapter 13 in Atoms First by Zumdahl
    I. Chemical Equilibrium
    the state where the concentrations of all reactions and products remain constant with time
    the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
    reversible reactions do not go into completion
    reactants products
    II. Equilibrium Constant, K
    Law of Mass Action
    Kc is defined for a reversible reaction at a given temperature as the product of the equilibrium
    concentrations (in M) of the products, each raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the
    balanced equation, divided by the product of the equilibrium concentrations (in M) of the reactants, each
    raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced equation.
    aA + bB

    Kc

    cC + dD

    [C]c [D]d
    [A]a [B]b

    Example 1: The following equilibrium concentrations were obtained for the Haber process for the synthesis of
    ammonia at 127 C:
    N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
    -1

    [N2] = 8.5 x 10 M

    -3

    [H2] = 3.1 x 10 M

    -2

    [NH3] = 3.1 x 10 M

    Calculate the equilibrium constant K at 127 C:

    Example 2: The following equilibrium concentrations were observed for the reaction between sulfur dioxide and
    oxygen gases at 600 C:
    2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
    [SO2] = 0.590 M

    [O2] = 0.0450 M

    [SO3] = 0.260 M

    Calculate the equilibrium constant K at 600 C:

    1 of 5

    CHEM 301 LECTURE

    Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures, Kp


    aA + bB
    Kp

    PC PD

    PA PB

    cC + dD

    Kp= Kc(RT)n

    where n = n(products) n(reactants)

    Example 3: The following equilibrium pressures were obtained for the formation of nitrosyl chloride at 25 C:
    2NO (g) + Cl2 (g) 2NOCl (g)
    -2

    P NO = 5.0 x 10 atm

    -1

    P Cl2 = 3.0 x 10 atm

    P NOCl = 1.2 atm

    Calculate the equilibrium constant Kp at 25C.

    Example 4: For the reaction:

    N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

    KP = 7.8 x 10 at 250 C.
    -6

    Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at this temperature.

    Example 5: For the reaction:

    2NO2 (g) 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

    If P = 0.468 atm for all gases at equilibrium, calculate KC and KP at 301 C

    2 of 5

    CHEM 301 LECTURE

    Heterogeneous Equilibria

    the position of a heterogeneous equilibrium does not depend on the amounts of pure solids or liquids
    present
    the concentrations of liquids and solids are treated as constant and are not included in the equilibrium
    expression
    CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

    Example 6: Consider the reaction:

    K = [CO2]

    3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) Fe2O3 (s) + 4H2 (g)

    Calculate Kc if the equilibrium concentrations at 850 C are: [H2O(g)] = 0.15 M and [H2 (g)] = 0.69 M

    Multiple Equilibria
    H2CO3 + H2O HCO3 + H3O
    -2
    +
    HCO3 + H2O CO3 + H3O
    -

    H2CO3 + 2H2O CO3 + 2H3O


    -2

    -7

    K1 = 4.2 x 10
    -11
    K2 = 4.8 x 10
    +

    K = K1 x K2 = 2.0 x 10

    -17

    Kinetics (k) and Equilibrium (K)


    Consider the reaction:

    A + B AB

    ratefwd = kf[A][B] and raterev = kr[AB]

    then:

    III. Applications of the Equilibrium Constant


    The Extent of Reaction: Reaction Quotient, Q

    Q is obtained by applying the law of mass action, using initial concentrations instead of equilibrium
    concentration
    aA + bB

    cC + dD

    [C]c [D]d
    [A]a [B]b

    Q is compared to K:
    If Q = K, the system is at equilibrium, no shift
    If Q > K, the ratio of products to reactants is too large, the system will shift to the left
    If Q < K, the ratio of products to reactants is too small, the system will shift to the right

    3 of 5

    CHEM 301 LECTURE

    Predicting the Direction of a Reaction:


    Example 7:

    Consider the reaction: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)


    If the initial concentrations are:
    [N2] = 5.0 M;
    [H2] = 2.6 M;
    Predict the direction of the reaction.

    Example 8:

    Consider the reaction: 2BrF5 (g) Br2 (g) + 5F2 (g)


    Kc = 2.2 x 10 at 25 C
    If the initial concentrations are: [BrF5] = 0,025 M;
    [Br2] = 0.43M;
    [O2] = 1.8 M
    Determine the direction of the reaction.

    -5

    Kc = 1.7 x 10 at 500 C
    [NH3] = 0.18 M

    -13

    Calculating the Equilibrium Concentrations:


    Example 9:

    Carbon monoxide reacts with steam to produce carbon dioxide and water:
    CO (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
    The equilibrium constant at 700 K is 5.10.
    If the initial concentration of all species is 1.000 M, what are the concentrations of each species
    at equilibrium?
    Initial Concentration, M
    [CO] = 1.000
    [O2] = 1.000
    [CO2} = 1.000
    [H2O] = 1.000

    Change, M
    -x
    -x
    +x
    +x

    Equilibrium Concentration, M
    1.000 - x
    1.000 x
    1.000 + x
    1.000 + x

    4 of 5

    CHEM 301 LECTURE

    Example 10:
    Consider the reaction: H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI(g)
    Kc = 54.3 at 35 C
    If the initial concentrations of H2 and I2 are 0.25 M, what are the equilibrium concentrations of each species?
    Since there is no product yet at the start of the reaction, the forward reaction is favored.

    initial
    change
    final

    H2
    0.25 M
    -x
    0.25 - x

    I2
    0.25 M
    -x
    0.25 - x

    HI
    0
    + 2x
    2x

    IV. Factors that Affect Equilibrium


    Le Chateliers Principle:
    if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction
    that tends to reduce that change
    if an external stress is applied to a system that is in equilibrium, the system will adjust in such a way as to
    relieve the stress and reach a new equilibrium position, maintaining Keq constant.
    Concentration
    if a component (reactant or product) is added to a reaction system at equilibrium, the equilibrium
    position will shift to the direction that lowers the concentration of that component
    A + B C + D
    Condition
    Increasing the amount of A or B
    Increasing the amount of C or D
    Decreasing the amount of A or B
    Decreasing the amount of C or D

    Reaction favored
    forward
    reverse
    reverse
    forward

    Temperature
    increase in temperature favor an endothermic reaction
    decrease in temperature favor an exothermic reaction
    Volume and Pressure
    affect only systems involving gases
    increase in pressure (or decrease in volume) favor less total number of moles
    decrease in pressure (or increase in volume) favor more total number of moles
    Catalyst
    The presence of a catalyst DOES NOT affect the state of equilibrium.
    It only allows the system to reach equilibrium faster.
    5 of 5

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