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Introduction & Recent Changes/Reasons for Traffic Laws

Section 1 of 7
Introduction

Course Objectives:
Reduce traffic collision involvement
Reduce traffic law violations
Reemphasize the responsibilities associated with operating a vehicle
These objectives can only be obtained if you, as the student, completely read through the material and
apply the tips and techniques to your every day driving habits. We believe traffic safety should be the
first thing on every drivers mind. Motor vehicle travel is the primary means of transportation in the
United States, providing an unprecedented degree of mobility. Yet, for all of its advantages, deaths and
injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes remain a major public health problem. These injuries
cause the unnecessary burden of increased taxes and insurance premiums. They can be prevented or
reduced, but only if we understand their type, severity and cost in relation to the characteristics of the
crash, vehicles, and people involved. Crash data alone does indicate the size of the injury problem in
terms of medical and financial consequences.
Course Requirements:
Attend all of the class
Be mentally present
Pass the final exam
Complete DMV course evaluation form
iew larger image
This course is important for creating safer roadways and protecting you from becoming one of the
following statistics:
In 2010, 32,885 people were killed in the estimated 5,419,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic
crashes; 2,239,000 people were injured; and 3,847,000 crashes involved property damage only.
Compared to 2009, this is a 3-percent decrease in the number of fatalities, and a 2-percent decrease in
the number of police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes, 1-percent increase in the number of people
injured, and 3-percent decrease in crashes involving property damage.
An average of 90 people died each day in motor vehicle crashes in 2010one every 16 minutes.
(NHTSAs National Center for Statistics and Analysis: June 2012)

California Department of Motor Vehicles Legal Notice and Disclaimer: The California Department of
Motor Vehicles (DMV) recognizes the right of private enterprises to advertise and distribute
information related to their business functions. DMV promotes the free exchange of information, ideas,
and opinions, except when the content may invade personal privacy, violate property rights, constitute
libel, or be a violation of any applicable federal, state, or local laws.
While this lesson plan content may have been approved by DMV, the distribution, advertising, and
other information provided by this vendor is not guaranteed by DMV, nor does it represent the views of
the department.
You are advised that DMV, unless statutorily required, has no continuing obligation to provide
information to an approved course web site or printed publication.
DMV assumes no responsibility for erroneous, incomplete, or out-of-date information. The user should
contact the provider and/or DMV to ensure that the information herein is current and accurate. All
warranties of any kind, including, but not limited to, the IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, freedom from contamination by
computer viruses, and non-infringement of proprietary rights ARE DISCLAIMED.
You are advised that DMV is not responsible for the content of any off-site web pages referenced from
or to an approved course web site or home study publication. In addition, DMV and the State of
California are not responsible for the content of files that are uploaded for inclusion.
The user should not rely on the presentation of statutes or regulations referenced in an approved web
site or printed publication, but should consult the actual text of the law. Legal requirements frequently
change and the user may wish to seek the advice of counsel.
If you find any errors, omissions, or have a complaint regarding the educational content, we encourage
you to report them to the education provider. In the event the issue is not resolved to your satisfaction
you may call the department at (916) 229-3154.
(B) This course is not intended as training from a licensed driving school. It does not meet the
standards, training, or requirements in preparation for being issued a driver license. This course has
been reviewed and approved to meet the requirements for the traffic violator school program.
Completion documentation will not be issued to those not meeting the traffic violator school program
criteria.
(C) Pursuant to Vehicle Code section 1808.7, the following situations are not eligible for masking a
traffic safety violation on a California driver record:
(1) The driver has already attended a traffic violator course within 18 months of the conviction.
(2) The driver holds a commercial license as defined in Vehicle Code section 15210.
(3) The driver holds a commercial driver license from out of state.
(4) The violation occurred in a commercial motor vehicle as defined in Vehicle Code section 15210.

(5) The violator has not paid a deposit of fees or bail, and has not pleaded guilty, no contest, or been
convicted by the court of jurisdiction.
(6) The conviction would result in a violation point count of more than one point pursuant to Vehicle
Code section 12810. A list of Vehicle Code two point violations may be found on the Department of
Motor Vehicles web site, www.dmv.ca.gov
(D) This site will require your California driver license or California identification number, or, if you
do not have a California driver license or California identification card, your birthdate, the court
reference number (docket, ticket or citation number) and the name of the court with jurisdiction or the
court code. These are requirements for receiving a completion receipt and to have the information sent
to the court of jurisdiction should you successfully pass this course. If you are unable to provide the
required information, your participation shall not be credited toward satisfying the requirement.
Recent Changes/Reasons for Traffic Laws
Changes to the California Vehicle Code and new laws pertaining to California drivers happen each year
to keep roads safe. It is vital to keep up on the changes in law to protect yourself and others on the road.
Below is a description of the laws passed this year:

Child Restraint Systems (CVC 27360)

As of January 1, 2012, all children under age 8 are required to ride in a safety seat or booster in the
back seat. All children under age 16 are required to ride properly buckled up in safety belt, booster or
safety seat. Most children need a booster to fit properly in a safety belt until they are 10 to 12 years old.
Parents and other drivers may be cited for failing to transport a child properly (if the parent or legal
guardian of the child is also present in the motor vehicle and is not the driver). A child under 8 years of
age who is 4 feet 9 inches in height or taller may be properly restrained by a safety belt rather than a
child passenger restraint system.
iew larger image Shared Roadway Bicycle Markings (Sharrows)
These are Shared Roadway Bicycle Markings which are intended to help bicyclists position themselves
away from parked cars, to avoid being struck by suddenly opened car doors, and to alert other road
users to expect bicyclists to occupy travel lanes. These markings will also be used in situations where it
may not be obvious where bicyclists should be riding, such as at intersections with multiple turn lanes.
High-Occupancy Vehicle (Carpool) Lanes (CVC 21655.5)
Beginning July 1st, 2011, qualifying Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell
or compressed natural gas vehicles will be allowed in a carpool lane with only the driver. If you own a
ZEV then you much apply for a special decal. Electric-hybrid vehicles are no longer allowed in the
carpool lane without the allotted carpool number of passengers in the car.
Driving Under the Influence - Enhanced Penalties for 3rd Offense (CVC 23597)
Effective January 1st, 2012, third DUI offenses will result in a court-imposed driver license revocation

for 10 years. Reinstatement will be considered after 5 years if conditions set by the court are met.
The change in law is because the legislature is always looking for new ways to deter driving under the
influence. DUIs are so dangerous that increasing the penalty indicates the severity of the offense.
Material Obstructing or Reducing Drivers View - Video Event Recorder (CVC 26708)
CVC 26708 states: "A person shall not drive any motor vehicle with any object or material placed,
displayed, installed, affixed, or applied in or upon the vehicle that obstructs or reduces the drivers clear
view through the windshield or side windows." This new law clarifies that a video event recorder
(discussed in more detail below) shall only be mounted "in a seven-inch square in the lower corner of
the windshield farthest removed from the driver, in a five-inch square in the lower corner of the
windshield nearest to the driver and outside of an airbag deployment zone, or in a five-inch square
mounted to the center uppermost portion of the interior of the windshield."
The change in law is due to constantly changing technology; in order to stay current and safe the
legislature must change laws in accordance with technology changes.
Changes to Technology:
Like most things in society, technology is constantly changing and upgrading. Driving innovations
update or change every year to accommodate driver comfort, safety, and performance. Below are the
most recent changes in technology:
Navigation Systems / GPS
Navigation Systems/GPS is a recent technology that enhances driver safety and experience by visually
and audibly displaying directions for drivers. These devices are most safe when they are mounted on
the windshield and give audible directions. They are not to be operated while driving; they should
always be operated before beginning your trip.
http://www.autoguide.com/images/content/gpsnavguide-home.jpg
Event Recorders
Event recorders are technology that records the details of the cars operation. These are especially
useful to determine the conditions of driving when there is a collision investigation. There are even
video records that can be put at the dashboard to provide footage in case of an accident.
Onboard Cameras
Onboard cameras help drivers see blind spots and areas that would normally be hard for the driver to
see. Commonly, onboard cameras provide footage of what is going on behind the car, in order to make
backing up safer.
Self-Parking Technology
Exactly what it sounds like, this new technology parallel parks your car for you. Using sensors to park
in tight spaces, the car does all the work. All that is required of the driver is to keep a foot on the brake.

Active Safety Systems

These new active safety systems improve safety for drivers by notifying the driver of an abnormal
events or safety concerns. Oncoming collisions, anti-lock brakes, traction control, and electronic
stability control set off responses.
Running-Flat Tires
Running flat tires are a new technology to tires that make the car safe to travel for almost 100 miles in
some cases after running flat.

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

These vehicles run off fuel not derived from petroleum. Alternative fuels are ethanol, natural gas,
propane, hydrogen, and biodiesel.
Changes in Driving Techniques:
Techniques for driving have changed as laws and technologies have evolved. By learning and utilizing
these techniques youll be a much safer driver.
Preventing Pedestrian Collisions Involving Hybrid or Electric Cars
Often, when we cant see cars we rely on our other senses to know they are approaching. With the
changes in technology to vehicles, hybrids and electric vehicles make fractions of the sound of
conventional vehicles.
One of the things people love about hybrid vehicles is the reduction in noise pollution. However, with
the rise in hybrid and electric vehicles, there has also been a rise in pedestrian collisions involving
hybrid and electric vehicles. This has become a problem especially for people with visual impairments
and children because they are not fully aware of oncoming cars.
NHTSA is proposing a solution to this problem, which would be requiring car manufacturers to install
a system to alert drivers and pedestrians of oncoming noiseless cars. In the meantime, the best way for
pedestrians to protect themselves is by always being fully aware of their surroundings and the fact that
cars these days are much quieter. Drivers of hybrid and electric vehicles must also be aware that bikers
and pedestrians may not be able to hear them.
M's OnStar system
Dealing with Electronic Devices while Driving
As you continue taking this course, you will learn that distracted driving is one of he main causes of
collisions, and a problem for road safety. Driving distractions are considered any activity that decreases
or completely impairs your visual, manual, or cognitive ability to be focused and drive safely. Cell

phones and electronic devices as you may have already guessed have become a serious threat to road
safety. The scary part is, your cell phone isnt the only electronic device that takes away from your
attention. For example, mp3 players and GPS systems fall into this category also. If you need to operate
an electronic device the best ways to do so is always to pull completely off the road then use your
device safely. Text messaging and driving has become the largest concern because it reduces and
impairs focus from all three senses- manual, cognitive, and visual.

How can you be a safer driver with the temptation of electronic devices in the car?
The best way is to put away your hand-held devices and insist you wont drive with anyone else who is
using them while driving. If youre getting grief from your friends and family about driving without the
use of their hand held devices, you can share the following eye opening information:
In a study by the University of Utah, they found that even using your cell phone with a hand free
device distracted drivers and delayed their reaction time while driving to similar reaction times of
drunk drivers! Moreover, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety determined that drivers using their
hand held electronic devices and driving were FOUR times more like to be in a serious collision.
Air Bags and Hands-On-Wheel Positioning
tock photo of busy city street
Its likely that when you first learned to drive, you were taught the 10 and 2 steering technique. The
old school thought used to be that keeping your hands at 10 and 2 on the steering wheel was the best
hand position to give you the most control over driving your car. Those days are over. Now that air
bags are common features in cars, the old 10 and 2 technique has been revisited. Authorities and
experts on driving havent agreed on one single hand position that is most optimum for driving, but
there is agreement that air bags should be taken into consideration when choosing the best hand
position.
You might be wondering, what do air bags have to do with where I put my hands on the steering
wheel? Well, air bags deploy faster than speeds of 100mph, if your arms are in a position that theyre
interfering with this deployment then your arms could get hit with extreme force. If your arms are in
the way, this could cause your wrists to break or even for your hands to go flailing into your face. If
you do need a reference point for where to keep your hand the California DMV driver handbook
recommends placing your hands at "9 and 3 oclock or slightly lower at 8 and 4 oclock". The
handbook goes on to state "To reduce forearm and hand injuries, your hands should be placed on the
lower half of the steering wheel, with your knuckles on the outside of the wheel, and your thumbs
stretched along the rim of the steering wheel."
Did you know?
Hybrid cars are good for our environment, but are they too quiet?

tock photo of busy city street

You may know someone who drives a hybrid car. Hybrid cars use less fuel and help cut air pollution.
They also have super-quiet engines. When a hybrid car drives down the street, you might not hear
anything at all! Some people worry that these cars are too quiet, especially when theyre moving
slowly, which could make them dangerous to pedestrians, including children and people who are blind
or distracted.

One study showed that blindfolded people could hear a regular car coming when it was 36 feet away
(picture 6 grown men lying head-to-toe on the ground). If you can hear a car coming from this far
away, you usually have time to move out of the way. The people with the blindfolds didnt hear a
hybrid car, though, until it was 11 feet away. At that point, the car would be very close to you, leaving
less than 2 seconds for you to jump to safety.

Some researchers now think that these cars should have noise added in. It might be the familiar vroom
of a gas engine, but it also could be a very different sound, sort of like a ring tone for a car. It would
probably be safest if these car tones sounded car-like, but its fun to imagine a car sounding like a
barking dog, an ice cream truck, or a smoke alarm. What sound would you choose for your dream car?
(National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders)
Proceed to Quiz 1 >>
II. Careless Driving and Its Consequences
What causes vehicle collisions?
Research has shown that drivers who either make poor decision or are indecisive make a high percent
of car accidents. A poor decision leads to accidents or to hazardous situations for other drivers.
Indecision is hesitation produced by not knowing what to do, especially during emergencies.
You, the driver, are part of our transportation system, which is made up of a complex network of
streets, roads, highways, vehicles, and people. To reduce the chance of making errors that cause
collisions you must know and understand the major elements of the highway transportation system and
the effect of each elements failure on the systems operation.
The HTS (highway transportation system) is designed to move people and goods. It is made up of
vehicles, highways, and people, each of which plays a part in maintaining safety.
Vehicles. There are millions of cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles that move within the system in
addition to millions of bicycles, mopeds and other special vehicles. These vehicles are made to meet
minimum safety standards. Each type of vehicle has its own performance capability and each

accelerates, brakes, and steers in different ways. They also differ in how well they protect passengers in
case of accidents.
People. Drivers in the system are the single greatest cause of system breakdown. Breakdowns occur
for many reasons. Sometimes people do not have enough knowledge to make good decisions or they
think they will be safe as long as they dont break the law. This attitude discounts the role of failures by
other users of roads in causing them danger.
Highways. There are more than 4.5 million miles of highways in the country. This vast network
makes travelling and transporting goods possible within cities and between states. Highways must meet
minimum design and construction standards. They must have 12-foot wide lanes, a limited number of
entrances and exits, guardrails and a wide, firm shoulder area. However, these minimum standards do
not remove all highway hazards. Highways are equipped with signs, signals, and markings to help
inform drivers about driving rules and road hazards.
1
Good drivers are always in control of their own actions, reactions and vehicle. Being in control means
remaining calm behind the wheel and conducting smooth movements of the vehicle on the road and in
traffic. The goal of a good driver is to disrupt traffic as little as possible. You should become highly
skilled in identifying situations that require your attention, anticipating and predicting what other
drivers might do, deciding on your response, and then executing your decision. Make sure that you
have the knowledge and ability to control your vehicle so that a small error never turns into a
dangerous situation. You should be able to control your vehicle in emergencies, in a variety of weather
situations, as well as on varying road conditions, including very slippery or icy surfaces.
Careless driving has become a serious problem in the United States, the consequences of which are far
greater than many drivers realize.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Distracted driving is a
dangerous epidemic on America's roadways. In 2010 alone, over 3,000 people were killed in distracted
driving crashes. Careless driving in short is classified as not following traffic laws and safety
procedures.
If you drive frequently it may be easy for you to get distracted more easily or because of the comfort
you feel at the wheel stop taking laws and safety procedures as seriously. However, it is when you stop
paying attention that you not only put yourself, but your passengers and other drivers on the road in
serious danger.
The results of careless driving are severe:
Damage to or loss of vehicle: According to major insurance company, AAA, collisions cost $164.2
billion each year, or $1,051 annually per person.
Injury or death to you, passengers, and/or others: the NHTSA reports that California ranks 2nd in
fatal car crashes a year; killing 3, 434 people.
Possible auto insurance increase: on average, auto insurance rates increase over 15% with just one
driving infraction.
Financial impact/legal actions/DMV actions: taking this traffic school is only one example of how
careless driving can impact you financially. The cost of tickets, medical bills, lawyer fees, loss of
personal time, and the social impact can cause quite the financial burden.

Impact on quality of life: Have you ever been in an accident? If you have then you know it takes a
real toll on your quality of life. Not having a car, doctors visits, time taken away from family and work
to tend to injuries, the list goes on and on.
Contributing factors can cause collisions: there are four main reasons why collisions occur, if youre
aware of them and change your behaviors you can significantly decrease your chances of getting in a
collision, and also make roads more safe. Here are some factors:
Driver Error:
A high percentage of collisions are a result of driver error. The good news isthis can easily be fixed!
Speed-related crashes cost society billion of dollars every year.
Too few drivers view speeding as an immediate risk to their personal safety or the safety of others. Yet,
speeding reduces a driver's ability to steer safely around curves or objects in the roadway, and it
extends the distance required to stop a vehicle in emergency situations.
Crash severity increases with the speed of the vehicle at impact. Inversely, the effectiveness of restraint
devices like air bags and safety belts, and vehicular construction features such as crumple zones and
side member beams decline as impact speed increases.
Roadway Design:
Roadway design was more of a contributing factor back in the day when we didn't have the technology
and knowledge of roadways that we have now. However, roadway design can still sometimes
contribute to the cause of a collision.
Road Conditions and Maintenance:
Similar to road design, although it isn't the sole reason for the cause of a collision, road conditions and
maintenance are the same. Although these can be contributing factors to a collision, when collisions
occur under these conditions it is usually partly a result of driver error. When road conditions like
weather or poor maintenance are clearly going to make driving a more difficult experience, be sure to
exercise extreme caution. We will go into how to handle these situations in greater detail later in the
course.
Equipment Failure:
Regularly maintaining your vehicle is another way to ensure that you arent going to cause a collision.
By making sure your tires are properly filled or that your car wont stop on the highway abruptly, you
reduce the chances of collision.
Handling vehicle breakdowns
There is one basic rule that applies in all driving situations, and especially in emergency situations -

THINK BEFORE YOU ACT. Often, an instinctive reaction such as slamming on your brakes while
skidding may be the wrong reaction. The suggestions below are designed to help you if you are faced
with a sudden driving emergency. Remember that these are only suggestions. In some emergency
situations, there is little that the driver can do but hang on and hope. In other cases, a driver who
understands the basic principles described below can minimize the consequences of a sudden
emergency.
Blowouts:
A blowout is a sudden collapse of a tire. This throws the vehicle out of control. To regain control, hold
tightly to the steering wheel, steer straight and ease up on the accelerator. Do not brake until the vehicle
is under control. You may receive warning of an impending blowout by a thumping sound caused by a
bulge in the tire. If the tire is losing air rapidly, it will pull the car to the side. Under-inflation is one of
the most common reasons for blowouts.
1
Loss of a wheel:
This is a situation that is similar to a blowout. Often the warning signs are the same - a thumping noise
and/or a pulling to one side. The same basic rules apply for recovery of control: hold tightly to the
steering wheel, steer straight ahead, ease up on the accelerator, and do not brake until the vehicle has
slowed down and is completely under control. If the car becomes disabled in the roadway and cannot
be moved follow these emergency procedures:
Be Safe. Stay in your car and use caution when interacting with people offering assistance.
Turn on your emergency lights. Turning on your hazard lights will notify other passengers there is a
problem.
Get help. Call the local authorities or an emergency vehicle assistance service.
Know the area youre in. When you reach assistance make sure to describe your surroundings in great
detail, using landmarks and road names.
Keep away from traffic. If you cant move your vehicle off the road, exit the car
Steering failure:
If you suddenly lose control of your steering and the wheel no longer responds to your turning
movements, ease up on the accelerator, but do not brake. Your car may have enough natural balance to
keep it moving forward as you slow it down. If you brake or try to shift gears, this sudden change in
speed may throw the vehicle off balance and out of control. As the car slows down, you may be able to
brake very gently to help bring it to a stop.

1
Brake failure:
If your brake pedal suddenly sinks all the way to the floor, try pumping the pedal to build up the
pressure. You will generally receive advance warning that your brakes are starting to fail when the
pedal feels spongy and slowly continues to sink while being depressed. If pumping the pedal does not
build up the pressure, use your emergency or parking brake, but apply gently so that you do not lock
the brakes and throw your car into a skid. If you can shift to a lower gear, the engine will slow you
down. You can turn off the engine leaving the car in gear - and the engine will slow you down.
Warning: be sure not to lock your steering wheel when turning off the ignition, you will lose the ability
to steer. If you have power steering or power brakes, you will lose this assistance when you turn off the
engine.
1
Headlight failure:
If your headlights suddenly fail, try your parking lights and directional signalsone of the two may
work and give you enough light to guide you as you leave the road. If your lights fail on a busy or
lighted highway, you will probably have enough light from other sources to guide you off the road. If
all the lights fail on a dark, deserted highway, slow down and try to keep your car on the pavement until
you have reduced speed enough so that you can move onto the shoulder without striking an obstruction.
California Vehicle Code 24252 states that all lights installed on your vehicle must be maintained and
working. This means that your headlights always need to have the correct bulbs in them, tail lights, stop
lights, license plate lights, side marker, and clearance lamp sockets must be properly working with the
correct voltage.
Windshield wiper failure:
If your wipers suddenly fail in blinding rain or snow, slow down, roll down your side window, and put
your head out so that you can see ahead. Then move your car off the highway. Use the same procedure
if your hood should suddenly open and blind you.

Overheating:
You can help prevent overheating in slow-moving traffic by shifting into neutral and racing the engine
briefly during stops. This will speed up the fan and the water pump. If steam begins to come from
under the hood, your cooling system is boiling. Pull to the side of the road and turn off your engine.
DO NOT OPEN THE RADIATOR CAP.

Road Conditions:

1. Soft shoulders: Soft shoulders are shoulders of the roadway that are not paved. They can be soft
sand, loose gravel or soft dirt. Don't pull off onto soft shoulders if you can avoid it. If you must pull of
onto a soft shoulder, decrease your speed significantly and keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.
2. Drop offs: A small difference in height between the road and the shoulder or a steep cliff in mountain
areas which restricts your ability to swerve onto the shoulder in an emergency or to use the shoulder to
park in case of breakdowns.
3. Bad pavement: Cracks, potholes or patches in the pavement reduce the contact between the tires and
the road and may cause you to lose some control of your vehicle. Lower your speed in order to give
yourself more time to see and deal with these obstacles. Essential equipment for a boxer comprises
gloves, hand tape, protector below the waist, and gum shield.
4. Intersections: An intersection is any place where two or more roads meet or cross each other.
Intersections can be controlled or uncontrolled. Crashes occur most frequently at intersections, and they
are considered the most dangerous places on a street or highway. More than one-third of fatal traffic
crashes involving motor vehicles occur at intersections. An intersection is any place where one line of
roadway meets another. Intersections include cross streets, side streets, alleys, freeway entrances, and
any other location where vehicles traveling on different highways or roads join each other.
1
Did you know?

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports that about 40 percent of the
estimated 5,811,000 crashes that occurred in the United States in 2008 were intersection-related
crashes. In addition, Of the 787,236 intersection-related crashes, about 96 percent (756,570 crashes)
had critical reasons attributed to drivers, while the vehicle- or environment-attributed critical reasons
were assigned in less than 3 percent of these crashes. (2010 Report)
THE N.O.T.S. SYSTEM
The DMV has established a system called the Negligent Operator Treatment System, or N.O.T.S. for
short, as a way to take reckless and careless drivers off the road. Violations are counted as a point on
your Motor Vehicle Record.
California Vehicle Code 12810 states that if you have a safety violation on your record, depending on
the violation it will count as one or two points on your record. The N.O.T.S. system works in a way that

you want to have the least number of points on your record. If you get a one-point violation it will stay
on your record for 36 months; two-point violations stay on your record for seven years. The exception
to this rule is that violations for driving under the influence (DUI) will stay on your record for 10 years.
Some examples of a one-point violation include:
Normal moving violations, i.e.: unsafe lane change, failure to stop at a stop sign, simple speeding,
etc.
Any collision which the Department of Motor Vehicles has determined that you are at fault.
Failure to properly restrain a child (under 8 years of age, or less than 4 feet and 9 inches in height) in
a child passenger restraint system or children between the ages of 8 and 16 years of age in an approved
seat belt system.

Some examples of a two-point violation include:

Failure to stop in the event of a collision
Driving under the influence (DUI)
Conviction of reckless driving
Evading a police officer
Driving on the wrong side of a roadway with a concrete divider
Driving in excess of 100 mph
Speed contest
Transporting explosives without the proper license
Vehicular manslaughter
Exhibition of speed
Dont forget though, just because you get two-point violations on your record doesnt mean you dont
suffer all the other consequences, including fines and possible jail time.
If you get too many points on your record in too short a period of time you can lose your license. The
rule of thumb is: 4 POINTS IN 12 MONTHS, or, 6 POINTS IN 24 MONTHS, or, 8 POINTS IN 36
MONTHS and youll lose your license.
Alcohol and Drug impaired Driving
What constitutes an alcoholic drink?
In the United States, a standard alcoholic drink is any drink that contains about half an ounce (13.7
grams or 1.2 tablespoons) of pure alcohol. Generally, this amount of pure alcohol is found in:
A 12-ounce glass of 5 percent beer.
A 5-ounce glass of 12 percent wine.
A 1.5-ounce shot of 80 proof liquor.
If You Drink, When Can You Drive?

