Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

Tutorial 12: Differential Equations (Solutions)

Section A: Basic

dy
1. = 1− y
dx
1
⇒∫ dy = ∫ 1 dx
1− y
⇒ − ln (1 − y ) = x + c since y < 1
⇒ 1 − y = e − x −c = Ae − x , where A = e − c is an arbitrary constant.
∴ y = 1 − Ae − x

When x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 − A ⇒ A = 1
∴ y = 1 − e−x

d2 y
2. = −4sin 2 x
dx 2
dy
dx ∫
⇒ = −4sin 2 x dx = 2 cos 2 x + c

⇒ y = ∫ ( 2 cos 2 x + c ) dx
⇒ y = sin 2 x + cx + k , where c and k are arbitrary constants
π π
When x = 0, y = , ⇒ =k
2 2
π π π π π
When x = , y = , ⇒ = sin π + c + ⇒c=0
2 2 2 2 2
π
∴ y = sin 2 x + (Particular solution)
2

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 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

dz dy
3. z = x + y ⇒ = 1+
dx dx
dy ( + y − 1)( x + y )
x
Substitute into = , we get
dx 2x + 2 y +1
dz ( z − 1) z
−1 =
dx 2z + 1
dz z + z + 1
2
⇒ = (shown)
dx 2z + 1
2z + 1
⇒∫ 2 dz = ∫ 1 dx
z + z +1
⇒ ln z 2 + z + 1 = x + c
∴ z 2 + z + 1 = Ae x where A is an arbtrary constant .
The G.S. is (x + y )2 + ( x + y ) + 1 = Ae x

dy 1 dy k
4. (i) ∝ 2 ⇒ = , where k is a constant.
dx x dx x 2
dθ dθ
(ii) ∝ (θ − θ 0 ) ⇒ = k (θ − θ 0 ) , where k is a (negative) constant.
dt dt
dx dx
(iii) ∝ x( xo − x) ⇒ = kx( xo − x) , where k is a positive constant.
dt dt
dx
(iv) = kx − 0.3 , where k is a positive constant
dt

dP
5. The differential equation is = 0.05 P .
dt
1
∫ P
dP = ∫ 0.05 dt
⇒ ln P = 0.05t + c
⇒ P = Ae0.05t
When t = 0 , P = 1 . ∴ A = 1 .
When t = 50 , P = e0.05(50) ≈ 12.2 .

The model may not be a good one as it has assumed the rate of inflation stays at 5% over a
long period of time. In the real world, this rate may fluctuate and vary with other factors
such as the economic growth.

Tutorial 12_Solutions/ Differential Equations/ Page 165

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

Section B: Standard Questions

dy dy
6. − y2 = 4 ⇒ = 4 + y2
dx dx
1
⇒∫ dy = ∫ dx
4 + y2
1 ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = x + c ' . ⇒ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 x + c, c = arbitrary const
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
π
When x = − , y = 0,
8
⎛ π ⎞ π
⇒ 0 = tan ⎜ − + c ⎟ ⇒ c = .
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4

⎛ y⎞ π ⎛ π⎞
∴ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 x + ⇒ The particular solution is y = 2 tan ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ .
⎝2⎠ 4 ⎝ 4⎠

d2 y 1
7. = , x>0
dx 2 x
dy 1
⇒ = ∫ dx = ln x + c = ln x + c since x > 0
dx x
⇒ y = ∫ ( ln x + c ) dx = x ln x − x + cx + k
When x = 1, y = 2, ⇒ 2 = −1 + c + k ⇒ c + k = 3 ---------(1)
⎛1 1⎞ dy 1
Turning point at ⎜ , 2 − ⎟ , ⇒ = ln + c = 0 ⇒ c = 1
⎝e e⎠ dx e
Substitute into (1), k = 2
∴ The particular solution is y = x ln x + 2 .

⎛1 1⎞
⎜ ,2− ⎟
⎝e e⎠
x

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 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

1 dy sin 2 x
8. − cos x =
cos x dx cos x
dy
= sin 2 x + cos 2 x
dx
1 1 1 1
y = ∫ [sin 2 x + (1 + cos 2 x)] dx = − cos 2 x + sin 2 x + x + c
2 2 4 2
1 1
At (0, 0): 0 = − + c ⇒ c =
2 2
1 1 1
y = sin 2 x − cos 2 x + ( x + 1)
4 2 2
(2 x) 2
When x is small, sin 2 x ≈ 2 x, cos 2 x ≈ 1 − = 1 − 2x2 ,
2
100 y = 1
25sin 2 x − 50 cos 2 x + 50( x + 1) = 1
25(2 x) − 50(1 − 2 x 2 ) + 50( x + 1) ≈ 1
100 x 2 + 100 x − 1 ≈ 0
−100 ± 1002 + 400
x≈ = 0.00990 or − 1.0099 (rejected)
200

dy dv
9. y = vx ⇒ =v+x
dx dx
dy
Substitute into x = 3 x + y ---------- (1)
dx
⎛ dv ⎞
x ⎜ v + x ⎟ = 3x + vx
⎝ dx ⎠
dv
x2 = 3x
dx
dv 3
∴ =
dx x