The best advice is if you drink alcohol, do not drive. Even one drink of alcohol can affect your driving.
With two or more drinks in your bloodstream you are impaired and could be arrested for driving while
intoxicated. A typical alcoholic drink is 1.5 oz. of 80-proof liquor (one shot glass) straight or with a
mixer, 12 oz. of beer (a regular size can, bottle, mug, or glass), or a 5 oz. glass of wine. Specialty drinks
can have more alcohol in them and are the same as having several normal drinks. It takes about one
hour for your body to get rid of each drink. There is no way to sober up quickly. Coffee, fresh air,
exercises, or cold showers will not help. Time is the only thing that will sober you up. There are many
ways of dealing with social drinking situations. Arrange to go with two or more persons and agree that
one of you will not drink alcohol. You can take turns being a designated driver. Other options are taking
public transportation or a cab.

zz
Alcohol Statistics
More than 100,000 U.S. deaths are caused by excessive alcohol consumption each year. Direct and
indirect causes of death include drunk driving, cirrhosis of the liver, falls, cancer, and stroke.1
At least once a year, the guidelines for low risk drinking are exceeded by an estimated 74% of male
drinkers and 72% of female drinkers aged 21 and older.2 Description:
http://www.gdcada.org/Library/images/65.gif
65% of youth surveyed said that they got the alcohol they drink from family and friends.7
Nearly 14 million Americans meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders.5
Youth who drink alcohol are 50 times more likely to use cocaine than those who never drink alcohol.
3
Among current adult drinkers, more than half say they have a blood relative who is or was an
alcoholic or problem drinker. 1
Across people of all ages, males are four times as likely as females to be heavy drinkers. 1
More than 18% of Americans experience alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence at some time in their
lives. 6
Traffic crashes are the greatest single cause of death for persons aged 633. About 45% of these
fatalities are in alcohol-related crashes. 4
Underage drinking costs the United States more than $58 billion every year enough to buy every
public school student a state-of-the-art computer. 2
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among young people. 1
Problem drinkers average four times as many days in the hospital as nondrinkers mostly because

of drinking-related injuries. 1
Alcohol kills 6 times more youth than all other illicit drugs combined. 2
Concerning the past 30 days, 50% of high school seniors report drinking, with 32% report being
drunk at least once. 2
In 2010, 10,228 people were killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes, accounting for nearly onethird (31%) of all traffic-related deaths in the United States. 8
Of the 1,210 traffic deaths among children ages 0 to 14 years in 2010, 211 (17%) involved an
alcohol-impaired driver. 8
Of the 211 child passengers ages 14 and younger who died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes in
2010, over half (131) were riding in the vehicle with the alcohol-impaired driver. 8
In 2010, over 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or
narcotics.3 That's one percent of the 112 million self-reported episodes of alcohol-impaired driving
among U.S. adults each year. 8
Drugs other than alcohol (e.g., marijuana and cocaine) are involved in about 18% of motor vehicle
driver deaths. These other drugs are often used in combination with alcohol. 8

Sources
1 Substance Abuse: The Nations Number One Health Problem.
2 Mothers Against Drunk Driving
3 National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse
4 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
5 Alcohol Health & Research World
6 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Analysis
7 The Century Council
8 Center for Disease Control (CDC)
Consequences of drinking and driving in California
Californias drunk driving law is also a drug driving law. It refers to "driving under the influence of
alcohol and/or drugs." If the officer reasonably believes you are under the combined influence of
alcohol and drugs, and you have already submitted to a Preliminary Alcohol Screening (PAS) and/or a
breath test, you may still be required to submit to a blood or urine test because the breath test does not
detect the presence of drugs. Drivers who refuse these tests are subject to longer driver license
suspensions and revocations.
Drivers Under 21 (Possession of Alcohol)

If you are under 21 years of age:

You may not carry liquor, beer, or wine inside a vehicle unless a parent accompanies you or other
person as specified by law and the container is full, sealed, and unopened.
If you are caught with an alcoholic beverage in your vehicle, the vehicle may be impounded for up to
30 days. The court may fine you up to $1,000, and either suspend your driving privilege for one year or
require the DMV to delay the issuance of your first driver license for up to one year, if you are not
already licensed.
Your driving privilege will be revoked for one year, if you are convicted of either driving with a
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.01% or higher or Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of
alcohol and/or drugs. On the first offense you will be required to complete the educational portion of a
licensed DUI program. A subsequent offense may require a longer DUI program and you will not have
a restricted driver license to attend the DUI program.

Exception: You may carry alcoholic beverages in closed containers, while working for someone with an
off-site liquor sales license.
Drivers of All Ages
It is illegal to drive after consuming excessive amounts of alcohol in any form (including medications
such as cough syrup), or taking any drug (including prescription medications), or using any
combination of alcohol or drugs.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits
It is illegal for any person to operate a vehicle with a:
BAC of 0.08% or higher, if the person is age 21 or older.
BAC of 0.01% or higher, if the person is under age 21.
BAC of 0.01% or higher at any age, if the person is on Driving Under the Influence (DUI) probation.
BAC of 0.04% or higher, in any vehicle requiring a commercial driver license (CDL)with or
without a CDL issued to the driver.

The DMV can take an administrative action against your driving privilege after you are detained or
arrested, and the court may take a separate action (suspend, revoke, or delay the driver license) for the
same offense. DMVs action is related only to your driving privilege. The courts action may involve
the payment of a fine, jail time, suspension or revocation of your driving privilege, and completion of a
DUI program.
Similar provisions (California Harbors and Navigation Code) apply when you operate any vessel,

aquaplane, jet skis, water skis, or similar devices. These convictions are placed on your driving record
and will be used by the court to determine "prior convictions" for motor vehicle DUI sentencing. These
convictions are also used when determining the length of a suspension or revocation action or the
reinstatement requirements, because of a violation you committed while driving a motor vehicle.
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Court DUI Convictions
If you are convicted of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of either alcohol and/or drugs or both, and
you have an excessive BAC level, you may be sentenced to serve up to six months in jail and pay a fine
between $390$1,000 (plus about three times the fine in penalty assessments) the first time you are
convicted. Your vehicle may be impounded and is subject to storage fees.
On the first conviction, the court will suspend your driving privilege for six months and require you to
complete a DUI program before your driver license can be reinstated.
The length of the program may vary. If your BAC is 0.15% or higher, and you already have a record of
violations for other reasons or you refuse to submit to a chemical test, the court may order you to
complete a nine month or longer program. If your BAC is 0.20% or higher and the court refers you to
an enhanced DUI treatment program, your driver license will be suspended for 10 months. You could
also be required to install an ignition interlock device (IID) on your vehicle. A court may also order you
to install an IID if your BAC is 0.15% or higher, or you have two or more prior moving violations, or
you refuse a chemical test at the time of your arrest. An IID prevents you from starting your vehicle if
you have any alcohol on your breath. If anyone is injured as a result of your DUI the suspension period
is one year.
Effective July 1, 2010, through December 31, 2015, all first time and repeat DUI offenders convicted in
Alameda, Los Angeles, Sacramento, or Tulare Counties are required to install and maintain, for a
specific period of time, an IID on all vehicles they own and operate and pay a $45 administrative
service fee to reinstate their driving privileges (CVC 23700).
In cases involving serious injury or death, you may be punished under the California Three Strikes
Law. You may also face civil lawsuits. All DUI convictions will remain on DMVs records for 10 years.
The courts and/or the DMV may impose more stringent penalties for subsequent violations during that
period.
A BAC below legal limits does not mean that you are safe to drive. Almost all drivers show impairment
by alcohol at levels lower than the legal limit. The impairment you exhibit at the time you are stopped
may be enough to convict you of a DUI even without a BAC measurement.
Drivers 21 and OlderDUI Programs and Restricted Driver Licenses

The completion of a DUI program is required for all DUI convictions.

Generally, if you are over 21 years of age, enroll in a DUI program, file a California Insurance Proof
Certificate (SR 22), and pay the restriction and reissue fees, the DMV will issue you a restricted driver
license, which allows you to drive to/from work and during the course of employment (unless you hold
a commercial driver license) and to/ from a DUI program. However, if you are considered a "traffic
safety" or "public safety" risk, if permitted to drive, the court may order the DMV to not grant you a
restricted driver license. Other actions against you may also prohibit the issuance of a restricted driver
license.
Second and subsequent DUI convictions result in increased penalties, including a two-year suspension
or a revocation of up to four years. After you complete a prescribed period of your
suspension/revocation and either enroll in, or complete a portion of, a DUI program, you may obtain a
restricted license to drive anywhere necessary, if you:
Install an IID on your vehicle.
Agree not to drive any vehicle without an IID.
Agree to complete the prescribed DUI program.
File an SR 22.
Pay the reissue and restriction fees
Drowsiness
Definitions of drowsy driving generally involve varying uses and definitions of fatigue, sleepiness, and
exhaustion. For the purpose of the discussion at hand, drowsy driving is simply driving in a physical
state in which the driver's alertness is appreciably lower than it would be if the driver were well rested
and fully awake.
Drowsy driving is an important, but often unrecognized, traffic safety problem. NHTSA estimates that
drowsiness contributes to more than 100,000 collisions each year, resulting in over 1,500 deaths and
40,000 injuries.
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Some warnings signs of drowsy driving are:
The inability to recall the last few miles traveled
Having disconnected or wandering thoughts
Having difficulty focusing or keeping your eyes open
Feeling as though your head is very heavy
Drifting out of your driving lane, perhaps driving on the rumble strips
Yawning repeatedly
Accidentally tailgating other vehicles
Missing traffic signs

In fact, drowsy drivers sometimes drive so poorly that they might appear to be drunk.

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What can be done in advance to avoid drowsy driving altogether?
Get a good night's sleep: The amount needed varies from individual to individual, but sleep experts
recommend between 7-9 hours of sleep per night.
Plan to drive long trips with a companion:
Passengers can help look for early warning signs of fatigue, and switching drivers may be helpful.
Passengers should stay awake and monitor the driver's condition.
Take regular breaks: Schedule regular stops - every 100 miles or 2 hours, even if you don't feel tired,
and more often if you feel like you need it.
Avoid alcohol and medications: If medications warn that they cause or may cause drowsiness, avoid
taking them before driving. If you must take certain prescription medications that cause drowsiness,
don't drive immediately after taking them.
You should never consume alcohol before driving in the first place, but it is especially important to
realize that alcohol interacts with fatigue, increasing sleepiness. If you are already tired, even a small
quantity of alcohol may exacerbate your sleepiness and increase your risk of crashing, even if your
BAC (Blood Alcohol Level) is well below the legal limit for a DWI (Driving while Intoxicated)
conviction.
Test your knowledge about drowsiness
http://www.aaafoundation.org/quizzes/index.cfm?button=drowsyquiz
Emotions and driving:
In certain circumstances, you may feel like you lose status by giving in and allowing a demanding
driver to get his or her way. If the driver continues in his or her attempts to pass or cut you off, a
dangerous situation may occur. Anger results when this type of behavior persists. You will be much
happier if you learn to enjoy the relaxation of the journey instead of letting yourself grow angry over
petty road behavior. Be relaxed, listen to some soothing music or have an ice conversation with your
passengers. When you think of driving, whether it is to work every day or on your vacation, dont think
of it as wasted time until you reach your destination. Instead, relax and think of driving as worthwhile
and pleasurable.
In addition, allow yourself plenty of time to drive comfortably to your destination. This will alleviate
the stress of traffic jams that may set you back otherwise. Remember that if you are looking for drivers
to yell at and cars to cut off, you will always find them. So why not just treat yourself well and be a
smarter person by avoiding such conflicts!
Drugs
Street drugs are sometimes known as "recreational drugs." They can be classified as stimulants,
depressants, and hallucinogens. Some drugs, however, can fall into more than one of these categories.
For example, ecstasy is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. While low-grade cannabis (hash) works as
a depressant, stronger versions such as skunk may also have hallucinogenic properties.

Stimulants
Stimulants work by increasing neural activity in the brain. They have the short-term effect of making
one feel lively, talkative, confident, and euphoric. They are attractive to club and partygoers because
they enhance sensory experience and postpone the need for sleep. As their effect wears off, however,
they can leave you feeling restless, irritable, or washed out. There may, therefore, be a temptation to
avoid these "coming down" feelings by taking more of the drug. Long-term use or high doses can lead
to extreme agitation, insomnia, delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia, particularly in susceptible
individuals.
The most common stimulants are:
Amphetamines (speed/meth)
Ecstasy (a hallucinogenic amphetamine)
Anabolic steroids (used illegally to enhance strength and performance in sports)
Amyl nitrite (poppers)
Cocaine
Crack cocaine
Depressants
Depressants work by depressing the central nervous system. They can therefore induce a state of
relaxation or sedation as well as reducing the intensity of pain of emotions such as fear, anger, or
anxiety.
They can also have short-term effects as follows:
Reducing intellectual ability and the ability to concentrate or retain information
Reducing motivation and energy
Reducing manual dexterity (e.g. the ability to operate machinery, drive, climb, or swim)
Examples of depressants are:
Opiates such as heroin/diamorphine (smack), morphine, pethidine, and methadone
Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers such as Valium and Temazepam). These may be prescribed for
short-term use to combat anxiety but they also are sold illegally on the street.
Cannabis (many street names such as hash, dope, weed, gear). Long-term use or high doses may
lead to depression, increased anxiety, an inability to deal effectively with emotions, short-term memory
loss, and insomnia
Hallucinogens
These drugs enhance sensory perceptions - sight, sound, smell and touch. On a pleasant 'good trip,' a
person may experience increased self-awareness and mystical or ecstatic feelings. On a 'bad trip,' there
may be unpleasant feelings of disorientation, panic, and/or paranoia. These effects may last several
hours. People can also suffer 'flashbacks' where they re-live experiences when tripping. This can be
intensely disorientating and anxiety provoking. A bad trip is more likely in someone who is already
anxious, depressed or unstable, or who takes the drug in an insecure environment. It may not be
affected by previous experience of the drug or by dosage.
Hallucinogens include:
LSD
Hallucinogenic stimulants such as Ecstasy (see above)

Magic mushrooms
High potency cannabis such as 'skunk'.
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Because everyone's metabolism is different, it's difficult to predict how medications and drugs will
affect the body. Drugs and medications can be as dangerous as alcohol when mixed with driving.
Illegal or "street" drugs are sold without a prescription and are particularly dangerous because users do
not always know the contents, purity, or possible effects of these drugs. Prescription and nonprescription medications may also contain substances that can adversely affect your ability to drive
safely. Some drugs such as antihistamines, which are found in many cold remedies and allergy
preparations, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and pain relievers may cause drowsiness.
Diet pills, "stay awake" drugs, and other medications with stimulants such as caffeine, ephedrine, and
pseudoephedrine may cause excitability or drowsiness. Effects may also vary depending on the
combination of drugs. Know the contents and potential side effects of any drugs that you are taking and
be sure that it is safe to drive when using them.
Recognizing Drivers Who Have Been Drinking or Using Other Drugs
It is possible to recognize drivers who may have been drinking or using other drugs. They may:
Weave within their lane
Wander from one lane to another
Run off the pavement
Stop too quickly or slowly
Drive too quickly or slowly
Go through stop signs or other traffic signals
Drive on the wrong side of the road
These signs do not always mean that the driver has been drinking or using drugs, but they do require
your full attention. If you observe a dangerous situation, do not become personally involved. Get an
accurate description of the vehicle and license plate number. You are most likely to encounter other
drivers who have been drinking or using drugs at night or in the early morning, particularly from 8 p.m.
to 4 a.m., on the weekends, especially late Friday and Saturday nights, on holidays, and near bars and
other businesses that sell alcohol.
When you see a suspected drunk driver, put as much distance as possible between yourself and the
suspected drunk driver. Think twice about passing a suspected drunk driver. Let the driver pass you,
especially when approaching rapidly. Avoid their uncertain actions. Stay alert. It is possible that the
same driver may be met further down the road.
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Section 3

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Operator Responsibilities & Rights and Responsibilities of a Pedestrian

Section 3 of 7
III. Operator Responsibilities
A. Knowing when not to drive
1. Personal Concerns
a. Tired: When you are tired, you are less alert. The body naturally wants to sleep at night and most
drivers are less alert at night, especially after midnight. You may not see hazards as soon or react as
quickly, so the chance of a crash is greater. If you are sleepy, the only safe cure is to get off the road
and get some sleep. If you don't, you risk your life and the lives of others.
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b. Feeling overly emotional: Stressful or emotional conversations don't mix with safe driving. This
combination can be dangerous because you are not paying attention to your driving. If youre feeling
overly emotional, wait to drive until youve calmed down or ask a friend or family member for a ride.
You wont be able to focus completely on the road if you choose to drive!
c. Inability to focus: We all know what its like when were preoccupied by school, work, personal
problems, our friends problems, and so much more. Its hard to really focus on other things, isnt it? If
you find yourself preoccupied and your mind is focused on other things, driving is not a safe option.
Being a safe driver requires that you are 100% focused on the road 100% of the time. When youre
preoccupied on the road its easy to find yourself zoning out and speeding, or making mindless driving
decisions that could be extremely unsafe. If youre having thoughts or feelings that are distracting you
from focusing on the road, have a friend or family member giver you a ride instead; or see if you can
change your schedule so that you drive at a time when youre less distracted.
d. Poor vision: Seeing provides you with all of the information that you need inside and outside the car
to drive safely. Therefore you need to see clearly and notice potential obstacles quickly. The brain
directs the eyes to focus rapidly on objects and events and then messages are sent back to the brain to
help you identify hazards, predict potential problems and then make decisions.e. Medicated/ alcohol
level: Avoid taking medications, both prescribed and over-the-counter, that cause drowsiness. Examples
of medications to avoid are some antihistamines, travel sickness tablets, sleeping pills, some cold
preparations and some painkillers. Always read the packaging of your medications before you drive to
make sure that they won't affect your alertness. If you're unsure, ask your pharmacist.
2. Exterior concerns
a. Conditions are beyond driving ability (self-regulating driver):

Do you take a different route home when youre coming back and theres traffic?
Do you purposefully avoid that intersection downtown that everyone seems to get confused at?
Do you avoid driving at certain times of the day because of environmental factors, like sun or bad
weather?
If youre making decisions about when, where, and how to drive based on the conditions of the
roadways or your level of comfort with the situation, then you are in fact being a self-regulated driver,
and making safe driving decisions. Self-regulated drivers will assess a driving situation and change
their driving plan based on how to drive safest in those conditions.
A study by The Hartford Financial Services Group recently concluded that as drivers get older, so does
the amount they self-regulate. This is probably due to a variety of factors like, maturity, slower reaction
times, diminishing sight, and a conscious effort not to take risks. However, you dont have to wait until
youre older to self-regulate! Self-regulating is something every driver do to be making the safest
driving decisions possible.
By practicing the following self-regulating practices youre more likely to make your driving safer, and
roadways safer:
The most common form of self-regulating is limiting your nighttime driving
Limit driving during poor weather conditions
Map out your trip or know alternate routes in advance that will avoid difficult traffic situations, such
as, construction or congestion.
Know where youre comfortable; drive in the lanes youre most comfortable and confident in.
Dont make optional red light right turns
Turn the radio down, make sure you can hear traffic and emergency vehicles
Choose to park further from the store entrance in a parking lot where it is less congested

b. Vehicle meeting requirements:

Making sure your vehicle is properly maintained is very important for how the vehicle drives and
making sure your vehicle is safe on the road. If your car isnt up to proper working order, you shouldnt
drive. To make sure your vehicle is properly maintained and meeting all of the requirements the best
thing to do is read your drivers manual (one comes with every vehicle) and take your car to get regular
oil changes and service maintenance. Most vehicles now have a light that will tell you if your vehicle
needs service; do not ignore this light. Things to make sure your vehicle has to be meeting all the
requirements are:
both front and back turn signal lights and working brake lights.
a working horn designed for the vehicle.

tires with good air pressure

adequate brake pressure
windows roll down.
the windshield should be clean and allows a full unobstructed field of vision.
two rear view mirrors (one must be on the outside, to the drivers left).
driver and front passenger doors that open from both the inside and outside.
a secured glove compartment door so it doesn't open during the test.
a passenger seat permanently attached to the vehicle.
working safety belts, if the vehicle was manufactured with safety belts.
working emergency/parking brake.
c. Driver license and insurance:
Your driver license and vehicle registration must be valid in addition to carrying your current liability
insurance coverage. Liability coverage is essential. States require certain levels of minimum liability
insurance because that's the coverage that pays for damage you do to others, including bodily injury
and property damage. It also pays for your legal bills if you cause an accident.
In California minimum liability insurance requirements are:
$15,000 for a single death or injury.
$30,000 for death or injury to more than one person.
$5,000 for property damage.
B. Communication:
Communicating means letting others know what you plan to do early enough to avoid a crash. Any
time you plan to slow down, stop, turn, change lanes or pull away from the curb, you should signal
your intention. Be in the habit of signaling your movements even when you do not see others on the
road. Before you signal, you must first see that your movement can be made safely.
Letting others know you are there

Collisions often happen because one driver does not see another driver or when one driver does
something the other driver does not expect. It is important that drivers let other road users know they
are there and what they plan to do. Some drivers do not always pay attention to what is going on
around them. It is important that other road users know you are there.
Use headlights Besides helping you to see at night, headlights help other people see you. Turn on
your headlights whenever you have trouble seeing others. California Vehicle Code 24400 states that
every motor vehicle, other than motorcycle, must have two operating headlights located directly above
or in advance of the front axle of the vehicle at a height of not more than 54 inches nor less than 22
inches. Use headlights under the following conditions:
a. One-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise and any other time when visibility is not
sufficient to render clearly discernible any person or vehicle on the highway at a distance of 1000 feet.
b. If weather conditions require you to use your windshield wipers, you must turn on your low-beam
headlights.
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Use your horn People cannot see you unless they are looking your way. Your horn can get their
attention. Use it whenever it will help prevent a collision. If there is no immediate danger, a light tap on
the horn should be all you need.
Use emergency signals If your vehicle breaks down on a highway, make sure that other drivers can
see it. All too often collisions occur because a driver did not see a stalled vehicle until it was too late to
stop.
Stay out of the blind spot Drive your vehicle where others can see you. Do not drive in another
vehicles blind spot.
Letting Others Know What You Are Doing
Generally, other drivers expect you to keep doing what you are doing. You must warn them when you
are going to change direction or slow down. This will give them time to react if needed, or at least not
to be surprised by what you do.
Signal when you change direction Signaling gives other drivers time to react to your moves. Use your
turn signals before you change lanes, turn right or left, merge into traffic, or park. You must signal for
the last 100 ft travelled before turning. If your signaling lights are out or broken, you are required by
law to use the hand signals below:
(a) Left turn-hand and arm extended horizontally beyond the side of the vehicle.
(b) Right turn-hand and arm extended upward beyond the side of the vehicle, except that a bicyclist
may extend the right hand and arm horizontally to the right side of the bicycle.
(c) Stop or sudden decrease of speed signal-hand and arm extended downward beyond the side of the
vehicle.

Signal when you slow down Your brake lights let people know that you are slowing down. Always
slow down as early as it is safe to do so. If you are going to stop or slow down at a place where another
driver does not expect it, tap your brake pedal three or four times quickly to let those behind you know
you are about to slow down.
C. Being courteous
Common Courtesy:
Lane blocking - Don't block the passing lane on multiple lane highways. Allow vehicles to pass you.
Tailgating - Maintain a safe distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you.
Signal use - Don't change lanes without using your signal, and make sure that you can change lanes
without cutting another driver off. After changing lanes or turning, turn your signal off.
Horn use - Use your horn sparingly. Noise is shown to be a contributor to stress. It is discourteous to
stress the drivers around you unnecessarily.
Failure to turn - In many areas, including California, right turns are allowed after a complete stop at a
red light unless an intersection is marked otherwise. Avoid the right lane if you are not turning right.
Parking:
Don't take up more than one parking space
Don't park in a space reserved for people with disabilities unless you are disabled
Don't open your door into the car next to you
When parallel parking, do not tap the vehicles in front or in back of yours
Always look carefully before backing out of a parking space
Headlight use - Keep headlights on low beam, except where lighting conditions are poor. Dim
your high beams for oncoming traffic, when approaching a vehicle from the rear or when another
vehicle is passing you.
Merging - When traffic permits, move out of the right hand acceleration lane of a freeway to allow
vehicles easier access from on-ramps.
Blocking traffic - If you are driving a cumbersome or slow-moving vehicle, pull over when
possible to allow traffic to pass you. Do not block the road while stopping to have a conversation with
another driver or a pedestrian.
Alarms - Be sure that you know how to turn off the anti-theft alarm on any vehicle that you are
driving. If you are purchasing an alarm, buy one that turns off automatically after a short time.
Discourtesy
Your driving manners should be as well developed as your social manners. Having a bad attitude
while behind the wheel has been the downfall of many professional drivers.
D. Knowing and applying rules of the road
Right-of-way: rules are an aid to safe and smooth traffic flow. They emphasize courtesy and
common sense. The violation of these rules is one of the main causes of traffic crashes.

Right of way for Pedestrians:

Always stop for any pedestrian crossing at corners or other crosswalks. Do not pass a car from
behind that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian you can't see may be crossing.
You must stop for any person using a guide dog or a white cane with or without a red tip. Only
blind, or nearly blind, persons are allowed to use these canes or guide dogs and they must be given the
right-of-way at all times whether in or out of a crosswalk.
Rememberjust because you make eye contact with a pedestrian doesn't mean that the pedestrian
will yield the right-of-way to you.
Right of way for vehicle:
At an intersection without STOP or YIELD signs, slow down and be ready to stop. Yield to vehicles
already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to the car which arrives first or to the car on
your right if it reaches the intersection at the same time as your car. At a "T" intersection, vehicles on
the through road have the right-of-way.
Rightofway at intersections: When you approach an intersection with a stop sign, you must come
to a complete stop and yield to the traffic on the through- street. Do not move ahead or turn until you
can proceed safely.
Drive with caution at intersections with traffic signals and wait until the signal permits you to turn
or to move straight ahead.
Do not enter an intersection, even when the light is green, unless there is enough space to
completely cross before the light turns red. If heavy traffic causes you to block traffic, you can be cited.
If you are going to turn at an intersection, signal during the last 100 feet before turning.
When you approach a "blind" uncontrolled intersection drive slowly enough (15 mph) to be able to
stop if a vehicle pulls out suddenly. However, you may drive as fast as the posted speed limit if YIELD
or STOP signs on the side streets give you the right-of- way.

Roundabouts
Description: http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/safety_info/traffic_operations/images/roundabout.jpg
A roundabout is a circular intersection that eliminates some of the conflicts of traffic, such as left
turns, that cause crashes at traditional intersections. When properly designed, roundabouts offer a safer

alternative to the traditional intersection, resulting in fewer serious vehicle crashes.

When you are approaching a roundabout you should first slow down. In a roundabout, the vehicle on
the right must yield to the vehicle on the left.
In the diagram, traffic indicated by red arrows in yellow lanes must yield to traffic indicated by white
arrows in green lanes. Traffic entering the circle must yield to traffic in the circle.
In this diagram:
B and C must yield to A.
E must yield to D while F and D proceed.
H must yield to G.
When you are leaving the traffic circle use your right-turn signal to warn other drivers of your
intention to exit.
It is recommended that for safety, entry into the right lane be used mainly when intending to exit at
the first available exit point. If you are intending to proceed beyond the second exit, it is recommended
that you drive in the left lane.
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Speed Humps/Speed Bumps

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Other types of speed control devices include speed humps and speed bumps. A speed hump is a low
ridge that runs across a street and that is designed to slow down cars. A speed hump is a longer, flatter
version of a speed bump, which is more raised.
Parking on a hill
When parking on a hill you must make sure your car does not roll into traffic if the brakes do not
hold. Always set the hand brake. Shift to the PARK position if you have one. If not, shift to reverse or
low gear. If you park where there is a curb:
Facing downhill, turn your wheels toward the curb and shift into reverse gear or PARK.
Facing uphill turn your wheels away from the curb and shift into low gear or PARK. If there are no
curbs, turn your wheels toward the edge of the road, whether facing uphill or downhill.
ssa
A. Downhill with or without a curb, turn wheels toward the edge of the road (or the curb if there is
one).

B. Uphill with curb, turn wheels away from curb.

C. Uphill without curb, turn wheels to the right.
Divided Highways and Medians Section 21651 of the California Vehicle Code states: When a
highway is divided into two or more roadways, it is illegal to drive within, over, or across the space; to
make any left, semicircular, or U-turn (except if there is a through opening in the barrier designated and
intended for the use of vehicles or if it is a plainly marked opening). This separation can be an open
space, a highway divider, or a median island; all of which must be no less than two feet in width. It can
also be formed by solid yellow pavement markings or by yellow crosshatchings between two solid
yellow lines (also no less than two feet in width). Section 21461 of the California Vehicle Code states
that it is unlawful not to follow the signs or signals at a median, violating this will result in a fine and
point on your driving record. However, be aware that there will not always be signs or signals at the
median.
s
Mountains
When driving in mountains, you will have shorter sight distances, so it is important that you "look
up, reference down" and adjust your speed so that you can see at least one third of a mile ahead. When
you drive down mountains, you sometimes move faster than you wish. You will find that shifting to a
lower gear will help you to slow down.
Ascending the Mountain:
Drive in low gear or the low range to allow your vehicle to operate properly.
Drive easy grades and short level stretches in intermediate gears to keep your vehicle from
overheating.
Roll down the windows for fresh air. Please Do Not run your air conditioner while driving
uphill, this may cause your engine to overheat.
If you vehicle starts to labor on grades, shift to a lower gear to maintain constant speed. This
will assist in keeping your engine cooler. Shift automatics manually into a lower range to lock in the
gear.
stay on your side of the road, including the straight stretches and the curves. Please Do Not cut
the corners.
If your vehicle is slowing other traffic, pull off at a turnout to let them pass. Your courtesy will
be appreciated.
If you overtake slower moving traffic, pass Only in areas where there is sufficient visibility.
DO NOT PASS ON BLIND CURVES.

Descending the Mountain:

Drive down the mountain in low gear or low range. Let your transmission do the work. Save
your brakes.
Apply brakes firmly to reduce speed. Applying continuous pressure to the brakes causes
excessive heat in the brake system. Overheated brakes will fade or fail.
Stay on your own side of the road at all times -do not cut corners.
If other vehicles wish to pass, let them do so. Use a turnout or wide spot to allow them to pass.
Crosswalks
Crosswalk lines are painted across a road to show pedestrian crossing areas. Drivers are required to
yield to pedestrians crossing the road in marked crosswalks or at intersections even if no crosswalk
lines exist at the intersection.
Highway Speed Limits
California has a "Basic Speed Law." This law means that you may never drive faster than is safe for
current conditions. For example, if you are driving 45 mph in a 55 mph speed zone during a dense fog,
you could be cited for driving "too fast for conditions."
Regardless of the posted speed limit, your speed should depend on:
The number and speed of other vehicles on the road.
Whether the road surface is smooth, rough, graveled, wet, dry, wide, or narrow.
Bicyclists or pedestrians walking on the roads edge or crossing the street.
Whether it is raining, foggy, snowing, windy, or dusty.
California highways speed limit is 65 mph. You may drive 70 mph where posted. Unless otherwise
posted, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph on two-lane undivided highways and for vehicles towing
trailers.
Maximum Speed for Designated Vehicles
22406. No person may drive any of the following vehicles on a highway at a speed in excess of 55
miles per hour:
(a) A motortruck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motortruck or truck tractor
drawing any other vehicle.
(b) A passenger vehicle or bus drawing any other vehicle.

(c) A school bus transporting any school pupil.

(d) A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers.
(e) A vehicle transporting explosives.
(f) A trailer bus
City speed limits
Prima Facie Speed Limits
(1) Fifteen miles per hour:
Blind uncontrolled intersections and alleys:
Blind intersections are intersections where you cannot see for 100 feet in either direction during the
last 100 feet before crossing. The speed limit in an alley is 15 mph.
https://www.ampmtrafficschool.com/images/blind_intersection.jpg

Near railroad tracks: The speed limit is 15 mph when you come within 100 feet of a railroad crossing
and you cannot see the tracks for 400 feet in both directions. You may go faster than 15 mph if the
crossing is controlled by gates, a warning signal, or a flagman.
(2) Twenty five miles per hour
In business or residence districts: The speed limit is 25 mph unless signs show other limits.
Near senior centers: The speed limit is 25 mph near senior center or other facility primarily used by
senior citizens, only if there is a "SENIOR" warning sign .
Near schools: The speed limit is 25 mph while children are outside or crossing the street. No matter
what the speed limit sign states, you should never drive faster than 25 mph when the school ground has
no fence and children are outside. Starting January 1, 2001, a school zone extends to 500 feet from the
school.
Near Animals: If you see animals or livestock, slow down and follow directions from the person in
charge of the animals. If you see a stray animal in your path, slow down or stop, if it is safe.
Business or Residence Districts: The speed limit is 25 mph, unless otherwise posted.

E. Identifying and responding to hazard

A potential hazard is something that might pose a potential challenge: a car signaling the intention to
change lanes, a car on the shoulder that might pull out, a pedestrian who might cross the road or a
traffic light that might change. These types of hazards will be referred to frequently in the following
sections.
THE IPDE METHOD OF DRIVING
5 Safety Keys to Crash-Free Driving
Known as the Smith System, these five steps can help you develop habits that will help make you a
safer driver.
Description: Defensive Driving Tips

We use the IPDE (Identify, Predict, Decide, and Execute) approach to driving to deal with potential
and real hazards.
IPDE defines the four steps involved.
Identify: The first step to good driving and avoiding collisions is to identify, well in advance, real
and potential hazards. From the thousands of objects in your field of vision, you must learn to filter out
those that do not provide you with information relevant to the driving task. For instance, although a red
neon sign attached to a restaurant may catch your eye, it is an unnecessary distraction because it is
irrelevant to the driving task. You must search for real or potential hazards (such as traffic lights or
children) and give them your immediate attention. In order to be able to use this information, the
hazard must be spotted in plenty of time. Therefore, make sure that you are in a good position to see the
road. Step two is to predict what will happen should you encounter a real or potential hazard.
Predict: For a real hazard, such as a red light, stop sign, or a stopped vehicle, you simply predict
whether or not the traffic light will change or the vehicle will remain stopped. You will usually see real
hazards in plenty of time and will have few problems predicting what will happen. Although you may
be scanning the road properly, a vehicle may suddenly stop right in front of you. You will then have to
quickly predict what may happen in the next few seconds.
Potential Hazard: Every vehicle you share the road with is a potential hazard. Be aware of where
other drivers could go. Make your best prediction of what they are likely to do and keep revising this
prediction as you move towards them. Pedestrians, cyclists or children on the side of the road are often
potential hazards. Predict the path of potential hazards. The vehicle may make a right turn. The child

may run across the road. The more often you practice predicting what may happen and what
pedestrians and other drivers might do, the quicker you will be able to make accurate predictions.
Real Hazards: You may decide to simply brake gently or change lanes to avoid the hazard, or you
may want to brake hard, release the brakes and steer.
Potential Hazards: When you encounter a potential hazard, you may decide to take no action and
continue to monitor the actions of other drivers or you may decide to take action to avoid the other
vehicles.
Decide: Step three is to decide exactly what you will do to drive smoothly and deal with the hazard.
This means planning your actions in detail and checking to see that the way is clear to proceed.

Consider the following steps before you take any action:

1. Check the surface condition of the roadway for braking.
2. Check over your shoulder.
3. Continue to watch the vehicle and decide whether you will take action to avoid it.

Execute: The final step, executing, means carrying out your decision. Executing some of your
decisions could require something as simple as making a smooth stop at a traffic light. Executing other
decisions may involve using techniques for emergency driving. To be good at executing your decisions,
particularly emergency decisions, you need to practice in a safe situation, preferably with a trained
instructor. Practice helps you overcome the panic that usually arises the first time you are in an
emergency.
Search far ahead: Traffic conditions change constantly. You cannot afford to let your attention
wander from what is going on around you. Always scan the road ahead. Do not use the road or even the
vehicle directly ahead as your only focal point. Look ahead so you can avoid, or lessen, potential
problems.
Keep your eyes moving, notice what's happening at the sides of the road, and check behind you
through your mirrors every few seconds.
Anticipate mistakes by other drivers and think about what you will do if a mistake does happen. Do
not always assume that a driver approaching a STOP or YIELD sign on a side road is actually going to
stop or yield. It is better to assume the other driver may not stop. Be ready to react. You should scan 10
to 15 seconds down the road, in the city that corresponds to about one or two blocks or about quarter a
mile. Looking ahead should include sides of the roads, people, and animals besides vehicles.

Search to the rear: searching for what is behind is as important as looking ahead. Rear end collisions
are very common.
Leave space ahead: looking ahead and leaving a space ahead is an effective strategy to avoid
collisions. Looking ahead will not prevent a collision if you dont have the space to react. AAA
recommends that you leave at least a three-second gap between you and the vehicle ahead.
Three-second rule: Choose an object near or above the road ahead, such as a sign, tree or over-pass.
As the vehicle ahead passes it, count aloud, slowly, "one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand
three." If you reach the same object before you finish counting, you are following too closely.
Leave space to the sides: leaving space to the sides in addition to following the three-second rule will
give you the cushion necessary for you to move to defuse a potential problem before it happens.
F. Child Endangerment:
Many children are killed or seriously injured in back over incidents. A back over incident typically
occurs when a vehicle coming out of a driveway or parking space backs over an unattended child
because the driver did not see him or her.
Prevention Tips
Teach children not to play in or around cars.
Supervise children carefully when in and around vehicles.
Always walk around your vehicle and check the area around it before backing up.
Be aware of small children-the smaller a child, the more likely it is you will not see them.
Teach children to move away from a vehicle when a driver gets in it or if the car is started.
Have children in the area stand to the side of the driveway or sidewalk so you can see them as you
are backing out of a driveway or parking space.
Make sure to look behind you while backing up slowly in case a child dashes behind your vehicle
unexpectedly.
Take extra care if you drive a large vehicle because they are likely to have bigger blind zones. Roll
down your windows while backing out of your driveway or parking space so that you'll be able to hear
what is happening outside of your vehicle.
Teach your children to keep their toys and bikes out of the driveway.
Because kids can move unpredictably, you should actively check your mirrors while backing up.
Many cars are equipped with detection devices like backup cameras or warning sounds, but they
cannot take the place of you actively walking around your car to make sure your children are safely out
of the way. Do not rely solely on these devices to detect what's behind your vehicle.
Temperature of a vehicle on a hot day
Kaitlins law: The law was named for a child who died after being left for two hours in a vehicle in
100-degree heat. It is illegal to leave a child six years of age or younger unattended in a motor vehicle
when: There are conditions that present a significant risk to the childs health or safety.

Example: Leaving a child in a closed car on a very hot day. The vehicles engine is running, the keys
are in the ignition, or both. Children can start or move the car causing injuries and/or deaths to
themselves or others.
Exception: The child may be left under the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older.
The court may fine violators and require the person to attend a community education program. Also,
the penalties for leaving an unattended child in a vehicle are more severe if the child is injured, requires
emergency medical services, or dies.
Releasing brake/shifting to neutral:
G. Poor driving condition: bad weather and slippery surfaces can be real problems for motorcycles.
Allow even more following distance for a motorcyclist when it is raining or the road surface is wet and
slippery. Skilled motorcycle riders will slow down under these conditions. Remember, motorcycles
only have 2 wheels compared to your four. Also, be alert to the problem of glare that rain and wet roads
create, especially at night. It is easy to lose sight of a motorcycle and its rider under the best of
conditions. Rain, wind, dust and smog affect the cyclists vision far more than yours in an enclosed
vehicle. The cyclists face shield, windshield or goggles help but can not completely make up for poor
visibility under these conditions.
H. Rights and duties
Dealing with Bicyclists
The following are special situations motor vehicle drivers must be aware of:
Whenever a bicycle lane has been established on a roadway, any person operating a motor vehicle
on such a roadway shall not drive in the bicycle lane except to park where parking is permitted, to enter
or leave the highway, or to prepare for a turn.
When turning across a bicycle lane, the driver must drive the motor vehicle into the bicycle lane
prior to making the turn and shall make the turn so long as such preparation for a turn will not encroach
upon the safety of the bicycle rider in the lane.
Be especially careful when passing cyclists. Make sure there is enough room between the side of
your vehicle and the bicycle. When traveling at higher speeds, motor vehicles create strong wind
currents which can batter a bicycle rider. Operators of such motor vehicles need to be especially
cautious and courteous when passing cyclists.
If the road is narrow and you are unable to safely pass a cyclist, do not follow too closely and do
not blast the driver with your horn. Remain behind at a safe interval and warn the cyclist that you wish
to pass. If possible, use an adjacent lane.
Remember that bicycles are sometimes difficult to see amid other traffic. Be especially watchful at
intersections, when crossing sidewalks, or when entering or leaving alleys or driveways.
During wet weather, the braking ability of a bicycle is greatly reduced. Motorists should be
prepared to compensate for the cyclists decreased ability to slow or stop.

 Since some bicycles may not be equipped with lights or reflectors, the hours of darkness or poor
visibility are potentially dangerous.
You as a Bicyclist
Traffic laws also apply to bicyclists, but sometimes both adults and children cyclists appear unaware
of the seriousness of their responsibilities. Some younger children do not know all of the rules that
apply to bicycle riding. Therefore, adult cyclists should be fully aware of the states traffic laws and set
a good example by obeying them. Motor vehicle drivers should also be aware of specific laws which
apply to bicyclists:
easd
Every bicyclist operating upon a roadway shall ride as close as practicable to the right curb or edge
of the roadway, except under the following situations:
When passing another vehicle.
When preparing for a left turn.
When reasonably necessary to avoid road or traffic conditions such as debris, opening of car doors,
pedestrians, etc.
Bicyclists may ride two abreast unless they impede the normal flow of traffic.
Bicyclists are required to signal for all turns, lane changes, or stops by using the same hand and
arm signals as motor vehicle drivers.
Every bicyclist on a roadway has to wear an approved helmet until the age of 18. However, it is
always safer to wear a helmet for your protection.
Did you know?
Nearly 7,700 fatal crashes every year one of every five fatal crashes involve a driver who is
definitely or possibly driving with an invalid license or no license.
Over 8,000 drivers involved in fatal crashes annually nearly one of everyseven drivers involved in
fatal crashes have an invalid license, no license, or unknown license status (possibly invalid
orunlicensed).
Nearly 7,000 drivers involved in fatal crashes every year (11.9 percent of all drivers involved in
fatal crashes) have had their license suspended or revoked at least once in the preceding three years,
including over 1,700 who have had their licenses suspended or revoked three or more times, and about
100 whose licenses have been suspended or revoked ten or more times. (AAA foundation for traffic
safety)
IV. Rights and responsibilities of a pedestrian
AS A PEDESTRIAN YOU SHOULD KNOW . . .
When you are facing a WALK signal or a green light, you have the right-of-way. You may begin to

cross the road after you make sure all drivers see you and stop for you. Do not begin to cross the street
when you are facing a DONT WALK signal or a red or yellow light. If the flashing DONT
WALK sign appears when you are crossing the street, you may finish crossing the street. You should
cross the road at an intersection or a crosswalk when:
You are in a business district.
You are between two closely spaced intersections with traffic lights.
Otherwise, you may cross the road in the middle of the block without a crosswalk being careful
when stepping out between two parked vehicles. You must yield the right-of-way to all traffic when
crossing in the middle of a block. You should not stand in a traffic lane to speak to a driver for any
length of time, as this could cause an accident. Instead, you should wait for the driver to pull over to a
safe parking spot, and you should remain on the curb side of the vehicle.
VC 21956 states that , no pedestrian may walk upon any roadway outside of a business or residence
district otherwise than close to his or her left-hand edge of the roadway.
A pedestrian may walk close to his or her right-hand edge of the roadway if a crosswalk or other
means of safely crossing the roadway is not available or if existing traffic or other conditions would
compromise the safety of a pedestrian attempting to cross the road.
Pedestrian Signals

Pedestrians must obey traffic and pedestrian signals. The pedestrian signals you must obey are the
WALK and DONT WALK lights or the lighted picture of a walking person (meaning walk) and an
upraised hand (meaning dont walk). If there are no pedestrian signals at the intersection, pedestrians
must obey the red, yellow and green traffic lights. Sometimes pedestrians are not aware of their
responsibilities at traffic and pedestrian signals. Be alert for pedestrians who may not obey the signal.
Always yield to pedestrians.
alk
When a steady WALK or walking person comes on, start crossing, but watch for turning vehicles.
ont Walk
When the steady DONT WALK message or steady upraised hand is displayed, do not cross.
AS A DRIVER YOU SHOULD KNOW.

In some situations, pedestrians are required by law to yield to vehicles. In other situations, vehicles
are required to yield to pedestrians. In all situations, whether the pedestrians are obeying the law or not,
you must drive carefully, reduce your speed if needed, and do your best to avoid endangering
pedestrians. Even when you are facing a green light you must yield the right-of-way to all pedestrians
in the intersection. Never assume you have the right-of-way.
Do not assume pedestrians see you and will stop for you. Do not pass a vehicle that has stopped or
slowed down for a pedestrian. Watch out for kids. Children will run out into the road without looking
for traffic. So, be extra careful when you drive near schools, playgrounds, parks, or in residential areas.
You must obey a slower speed limit in a school zone when lights are flashing or children are present. At
a school crossing where there is a traffic patrol, stop and yield if a traffic patrol member signals you to
do so.
The following laws or rules also apply:

Drivers must always yield the right-of-way to persons who are blind. When a pedestrian is
crossing a street or highway guided by a dog or carrying a white cane (or a white cane with a red tip),
vehicles must come to a complete stop.
Drivers must yield when a pedestrian is in a marked or unmarked crosswalk or approaching their
side of the road.
As you prepare for a right turn, especially on a red traffic signal, be cautious of pedestrians (or
bicyclists) approaching on your right.
Drivers should not block the crosswalk when stopped at a red traffic signal. Drivers should not
cross a crosswalk without first yielding to pedestrians

Blind Pedestrians using guide dogs or white canes with or without a red tip must be given the rightof-way at all times. These pedestrians are partially or totally blind. When these pedestrians are in your
vicinity, be especially careful when turning corners or backing up, particularly if you are driving a quiet
hybrid vehicle.
Passing a Stationary Emergency Vehicle, Tow Truck or Department of Transportation Vehicle
CVC 21809 states: A person driving a vehicle on a freeway approaching a stationary authorized
emergency vehicle that is displaying emergency lights, a stationary tow truck that is displaying flashing
amber warning lights, or a stationary marked Department of Transportation vehicle that is displaying
flashing amber warning lights, shall approach with due caution and, before passing in a lane
immediately adjacent to the authorized emergency vehicle, tow truck, or Department of Transportation
vehicle, absent any other direction by a peace officer
This means, if safe, you are required to change lanes on the freeway when approaching an
emergency vehicle, tow truck, or Department of Transportation vehicle stopped with flashing lights. If
you cant pass them, then slow down to a safe speed.

Disabled Vehicles
When seeing a disabled vehicle ahead, a motorist should reduce speed and increase the space
between his/her vehicle and the disabled vehicle. This may involve changing lanes. Be alert for
pedestrians, tow trucks and/or police vehicles.
If a motorists vehicle becomes disabled, he/she must:
Pull off as far as possible onto the shoulder or median
Turn on emergency flashers.
Raise the hood to signal for assistance.
Stay in the vehicle and lock the doors.
Ask anyone who stops to go to a phone and call for assistance.
Not get into a strangers vehicle.