3
⇒ v = ∫ dx = 3ln | x | +c , where c is an arbitrary constant.
x
y
⇒ = 3ln x + c
x
∴ y = x(3ln x + c)

Tutorial 12_Solutions/ Differential Equations/ Page 167

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

When x = 2 , y = 0 ⇒ 0 = 2(3 ln2 + c ) ⇒ c = −3 ln2

x
∴The particular solution is y = x(3ln x − 3ln 2) ⇒ y = 3x ln
2
d 2 y dy dy d2 y 3
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x, x + = 3 + ⇒ =
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 x

dz dy
10. z = xe y ⇒ = xe y + ey
dx dx
d y 1
Substitute into xe y + e y = x2
dx 3
dz 1 2
⇒ = x
dx 3
x3 x3 x2 c
⇒ z = + c ⇒ xe y = + c ⇒ ey = +
9 9 9 x
⎛x 2
c⎞
∴ y = ln ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 9 x⎠

⎛1 ⎞ 1 1
When x = 1, y = −2 ln3 ⇒ −2 ln 3 = ln ⎜ + c ⎟ ⇒ = + c ⇒ c = 0
⎝9 ⎠ 9 9
⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x⎞
∴ y = ln⎜ ⎟ = 2 ln⎜ ⎟ , since x > 0
⎜ 9 ⎟ ⎝3⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛ x⎞
y = 2 ln⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠

Tutorial 12_Solutions/ Differential Equations/ Page 168

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

dm
11. (i) = km , k is a constant.
dt
240 1 1 15
dm = ∫ k dt ⇒ [ ln m ]256 = k [t ]0 ⇒ k = ln
4
⇒∫
240 4
256 m 0 4 16
∴[ ln m ]256 = k [t ]0
m t

m ⎛ 1 15 ⎞
⇒ ln = ⎜ ln ⎟ t
256 ⎝ 4 16 ⎠

⎛ 1 15 ⎞
⎜ ln ⎟ t
∴ m = 256e ⎝ 4 16 ⎠

⎛ 1 15 ⎞
8⎜ ln ⎟ 2
⎛ 15 ⎞
(ii) When t = 8, m = 256e ⎝ 4 16 ⎠ = 256⎜ ⎟ = 225
⎝ 16 ⎠
⎛1 15 ⎞ ⎛1 15 ⎞
1 ⎜ ln ⎟ t 1 ⎜ ln ⎟t t 15 1
(iii) ( 256 ) = 256 e ⎝ 4 16 ⎠ ⇒ = e ⎝ 4 16 ⎠ ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ t = 86 (nearest hour)
4 4 4 16 4

dx
12. = Ax 2 − Bx where A, B are constants.
dt
dx
When x = 2 , = 0 ⇒ 0 = 4 A − 2B ⇒ B = 2 A
dt
dx
∴ = Ax 2 − 2 Ax
dt
= Ax( x − 2 )
= ax ( x − 2 ) where a = A = a constant (shown)

x 1 t
∫ x ( x − 2 ) d x = ∫ a dt
a 0

⎡ −1 1 ⎤
⎥ dx = a [t ]0
x
∫ ⎢ +
t

⎣ 2x 2 ( x − 2) ⎦
a

x
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢⎣ − 2 ln x + 2 ln( x − 2) ⎦⎥ = at for x, a > 2
a

Tutorial 12_Solutions/ Differential Equations/ Page 169

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

1 ⎛ x−2⎞ 1 ⎛ a−2⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ⎜ ⎟ = at
2 ⎝ x ⎠ 2 ⎝ a ⎠
⎛ x−2⎞ ⎛a−2⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2at
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠
x − 2 ⎛ a − 2 ⎞ 2 at
∴ =⎜ ⎟e
x ⎝ a ⎠

13. Let V be the volume of water in the tank.

dV dx
V = 10 × 8 × x = 80 x ⇒ = 80
dt dt
dV k k dx k x +1+ k
So, = 3+ − 2 = 1+ ⇒ 80 = 1 + = (Shown)
dt x +1 x +1 dt x +1 x +1
x x +1 t 1
⇒∫ dx = ∫ dt
0 x +1+ k 0 80

x⎛ k ⎞ 1 t
⇒ ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dx = [t ]0
0
⎝ x +1+ k ⎠ 80
t
⇒ ⎡⎣ x − k ln ( x + 1 + k ) ⎤⎦ 0 =
x
.
80
t ⎛ 1+ k ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ k + 1 ⎞⎤
∴ = x + k ln⎜ ⎟ ⇒ t = 80⎢ x + k ln⎜ ⎟⎥
80 ⎝ x +1+ k ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ x + 1 + k ⎠⎦

⎡ ⎛ k + 1 ⎞⎤
When x = 2k , t = 80 ⎢ 2k + k ln ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2k + 1 + k ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ k + 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ k +1 ⎛ k +1 ⎞ ⎞
= 80k ⎢ 2 + ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ < 160k (Deduced) ⎜∵ < 1, so ln ⎜ ⎟ < 0⎟
⎣ ⎝ 3k + 1 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 3k + 1 ⎝ 3k + 1 ⎠ ⎠

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