Crossing at Intersections and Designated Crosswalks:

California Vehicle Code 21955 (Crossing Between Controlled Intersections) states that if you are
between two controlled intersections, either by a traffic signal or police officer, you may ONLY cross at
designated crosswalks. Sorry folks, no jay-walking!
When crossing be sure to check for vehicles:
The safest way to cross the street is to always check for vehicles. Although the signal may state it is
safe to cross, you should be sure to check that vehicles have obeyed the signal.
Dont Forcibly Claim the Right of Way
Although California Vehicle Code 21950 states that pedestrians have the right of way, whether
crossing at a marked or unmarked crosswalk, it is never safe to forcibly claim your right of way. If you
dont have a clear path to crossing, wait until any vehicles have passed and the roadway is clear to pass.
California Vehicle Code 21954 states that pedestrians within or outside of crosswalks shall yield the
right-of-way to all vehicles on the roadway, so as to prevent any hazards. This is important because
although pedestrians have the right-of-way, pedestrians are also responsible for yielding to vehicles, so
as to prevent any hazardous situations.
Wait, there are more pedestrian responsibilities!
Walk Facing Traffic
If you find yourself walking along a road with no sidewalk, pedestrians are required to walk facing
oncoming traffic. Remember, even if you make eye contact with the driver, they may not necessarily
see you or give you the right-of-way. Be sure to stay aware of vehicles and never cross if the roadway

isnt clear. And in case you needed a reminder, pedestrians are NOT allowed on any toll bridges or
highways unless there are sidewalks and signs that allow pedestrian traffic! Dont Walk on Railroad
Tracks Like vehicles, pedestrians are not allowed to go around or under railroad crossing gates!
Pedestrians may only cross railroads when and if it is clearly safe.
Proceed to Quiz 3 >>
Section 4
Driving Maneuvers & Defensive Driving
Section 4 of 7
V. Driving Maneuvers
A. Backing
Backing Up
The most common mistake that drivers make when backing up is failing to look both ways behind
them. Mirrors do not give you a full view. To see as much as possible, turn your body and head to the
right and look out through the rear window. Back up slowly and check for pedestrians and approaching
traffic by glancing quickly to either side.
CVC 22106 states: "No person shall start a vehicle stopped, standing, or parked on a highway, nor shall
any person back a vehicle on a highway until such movement can be made with reasonable safety."
To be the most safe, when backing up, you should back up as little as is actually necessary. Backing up
isnt as safe as other driving maneuvers because your visibility is limited and you cant see as well as
when youre merely driving forward. Youre more likely to hit something when backing up, so always
use caution, look behind you, and check your mirrors.
1
B. Check Behind the Vehicle Before Getting In
Before getting in your vehicle, you should be very careful to check that there arent children, pets,
small objects, or anything else that may impede your way when driving. It is very unsafe to leave
children unattended around parked cars; you never know where they could hide or dart in the way of
someone who is unaware they are there. Before you enter your car, you should check for children. If
there are children around you should tell them that youre going to back up and they need to stay clear
of the area. When practicing the act of backing up, makes sure you are cautious, check your mirrors,
and look over your shoulder. When backing up, use your brakes to keep your speed slow and cautious
for optimum safety.
Other objects may be in the way, impeding your clear lane. Before getting in your vehicle be sure to

check for other objects that might be small, such as toys, bicycles, lawn equipment, or anything else
that will get in the way of your clear path when backing up. Without checking prior to backing up, it is
possible that a small object could get lodged in your vehicle or impairs the cars driving ability. If there
are objects in the way, be sure to move them clearly out of the path youre driving in.
C. Lane change
First, check your mirrors. If it is safe, signal your intention, check your mirrors again, then look over
your shoulder in the direction you plan to go in order to make sure no vehicle is hidden in your blind
spot. If changing lanes on a multi-lane road, make sure no other vehicle several lanes over is trying to
occupy the spot where you want to move. If the way is clear, gently steer into the new lane.
Changing lanes includes:
Moving from one lane to another.
Entering the freeway from an on-ramp.
Entering the road from a curb or the shoulder.
Whenever you change lanes you must make sure you are not getting in the way of other vehicles.
Before changing lanes
Signal in the direction you intend to turn
Look into your rearview mirror for traffic approaching from the rear
then look into the outside mirror for traffic approaching from that side.
Turn your head in the direction of the turn checking your blind spot.
Never change lanes in an intersection.
Blind Spot
Before changing lanes turn your head in the direction of the turn. Do not forget to check over your
shoulder for vehicles that you cannot see in your mirror (in your blind spot). Check QUICKLY. Do
not take your eyes off the road for more than an instant, because the vehicle ahead of you could stop
suddenly while you are checking over your shoulder.
A good rule of thumb is: turn your head before you turn the wheel.
Always keep your eyes moving scanning side to side. Looking ahead and continually checking your
mirrors will make you aware of potential hazards.
D. Passing
Passing other vehicles
Safe passing maneuvers require well-developed skills and judgment. Passing tasks include checking
sight distance ahead, checking mirrors for rear traffic, checking for traffic passing you, estimating

speed and position of approaching vehicles; estimating time you need to safely pass, accelerating,
steering, checking for traffic entering from side roads, etc. Because the driver must perform several
tasks in a short time during passing, the chance of an error is high, unless the maneuver is done
cautiously. Because it sometimes takes a long time before an opportunity to pass safely arises, some
drivers take risks and assume other drivers will compensate for their own aggressiveness.
Edge and Lane Lines
Solid lines along the side of the road tell you where its edge is - where the travel lane ends and the
road's shoulder begins. It is illegal to drive across the edge line, except when directed to do so by a
police officer or other authorized official, mechanical failure or passenger illness. The term edge line is
taken from the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways
(FHWAs MUTCD 2003 Edition including Revisions 1 and 2, as amended for use in California)
Lines separating lanes of traffic moving in the same direction are white. Lines separating traffic
moving in opposite directions are yellow. There may be two lines between lanes, and lines may be solid
or broken. Here is what some lane lines mean:
Single broken line: You may pass other vehicles or change lanes if you can do so safely and not
interfere with traffic. 1

Solid line with broken line: If you're on the side with the solid line, you may not pass other vehicles or
cross the line except to make a left turn into a driveway. If you're on the side with the broken line, you
may pass if it is safe to do so and your driving will not interfere with traffic. 1

Double solid lines: You may not pass or change lanes. You may not cross the lines except when turning
left to enter or leave the highway 1

Single solid white line: You may pass other vehicles or change lanes, but you should do so only if
obstructions in the road make it necessary or traffic conditions require it. 1

Estimation of Safe Passing Time

Using time to estimate when you can pass is complicated, but it is well worth the effort required to
master it. You can practice passing safely and once you can judge time well, you have a good method

of judging when it is safe to pass. You can get all the information you need to make a passing judgment
from two estimates: the estimate of your safe passing time and the estimate of the closing time between
you and the approaching vehicle. The first step in developing your new technique is to find out how
long it normally takes you to pass. This varies from 10 to 40 seconds depending on your vehicle, your
technique and the difference in speed between you and the vehicle you are passing. To find your safe
passing time, choose a divided highway or a two-way highway at a time and place when traffic is light.
S.M.O.G. Technique
Changing lanes safely is important and difficult for many people. To help you remember the best
technique for changing lanes safely, simply remember SMOG.
SMOG means:
Signal: Let other drivers know what youre doing, signal your intentions. The law (CVC 22108)
states that you must indicate a change of direction at least 100 feet before you actually change
directions.
Mirror: be sure to check your mirrors for oncoming traffic; you want to make sure there is no traffic
coming from the rear.
Over-the-shoulder: youll learn more about blind spots later in this course, but be sure to glance over
your shoulder to make sure there arent any cars in your blind spot.
Go: After youve determined that the lane is clear and safe to change into, gradually change lanes but
keep a steady speed. This way you wont interfere with the traffic flow of the other lane.

According to the California Driver Handbook when passing you should: always signal your intended
maneuver (you should signal for at least 100 feet before you make this maneuver); do not begin passing
unless you know there is enough space for you to pull back into the lane you were originally in; you
should avoid passing other vehicles, motorcyclists, and bicyclists when there are only two lanes
(passing when there are only two lanes is dangerous); and you should not squeeze bicyclists off the
road when passing them.
The California Driver Handbook advises, the best way to determine if you have enough space to pass is
to make sure when driving on highways at speeds of 50-55 mph you give yourself a 10-12 second gap
to safely pass oncoming traffic. Remember counting 1 Mississippi, 2 Mississippi, 3 Mississippiand
so on in elementary school? That is how you should be counting the second to determine a 10-12
second gap. At 55 mph you will travel over 800 feet, as will any oncoming vehicle. This means that to
pass safely you need to have a 1,600 foot gap (about one third of a mile) to safely pass.
Moreover, the California Driver Handbook states, you must judge if you have enough room to pass in
the following situations:
If there is an on coming vehicle.
You are approaching a hill or a curve.
You are approaching an intersection; keep in mind you may not pass within 100 feet of an
intersection.
If there is a road obstruction.

Passing on the Left

Section 21750 of the California Vehicle Code states: If you are passing another vehicle or bicycle,
travelling in the same direction as you, you may only pass to the left if there is a safe distance between
the vehicle or bicycle being passed. A safe distance to pass at means the other vehicle or bicycle being
passed will not be interfered. Provisions to passing on the left are stated below in Sections 21751 and
21752 of the California Vehicle Code.
Section 21751 of the California Vehicle Code states: On a two-lane highway you may not pass a
vehicle travelling in the same direction on the left unless the left side of the highway is clearly visible
and free of oncoming traffic with enough distance ahead to pass while not interfering with the
operation of the vehicle being passed or any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction.
Section 21752 of the California Vehicle Code states: driving on the left side of the road is prohibited:
when approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve with limited sight distance and the movement
would create a hazard to an approaching vehicle; when sight distance is obstructed within 100 feet of a
bridge, viaduct, or tunnel; within 100 feet or when traversing any intersection or railroad grade
crossing. Vehicles will appear to be moving slower than they actually are. However, a good rule of
thumb is: if you can see a vehicle moving closer it is probably going to fast for you to past; if it appears
to be standing still then it is far enough away for you to pass.
Remember, be cautious changing lanes:
near intersections
on hills or in curves
near stoplights
in extremely heavy traffic
when checking your blind spots, be sure not to let your car drift
The Actual Passing Judgment
When you judge it is safe to pass, carry out passing maneuvers.
Remember:
1. You have to build a minimum of a five-second safety cushion into your safe passing time. Do not
give this up under any circumstance.
2. When you have enough experience with this method of estimation to be skilled and comfortable with
it, extend your range. Determine the safe passing time for different situations, such as different speeds,
surface conditions and longer vehicles such as tractor trailers. The passing time will vary.
3. Your safe passing time is also a measure of the shortest sight distance you need to pass, even with no
oncoming traffic.
4. Your passing time will vary with the speed difference between you and the vehicle you are passing.
When passing is prohibited:

Passing to the right is dangerous and a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another
vehicle only under the following conditions:
(a) When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn.
(b) Upon a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient
width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in the direction of travel.
(c) Upon any highway outside of a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of
sufficient width and clearly marked for two or more lines of moving traffic in the direction of travel.
(d) Upon a one-way street.
(e) Upon a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to one direction upon each of
such roadways.
Passing on open road: Look ahead and behind to determine when it is safe to pass. If it is safe to pass,
signal to alert the drivers ahead and behind you of your intention so they can plan their moves
accordingly. Give a left turn signal so the driver behind you will know that you are about to pull out
and pass.
Passing on mountain road: To pass safely, you must be able to see at least one-third of a mile. Any time
your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an oncoming car just out of
sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve ahead is more than one-third of a mile away.
You MUST NOT drive on the left side of a roadway when coming to a curve or the top of a hill where
you can't see far enough ahead to be sure it is safe to pass.
Curves: You never know what is on the other side of a steep hill or a sharp curve. When you come to a
hill or curve, slow down so you can stop for any hazard. You must drive slowly enough to stop. Any
time your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume there is another vehicle ahead of you.
Only pass the vehicle if a hill or curve is at least one-third of a mile away, because you need at least
that much room to pass safely. Do not drive on the left side of the road when coming to a curve or the
top of a hill, because you cannot see far enough ahead to know if it is safe to pass. (California drivers
handbook)

E. Recovering from hydroplaning

Hydroplaning: On wet pavement, your tires may ride on the water rather than the pavement. This is
known as hydroplaning and it refers to loss of traction and control. Hydroplaning can happen at any
speed over 35 mph. In a severe rainstorm, the tires can lose all contact with the road at 55 mph. If you
think your tires are hydroplaning, take your foot off the accelerator and slow down. Do not hit the
brakes, this may cause you to skid.
To avoid hydroplaning:

 Have good tires with deep treads on your vehicle.

Keep tires properly inflated.
Slow down during rainstorms or when the pavement is wet.
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F. Recovering from fish-tailing
A tire blowout could cause the vehicle will sway from side to side (fishtail).
To recover from fishtailing:
Hold the steering wheel tightly and keep the vehicle going straight.
Take your foot off the gas pedal and allow the vehicle to slow gradually.
Brake gently ONLY when your speed is slow enough to keep control of the vehicle.
Use the turn signals and pull well off the road.

G. Returning to road from uneven surface

If your wheels drift onto the shoulder of the road, dont try to swerve back onto the pavement because
you might throw your car off balance. Instead, stay on the shoulder and reduce speed. After youve
slowed down, turn gently back onto the pavement.
Preventing Rollovers and Other SUV Related Collisions
Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have steadily been on the rise in the United States. They now account
for about 25% of the vehicles on the road. Although you may have noticed more SUVs on the road,
what you might not know is that SUVs have a higher center of gravity and because of this they are
more likely to rollover.
Some tips to prevent rollovers are:
sa
Load your SUV properly: Make sure when loading your vehicles, the weight is evenly distributed.
This includes taking into account how many people, the weight of the people, and the weight of the
items youre loading in your car.
When storing heavy cargo, it is essential the cargo is stored lower to the ground to decrease the
chances of rollover. If youre storing cargo on the overhead racks, be sure it is balanced with weight
below. For the proper instructions specific to your vehicle read the vehicle manual.
Conducting Handling: put plain and simple, dont take turns sharply or fast. Be aware of your

surroundings and your trip and make sure to take turns at the appropriate speed. Especially in offroading situations, abrupt maneuvers amplify your chance of a collision.

Did You Know?

It takes 3/4 of a second from the moment your brain sends the signal to your foot to move from the
accelerator to when your foot actually applies the brake. Focusing on the vehicles ahead of you will
help you react in a safe and timely manner.
Speed limits posted on curve warning signs are intended for passenger vehicles, not large trucks.
Large trucks should reduce their speed even further. Studies have shown that large trucks entering a
curve, even at the posted speed limit, have lost control and rolled over due to their high center of
gravity.
40 percent of speeding-related fatalities occur on curves.
Braking in a curve can cause the wheels to lock up and the vehicle to skid.
Before entering a work zone, decrease your speed, merge into the correct lane well ahead of any lane
closures, and be prepared to slow down or stop suddenly. Speed increases perception-reaction distance,
braking distance, and stopping distance.
Truck rollovers are more likely to occur on exit/entrance ramps when the driver misjudges the
sharpness of the ramp curve and enters the curve at an excessive speed.
The posted speed limit on an exit/entrance ramp generally shows the safe speed for a passenger
vehicle; the safe speed for a large truck is usually significantly lower than the posted speed.
Even though ramps and interchanges make up less than 5 percent of all highway miles, 20 to 30
percent of all large-truck crashes occur on or near ramps.
Excessive driving speed is a major cause of fatal crashes, and higher speeds may cause more severe
crashes. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) recently reported that 25 percent of speedingrelated large-truck fatalities occurred during adverse weather conditions.
You should reduce your speed by 1/3 on wet roads and by 1/2 or more on snow packed roads (i.e., if
you would normally be traveling at a speed of 60 mph on dry pavement, then on a wet road you should
reduce your speed to 40 mph, and on a snow-packed road you should reduce your speed to 30 mph).
When you come upon slick, icy roads you should drive slowly and cautiously and pull off the road if
you can no longer safely control the vehicle.
When it first starts to rain, water mixes with oil on the road making it particularly slippery.
Manufacturers generally advise drivers not to use a retarder [also called a "Jake" brake] on wet or
slippery roadway conditions. In fact, a Safety Board Investigation of a motor coach crash that occurred
in Canon City, Colorado, revealed that an enabled retarder most likely triggered the loss of control and
eventual crash of the motor coach on a snow-covered and mountainous roadway.
Two-vehicle crashes between large trucks and passenger vehicles result from inadequate evasive
action 6.6 percent of the time.
Source: US Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
Left and Right Turns

Signal your intended turn continuously during the last 100 feet before turning.
Get in the proper lane if necessary
As you approach the turn slow down to an appropriate speed covering your brake
Keep your brake covered while turning
About half-way through your turn accelerate slightly for a smoother turn

VI. Defensive Driving

A. Planning trips
Since you cannot control the actions of other road users, you must rely on your own driving skills and
experience. Following these ten rules ensures that your driving is safe and courteous to all who share
the road with you.
Plan Your Route: Know where youre going ahead of time. Tune into a local media source to be well
informed about weather and road conditions or traffic activity on your route.
Maintain Your Vehicle: Read your vehicles owners manual and follow the recommended schedule
for maintenance service.
Check Your Vehicle's Condition: Safety is the most important reason you inspect your vehicle, safety
for yourself and for other road users. A vehicle defect found during an inspection could save you
problems later. You could have a breakdown on the road that will cost time and dollars, or even worse,
a crash caused by the defect.
Pack a Driver Safety Kit. If you're planning a long trip, you should be sure to plan to have a driver's
aid kit. This kit should include:
Cell phone
First aid kit
Flashlight
Blanket
Navigation Aid
Flares and a white flag
Jumper cables
Jack (and ground mat) for changing a tire
Work gloves and a change of clothes
Basic repair tools and some duct tape (for temporarily repairing a hose leak)
A jug of water and paper towels for cleaning up
Nonperishable food, drinking water, and medicines
Extra windshield washer fluid
Maps
Types of Vehicle Inspection
Pre-trip Inspection. A pre-trip inspection will help you find problems that could cause a crash or
breakdown.

During a Trip.
For safety you should:
Watch gauges for signs of trouble.
Use your senses to check for problems (look ,listen, smell, feel).
Check critical items when you stop:
Tires, wheels and rims.
Brakes.Lights and reflectors.
what to Look For
Tire Problems
Too much or too little air pressure.
Bad wear. You need at least 1/32 inch tread depth in any two adjacent grooves in every major groove
on front tires.
No fabric should show through the tread or sidewall.
Cuts or other damage.
Tread separation.
Dual tires that come in contact with each other
or parts of the vehicle.
Mismatched sizes.
Radial and bias-ply tires used together.
Cut or cracked valve stems.

Approaching the Vehicle. Notice general condition. Look for damage or vehicle leaning to one side.
Look under the vehicle for fresh oil, coolant, grease, or fuel leaks. Check the area around the vehicle
for hazards to vehicle movement (people, other vehicles, objects, low- hanging wires, limbs, etc.).
Check Engine Compartment
Engine oil level.
Coolant level in radiator; condition of hoses.
Power steering fluid level; hose condition (if so
equipped).
Windshield washer fluid level.
Battery fluid level, connections, and tie downs
(battery may be located elsewhere).
Automatic transmission fluid level (may require
engine to be running).
Check belts for tightness and excessive wear

(alternator, water pump, air compressor)--learn how much "give" the belts should have when
adjusted right, and check each one.
Leaks in the engine compartment (fuel, coolant, oil, power steering fluid, hydraulic fluid, battery
fluid).
Cracked, worn electrical wiring insulation.
sa
Allowing Extra Time
You allow yourself extra time when you go to the airport, so why is it any different when youre
preparing to go on the road? When youre travelling and under a time crunch, youll be more likely to
be making unsafe driving decisions because youll be rushed. When you decide to hit the road, make
sure you allow yourself extra time in case of emergencies, traffic, or any unexpected occurrences. This
is particularly important when youre taking a long trip so you can include time to stop regularly for
food, water, bathroom trips, and gas. Stopping frequently helps stop you from getting drowsy easily
and keeps you focused. This is not to mention that when you allow yourself extra time youll reduce
stress and anxiety, and the urge to speed or drive recklessly.
Finally, when youre going on a long trip, be safe and let your friends or family know where youre
going, where youre staying and when you expect to be back. These are just simple precautions to make
sure if something does happen to you, someone else knows how to help you.
B. Avoiding problems on the road
Following Distance:
You should always try to keep a safe distance between the car ahead of you and behind you. This
distance will give you cushion to brake or maneuver if you need it because every driver makes
mistakes and you need time to react.
Always use the "three-second rule". When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such as a
sign, count "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand-three". This takes about three seconds.
If you pass the same point before you finish counting, you are following too closely.
Allow more following distance, three or four seconds, following a motorcycle so the motorcyclist has
enough time to maneuver or stop in an emergency. In dry conditions, motorcycles can stop more
quickly than cars.
2. Avoid driving in the blind spots of other vehicles
Every type of vehicle has inherent "blind spots" where the driver cannot see other vehicles that would
pose a hazard and are a common cause of accidents when one vehicle is changing lanes. It is important
to remember that checking your mirrors prior to making a lane change is not enough to avoid an

accident. You must become familiar with the "blind spots" that are present in your vehicle and you
must safely perform a quick shoulder check prior to making a lane change to make sure there is no
vehicle in your blind spot to avoid a potential accident.
Trucks and blind spots
2
It may sound obvious, but trucks and buses are not large cars or pickups. Most people realize that it is
more difficult to drive a truck or bus than a car or pickup, but many dont know exactly what
limitations apply to a large truck or bus. Generally, the bigger the vehicle is, the bigger its blind spots.
It needs more room to maneuver. It takes longer to stop or pass. To share the road safely, avoid driving
directly behind a truck. Keep a reasonable distance between your car and the truck ahead. You will
have a better view of the road to anticipate problems, and you will give yourself an emergency out.
Many motorists falsely assume that they can see the road better from a truck or bus because they sit
twice as high as the driver of a small vehicle. While a truck or bus does enjoy a better forward view and
has bigger mirrors, it has serious blind spots into which a small vehicle can disappear from view. An
excellent rule for motorists sharing the road with trucks and buses is: if you cant see the truck or bus
driver in the side mirror of the truck or bus, the driver probably cant see you. Another good tool is the
No- Zone. The No-Zone represents danger areas around trucks where crashes are more likely to occur.
3
Side blind spots Trucks and buses have much larger blind spots on both sides of their vehicles than
small vehicles. When you drive in these blind spots (No-Zones) for any length of time, truck and bus
drivers cannot see you. If the truck or bus driver needs to swerve or change lanes for any reason, a
serious crash could occur if any vehicle is in the No-Zone.
Rear blind spot Unlike small vehicles, trucks and buses have deep blind spots directly behind them.
Avoid following too closely in the No-Zone. The truck or bus driver cannot see the vehicle in this
position, and you severely reduce your own view of traffic flow. Following too closely greatly
increases your chance of a collision with a truck or bus.
Unsafe passing Another No-Zone is just in front of trucks and buses. When small vehicles cut in too
soon after passing, then abruptly slow down, trucks and buses are forced to compensate with little time
or room to spare. It takes longer to pass a large vehicle. Maintain a constant speed and be sure you can
see the entire cab of the truck or bus in your rearview mirror before pulling in front of the truck or bus.
Also, do not linger when passing a truck or bus. By remaining in the No-Zone too long, you make it
impossible for the driver to take evasive action, if an obstacle appears in the road ahead.
Turns Truck and bus drivers often cannot see vehicles directly behind or beside them when they are
attempting to safely negotiate a right turn. Observe their turn signals. Cutting in between the truck or
bus and the curb or shoulder to the right increases the possibility of a crash. Also, when you see a truck
or bus making a turn, do not crowd the intersection. Allow the vehicle to complete the turn without
backing up.

 Backing up When a truck is backing up, it sometimes must block the street to maneuver its trailer
accurately. Never cross behind a truck that is preparing to back up or is in the process of backing up.
Remember that most trailers are eight and a half feet wide and can completely hide objects that
suddenly come between them and a loading area. Automobile drivers attempting to pass behind the
truck enter a No-Zone for both drivers. Some other things you need to know about trucks and buses
include:
Braking Trucks and buses take longer to stop than small vehicles traveling at the same speed. It
takes a fully loaded truck with a trailer about three times the distance to stop than the average passenger
vehicle. If roads are wet or slippery, trucks with trailers cannot firmly apply their brakes without risking
a jackknife.
4
3. Planning for an evasive action (sudden stop ahead or sudden lane change ahead)
There are times on the road when other vehicles will block your visibility, make it hard to maneuver, or
turnthese sorts of situations create a potentially dangerous situation for drivers and pedestrians. The
best way to prepare yourself for other drivers actions is to be visually aware and ready to act if you
need to. You should always be looking farther down the road, this is visual lead time, where youre
watching for other cars making sudden lane changes and sudden stops. You should be prepared to avoid
a collision by maneuvering around the action or changing your speed depending on the situation. This
technique also helps you keep centered in your lane, because youre looking ahead.
Avoid driving alongside other cars on multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to
change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back.
Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets, stay out
of the lane next to the center line, if you can. That way you will have more room to avoid an oncoming
car that suddenly swerves toward you.
If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the right-of-way.
At freeway exits, dont drive alongside other cars. A driver on the freeway may pull off suddenly or a
driver leaving the freeway may swerve back on.
The Visual Search

To search effectively, you need to know where to look, when, how, and what to look for, and how to
evaluate if a potential problem could be a high risk or reduced risk situation. A visual search process is
an organized pattern of focused eye movements scanning the path of travel and driving environment
searching in a regular sequence for critical areas or conditions.

An organized searching process starts from the visual lead area, which is 20-30 seconds from the front
of the vehicle. Keeping the eyes focused farther away from the vehicle will allow the driver more time
to make decisions. Targeting in the center of the path of travel at least 20 to 30 seconds ahead is critical
to gaining as much information as possible from the driving scene.
Where to search involves moving the eyes from near (inside and outside the vehicle - as close as the
dashboard and mirrors) to 20 to 30 seconds into the target area to identify objects or conditions that
could increase the level of risk.
Searching/Look To The Sides:
When approach any place where other cars, people or animals may cross the intended path, look to
both sides. Dont rely on traffic lights or stop signs. Always watch out for other drivers they may run
the light. Check to the sides for speed and lane position options. Identify the best speed and lane
position options for existing conditions.
Searching/Look Behind:
Check the traffic behind every time the foot goes to the brake. Know if somebody is tailgating, coming
up too fast or trying to pass. Most rear-end collisions are caused by vehicles following too closely.
Searching/Blind Spots:
These are areas of the vehicle that are not visible in the mirrors. Enhanced Mirror (BGE) Settings help
reduce the blind spot areas. Before making any move to the side, quickly turn the head to see if the
blind spot is clear. Also avoid driving in someone elses blind spot. Its as important for other drivers to
see you as for you to see them.
Searching/Identify: Scan the road ahead for potential hazards such as a vehicle, pedestrian, animal or
situation that could force you to slow down, speed up or turn. Make more aggressive searches when
there are line-of-sight restrictions that may conceal a pedestrian or a bicyclist. A driver can look in,
under and around parked cars for feet, wheels, shadows, and movement. When done at the proper
distance, pedestrians and bicyclist can be seen before they create a surprise.
The immediate path is the space within 4-6 seconds of travel time. It is very important to acquire the
skills to search all three ranges: the target area, the 12-15 second range, and the immediate path. The
immediate path should only require an update of the conditions originally detected when evaluating the
travel path. By looking only at the immediate path before searching to the target area, three or four
seconds would be quickly consumed and the driver is not able to get mentally ahead of the vehicle.
Avoiding Problems on the Road:

Tailgating
is a major cause of collisions on the freeway, it is very important to maintain a safe following distance
on the freeway. To determine what a safe following distance is you should consider: road conditions,
the condition of the brakes you have, and the incline of the road youre on.
Road Conditions:
Things to remember, on a wet road it takes twice as long to stop a car. On loose gravel or sand the
stopping distance for a car increases.
Brakes:
keeping up on the maintenance of your brakes is extremely important, new brakes will help reduce
stopping distance. If you have anti-lock brakes, when used correctly, they can reduce stopping speed.
Incline of the road:
when braking on a downhill grade the stopping distance increases, on an uphill grade stopping distance
will be shorter.
The Three-Second Rule:
The three-second rule says that you should allow three seconds between the time the vehicle ahead of
you passes a given point and the time your vehicle reaches the same point.
Most rear end collisions are caused by following too closely. To avoid this, use the "three-second rule."
When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such as a sign, count "one-thousand-one, onethousand-two, one-thousand-three." This takes about three seconds. If you pass the same point before
you finish counting, you are following too closely. At faster speeds the distance should be greater.
The Three-Second Plus Rule: in some cases you will need to leave yourself more than three seconds of
space, here are some examples where you should exercise caution and give yourself four or more
seconds:
Bad road or weather conditions:
The California DMV Handbook recommends driving at least 5-10 mph slower under these conditions
and increasing your following distance.
When Towing a Trailer:
If youre towing a trailer your stopping distance increases, therefore giving yourself more than three

seconds is the safest bet.

When Following a Motorcycle:
To ensure the safety of motorcyclists and yourself, give yourself more than three seconds when driving
behind motorcycles. Motorcyclists can stop much faster than vehicles and it is best to give yourself
ample time to react.
When visibility is low or your vision is blocked:
Give yourself more reaction time when your vision is blocked, often when youre behind a larger
vehicle. Another way to clear your visibility is to change lanes.
When You See a Bus, School Bus, Or a Placarded Vehicle At Railroad Crossings:
You may not know this, but buses, school buses, and placarded vehicles must stop at railroad crossings.
Now that you are aware of this, when youre behind one of these vehicles and coming to a railroad
crossing you should slow down early to give yourself plenty of stopping room.
If the driver behind you is trying to pass.
Be safe and courteous and if the driver behind you is trying to pass, leave plenty of space in front of
you so they can.
Cushion ahead:
Many drivers don't see as well as they should because they follow too closely, and the vehicle ahead
blocks their view of the road. Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can see better. When
you leave more space you can see the big picture.

Cushion to the side: Keep a space cushion on each side of your car. Dont drive in another drivers
blind spot. The other driver may not see your car and could change lanes and hit you.
Avoid driving alongside other cars on multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to
change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back.
Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets, stay out
of the lane next to the center line, if you can. That way you will have more room to avoid an oncoming
car that suddenly swerves toward you.

 If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the right-of-way.
At freeway exits, dont drive alongside other cars. A driver on the freeway may pull off suddenly or a
driver leaving the freeway may swerve back on.

Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from between them, a car
door may open, or a car may pull out suddenly.
Be careful when riding near bicycles. A bicycle rider could be seriously hurt in a collision. Always
leave plenty of room between your car and any bicycle. Watch carefully for bicycles before turning.

Cushion Behind:
Watch for tailgaters. If one is following you, be careful. Brake slowly before stopping. Tap your brake
lightly a few times to warn the tailgater before you slow down. Your brake lights will flash. "Lose" the
tailgater as soon as you can by changing lanes. If you can't change lanes, slow down enough to
encourage the tailgater to go around you. If this does not work, pull off the road when it is safe and let
the tailgater pass.
Dealing With Another Driver's Blind Spots
As a driver you know where the spots are in your vehicle where you simply cannot see other drivers.
These spots are called blind spots, it means the driver cannot see there nor can you see it with the use of
the mirrors. It is critical to avoid driving in another cars blind spot. The ways to avoid driving in
another drivers blind spot are as follows:
Make Yourself Visible
Drive your vehicle where it can be seen always. If you must driver through another drivers blind spot,
be sure you do it as quickly as possible or drop back behind the blind spot.
Avoid Side-By-Side Driving
Side-by-side driving is dangerous because in case of a dangerous situation the vehicle next to you
cannot make a quick escape. It is important to leave space on the road for others in case of
emergencies.
Avoid Driving in Bunches or Packs

Similar to side-by-side driving, driving in bunches or packs makes it difficult for your car and other
cars to respond to road hazards and emergencies. It is important to always leave yourself and other cars
cushion on all sides.
When Passing Larger Vehicles
The first thing to remember when passing large vehicles, is if youre passing a truck and you cannot see
the drivers eyes in the mirrors then the driver cannot see you, you will be in the drivers blind spot. If
you need to pass a truck, it is important that you live yourself ample time and space to pass, more so
than if youre passing a regular vehicle. Do not pass in front of the truck until you can see the entire
front cabin of the truck in your mirrors; then you will know that your vehicle is clearly visible to the
truck driver. Keeping a safe distance between yourself and the truck is also critical because the
stopping speed of a truck is much slower than your average vehicle. If the tuck needs to make a sudden
stop, you want to make sure there is ample space for the truck to stop without hitting you. Lastly, when
large trucks turn, they often swing wide, to protect yourself make sure when turning at the same time
with a truck to turn on the inside of the truck.
Dealing With Your Own Blind Spots
Because it varies for every driver and vehicle, make sure you familiarize yourself with the blind spots
in your car. Here are some tips for how to drive safely with your blind spots.
Use Mirrors and Passengers to Help Navigate
Always check your mirrors when you get in your car. Adjusting your mirrors to make sure you have the
best view behind you. Also, leaning into your mirrors will help you catch more angles and see more of
the road. Convex mirrors also give youre a more clear view of the road and help you see through your
rear blind spots.
Dont forget, you can use your passengers for more than a spot in the carpool lane. They can help you
see around your car and navigate around traffic. If appropriate, they can also get out of the car and help
you see things you cant see.
Motorcycles
Motorcycles on the road can easily get hidden in blind spots because of their small size. Make sure
youre checking your blind spots often, especially when changing lanes, to be sure you are completely
aware of motorcycles and where they are on the road.
iew larger image

Passing or Making a Lane Change

It is very important to be extremely aware of your surroundings when youre passing or changing lanes;
you should do this by often checking your blind spots and possible hazards on the road. To safely pass
or change lanes, remember to signal, check your mirrors, look over your shoulder to check for blind
spots, and if everything looks safe, then go.
Daylight Use of Headlights
Have you noticed that even during daylight hours you can see a cars headlights? The low beams of an
oncoming vehicle, if on, can be seen from a mile away. But without lights on, a car can only be seen
about a mile away. Using your low beam lights during the daytime is a good way to make you visible
to other vehicles. Being able to see oncoming cars during the daytime reduces the chances of a
collision. Some two-lane highways require daytime use of headlights for the sole purpose of reducing
chances of collision.
Avoid Lane Changes Near Intersections
Pedestrians, traffic signals, cars going in different directions, cross-traffic; these are all reasons why
intersections are some of the most dangerous places to drive. Changing lanes near intersections is
extremely dangerous because other drivers dont anticipate or expect lane changes in intersections. It is
especially dangerous because at an intersection cars can go in so many different directions, if you make
an unexpected movement and the other drivers on the road dont anticipate it, this could lead to a
collision. The best way to change lanes at an intersection is to wait until youve passed the intersection
and the lane youre changing into is clear.
Search far ahead: Traffic conditions change constantly. You cannot afford to let your attention wander
from what is going on around you. Always scan the road ahead. Do not use the road or even the vehicle
directly ahead as your only focal point. Look ahead so you can avoid, or lessen, potential problems.
Keep your eyes moving, notice what's happening at the sides of the road, and check behind you through
your mirrors every few seconds.
Anticipate mistakes by other drivers and think about what you will do if a mistake does happen. Do not
always assume that a driver approaching a STOP or YIELD sign on a side road is actually going to stop
or yield. It is better to assume the other driver may not stop. Be ready to react. You should scan 20 to 30
seconds down the road, in the city that corresponds to about one or two blocks or about half a mile.
Looking ahead should include sides of the roads, people, and animals besides vehicles.

Search to the rear: searching for what is behind is as important as looking ahead. Rear end collisions
are very common.
Leave space ahead: looking ahead and leaving a space ahead is an effective strategy to avoid collisions.
Looking ahead will not prevent a collision if you dont have the space to react. AAA recommends that
you leave at least a three-second gap between you and the vehicle ahead.
Three-second rule: Choose an object near or above the road ahead, such as a sign, tree or over-pass. As
the vehicle ahead passes it, count aloud, slowly, "one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand
three." If you reach the same object before you finish counting, you are following too closely.
Leave space to the sides: leaving space to the sides in addition to following the three-second rule will
give you the cushion necessary for you to move to defuse a potential problem before it happens.
Be alert at intersections: More crashes happen at intersections than at any other place. Intersections
constitute a very small part of rural and urban street/highway systems, yet they are implicated in 31.9
percent of all motor vehicle crashes and 15.5 percent of all fatal crashes (2004 NHTSA data). Be very
careful when approaching any intersection or driveway.
Approaching intersections safely: Traffic checks is the process of looking frequently and carefully
for vehicles approaching from each direction. It is especially important when merging or changing
lanes AND when approaching and crossing intersections. Below are five things to remember to
navigate an intersection safely:
The Left-Right-Left Rule: Look first to the left to make sure cross traffic is yielding the right-of-way.
Then look for traffic from the right. If stopped, look both left and right just before you start moving.
Look across the intersection before you start to move to make sure the path is clear through the
intersection.

As you enter an intersection, check again for unusual or unexpected actions to the left and right.

It is also important to watch for vehicle traffic from the front (oncoming traffic) and rear
approaching/overtaking traffic) of your vehicle at intersections. Be especially aware of vehicles behind
you. If the light changes and/or you encounter a vehicle violating the right-of-way that causes you to
stop suddenly, will the vehicle behind be able to stop? It is not uncommon for drivers to run red lights
or stop signs, resulting in head-on or rear-end collisions.

Control Speed: Be prepared to brake or stop unexpectedly at intersections if the above traffic checks
alert you to a possible hazard. You should slow down before reaching the intersection, drive at your
slowest speed just before entering the intersection and gradually increase your speed as you cross the
intersection.

http://www.ci.redmond.wa.us/common/pages/UserFile.aspx?fileId=41120

3. Use the Proper Lane: You should be in the proper lane for the direction you intend to travel before
you reach the intersection. Do NOT make last minute lane changes as you start through an intersection.
Do NOT pass a vehicle in an intersection.
4. Know and obey:
The proper right-of-way procedures for vehicles and pedestrians at intersections
The purpose and meaning of pavement markings
The purpose and meaning of traffic signals, including stop or yield signs posted at intersections
The proper lane usage and speed at intersections
The proper use of your vehicles turn signals
5. Do Not Block: Do not move into an intersection and block it after the traffic lights have changed.
This is not only common sense, but its also illegal to block an intersection after the light has changed.
Some intersections have signs posted nearby (often hanging next to the traffic light) advising Do Not
Block Intersection. It is always illegal to block an intersection, whether it is marked or not.
6. Compensate for restricted vision: An intersection is considered blind if there are no stop signs at
any corner and you cannot see clearly for a distance of 100 feet in either direction before crossing.
Trees, bushes, buildings, or parked cars at intersections can block your view to the side. If your view
is blocked, edge forward slowly until you can see.
7. Adapt quickly if road narrows: width of the road can change due construction, potholes or parked
cars. Managing risk requires you take the right action to handle these possibilities.
8. Have an escape route: Many times making a decision that leaves you without an alternative is like
picking your own poison. Its pretty hard to choose between two consequences when you dont want
either of them to happen...and its easy to be quick and decisive when a planned escape path, a saving
decision, is open to you.
Keep a Stopping Space To keep your stopping space, evaluate your position in traffic continuously :
Be Prepared to Yield Learn to spot traps. Blind intersections are traps. Driving into them at high
speeds because you have the green light, leaves you without an alternative if the person coming out of
the blind are is color blind sick or drunk. But if you go into such intersections with your foot off the
gas, and resting on the brake pedal you have an escape space you can stop.
Stay out of Tailgating Traps Following the car ahead too closely is setting up a trap without an escape
path. This is especially true if the car behind is tailgating and youre boxed in by cars on both sides.
The car ahead jams on the brakes and you are sandwiched no escape path bam! Disaster.
Time Your Passing Moves Head-On collisions caused by too little passing distance occurs because
drivers shut off their escape path by trying to pass a line of vehicles on2 or 3 lane highway without

good visibility. They often dont have any place to go except into eternity.
When traffic traps are building up plan an escape route this makes a decision easy. And not just
easy, but possible.
Dont be a sitting duck for disaster. Safety in most driving situations is only a few feet away, on an
escape path, off the collision course.
Give yourself time space and visibility.

Scanning for Hazards: To make the road as safe as possible, you should constantly be on high alert and
using your eyes to scan the road regularly. Good drivers try to see 10 to 15 seconds ahead on the
roadway (about one city block). By looking ahead, you might avoid last minute moves such as sudden
stops or quick lane changes. Keep your eyes moving to see vehicles or hazards from any directions.
You can also use your passengers to help you scan for hazards. Situations to be especially cautious of
possible hazards are:
escription: Cover Photo: Two-Car Traffic Crash (Courtesy of the Fairfax County, VA, Police
Department, Accident Reconstruction Section).
Before Making Lane Changes
Make sure to use all of the tips listed above, when changing lanes. Scan for hazards by signaling, using
your mirrors, looking over your shoulder to check for blind spots, then change lanes.
Start Braking Early and/or Cover the Brake
Under certain conditions like hazardous road conditions, wet weather, on a downhill grade,
construction zone, or school zone, you should apply your brakes early to prepare to slow down or
potentially stop. Under these conditions it may either be difficult to stop normally, or you will have to
slow down to drive safely in the area, but a good way to prepare yourself for potential hazards is to
brake early. This also applies to when you are approaching an intersection and know you will soon
have to stop.
Parking Lot Entrances
Dont forget to scan for hazards when youre entering or leaving a parking lot! These are dangerous
areas because pedestrians will be walking about and you will have to drive in a busy and crowded area.
Make sure to be very aware of your surroundings because cars will be going in all directions around
you.

Inattentive Driver or Erratic Driving

Being aware of your surroundings and always scanning for hazards is especially important for
protecting yourself from inattentive or erratic drivers. These sorts of drivers can drift into your lane or
make sudden movements that put you in danger. The best way to deal with this situation is to leave
yourself as larger cushion and use your horn to get their attention.
Parked vehicles moving into traffic
Be aware of parked vehicles moving into traffic and try to stay out of their path to come out. When
drivers are trying to leave a parking spot theyre looking for an opening in the road to move out. The
best thing you can do to make this situation safer would be to safely change lanes and create more
space for the driver to come out.
At intersections for vehicles taking your right-of-way
Scanning for hazards at intersections is important because someone may take your right-of-way; if this
happens it is best to stay calm and aware and wait until the intersection is clear to take your turn. If
another car takes your right-of-way and you are not paying attention, this could lead to a serious
collision.
The defensive driver tries to recognize potentially hazardous situations sufficiently in advance to allow
time to safely maneuver past them. The defensive driver assumes that other drivers may make mistakes
and is on guard in the event that an error is made. The defensive driver searches ahead of what is
immediately in front of him or her in order to have advance warning of approaching hazards.
Tips:
Learn to recognize driving situations that can be hazardous.
Assume other drivers will make errors.
Adjust speed, position, direction and attention to be able to maneuver safely if a hazard develops.
Scan far enough ahead to be able to react safely to approaching situations.
Scan frequently to the side and rear for passing or approaching vehicles.
Scan thoroughly before changing speed or direction.
Right-of-way: Generally the driver who arrives last gives right-of-way to those who were already there.
You give right-of-way when entering traffic. You give right-of-way when turning left in front of
approaching traffic. You give right-of-way when changing lanes. You move into your intended path or
direction only after you are assured you will not conflict with other traffic.
Tips:
Do not force other drivers to brake or steer because of your obstructive maneuver into their path.
Assume other drivers will not see you and avoid you when you maneuver into their path.
Move into your intended path or direction only after you are assured you will not conflict with other

traffic:
Start-up/back-up: During a typical start-up/back-up situation, a vehicle has been parked for a long
enough time to allow pedestrians and other vehicles to approach and rest within a few feet of the
parked vehicle. Starting up forward, backward, or steering left or right from a stopped position can
create an unexpected hazard for both the driver and bystanders.
Tips:
Beforestart-up or back-up, walk around vehicle and look underneath to ensure you have safe
clearance for start-up.
Don't forget to check blind area on right and in front as well.
After your walk-around check, don't delay in moving the vehicle. Do not allow time for another
hazard to approach.
Check mirrors for proper adjustment frequently.
Start up slowly at first to allow other vehicles and pedestrians, who may have unexpectedly
approached, to safely move away.
Tap horn in congested areas or recruit a signalman.
Negotiating Curves: When negotiating a curve at an excessive speed, commercial motor vehicles will
roll over. Automobiles will lose traction and slide out of a curve instead of rolling over. The more topheavy a vehicle is, the more likely it will roll over than slide out of a curve.
Tips:
Ensure that cargo loads are secured to prevent moving from side to side.
Remember that top-heavy cargo will cause commercial vehicles to roll over in curves at speeds
lower than those loaded with flat compact cargo.
Reduce speed before entering curve. If you enter curves too fast, you may not have enough time to
slow down before rolling over.
Maintaining speeds at curve advisory may not be slow enough to prevent rollover of commercial
vehicles.
Since trailers usually begin to roll first, you may not know you are rolling over until it is too late.
Slow down before you get into the curve.
Stay off the shoulder in curves. Your right or left side wheels may drop or sink down into a shoulder
and increase your chance of rollover.
Slow down substantially for unfamiliar curves.

Passing:
Safe passing maneuvers require well-developed skills and judgment. Passing tasks include checking
sight distance ahead, checking mirrors for rear traffic, checking for traffic passing you, estimating
speed and position of approaching vehicles; estimating time you need to safely pass, accelerating,
steering, checking for traffic entering from side roads, etc. Because the driver must perform several
tasks in a short time during passing, the chance of an error is high, unless the maneuver is done
cautiously. Because it sometimes takes a long time before an opportunity to pass safely arises, some
drivers take risks and assume other drivers will compensate for their own aggressiveness.

Negotiating downgrades:
The main reason for loss of control on downgrades is brake failure, and the main reason for this is the
use of improper control techniques by the driver. The brake system may be damaged or maladjusted
and may not have sufficient capacity for downgrade control. Primary countermeasures for preventing a
runaway are: adequate driver skills; frequent checks on brake operation; adequate preventive
maintenance.
Maintenance Checks:
Inspect and adjust brakes more frequently for vehicles used in mountainous terrain.
Speeding:
Most people think that speeding refers to driving above the maximum speed limit. But speeding can
also refer to travelling too fast for weather, road, or traffic conditions, even if you arent exceeding the
speed limit.
Speeding is a significant traffic safety problem. In fact, it is one of the most-reported factors
associated with crashes.
Speeders typically fail to adjust their speed to the prevailing conditions including the flow of traffic.
Trucks have more accidents in highway work zones than other vehicles. Work zones can be very
dangerous for all vehicles especially when traveling on the highway. It is important to be alert and
prepared to slow down or stop in a work zone. Slowing down and allowing others to merge, will ensure
a safe passage through work zones. Here are a few tips on work zone safety.
Stay alert- highway work zones are unsafe
Work zones are busy places where construction vehicles and workers are always moving. Stay alert
and stay on the safe path that is designated throughout the work zone. Avoid work zones altogether by
using alternate routes when possible. If you can't avoid work zones, allow for more time to travel, slow
down, and consider sharing a ride with someone to reduce congestion.
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/images/053_workzone_h.jpg
Keep your cues from trucks
Work zones often pop up suddenly. If you are not paying attention to the signs, you could find
yourself in a serious accident. Trucks can be great indicators of trouble or slowdowns ahead. Trucks
have a height advantage and can see ahead of traffic. Paying attention to a truck's brake lights is a good
signal of a slow down or work zone ahead. Truck drivers know the stopping limitations of their trucks,
and pay close attention to traffic. Take your cues from trucks and you'll be prepared.
Merge gently
Aggressive drivers can be extremely dangerous while driving in work zones. Work zones require
time and courtesy. For a smooth passage through work zones, allow others to merge in front of you. Be

especially considerate to trucks. They require more space to merge and are the least maneuverable
vehicles on the road. Remember, trucks have large blind spots, making it difficult to see cars squeezing
in close to the front and sides of their truck.
Exceeding the posted limit or driving too fast for conditions is one of the most prevalent factors
contributing to traffic crashes. Speed is a factor in nearly one-third of all fatal crashes. Speed-related
crashes cost society more than $23 billion a year.
Too few drivers view speeding as an immediate risk to their personal safety or the safety of others.
Yet, speeding reduces a driver's ability to steer safely around curves or objects in the roadway, and it
extends the distance required to stop a vehicle in emergency situations.
Crash severity increases with the speed of the vehicle at impact. Inversely, the effectiveness of
restraint devices like air bags and safety belts, and vehicular construction features such as crumple
zones and side member beams decline as impact speed increases.
The probability of death, disfigurement, or debilitating injury grows with higher speed at impact.
Such consequences double for every 10 mph over 50 mph that a vehicle travels.
Many drivers don't consider this. They slow their speed in residential areas, or when the weather
turns bad. To them, a few miles an hour over the posted speed limit is an acceptable risk. Their excuse
-- other drivers do it. They believe the worst that can happen to them is to receive a speeding ticket.
Drivers like this are wrong. Maybe even dead wrong, because driving too fast for conditions or
exceeding the posted speed limit
Speed-Related Facts
In 2010, only 53 percent of speeding passenger vehicle drivers under age 21 who were involved in
fatal crashes were wearing seat belts at the time of crash. In contrast, 75 percent of non-speeding
drivers in the same age group were restrained. For drivers age 21 and older, the percentage of speeding
drivers involved in fatal crashes who were using restraints at the time of the crash was 47 percent, but
76 percent of non-speeding drivers in fatal crashes were restrained.
In 2010, 21 percent of speeding drivers involved in fatal crashes had an invalid license at the time
of the crash, compared with 10 percent of non-speeding drivers.
Speeding was a factor for 20 percent of the drivers involved in fatal crashes on dry roads in 2010
and for 24 percent of drivers involved on wet roads. Speeding was a factor for 34 percent of the drivers
involved in fatal crashes when there was snow or slush on the road and for 41 percent of drivers
involved in fatal crashes that occurred on icy roads.
Speeding was involved in one-third (34%) of the fatal crashes that occurred in
construction/maintenance zones in 2010.
Source: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/data_facts/
Risk Factors
Few drivers view speeding as an immediate risk to their personal safety. However, speed can be risky
business. It:
Increases Stopping Distance: Speed increases the distance your vehicle travels between the point
when you identify and decide on how to deal with an emergency and the point when you actually react.
It also increases the distance you need to stop a vehicle once you do react.
Increases Severity: Speed increases the severity of a crash. The greater the speed, the shorter the
reaction time and the greater the risk of death or serious injury.
Reduces Control: Speed can reduce your ability to steer safely around curves on highways or

objects in the roadway.

Is affected by conditions: Speeding includes driving too fast for conditions. This means you can be
travelling too fast even if you are not exceeding the speed limit. Be aware that you need to consider
factors such as weather, road surface, road design and location when driving.
Weather rain, snow, wind: these affect road condition and your field of vision, requiring more
time and distance for you to stop.
Road surface pavement, gravel, ice: road surface will change the time and distance needed to
stop.
Road design curves: slow down to the recommended speed or lower, depending on prevailing
weather and road conditions.
Location school zone, playground: your speed needs to be reasonable and prudent when
driving in these areas.
Driver condition your physical and emotional state will affect your ability to drive.
Other Factors
Speeding can also affect you and your vehicle in a variety of other ways:
Higher speeds reduce the ability of vehicles and safety systems to protect occupants, reducing the
effectiveness of automobile systems such as braking, steering and tire traction
Economic costs:
Fines
Demerits
Increased insurance premiums
Increased fuel costs
Environmental costs: - As speed increases, pollutants increase.
Accident Avoidance
When it looks like a collision may happen, many drivers panic and fail to act. There is usually
something you can do to avoid the crash or reduce the impact of the crash. In avoiding a collision,
drivers have three options: stop, turn, or speed up.
Stopping Quickly
Many newer vehicles have an ABS (Antilock Braking System). Be sure to read the vehicle owners
manual on how to use the ABS. The ABS system will allow you stop without skidding. In general, if
you need to stop quickly:
With ABS: One aspect of having ABS, is that you can turn your vehicle while braking without
skidding. This is very helpful if you must turn and stop or slow down.
Press on the brake pedal as hard as you can and keep pressing on it.
You might feel the brake pedal pushing back when the ABS is working. Do not let-up on the brake
pedal. The ABS system will only work with the brake pedal pushed down.
Without ABS :If you do not have ABS, you must use a different procedure to turn quickly. You
should step on the brake pedal, then let-up and turn the steering wheel. Braking will slow the vehicle,
put more weight on the front tires, and allow for a quicker turn. Do not lockup the front wheels while
braking or turn so sharply that the vehicle can only plow ahead.

You can cause the vehicle to go into a skid if you brake too hard.
Apply the brakes as hard as you can without locking them.
If the brakes lock-up, you will feel the vehicle start to skid. Quickly let up on the brake pedal.
As soon as the vehicle stops skidding, push down on the brake pedal again. Keep doing this until
the vehicle has stopped.
Turning Quickly
In most cases, you can turn the vehicle quicker than you can stop it. You should consider turning in
order to avoid a collision.
Make sure you have a good grip with both hands on the steering wheel. Once you have turned away
or changed lanes, you must be ready to keep the vehicle under control. Some drivers steer away from
one collision only to end up in another. Always steer in the direction you want the vehicle to go.
Remember that it is generally better to run off of the road than to crash head-on into another vehicle.
Road Construction Special care is needed whenever the normal pattern of highway traffic is
changed by construction. A flag person may be stationed on the shoulder of the road near the work site
to protect the lives of the traveling public and the highway workers. If the flag person directs you to
stop, do not proceed until you are directed to do so. Drive slowly and keep alert for workers or
equipment that may enter into the traffic stream, causing you to slow down or change lanes.
When driving in construction zones, stay in your lane and never cut off a car or truck by trying to
merge into a narrow construction zone.
Wheels Off Road If you do run off the road, there are certain things you can do which may save
your life:
Don't panic.
Grip the steering wheel tightly and be prepared to withstand sudden shocks.
Stay on the shoulder. Ease off the accelerator.
Brake gently and slow down gradually.
After your speed has been reduced, check behind as well as ahead for oncoming traffic.
Turn back onto the pavement.
Speeding Up
Sometimes it is best or necessary to speed up to avoid a collision. This may happen when another
vehicle is about to hit you from the side or from behind and there is room to the front of you to get out
of danger. Be sure to slow down once the danger has passed.
Enhancing Driving with Aids

You can greatly enhance your safety and awareness on the road, by doing the following things:
Use sunglasses:
by keeping a pair of sunglasses in your car, you will always be prepared in cases of visual
impairment from the sun! Protecting your vision is one of the most important things on the road, and
often times the sun can be shining directly in your eyes making it dangerous and/or difficult to see on
the road. Sunrise and sunset are the times you are most vulnerable to blinding sunlight, either directly
in your eyes or glaring off your mirrors.
Use of auto designed water repellant on windshield
One of the biggest threats to drivers is losing visibility because of rain, snow, and other types of
precipitation. There are water repellant solvents you can use on your windshield to increase visibility
by protecting from water spots, ice, road salts, and bugs.
Using convex and/or panoramic mirrors
As youve learned, blind spots are dangerous and important to reduce as much as possible. One way
to decrease the number of blind spots you have is to use convex and/or panoramic mirrors to help
increase visibility of traffic behind you. These mirrors are easily installed over your existing mirrors
and make it easier to see, especially if you have difficulty looking over your shoulder. Warning: these
types of mirrors can distort the lense and make judging distance more difficult.
Using an audible back-up warning device
There are now devices that can be installed in your vehicle to warn you of any sort of obstruction
when youre backing up. Audible warning devices will warn you with either a voice warning or a beep
to let you know if there is something in your rear. Some audible backing devices have cameras you can
install also, increasing the effectiveness of these devices.
If you can't avoid a collision, protect yourself as well as you can.
If you are going to be hit from the rear:
If you have sufficient space in front of you, try moving forward to minimize the impact. If that is
not an option because it will put you in the path of cross traffic, press your brake pedal and allow your
vehicle to absorb the impact (This should only be done in low-speed environments). Be sure to keep the
steering wheel turned straight ahead. You dont want to be pushed into oncoming traffic.
Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. Chances are you may be pushed forward or even sideways
and will still need to maintain control. When holding onto the steering wheel, dont stiffen or straighten
your arms. Bend them slightly so that they do not snap from the impact.
Your seat belt will prevent your face and upper torso from hitting the steering wheel or
windshield. Rest your head against the headrest. This will help minimize whiplash, thereby protecting

your neck and back.

If you are going to be hit from the front:

Keep your hands on the steering wheel so you can maintain control of your vehicle. A collision
will likely be more serious if you cannot control the direction in which you are going.
You should already be prepared by properly wearing your seatbelt and shoulder belt. Your belt will
keep you in your seat and away from the steering wheel and dashboard. However, if you are not
wearing your belt and your car is not equipped with an airbag, you can try to throw yourself across the
seat to avoid hitting the steering wheel or windshield. Otherwise you need to stay upright in your seat.
If you are going to be hit from the side
In this type of collision, the front end of one vehicle crashes into the side of the other. It is usually
more dangerous for the occupants of the vehicle hit on the side because the sides lack the structural
reinforcement of the front end.
Like a head-on, a side collision occurs suddenly. Again, the proper use of your seatbelt is your best
protection during a crash.
However, if you have adequate warning, you should try holding onto the steering wheel to keep from
being thrown against the side of your car's interior.
This will also allow you to maintain control of your vehicle.
Do not brace yourself against the steering wheel because a stiff arm may break due to the enormous
forces generated by the crash.

Watch Skid Recovery Video

VII. Collision Avoidance
A. Statistics For Types of Fatal Collisions
Types of Violations and Times of Day That Factor into Fatal Collisions
Types of Violations and Times of Day That Factor into Fatal Collisions
California Statistics: According to the California Highway Patrol from 2005-2009 the leading cause of
collision fatalities in California were DUIs, killing 629 people. Improper turning was the second
leading cause of fatalities, killing 540 people. Unsafe speed, right-of-way violations, and not following
traffic signals and signs were also significant factors in fatal collisions.
National Statistics: Failure to yield to the right of way is the number one reason for collisions coming
in at 17%. As a close second, DUIs are 15.4%. Distracted driving ranks third at 9.3%.

Nationally, most fatal car accidents are between the hours of midnight and 3am on Sunday mornings. It
would be wise to keep this in mind when youre planning your Saturday night outings. However, in
California the California Highway Patrol reported in 2009 that fatal car accidents were more likely to
happen between the hours of noon to midnight. Between the hours of noon to midnight in 2009 there
were 1,620 fatal accidents, in comparison to midnight to noon when there were 1,147 fatal accidents.
Age Groups and Gender Statistics That Factor into Fatal Collision
According to the California Highway Patrol age range in California for fatal collisions happened to
drivers the ages of 20-44 years old. Of this age group in 2009 15.1% were responsible for fatal
collisions in California. Peoples between the ages of 25-29 are the next highest age group of fatalities;
at 11.9% of fatal collisions in 2009.
Nationally, the age ranges of people killed in fatal collisions are the same as California. For people
between 25-34 5,689 people were killed in collisions and for the 45-54 range 5,397 people were killed
in collisions.
Both nationally and in California over 70% of fatalities in traffic collisions happen to males.
(Source: NHTSA - Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2010; http://wwwfars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/DidYouKnow.aspx)
Common Causes of Collisions
Unsafe Speed:
Speeding the driver-behavior of exceeding the posted speed limit or driving too fast for conditions
has consistently been estimated to be a contributing factor in approximately one third of all fatal
crashes. The cost of speeding-related crashes is estimated to be $40.4 billion annually, representing
approximately 18% of the total cost of crashes. The role of speeding in crashes is difficult to ascertain.
The definition of speeding is broad and the determination of whether speeding was involved in a fatal
crash is often based on the judgment of the investigating law enforcement officer. Even if speeding is
listed as a contributing factor in a crash, it may not have been the causative factor. (Source: Speed
Management Strategic Initiative, NHTSA)
Speeding is a complex problem, involving the interaction of many factors including public attitudes,
road user behavior, vehicle performance, roadway design and characteristics, posted speed limits and
enforcement strategies.
Speeding reduces a drivers ability to steer safely around curves or objects in the roadway, extends the
distance necessary to stop a vehicle, and increases the distance a vehicle travels while the driver reacts
to a dangerous situation
If you drive at an unsafe speed not only are you putting yourself and your passengers in danger, but
youre putting other people on the road in grave danger also. Did you know that speeding doesnt even
save you that much time? If you drive 20 miles at 65mph as opposed to 55mph youre only saving
yourself three and a half minutes! Is three and a half minutes really worth the consequences? Probably
not.

Speed Limits: The Basic Speed Rule requires vehicle operators to drive at a speed that is reasonable
and prudent. As a corollary to this rule, state laws usually provide that "every person shall drive at a
safe and appropriate speed when approaching and crossing an intersection or railroad grade crossing,
when approaching and going around a curve, when approaching a hill crest, when traveling upon any
narrow or winding roadway, and when special hazards exist with respect to pedestrians or other traffic
or by reason of weather or highway conditions." Uniform Vehicle Code 11-801
Minimum Speed Rule: The Minimum Speed Rule prohibits a person from operating a motor vehicle at
such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic. However, in order to
avoid a possible conflict with the basic speed rule, the law normally provides that a slow speed is
permissible when "reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law." Uniform
Vehicle Code 11-805(a).
Maximum Speed Limit: Even thought specific speed limits may have been established via legislation,
State laws usually allow either state or local authorities to set highway speed limits above or below the
statutory ones. Prior to taking such action on any portion of a highway, the law normally requires that
governmental authorities conduct a study to determine the safe speed limit for that part of the highway.
State laws may also allow such authorities to specify different speed limits on all or selected highways
(or portions thereof) either for various times of the day or for various types of vehicles (e.g., trucks).
Some states have fixed (absolute) speed limits; others have flexible (prima facie) limits. Since the
speed limits cannot easily be changed for different driving conditions, think of the posted limit as the
maximum in the best of conditions.
Californias basic speed laws:
The maximum speed for any vehicle on the Interstate is 65 miles per hour or as posted. You may drive
at the maximum speed limit only when conditions of the highway and traffic safely permit this speed.
California has a "Basic Speed Law." This law means that you may never drive faster than is safe for
current conditions. You must take into account weather, visibility, traffic, the surface youre on, the
highway, and any other conditions which may put you or others on the road in danger.
Driving faster than the posted speed limit, or than it is safe for current conditions, on any road is
dangerous and illegal. High speed increases your stopping distance. The faster you go, the less time
you have to avoid a hazard or collision. In California, any person who drives a vehicle upon a highway
at a speed greater than 100 miles per hour is guilty of an infraction
The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane undivided
highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph, unless posted for a higher speed. On some highways
the maximum speed limit is 70 mph, but only if there are signs posted showing 70 mph .All speed
limits are based on ideal driving conditions.
Prima facie limits in California are:

15 mph: when crossing railroad tracks, a highway, or in an alley way.

25mph: school zone, senior citizen zones, business and residential neighborhoods, unless otherwise
noted.
Driving on the wrong side of the road:
Have you ever been driving on a one way street and seen a car travelling towards you from the opposite
direction? Scary, right? According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association 350 people are
killed each year from driving on the wrong side of the highway! Wrong-way driving means driving a
vehicle against the direction of opposing traffic. This kind of wrong-way driving isnt limited to oneway streets, it happens on two-way streets, and in parking lots and structures.
Driving against opposing traffic is another reason that speaks to the necessary focus and attention
driving requires. Often times when a driver is driving on the wrong side of the road it is because of a
lack of attention, vision impairment, or even because of poor road markings or signals. One reason
wrong-way driving also happens, though not as common, is when people come from other countries
and are accustomed to driving on the other side of the road from the United States. An example of this
is in England the driver is on the left-hand side of traffic, whereas in the United States drivers are on
the right-hand side of traffic.
Driving on the wrong side of the road isnt something that always happens on accident or due to
unintentional driver error. Sometimes drivers will intentionally drive on the wrong side of the road
without considering the consequences because they thought it would save them time by taking a
shortcut, to avoid traffic, or because they missed an exit. If drivers drive on the wrong side of the
highway the consequences are much higher and the danger Drivers may also drive in the wrong
direction intentionally because they missed an exit, wanted to avoid traffic or thought it was a shortcut.
If you drive on the wrong side of a highway, the danger is much more serious because of the high
speeds. Driving on the wrong side of a highway with a concrete divide will result in a two-point
violation on your driving record.
Look For Signs!
11
The DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs work as a team. The DO NOT ENTER sign is put at
the beginning of one-way streets and ramps. When you see this sign, do not drive onto that street or
ramp in the direction you are heading.
WRONG WAY signs are placed farther down the one-way street or ramp. They are placed there to
catch your attention if you accidentally turn onto the street or ramp.
11

The ONE WAY sign means traffic is allowed to move only in the direction the sign is pointing. If you
turn onto a one-way street traveling in the opposite direction, you are likely to get into a head-on
collision.
If you see that youve made a mistake and are going against traffic, drive to the side and stop. When it
is safe, back out or turn around and go back to the road you were on. At night, if youre going in the
wrong direction, road reflectors will shine red to indicate youre going the wrong direction.
Dealing With Wrong-Way Drivers
Just like if you were the wrong-way driver, if you see a wrong way-driver, pull over to the side of the
road and give them a safe opportunity to correct their mistake.
Note: emergency vehicles may use the wrong side of the road to continue on their way. Often times
they will make themselves more noticeable by using a loud speaker to tell drivers to move to the side of
the road.
If you drive on the wrong side of the road for a long period of time, this action is illegal. However, if
you are on the wrong side of the road because you are in a legal two-lane passing zone (indicated by
breaks in road markings, see picture) then this action is legal. However, if you pass in a no passing
zone, your actions are illegal.
Beware that driving on the wrong side of the road can occur when a driver is impaired by drugs or
alcohol, a driver falls asleep at the wheel, when a driver is distracted by a passenger, or many other
reasons.
One-Way Streets vs. Two-Way Streets
Some streets you can only go in one direction, these are called one-way streets, and are mostly found in
downtown areas, though they can be found in other areas. If you find yourself going the wrong
direction on a one-way street, you must keep going down the one-way street until you find an exit to go
in the right direction. Traffic flows more smoothly on a one-way street because there are no cars
coming from the opposite direction. On a two-way street, you will encounter other vehicles crossing in
front of yours. Remember to only continue going in the wrong direction to exit the situation after you
have pulled over and determined that it is safe to continue.
Judging Time to Make a Maneuver
By judging the distance and speed of other vehicles, you can determine if you have the proper amount
of time required to make a maneuver. If you believe you have enough time to make a maneuver, then
you may safely proceed. If you are driving in a city you should always be looking at least one block

ahead of you. For a reference point, in the city it takes approximately 10 to 15 seconds to travel one
block. If you are entering an intersection remember before proceeding you should always give yourself
enough time to change lanes or stop if it is necessary. On the highway, always check to see that there is
enough space for you to pass cars in any of the lanes you have to cross.
Choosing a Traffic Gap or Space to Enter or Cross Traffic
Always look both ways before crossing an intersection, and make sure you can see everything clearly
before continuing. To properly look both ways, start by looking on the left, since cars on that direction
are closer to you; after look to the right for oncoming cars; and before proceeding quickly glance to the
left again. You are required to always yield to drivers already in or just entering the intersection.
Left Turns - Protected and Unprotected
Scan for HazardsOther Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles
Being in a vehicle isnt the only way to be on the roadways, make sure you always check for bicyclists,
pedestrians, or motorcyclists. Yield the right-of-way to all pedestrians and vehicles that may be coming
from the opposite direction of your vehicle. Remember, drivers turning left with a green arrow always
have the right-of-way.
It is in fact legal to make a left turn at a red light from a one-way street onto another one-way street, if
there are no signs indicating otherwise. In this situation, you should treat it as if you were turning right
on a legal red light right turn: come to a full stop at the limit line, so as not to interfere with ongoing
traffic, and only make the left turn if it is completely safe. It is illegal and unsafe to make a left turn
again a red arrow.
Vehicle PositionBefore and After Turn
When taking a left turn be sure to turn in the left-most lane, or if there is a center divide, the lane that is
closest to the center lane. Be sure to signal 100 feet prior to turning or making a planned driving
maneuver to indicate to other drivers your intentions. Be sure not to turn your steering before actually
making a left turn. A possibly dangerous situation to avoid is turning too soon if you turn your steering
wheel too soon you could cut the corner of another lane and interfere with other drivers and their lane.
After you have successfully completed the left turn, then it is okay to safely change lanes into any
available lanes on the street. If vehicles are turning right opposite of traffic, they then have the right-ofway into the lanes they are moving into. Make sure to check that traffic is free when completing any
turns.
When View Is Blocked

If your view of the road is blocked or limited never make a turn. Proceed only when you have as clear
of a view as possible, then proceed slowly, but only after you have made sure that the roadway is clear
of vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, or motorcyclists. If you are in a situation where the vehicle behind
you is making gestures, or honking their horn to pressure you into moving into traffic, simply ignore
the car behind you. It is extremely unsafe to proceed into traffic if you are unsure of the conditions;
only make a left-hand turn if you are completely confident you can make this maneuver safely.
Right Turns - Protected and Unprotected
Scan for HazardsOther Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles
As always, be sure to signal 100 feet prior to making any maneuvers. You should be scanning the road
to make sure there are no bicyclists, motorcyclists, or pedestrians. If you are turning left, remember you
have the right-of-way as opposed to drivers who are turning left from opposing traffic. However, do not
forget if there is a car coming and they do not stop, do not insist on the right-of-way. Also, be sure to
keep an eye out for wide-turning trucks in front of you, you should never try to cut in between trucks.
iew larger image
Check for Controlled Lanes and Signals
You may turn right at a circular red traffic light at an intersection, unless there are signs that indicate
otherwise. When completing a turn in an intersection with a traffic signal, be sure to stop prior to the
limit line, so as not to interfere with approaching traffic (note: cars travelling through the intersection
with the green light have the right-of-way). Only proceed to turn if it is safe to do so. It is illegal and
unsafe to make a right turn against a red arrow.
Vehicle PositionBefore and After Turn
If you are making a right hand turn, be sure to turn into the right most lane and as close to the righthand curb or edge of the road. Be sure not to turn to wide, so as not to interfere in other lanes. Be sure
to stay completely in the right hand land until you have completely finished making your turn.
When View Is Blocked
On the occasion that your view is blocked or limited, be sure to proceed slowly and cautiously,
scanning for other vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and animals and only proceed if the road is
completely clear. When your view is clear and you are sure the roadway is safe, only then complete
your turn.

Use of Bike Lane for Turns

To make a right turn that intersects with a bike lane, you may only do so no more than 200 feet prior to
the turn you are making. Only continue into the lane if it is safe and there are no oncoming bikes.
Avoiding Improper Turns - Changing Direction
It has happened to all of us, youre driving down a city street and you miss either your turn or
destination. You might be tempted to make a U-turn since that seems safer than backing up and it takes
less time than driving around the block again. However, although making a U-turn may seem like the
best option, it isnt. The safest option in this situation is to drive around the block and backtrack to your
destination. If you are in an area where there are one-way streets or you approach a dead end, then in
this situation if you are in an area where it is legal to make a U-turn then a U-turn or three point turn
will be your only option. When making this maneuver, be sure to first determine it is legal and that you
can proceed with this maneuver in a safe manner. U-turns are most common on wide streets that
experience little traffic or at intersections.
U-turns must be made from the left most lane. It is unsafe and illegal to be making U-turns from
parking lanes. Here is the best opportunity to review how to make a proper and safe U-turn:
A U-turn, according to CVC 665.5 is defined as: "...the turning of a vehicle upon a highway so as to
proceed in the opposite direction whether accomplished by one continuous movement or not."
A U-turn is when you turn your vehicle around at an intersection to travel in the opposite direction.
Before making a U-turn, check that:
there are no signs prohibiting U-turns
you have adequate sight distance so you have time to finish the turn before encountering oncoming
traffic
you have enough room to make the turn in one swing. If there is any doubt whether a U-turn can be
made safely and with minimal disruption to traffic, go around the block.

The procedure for making a U-turn:

1. Check that the turn is allowed and the way is clear.
2. Signal the turn and approach as you would a left turn.
3. Move very slowly. Turn the wheel into a full lock as soon as you can (use "hand over hand").
4. Once you are on full lock, slightly increase your speed.

5. Throughout the turn, check to see that the way is still clear (both ways).
6. Complete the turn. Before the car is straight, start unwinding the wheel ("hand over hand").
7. Straighten your front wheels.
8. Proceed as normal.
SsAS
Making a Three Point Turn on a Residential Street:
Move to the right hand side of the street and signal your intention to pull up to the curb. As always,
be sure to check your mirrors, behind your shoulder, and your blind spots to be sure you make your
maneuver when it is safe.
Turn on your left hand signal to indicate a left hand turn. Be sure to check ahead for oncoming
traffic.
Check all directions one more time for oncoming traffic. CVC 22103 states No person in a
residence district shall make a U-turn when any other vehicle is approaching from either direction
within 200 feet, except at an intersection when the approaching vehicle is controlled by an official
traffic control device.
Be sure to take the turn at a slow pace, by easing on the gas pedal while quickly turning your
steering wheel towards the left.
When you approach the opposite curb you started at, brake before reaching it. Then Straighten out by
turning your steering wheel to the right, and stop before the front wheel or bumper hits the curb.
Check traffic from all directions one more time, then slowly back up to the opposite curb while
looking over your shoulder and backing up.
As you approach the curb behind you, brake before reaching the curb and quickly straighten the
steering wheel.
Check traffic from all directions again then continue forward.

A three point turn, according to the CVC definition of a U-turn, is considered a U-turn; however, only
legal in residential areas because they cannot be preformed in one continuous movement because of the
more narrow space on residential streets.
The best advice is to avoid making U-turns or three point turns on streets with heavy traffic. Whenever
proceeding with a driving maneuver make sure that there are no cars, bicyclists, or pedestrians coming
in any direction. Make sure to wait to preform a three-point turn or U-turn until youre in an area where
your view is completely clear and you can see any oncoming vehicles.
Violating Right-Of-Way Rules
To promote traffic safety, there are right-of-way rules, that combined with common sense and courtesy
improve safety conditions on the roadway. Never assume other will give you the right-of-way, but you
should be sure to comply with all right-of-way laws.
To best respect the right-of-ways of others, you should be sure to comply with all traffic safety laws.

CVC 525 states: "'Right-of-way' is the privilege of the immediate use of the highway."
You must always yield right-of-way to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, people with white canes, and
anywhere a yield sign is posted to direct you.
Yield
CVC 21803(a) states: The driver of any vehicle approaching any intersection which is controlled by a
yield right-of-way sign shall, upon arriving at the sign, yield the right-of-way to any vehicles which
have entered the intersection, or which are approaching on the intersecting highway close enough to
constitute an immediate hazard, and shall continue to yield the right-of-way to those vehicles until he
or she can proceed with reasonable safety."
When you are approaching a yield sign, be sure to slow down and check all oncoming traffic and traffic
behind you. When approaching a yield sign, if there is oncoming traffic determine the speed and
distance of the car and determine if you can safely enter the crossroad. If there is not enough time to
enter the crossway, stop at the yield sign until it is safe for you to enter. Even if you have the right-ofway, you should always be prepared to yield to another vehicle.
Violating Stop Signals and Signs
Stop or Stopping
CVC 587 states:"Stop or stopping when prohibited shall mean any cessation of movement of a vehicle,
whether occupied or not, except when necessary to avoid conflict with any other traffic or in
compliance with the direction of a police officer or official traffic control device or signal."
CVC 21802 (Stop Signs / Intersections) states:"The driver of any vehicle approaching a stop sign at the
entrance to, or within, an intersection shall stop as required. The driver shall then yield the right of way
to any vehicles which have approached from another highway, or which are approaching so closely as
to constitute an immediate hazard, and shall continue to yield the right of way to those vehicles until he
or she can proceed with reasonable safety.
At stops signs, as it reads, you MUST stop. Stop signs are usually placed at intersections or in the
middle of a block. You must come to a full stop. If there is a white painted line, you are required to stop
before the first white line; if there are no painted white lines, then you must stop before the stop sign.
Stop signs are placed to give you an opportunity to ensure you can safely enter traffic. At a stop sign be
sure to check traffic in all directions before proceeding.
Driver Distractions
To be the safest driver, you must always pay close attention to the road and stay focused the entire time.
Driver distractions are an ongoing problem in the United States and are endangering our roadways.

We will go into greater detail about distracted driving in the upcoming section, but here is a quick
overview of what are some examples of driver distractions:
Texting
Using a cell phone or Smartphone
Eating and drinking
Talking to passengers
Grooming
Reading, including maps
Using a navigation system
Watching a video
Adjusting a radio, CD player, or MP3 player

What to Do In A Collision
If you have ever been in a collision, then you can probably attest to the fact that is a very traumatic and
stressful experience. The stress and tension that results from being in a collision, makes it difficult to
think clearly. To be the most prepared for this sort of situation you should be very familiar with the
procedure after being in a collision before it ever happens. Follow the steps bellow:
Stop
It is illegal to leave the scene of a collision, without identifying yourself. So be sure to stop at the scene
of the collision and identify yourself. If your car is still operable and nobody is seriously injured then
processed to move your car off the road and out of traffic.
iew larger image
Warn others
If you are able, as soon as you can, warn other people of the situation. You can do this by turning on
your hazard lights, using flares or reflecting triangles, or even having bystanders wave a flashlight or
brightly colored cloth to make yourselves visible and indicate oncoming traffic of the situation. This is
important so as not to cause another collision by having an unexpected driver collide with the first
collision!
Help the injured
Unless you have the proper training and certification, do not under any circumstances move the injured.

If you do and are not prepared you could worsen their injury! Try to make the injured more comfortable
if possible and protect them from excessive bystanders. Be sure to call an ambulance immediately if the
situation requires.
Contact the police
If there is an injury or death at the scene of the collision, the police or California Highway Patrol must
be notified within 24 hours.
Exchange information
You are required to share your drivers license, registration, and evidence of financial responsibility
(insurance company, address, and policy number) to all other drivers and the police. If you fail to
provide this information then it could result in a $250 fine.
Gather witness information
Once all the important issues have been dealt with, gather information from witnesses, such as writing
down their names, addresses, and phone numbers. Have them write their description of the collision,
including diagrams if possible.
Reporting the collision to the DMV
You are required to report any property damage over $750, any injury, or death as a result of the
collision with 10 days to the DMV. You can do this by filling out a SR-1 Traffic Accident Report form.
This form is at the DV, police stations, and most insurance companies provide them. Failure to report a
collision to the DMV could result in a monetary fine and/or the loss of your driving privilege.
See your doctor
Although you may feel fine, some injuries are not immediately noticeable. To be safe you should go to
your doctor after a collision to have a full check up and be sure you are okay.
As stressful at the situation may be, remember the best way to deal with the situation is to stay calm
and take the necessary precautions. Although you may be extremely frustrated, do not take your
emotions out on the other driver.
In 2008, there were 5,811,000 auto collisions in the United States. (Source: NHTSA)

Moreover, although it is difficult to start thinking about these sorts of situations, it is a good idea to
keep a First Aid kit and earthquake survival kit in the trunk of your car. Statistics indicate that three out
of every five people will be involved in a collision at some point in their driving career. If this happens
to you, you want to be as prepared as possible and so when youre in this situation you have the basic
essentials you will need.
OTHER COLLISION SITUATIONS
Hitting a parked car
In case of hitting a parked car, if you cannot find the owner of the vehicle, youre required to leave a
note either securely attached to the vehicle or inside with your name, phone number and address.
Hitting an animal
If you injured or killed an animal you should attempt to find the owner. If you cannot find the owner,
immediately contact the Humane Society or call the local police department. Do not move the animal,
and do not leave it to simply die.
Types of collisions

Not only do we have to be aware of distractions within our vehicles, but we must also be aware of what
is happening outside of the vehicle. Collisions can happen when drivers forget to take into account the
particular traits of other road users. Read each of the following to learn what you can do to try to
prevent collisions with your vehicle.
Vehicle/pedestrian - How can you avoid collisions with pedestrians?
Children
Children are completely unpredictable. Remember this and drive accordingly when in their vicinity. A
friendly tap on the horn will get their attention. If you see a ball bounce on the road you can be sure a
child is close behind.
Senior Citizens
Elderly people may have their physical abilities impaired by age. Give them the respect they deserve.
Reduce your speed and be prepared to stop.

Impaired Persons
A large number of fatal pedestrian collisions occur when the driver strikes an impaired
person. Be especially cautious if you suspect a pedestrian of being impaired.
Situations in which you might not see a pedestrian:
Night time - It is very difficult to see pedestrians at night. Always encourage family and friends to
wear bright retro-reflective material at night.
Buses and Street Cars - Pedestrians may be running from any direction to board buses or street
cars, or may alight from a transit vehicle and dart across the street in front of traffic.
Parked Vehicles - Adults can be seen over the hood of a parked vehicle, but a child
cannot. However, their legs and feet can be seen through the underside of parked vehicles. Be sure to
look!

Remember - Right-of-way must be given to pedestrians at crosswalks and they must be

allowed free and uninterrupted passage.
Vehicle/motorcycle - How can you avoid collisions with motorcycles?
In a collision, a motorcyclist is four times more likely to be injured and 14 times more likely to be
killed than is the occupant of a vehicle.
To avoid a collision with a motorcycle:

Stay alert and use eye-lead time - motorcycles are smaller than vehicles and most have only one
headlight. Train yourself to look for them.
Check your blind spot for motorcycles before changing lanes. Most motorcycle/vehicle collisions
occur because the motorist simply does not see the motorcyclist.
Give motorcycles a wide berth when you are passing so your wind stream does not make them lose
control. A motorcyclist can lose control when sand, gravel, wet leaves or water is on the pavement.
Always be aware of conditions that may cause a spill. Be especially cautious if a motorcyclist appears
inexperienced.
Treat motorcyclists with caution and respect.

Vehicle/train How Can you Ensure your Safety When Approaching a Rail Crossing?

A motorist is 40 times more likely to die in a crash involving a train than in a collision involving
another motor vehicle.
To ensure your safety when you approach a rail crossing, you must:
Approach with the vehicle under control slow down. Never shift gears on the crossing.
Look both ways and listen for approaching trains. NEVER depend on mechanical
devices. Sometimes they dont work!
ALWAYS stop for flashing lights and gates. Do not proceed until you can do so
safely and the warning signals have ceased to operate.
If there is more than one track, make sure all tracks are clear before crossing.
Watch out for a second train.
NEVER race a train.
Watch for vehicles such as buses and trucks that must stop at crossings.
Train speed is difficult to estimate. When in doubt, STOP.

Vehicle/Bicycle -How Can you Avoid Collisions with Bicycles?

Bicycles, like motorcycles, are classified as vehicles and deserve to be treated as such they are entitled to a share of the road and you must be sure it is safe to pass them before attempting to
do so.
To avoid collisions with bicycles you should:

Be especially careful around children on bicycles. Children are a special problem because they
often don't know rules and regulations.
Although bicyclists should have lights and reflectors at night, not all do LOOK FOR THEM.
Watch for cyclists slipping between the vehicle and the curb when you are making both left and
right turns.
ttps://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/styles/media_gallery_thumbnail/public/BIKEBusyStreetB2156x1728.jpg

Vehicle/Animal - How can you Avoid Collisions with Animals?

Depending on the animal struck, damage to the vehicle and its occupants can be serious.

The most dangerous animals are the deer, moose and bear. Animals that stand high on their legs can roll
onto the hood and into the windshield - they can come through the windshield and do serious, even
fatal damage.
To avoid collisions with animals, you should:
Use eye-lead time and be aware when you are in an area that has wildlife. Look for signs that
indicating animal crossings.
Do not overdrive your headlights you must be able to see an animal and stop in time to avoid
hitting it.
When animals are observed ahead, slow down until safely past them.
Search for a second animal after the first animal has been passed safely. There is often a second
animal close behind.
Expect a surprise. Animals are very unpredictable.

VIII. Road Rage/Aggresive Driving and Avoiding it

Road rage
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, road rage is:
An assault with a motor vehicle or other dangerous weapon by the operator or passenger(s) of one
motor vehicle on the operator or passenger(s) of another motor vehicle caused by an incident that
occurred on a roadway.
Many things can contribute to road rage, including stress, traffic, tight schedules, anger, and frustration.
The results are increased incidents of tailgating, belligerent movements, and acts of violence, including
assault and murder.
ow to Control Road Rage
The defensive driver tries to recognize potentially hazardous situations sufficiently in advance to allow
time to safely maneuver past them. The defensive driver assumes that other drivers may make mistakes
and is on guard in the event that an error is made. The defensive driver searches ahead of what is
immediately in front of him or her in order to have advance warning of approaching hazards.
Aggressive drivers
Experts say aggressive driving behaviors are triggered by a variety of stimuli. Some are provoked by
the actions of another driver; others are set off by roadway congestion. But, most are caused by the
drivers' own moods and reactions when they get behind the wheel.
escription: Agressive Driving Image

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as "the
operation of a motor vehicle in a manner which endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property."
Some of the most common actions considered aggressive include:
Red light running
Speeding
Failure to yield
Following too closely
Unsafe lane changes
Failure to obey traffic control devices
Failure to use proper signals
Improper passing
failure to obey railroad grade crossing
failure to stop for a school bus

NHTSA estimates that one-third of traffic crashes and two-thirds of resulting deaths can be attributed to
aggressive driving. The exact extent of the problem is difficult to measure due to the broad range of
driver actions that may be included in the definition.
Exceeding the posted limit or driving too fast for conditions is one of the most prevalent factors
contributing to traffic crashes. Speed is a factor in nearly one-third of all fatal crashes. Speed-related
crashes cost society more than $23 billion a year. Too few drivers view speeding as an immediate risk
to their personal safety or the safety of others. Yet, speeding reduces a driver's ability to steer safely
around curves or objects in the roadway, and it extends the distance required to stop a vehicle in
emergency situations. Crash severity increases with the speed of the vehicle at impact. Inversely, the
effectiveness of restraint devices like air bags and safety belts, and vehicular construction features such
as crumple zones and side member beams decline as impact speed increases.
How to avoid aggressive driving?
How can you avoid being the victim of an aggressive driver? While there are no sure techniques, three
basic guiding principles can help:
1. Dont offend other drivers
When surveys ask drivers what angers them most, the results are remarkably consistent. A few specific
behaviors seem especially likely to enrage other drivers. You can protect yourself by avoiding them:
Cutting off other drivers
When you merge, make sure you have plenty of room. Use your turn signal to show your intentions

before making a move. If you make a mistake and accidentally cut someone off, try to apologize to the
other driver with an appropriate gesture. If someone cuts you off, slow down and give them room to
merge into your lane.
Driving slowly in the left lane
If you are in the left lane and someone wants to pass, move over and let them by. You may be in the
right because you are traveling at the speed limit but you may also be putting yourself in danger by
making drivers behind you angry. In many states and provinces the law requires you to travel in the
right lane and use the far left lane only for passing. Besides, its simple courtesy to move over and let
other drivers by.
Tailgating
Drivers get angry when they are followed too closely. Allow at least a three-second space between your
car and the car ahead. (When you see the car pass a fixed point, you should be able to count at least
one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two one-thousand-three before you pass that point). If you think
another car is driving too slowly and you are unable to pass, pull back and allow more space, not less.
That way, if the car does something unexpected, you will have time to get out of the way. You should
be able to see the headlights of the car behind you in your rear-view mirror. If you feel you are being
followed too closely, signal and pull over to allow the other driver to go by.
Gestures
Almost nothing makes another driver angrier than an obscene gesture. Keep your hands on the wheel.
Avoid making any gestures that might anger another driver, even harmless expressions of irritation
like shaking your head. Be a cautious and courteous driver. Signal every time you merge or change
lanes, and whenever you turn. Use your horn rarely, if ever. If you and another driver see a parking
space at the same time, let that person have it. And if another driver seems eager to get in front of you,
say Be my guest. When you respond this way, after a while be my guest becomes your automatic
response and you wont be as offended by other drivers rudeness.
2. Don't engage
One angry driver cant start a fight unless another driver is willing to join in. You can protect yourself
against aggressive drivers by refusing to become angry at them. Orator Robert Ingersoll said, Anger
blows out the lamp of the mind. A person who is angry can do things that they may later regret. That
includes you. If youre tempted to retaliate against another driver, think: Would I want to fly in an
airplane whose pilot was acting like this? Think about what kind of a crash your angry actions could
cause. Then cool down and continue your trip.
Not steering clear of other drivers
Give angry drivers lots of room. A driver you may have offended can snap and become truly
dangerous. If the other driver tries to pick a fight, put as much distance as possible between your

vehicle and the other car, and then get away as quickly as possible. Do not, under any circumstances,
pull off to the side of the road and try to settle things man to man.
Avoid eye contact
If another driver is acting angry with you, dont make eye contact. Once things get personal, the
situation can get out of hand quickly. Staring at another driver can turn an impersonal encounter
between two vehicles into a personal duel.
If you believe the other driver is following you or is trying to start a fight, get help. If you have a
cellular phone, use it to call the police. Otherwise, drive to a place where there are people around, such
as a police station, convenience store, shopping center, or even a hospital. Use your horn to get
someones attention. This will usually discourage an aggressor. Do not get out of your car. Do not go
home with an aggressive driver following you.
3. Adjust your attitude
The most important steps that you can take to avoid aggressive driving happen inside your head. By
changing your approach to driving, you can make every trip more pleasant. Try these ideas for a
pleasant change:
Forget winning
For too many motorists, driving becomes a contest. Are you one of those drivers who allow the shortest
possible time for a trip and then races the clock? If something happens to slow you down, do you get
angry? The solution: Allow more time for your trip. Youll be amazed at how much more relaxed you
feel when you have a few extra minutes. So instead of trying to make good time, try to make time
good. Listen to soothing music or a book on tape. Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep
breathing. Youll arrive much calmer, fresher, and in a less stressed-out frame of mind.
Put yourself in the other drivers shoes
Instead of judging the other driver, try to imagine why he or she is driving that way. Someone speeding
and constantly changing lanes may be a volunteer fireman, or a physician rushing to a hospital.
Someone who jerks from one lane to another may have a bee in the car, or a crying baby. Whatever
their reason, it has nothing to do with you. Stay cool and dont take other drivers actions personally.
If you think you have a problem, ask for help.
Courses in anger management have been shown to reduce heart attacks. These same techniques can
also help angry drivers. Drivers who successfully reinvent their approach to the road report dramatic
changes in attitude and behavior. Look for anger management courses in your area. Self-help books on
stress reduction and anger management can also be helpful. Violent, aggressive driving is clearly on the
rise. But you dont have to become part of this trend. In the process, you may find that driving has
become a completely new and more enjoyable experience.

Competing
There are plenty of times and many other places to partake in games, but on the road is not one of
them. For too many motorists on the road today, driving has become a contest.
The most important actions you can take to avoid aggressive and competitive driving take place inside
your head. Change your approach to driving to make your trips more enjoyable. If you insist on playing
a game, see how nice you can be to other drivers.
When you begin to speed and pass other drivers on the highway because of a game only you are
playing, ask yourself, "Is this worth dying for?" Highways are too dangerous for games.
Key Reminders to Forget Being Competitive
The more you speed, the less you experience your surroundings.
Enjoy the ride with your companions. If you race and compete, you will not be fully attentive to
the conversation.
Instead of thinking that winning is everything, start to think that making it to your destination
safely is the only thing that matters.
Allow more time for your trips. Youll be amazed at how much more relaxed you will be when
you have a few extra minutes.(AAA)

When confronted with aggressive drivers

Get Out of the Way. First and foremost, make every attempt to get out of their way.
Put Your Pride Aside. Do not challenge them by speeding up or attempting to hold your own in
your travel lane.
Avoid Eye Contact. Eye contact can sometimes enrage an aggressive driver.
Gestures. Ignore gestures and refuse to return them.
Report Serious Aggressive Driving. You or a passenger may call the police. But, if you use a cell
phone, pull over to a safe location.
If you encounter an aggressive driver...
When you encounter an aggressive driver follow these basic tips:
Remain calm
Keep your distance
Do not pass unless you have to
Change lanes once it is safe (don't jump lanes without looking)
If you cannot change lanes and an aggressive driver is behind you, stay where you are, maintain the
proper speed and do not respond with hostile gestures.
You may call 911 to report an aggressive driver or a driver you believe may be impaired.

BE AWARE OF ACTIONS WHICH CAN PROVOKE AGGRESSION

Motorists are advised to be patient and courteous to other drivers. You should correct any unsafe
driving habits that may endanger, annoy or provoke other drivers. Be aware of the actions that have
resulted in violence in the past. Many of these actions are simply eliminated by practicing common
courtesy. Others are behaviors which are, or may be considered, offensive.
Avoid behaviors that are likely to provoke aggression:
Gestures - Obscene or offensive gestures irritate other drivers. Be aware that any gesture may be
misinterpreted by another driver.
Car phones - Don't let your phone become a distraction. Car phone users are perceived as being poor
drivers and presenting a traffic hazard. Data shows that aggressive drivers are particularly irritated by
fender-benders with motorists who were talking on the phone.
Displays - Refrain from displaying a bumper sticker, slogan or vanity license plate that may be
considered offensive.
Eye contact - If a motorist tries to pick a fight, do not make eye contact. Get out of the way without
acknowledging the other motorist. If the driver follows you, do not go home. Go to a police station or
location where you can get help and there will be witnesses.
Aggressive tailgating - Riding the bumper of the vehicle in front of you is both annoying and unsafe.
Aggressive horn use - Leaning on the horn to express anger is aggravating.
Aggressive headlight use - Flashing headlights to denote irritation is rude and unsafe.

Use common courtesy:

Lane blocking - Don't block the passing lane on multiple lane highways. Allow vehicles to pass you.
Tailgating - Maintain a safe distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you.
Signal use - Don't change lanes without using your signal, and make sure you can change lanes
without cutting another driver off. After changing lanes or turning, turn your signal off.
Horn use - Use your horn sparingly. Noise is shown to be a contributor to stress.
Failure to turn - In many areas, including New York State, right turns are allowed after a complete
stop for a red light unless an intersection is marked otherwise. Avoid the right lane if you are not
turning right.
Parking:
Don't take up more than one parking space
Don't park in a space reserved for people with disabilities unless you are disabled
Don't open your door into the car next to you
When parallel parking, do not tap the vehicles in front or in back of yours
Always look carefully before backing out of a parking space
Headlight use - Keep headlights on low beam, except where lighting conditions are poor. Dim

your high beams for oncoming traffic, when approaching a vehicle from the rear or when another
vehicle is passing you.
Merging - When traffic permits, move out of the right hand acceleration lane of a freeway to allow
vehicles easier access from on-ramps.
Blocking traffic - If you are driving a cumbersome or slow moving vehicle, pull over when
possible to allow traffic to pass you. Do not block the road to stop and have a conversation with another
driver or a pedestrian.
Alarms - Be sure you know how to turn off the anti-theft alarm on any vehicle you are driving. If
you are purchasing an alarm, buy one that turns off automatically after a short time.
Reduce Your Stress
Learn to spot the warning signs of stress, and try to avoid situations which are likely to cause stress,
distraction and fatigue.
In general:
Keep your vehicle in good working order to avoid the stress of a breakdown.
If your destination is in an unfamiliar area, plan your route and have a map available.
Have windshield cleaning materials and sunglasses available.
If you are making a long trip:
Plan your route and have a map in your vehicle.
Take breaks to stretch and walk around.
Eat light snacks as opposed to heavy meals.
Avoid eating in noisy, crowded places since they can promote stress.
Road congestion is a major contributing factor to traffic disputes:
Consider altering your schedule. Allow plenty of time to get where you are going. Can you change
your schedule or route to avoid the worst congestion? And does it really matter if you are a little late?
Improve the comfort of your vehicle.Listen to music that reduces your anxiety, or try listening to
books on tape, but avoid anger-inducing talk radio. Use your air conditioner. Make your seat more
comfortable by adjusting your seating position or using a pillow.
Concentrate on being relaxed. Take a deep breath. Don't clench your teeth or grip the steering
wheel too tightly. Try doing limited stretching exercises.
Don't drive when you are upset, angry or overtired.
Take a break to calm down, "cool off" or rest before you get behind the wheel.
Adjust Your Attitude
Give the other driver the benefit of the doubt.

We all make mistakes. Do not assume that all unsafe driving actions are intentional or personal.
Be polite and courteous, even if the other driver isn't.
Self-control is crucial in managing stress and aggression. Keep your Cool... Think Before you
React
It is important for individuals to have a set of responses to cope with frustration. The most
important advice is to remain patient in traffic congestion. You can gain a sense of control by realizing
that people behave differently in different situations and that environmental factors may effect others to
a greater or lesser degree than they effect you. Information about why a driver may be acting in a
certain way will make their behavior more predictable to you, and you will be able to take action to
avoid a confrontation, if necessary.
Drivers must pay more attention to their own levels of emotion. Evidence suggests that drivers
who allow their emotions to spiral out of control while driving are a much greater risk to themselves
than to those around them. It is important not to try to alleviate aggressive emotion with an outburst.
Research shows that this does not help to overcome the situation, and the risk of retaliation increases.
Several psychologists suggest a "cooling off" period such as going for a walk or using
relaxation techniques. Although many people, particularly men, go for a drive to "cool off", it is not
recommended. Any activity that is an attempt to "cool off" must be distracting enough to interfere with
the train of anger-inducing thought.
Avoid all conflict if possible. If you are challenged, take a deep breath and get out of the way,
even if you are in the right.
Finally, before reacting, think about the possible consequences of your actions. Aggressive
behavior behind the wheel could result in serious injury or even death to yourself or someone else.
Don't let an impulsive action ruin the rest of your life.
VII. Collision Avoidance
A. Statistics For Types of Fatal Collisions
Types of Violations and Times of Day That Factor into Fatal Collisions
Types of Violations and Times of Day That Factor into Fatal Collisions
California Statistics: According to the California Highway Patrol from 2005-2009 the leading cause of
collision fatalities in California were DUIs, killing 629 people. Improper turning was the second
leading cause of fatalities, killing 540 people. Unsafe speed, right-of-way violations, and not following
traffic signals and signs were also significant factors in fatal collisions.
National Statistics: Failure to yield to the right of way is the number one reason for collisions coming
in at 17%. As a close second, DUIs are 15.4%. Distracted driving ranks third at 9.3%.

Nationally, most fatal car accidents are between the hours of midnight and 3am on Sunday mornings. It
would be wise to keep this in mind when youre planning your Saturday night outings. However, in
California the California Highway Patrol reported in 2009 that fatal car accidents were more likely to
happen between the hours of noon to midnight. Between the hours of noon to midnight in 2009 there
were 1,620 fatal accidents, in comparison to midnight to noon when there were 1,147 fatal accidents.
Age Groups and Gender Statistics That Factor into Fatal Collision
According to the California Highway Patrol age range in California for fatal collisions happened to
drivers the ages of 20-44 years old. Of this age group in 2009 15.1% were responsible for fatal
collisions in California. Peoples between the ages of 25-29 are the next highest age group of fatalities;
at 11.9% of fatal collisions in 2009.
Nationally, the age ranges of people killed in fatal collisions are the same as California. For people
between 25-34 5,689 people were killed in collisions and for the 45-54 range 5,397 people were killed
in collisions.
Both nationally and in California over 70% of fatalities in traffic collisions happen to males.
(Source: NHTSA - Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2010; http://wwwfars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/DidYouKnow.aspx)
Common Causes of Collisions
Unsafe Speed:
Speeding the driver-behavior of exceeding the posted speed limit or driving too fast for conditions
has consistently been estimated to be a contributing factor in approximately one third of all fatal
crashes. The cost of speeding-related crashes is estimated to be $40.4 billion annually, representing
approximately 18% of the total cost of crashes. The role of speeding in crashes is difficult to ascertain.
The definition of speeding is broad and the determination of whether speeding was involved in a fatal
crash is often based on the judgment of the investigating law enforcement officer. Even if speeding is
listed as a contributing factor in a crash, it may not have been the causative factor. (Source: Speed
Management Strategic Initiative, NHTSA)
Speeding is a complex problem, involving the interaction of many factors including public attitudes,
road user behavior, vehicle performance, roadway design and characteristics, posted speed limits and
enforcement strategies.
Speeding reduces a drivers ability to steer safely around curves or objects in the roadway, extends the
distance necessary to stop a vehicle, and increases the distance a vehicle travels while the driver reacts
to a dangerous situation
If you drive at an unsafe speed not only are you putting yourself and your passengers in danger, but
youre putting other people on the road in grave danger also. Did you know that speeding doesnt even
save you that much time? If you drive 20 miles at 65mph as opposed to 55mph youre only saving
yourself three and a half minutes! Is three and a half minutes really worth the consequences? Probably

not.
Speed Limits: The Basic Speed Rule requires vehicle operators to drive at a speed that is reasonable
and prudent. As a corollary to this rule, state laws usually provide that "every person shall drive at a
safe and appropriate speed when approaching and crossing an intersection or railroad grade crossing,
when approaching and going around a curve, when approaching a hill crest, when traveling upon any
narrow or winding roadway, and when special hazards exist with respect to pedestrians or other traffic
or by reason of weather or highway conditions." Uniform Vehicle Code 11-801
Minimum Speed Rule: The Minimum Speed Rule prohibits a person from operating a motor vehicle at
such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic. However, in order to
avoid a possible conflict with the basic speed rule, the law normally provides that a slow speed is
permissible when "reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law." Uniform
Vehicle Code 11-805(a).
Maximum Speed Limit: Even thought specific speed limits may have been established via legislation,
State laws usually allow either state or local authorities to set highway speed limits above or below the
statutory ones. Prior to taking such action on any portion of a highway, the law normally requires that
governmental authorities conduct a study to determine the safe speed limit for that part of the highway.
State laws may also allow such authorities to specify different speed limits on all or selected highways
(or portions thereof) either for various times of the day or for various types of vehicles (e.g., trucks).
Some states have fixed (absolute) speed limits; others have flexible (prima facie) limits. Since the
speed limits cannot easily be changed for different driving conditions, think of the posted limit as the
maximum in the best of conditions.
Californias basic speed laws:
The maximum speed for any vehicle on the Interstate is 65 miles per hour or as posted. You may drive
at the maximum speed limit only when conditions of the highway and traffic safely permit this speed.
California has a "Basic Speed Law." This law means that you may never drive faster than is safe for
current conditions. You must take into account weather, visibility, traffic, the surface youre on, the
highway, and any other conditions which may put you or others on the road in danger.
Driving faster than the posted speed limit, or than it is safe for current conditions, on any road is
dangerous and illegal. High speed increases your stopping distance. The faster you go, the less time
you have to avoid a hazard or collision. In California, any person who drives a vehicle upon a highway
at a speed greater than 100 miles per hour is guilty of an infraction
The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane undivided
highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph, unless posted for a higher speed. On some highways
the maximum speed limit is 70 mph, but only if there are signs posted showing 70 mph .All speed
limits are based on ideal driving conditions.

Prima facie limits in California are:

15 mph: when crossing railroad tracks, a highway, or in an alley way.
25mph: school zone, senior citizen zones, business and residential neighborhoods, unless otherwise
noted.
Driving on the wrong side of the road:
Have you ever been driving on a one way street and seen a car travelling towards you from the opposite
direction? Scary, right? According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association 350 people are
killed each year from driving on the wrong side of the highway! Wrong-way driving means driving a
vehicle against the direction of opposing traffic. This kind of wrong-way driving isnt limited to oneway streets, it happens on two-way streets, and in parking lots and structures.
Driving against opposing traffic is another reason that speaks to the necessary focus and attention
driving requires. Often times when a driver is driving on the wrong side of the road it is because of a
lack of attention, vision impairment, or even because of poor road markings or signals. One reason
wrong-way driving also happens, though not as common, is when people come from other countries
and are accustomed to driving on the other side of the road from the United States. An example of this
is in England the driver is on the left-hand side of traffic, whereas in the United States drivers are on
the right-hand side of traffic.
Driving on the wrong side of the road isnt something that always happens on accident or due to
unintentional driver error. Sometimes drivers will intentionally drive on the wrong side of the road
without considering the consequences because they thought it would save them time by taking a
shortcut, to avoid traffic, or because they missed an exit. If drivers drive on the wrong side of the
highway the consequences are much higher and the danger Drivers may also drive in the wrong
direction intentionally because they missed an exit, wanted to avoid traffic or thought it was a shortcut.
If you drive on the wrong side of a highway, the danger is much more serious because of the high
speeds. Driving on the wrong side of a highway with a concrete divide will result in a two-point
violation on your driving record.
Look For Signs!
11
The DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs work as a team. The DO NOT ENTER sign is put at
the beginning of one-way streets and ramps. When you see this sign, do not drive onto that street or
ramp in the direction you are heading.
WRONG WAY signs are placed farther down the one-way street or ramp. They are placed there to
catch your attention if you accidentally turn onto the street or ramp.
11

The ONE WAY sign means traffic is allowed to move only in the direction the sign is pointing. If you
turn onto a one-way street traveling in the opposite direction, you are likely to get into a head-on
collision.
If you see that youve made a mistake and are going against traffic, drive to the side and stop. When it
is safe, back out or turn around and go back to the road you were on. At night, if youre going in the
wrong direction, road reflectors will shine red to indicate youre going the wrong direction.
Dealing With Wrong-Way Drivers
Just like if you were the wrong-way driver, if you see a wrong way-driver, pull over to the side of the
road and give them a safe opportunity to correct their mistake.
Note: emergency vehicles may use the wrong side of the road to continue on their way. Often times
they will make themselves more noticeable by using a loud speaker to tell drivers to move to the side of
the road.
If you drive on the wrong side of the road for a long period of time, this action is illegal. However, if
you are on the wrong side of the road because you are in a legal two-lane passing zone (indicated by
breaks in road markings, see picture) then this action is legal. However, if you pass in a no passing
zone, your actions are illegal.
Beware that driving on the wrong side of the road can occur when a driver is impaired by drugs or
alcohol, a driver falls asleep at the wheel, when a driver is distracted by a passenger, or many other
reasons.
One-Way Streets vs. Two-Way Streets
Some streets you can only go in one direction, these are called one-way streets, and are mostly found in
downtown areas, though they can be found in other areas. If you find yourself going the wrong
direction on a one-way street, you must keep going down the one-way street until you find an exit to go
in the right direction. Traffic flows more smoothly on a one-way street because there are no cars
coming from the opposite direction. On a two-way street, you will encounter other vehicles crossing in
front of yours. Remember to only continue going in the wrong direction to exit the situation after you
have pulled over and determined that it is safe to continue.
Judging Time to Make a Maneuver
By judging the distance and speed of other vehicles, you can determine if you have the proper amount
of time required to make a maneuver. If you believe you have enough time to make a maneuver, then

you may safely proceed. If you are driving in a city you should always be looking at least one block
ahead of you. For a reference point, in the city it takes approximately 10 to 15 seconds to travel one
block. If you are entering an intersection remember before proceeding you should always give yourself
enough time to change lanes or stop if it is necessary. On the highway, always check to see that there is
enough space for you to pass cars in any of the lanes you have to cross.
Choosing a Traffic Gap or Space to Enter or Cross Traffic
Always look both ways before crossing an intersection, and make sure you can see everything clearly
before continuing. To properly look both ways, start by looking on the left, since cars on that direction
are closer to you; after look to the right for oncoming cars; and before proceeding quickly glance to the
left again. You are required to always yield to drivers already in or just entering the intersection.
Left Turns - Protected and Unprotected
Scan for HazardsOther Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles
Being in a vehicle isnt the only way to be on the roadways, make sure you always check for bicyclists,
pedestrians, or motorcyclists. Yield the right-of-way to all pedestrians and vehicles that may be coming
from the opposite direction of your vehicle. Remember, drivers turning left with a green arrow always
have the right-of-way.
It is in fact legal to make a left turn at a red light from a one-way street onto another one-way street, if
there are no signs indicating otherwise. In this situation, you should treat it as if you were turning right
on a legal red light right turn: come to a full stop at the limit line, so as not to interfere with ongoing
traffic, and only make the left turn if it is completely safe. It is illegal and unsafe to make a left turn
again a red arrow.
Vehicle PositionBefore and After Turn
When taking a left turn be sure to turn in the left-most lane, or if there is a center divide, the lane that is
closest to the center lane. Be sure to signal 100 feet prior to turning or making a planned driving
maneuver to indicate to other drivers your intentions. Be sure not to turn your steering before actually
making a left turn. A possibly dangerous situation to avoid is turning too soon if you turn your steering
wheel too soon you could cut the corner of another lane and interfere with other drivers and their lane.
After you have successfully completed the left turn, then it is okay to safely change lanes into any
available lanes on the street. If vehicles are turning right opposite of traffic, they then have the right-ofway into the lanes they are moving into. Make sure to check that traffic is free when completing any
turns.

When View Is Blocked

If your view of the road is blocked or limited never make a turn. Proceed only when you have as clear
of a view as possible, then proceed slowly, but only after you have made sure that the roadway is clear
of vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, or motorcyclists. If you are in a situation where the vehicle behind
you is making gestures, or honking their horn to pressure you into moving into traffic, simply ignore
the car behind you. It is extremely unsafe to proceed into traffic if you are unsure of the conditions;
only make a left-hand turn if you are completely confident you can make this maneuver safely.
Right Turns - Protected and Unprotected
Scan for HazardsOther Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles
As always, be sure to signal 100 feet prior to making any maneuvers. You should be scanning the road
to make sure there are no bicyclists, motorcyclists, or pedestrians. If you are turning left, remember you
have the right-of-way as opposed to drivers who are turning left from opposing traffic. However, do not
forget if there is a car coming and they do not stop, do not insist on the right-of-way. Also, be sure to
keep an eye out for wide-turning trucks in front of you, you should never try to cut in between trucks.
iew larger image
Check for Controlled Lanes and Signals
You may turn right at a circular red traffic light at an intersection, unless there are signs that indicate
otherwise. When completing a turn in an intersection with a traffic signal, be sure to stop prior to the
limit line, so as not to interfere with approaching traffic (note: cars travelling through the intersection
with the green light have the right-of-way). Only proceed to turn if it is safe to do so. It is illegal and
unsafe to make a right turn against a red arrow.
Vehicle PositionBefore and After Turn
If you are making a right hand turn, be sure to turn into the right most lane and as close to the righthand curb or edge of the road. Be sure not to turn to wide, so as not to interfere in other lanes. Be sure
to stay completely in the right hand land until you have completely finished making your turn.
When View Is Blocked
On the occasion that your view is blocked or limited, be sure to proceed slowly and cautiously,
scanning for other vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and animals and only proceed if the road is
completely clear. When your view is clear and you are sure the roadway is safe, only then complete

your turn.
Use of Bike Lane for Turns
To make a right turn that intersects with a bike lane, you may only do so no more than 200 feet prior to
the turn you are making. Only continue into the lane if it is safe and there are no oncoming bikes.
Avoiding Improper Turns - Changing Direction
It has happened to all of us, youre driving down a city street and you miss either your turn or
destination. You might be tempted to make a U-turn since that seems safer than backing up and it takes
less time than driving around the block again. However, although making a U-turn may seem like the
best option, it isnt. The safest option in this situation is to drive around the block and backtrack to your
destination. If you are in an area where there are one-way streets or you approach a dead end, then in
this situation if you are in an area where it is legal to make a U-turn then a U-turn or three point turn
will be your only option. When making this maneuver, be sure to first determine it is legal and that you
can proceed with this maneuver in a safe manner. U-turns are most common on wide streets that
experience little traffic or at intersections.
U-turns must be made from the left most lane. It is unsafe and illegal to be making U-turns from
parking lanes. Here is the best opportunity to review how to make a proper and safe U-turn:
A U-turn, according to CVC 665.5 is defined as: "...the turning of a vehicle upon a highway so as to
proceed in the opposite direction whether accomplished by one continuous movement or not."
A U-turn is when you turn your vehicle around at an intersection to travel in the opposite direction.
Before making a U-turn, check that:
there are no signs prohibiting U-turns
you have adequate sight distance so you have time to finish the turn before encountering oncoming
traffic
you have enough room to make the turn in one swing. If there is any doubt whether a U-turn can be
made safely and with minimal disruption to traffic, go around the block.

The procedure for making a U-turn:

1. Check that the turn is allowed and the way is clear.
2. Signal the turn and approach as you would a left turn.
3. Move very slowly. Turn the wheel into a full lock as soon as you can (use "hand over hand").

4. Once you are on full lock, slightly increase your speed.

5. Throughout the turn, check to see that the way is still clear (both ways).
6. Complete the turn. Before the car is straight, start unwinding the wheel ("hand over hand").
7. Straighten your front wheels.
8. Proceed as normal.
SsAS
Making a Three Point Turn on a Residential Street:
Move to the right hand side of the street and signal your intention to pull up to the curb. As always,
be sure to check your mirrors, behind your shoulder, and your blind spots to be sure you make your
maneuver when it is safe.
Turn on your left hand signal to indicate a left hand turn. Be sure to check ahead for oncoming
traffic.
Check all directions one more time for oncoming traffic. CVC 22103 states No person in a
residence district shall make a U-turn when any other vehicle is approaching from either direction
within 200 feet, except at an intersection when the approaching vehicle is controlled by an official
traffic control device.
Be sure to take the turn at a slow pace, by easing on the gas pedal while quickly turning your
steering wheel towards the left.
When you approach the opposite curb you started at, brake before reaching it. Then Straighten out by
turning your steering wheel to the right, and stop before the front wheel or bumper hits the curb.
Check traffic from all directions one more time, then slowly back up to the opposite curb while
looking over your shoulder and backing up.
As you approach the curb behind you, brake before reaching the curb and quickly straighten the
steering wheel.
Check traffic from all directions again then continue forward.

A three point turn, according to the CVC definition of a U-turn, is considered a U-turn; however, only
legal in residential areas because they cannot be preformed in one continuous movement because of the
more narrow space on residential streets.
The best advice is to avoid making U-turns or three point turns on streets with heavy traffic. Whenever
proceeding with a driving maneuver make sure that there are no cars, bicyclists, or pedestrians coming
in any direction. Make sure to wait to preform a three-point turn or U-turn until youre in an area where
your view is completely clear and you can see any oncoming vehicles.
Violating Right-Of-Way Rules
To promote traffic safety, there are right-of-way rules, that combined with common sense and courtesy
improve safety conditions on the roadway. Never assume other will give you the right-of-way, but you
should be sure to comply with all right-of-way laws.
To best respect the right-of-ways of others, you should be sure to comply with all traffic safety laws.

CVC 525 states: "'Right-of-way' is the privilege of the immediate use of the highway."
You must always yield right-of-way to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, people with white canes, and
anywhere a yield sign is posted to direct you.
Yield
CVC 21803(a) states: The driver of any vehicle approaching any intersection which is controlled by a
yield right-of-way sign shall, upon arriving at the sign, yield the right-of-way to any vehicles which
have entered the intersection, or which are approaching on the intersecting highway close enough to
constitute an immediate hazard, and shall continue to yield the right-of-way to those vehicles until he
or she can proceed with reasonable safety."
When you are approaching a yield sign, be sure to slow down and check all oncoming traffic and traffic
behind you. When approaching a yield sign, if there is oncoming traffic determine the speed and
distance of the car and determine if you can safely enter the crossroad. If there is not enough time to
enter the crossway, stop at the yield sign until it is safe for you to enter. Even if you have the right-ofway, you should always be prepared to yield to another vehicle.
Violating Stop Signals and Signs
Stop or Stopping
CVC 587 states:"Stop or stopping when prohibited shall mean any cessation of movement of a vehicle,
whether occupied or not, except when necessary to avoid conflict with any other traffic or in
compliance with the direction of a police officer or official traffic control device or signal."
CVC 21802 (Stop Signs / Intersections) states:"The driver of any vehicle approaching a stop sign at the
entrance to, or within, an intersection shall stop as required. The driver shall then yield the right of way
to any vehicles which have approached from another highway, or which are approaching so closely as
to constitute an immediate hazard, and shall continue to yield the right of way to those vehicles until he
or she can proceed with reasonable safety.
At stops signs, as it reads, you MUST stop. Stop signs are usually placed at intersections or in the
middle of a block. You must come to a full stop. If there is a white painted line, you are required to stop
before the first white line; if there are no painted white lines, then you must stop before the stop sign.
Stop signs are placed to give you an opportunity to ensure you can safely enter traffic. At a stop sign be
sure to check traffic in all directions before proceeding.
Driver Distractions
To be the safest driver, you must always pay close attention to the road and stay focused the entire time.

Driver distractions are an ongoing problem in the United States and are endangering our roadways.
We will go into greater detail about distracted driving in the upcoming section, but here is a quick
overview of what are some examples of driver distractions:
Texting
Using a cell phone or Smartphone
Eating and drinking
Talking to passengers
Grooming
Reading, including maps
Using a navigation system
Watching a video
Adjusting a radio, CD player, or MP3 player

What to Do In A Collision
If you have ever been in a collision, then you can probably attest to the fact that is a very traumatic and
stressful experience. The stress and tension that results from being in a collision, makes it difficult to
think clearly. To be the most prepared for this sort of situation you should be very familiar with the
procedure after being in a collision before it ever happens. Follow the steps bellow:
Stop
It is illegal to leave the scene of a collision, without identifying yourself. So be sure to stop at the scene
of the collision and identify yourself. If your car is still operable and nobody is seriously injured then
processed to move your car off the road and out of traffic.
iew larger image
Warn others
If you are able, as soon as you can, warn other people of the situation. You can do this by turning on
your hazard lights, using flares or reflecting triangles, or even having bystanders wave a flashlight or
brightly colored cloth to make yourselves visible and indicate oncoming traffic of the situation. This is
important so as not to cause another collision by having an unexpected driver collide with the first
collision!
Help the injured

Unless you have the proper training and certification, do not under any circumstances move the injured.
If you do and are not prepared you could worsen their injury! Try to make the injured more comfortable
if possible and protect them from excessive bystanders. Be sure to call an ambulance immediately if the
situation requires.
Contact the police
If there is an injury or death at the scene of the collision, the police or California Highway Patrol must
be notified within 24 hours.
Exchange information
You are required to share your drivers license, registration, and evidence of financial responsibility
(insurance company, address, and policy number) to all other drivers and the police. If you fail to
provide this information then it could result in a $250 fine.
Gather witness information
Once all the important issues have been dealt with, gather information from witnesses, such as writing
down their names, addresses, and phone numbers. Have them write their description of the collision,
including diagrams if possible.
Reporting the collision to the DMV
You are required to report any property damage over $750, any injury, or death as a result of the
collision with 10 days to the DMV. You can do this by filling out a SR-1 Traffic Accident Report form.
This form is at the DV, police stations, and most insurance companies provide them. Failure to report a
collision to the DMV could result in a monetary fine and/or the loss of your driving privilege.
See your doctor
Although you may feel fine, some injuries are not immediately noticeable. To be safe you should go to
your doctor after a collision to have a full check up and be sure you are okay.
As stressful at the situation may be, remember the best way to deal with the situation is to stay calm
and take the necessary precautions. Although you may be extremely frustrated, do not take your
emotions out on the other driver.
In 2008, there were 5,811,000 auto collisions in the United States. (Source: NHTSA)

Moreover, although it is difficult to start thinking about these sorts of situations, it is a good idea to
keep a First Aid kit and earthquake survival kit in the trunk of your car. Statistics indicate that three out
of every five people will be involved in a collision at some point in their driving career. If this happens
to you, you want to be as prepared as possible and so when youre in this situation you have the basic
essentials you will need.
OTHER COLLISION SITUATIONS
Hitting a parked car
In case of hitting a parked car, if you cannot find the owner of the vehicle, youre required to leave a
note either securely attached to the vehicle or inside with your name, phone number and address.
Hitting an animal
If you injured or killed an animal you should attempt to find the owner. If you cannot find the owner,
immediately contact the Humane Society or call the local police department. Do not move the animal,
and do not leave it to simply die.
Types of collisions

Not only do we have to be aware of distractions within our vehicles, but we must also be aware of what
is happening outside of the vehicle. Collisions can happen when drivers forget to take into account the
particular traits of other road users. Read each of the following to learn what you can do to try to
prevent collisions with your vehicle.
Vehicle/pedestrian - How can you avoid collisions with pedestrians?
Children
Children are completely unpredictable. Remember this and drive accordingly when in their vicinity. A
friendly tap on the horn will get their attention. If you see a ball bounce on the road you can be sure a
child is close behind.
Senior Citizens
Elderly people may have their physical abilities impaired by age. Give them the respect they deserve.

Reduce your speed and be prepared to stop.

Impaired Persons
A large number of fatal pedestrian collisions occur when the driver strikes an impaired
person. Be especially cautious if you suspect a pedestrian of being impaired.
Situations in which you might not see a pedestrian:
Night time - It is very difficult to see pedestrians at night. Always encourage family and friends to
wear bright retro-reflective material at night.
Buses and Street Cars - Pedestrians may be running from any direction to board buses or street
cars, or may alight from a transit vehicle and dart across the street in front of traffic.
Parked Vehicles - Adults can be seen over the hood of a parked vehicle, but a child
cannot. However, their legs and feet can be seen through the underside of parked vehicles. Be sure to
look!

Remember - Right-of-way must be given to pedestrians at crosswalks and they must be

allowed free and uninterrupted passage.
Vehicle/motorcycle - How can you avoid collisions with motorcycles?
In a collision, a motorcyclist is four times more likely to be injured and 14 times more likely to be
killed than is the occupant of a vehicle.
To avoid a collision with a motorcycle:

Stay alert and use eye-lead time - motorcycles are smaller than vehicles and most have only one
headlight. Train yourself to look for them.
Check your blind spot for motorcycles before changing lanes. Most motorcycle/vehicle collisions
occur because the motorist simply does not see the motorcyclist.
Give motorcycles a wide berth when you are passing so your wind stream does not make them lose
control. A motorcyclist can lose control when sand, gravel, wet leaves or water is on the pavement.
Always be aware of conditions that may cause a spill. Be especially cautious if a motorcyclist appears
inexperienced.
Treat motorcyclists with caution and respect.

Vehicle/train How Can you Ensure your Safety When Approaching a Rail Crossing?

A motorist is 40 times more likely to die in a crash involving a train than in a collision involving
another motor vehicle.
To ensure your safety when you approach a rail crossing, you must:
Approach with the vehicle under control slow down. Never shift gears on the crossing.
Look both ways and listen for approaching trains. NEVER depend on mechanical
devices. Sometimes they dont work!
ALWAYS stop for flashing lights and gates. Do not proceed until you can do so
safely and the warning signals have ceased to operate.
If there is more than one track, make sure all tracks are clear before crossing.
Watch out for a second train.
NEVER race a train.
Watch for vehicles such as buses and trucks that must stop at crossings.
Train speed is difficult to estimate. When in doubt, STOP.

Vehicle/Bicycle -How Can you Avoid Collisions with Bicycles?

Bicycles, like motorcycles, are classified as vehicles and deserve to be treated as such they are entitled to a share of the road and you must be sure it is safe to pass them before attempting to
do so.
To avoid collisions with bicycles you should:

Be especially careful around children on bicycles. Children are a special problem because they
often don't know rules and regulations.
Although bicyclists should have lights and reflectors at night, not all do LOOK FOR THEM.
Watch for cyclists slipping between the vehicle and the curb when you are making both left and
right turns.
ttps://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/styles/media_gallery_thumbnail/public/BIKEBusyStreetB2156x1728.jpg

Vehicle/Animal - How can you Avoid Collisions with Animals?

Depending on the animal struck, damage to the vehicle and its occupants can be serious.

The most dangerous animals are the deer, moose and bear. Animals that stand high on their legs can roll
onto the hood and into the windshield - they can come through the windshield and do serious, even
fatal damage.
To avoid collisions with animals, you should:
Use eye-lead time and be aware when you are in an area that has wildlife. Look for signs that
indicating animal crossings.
Do not overdrive your headlights you must be able to see an animal and stop in time to avoid
hitting it.
When animals are observed ahead, slow down until safely past them.
Search for a second animal after the first animal has been passed safely. There is often a second
animal close behind.
Expect a surprise. Animals are very unpredictable.

VIII. Road Rage/Aggresive Driving and Avoiding it

Road rage
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, road rage is:
An assault with a motor vehicle or other dangerous weapon by the operator or passenger(s) of one
motor vehicle on the operator or passenger(s) of another motor vehicle caused by an incident that
occurred on a roadway.
Many things can contribute to road rage, including stress, traffic, tight schedules, anger, and frustration.
The results are increased incidents of tailgating, belligerent movements, and acts of violence, including
assault and murder.
ow to Control Road Rage
The defensive driver tries to recognize potentially hazardous situations sufficiently in advance to allow
time to safely maneuver past them. The defensive driver assumes that other drivers may make mistakes
and is on guard in the event that an error is made. The defensive driver searches ahead of what is
immediately in front of him or her in order to have advance warning of approaching hazards.
Aggressive drivers
Experts say aggressive driving behaviors are triggered by a variety of stimuli. Some are provoked by
the actions of another driver; others are set off by roadway congestion. But, most are caused by the
drivers' own moods and reactions when they get behind the wheel.

escription: Agressive Driving Image

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as "the
operation of a motor vehicle in a manner which endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property."
Some of the most common actions considered aggressive include:
Red light running
Speeding
Failure to yield
Following too closely
Unsafe lane changes
Failure to obey traffic control devices
Failure to use proper signals
Improper passing
failure to obey railroad grade crossing
failure to stop for a school bus

NHTSA estimates that one-third of traffic crashes and two-thirds of resulting deaths can be attributed to
aggressive driving. The exact extent of the problem is difficult to measure due to the broad range of
driver actions that may be included in the definition.
Exceeding the posted limit or driving too fast for conditions is one of the most prevalent factors
contributing to traffic crashes. Speed is a factor in nearly one-third of all fatal crashes. Speed-related
crashes cost society more than $23 billion a year. Too few drivers view speeding as an immediate risk
to their personal safety or the safety of others. Yet, speeding reduces a driver's ability to steer safely
around curves or objects in the roadway, and it extends the distance required to stop a vehicle in
emergency situations. Crash severity increases with the speed of the vehicle at impact. Inversely, the
effectiveness of restraint devices like air bags and safety belts, and vehicular construction features such
as crumple zones and side member beams decline as impact speed increases.
How to avoid aggressive driving?
How can you avoid being the victim of an aggressive driver? While there are no sure techniques, three
basic guiding principles can help:
1. Dont offend other drivers
When surveys ask drivers what angers them most, the results are remarkably consistent. A few specific
behaviors seem especially likely to enrage other drivers. You can protect yourself by avoiding them:
Cutting off other drivers

When you merge, make sure you have plenty of room. Use your turn signal to show your intentions
before making a move. If you make a mistake and accidentally cut someone off, try to apologize to the
other driver with an appropriate gesture. If someone cuts you off, slow down and give them room to
merge into your lane.
Driving slowly in the left lane
If you are in the left lane and someone wants to pass, move over and let them by. You may be in the
right because you are traveling at the speed limit but you may also be putting yourself in danger by
making drivers behind you angry. In many states and provinces the law requires you to travel in the
right lane and use the far left lane only for passing. Besides, its simple courtesy to move over and let
other drivers by.
Tailgating
Drivers get angry when they are followed too closely. Allow at least a three-second space between your
car and the car ahead. (When you see the car pass a fixed point, you should be able to count at least
one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two one-thousand-three before you pass that point). If you think
another car is driving too slowly and you are unable to pass, pull back and allow more space, not less.
That way, if the car does something unexpected, you will have time to get out of the way. You should
be able to see the headlights of the car behind you in your rear-view mirror. If you feel you are being
followed too closely, signal and pull over to allow the other driver to go by.
Gestures
Almost nothing makes another driver angrier than an obscene gesture. Keep your hands on the wheel.
Avoid making any gestures that might anger another driver, even harmless expressions of irritation
like shaking your head. Be a cautious and courteous driver. Signal every time you merge or change
lanes, and whenever you turn. Use your horn rarely, if ever. If you and another driver see a parking
space at the same time, let that person have it. And if another driver seems eager to get in front of you,
say Be my guest. When you respond this way, after a while be my guest becomes your automatic
response and you wont be as offended by other drivers rudeness.
2. Don't engage
One angry driver cant start a fight unless another driver is willing to join in. You can protect yourself
against aggressive drivers by refusing to become angry at them. Orator Robert Ingersoll said, Anger
blows out the lamp of the mind. A person who is angry can do things that they may later regret. That
includes you. If youre tempted to retaliate against another driver, think: Would I want to fly in an
airplane whose pilot was acting like this? Think about what kind of a crash your angry actions could
cause. Then cool down and continue your trip.
Not steering clear of other drivers
Give angry drivers lots of room. A driver you may have offended can snap and become truly

dangerous. If the other driver tries to pick a fight, put as much distance as possible between your
vehicle and the other car, and then get away as quickly as possible. Do not, under any circumstances,
pull off to the side of the road and try to settle things man to man.
Avoid eye contact
If another driver is acting angry with you, dont make eye contact. Once things get personal, the
situation can get out of hand quickly. Staring at another driver can turn an impersonal encounter
between two vehicles into a personal duel.
If you believe the other driver is following you or is trying to start a fight, get help. If you have a
cellular phone, use it to call the police. Otherwise, drive to a place where there are people around, such
as a police station, convenience store, shopping center, or even a hospital. Use your horn to get
someones attention. This will usually discourage an aggressor. Do not get out of your car. Do not go
home with an aggressive driver following you.
3. Adjust your attitude
The most important steps that you can take to avoid aggressive driving happen inside your head. By
changing your approach to driving, you can make every trip more pleasant. Try these ideas for a
pleasant change:
Forget winning
For too many motorists, driving becomes a contest. Are you one of those drivers who allow the shortest
possible time for a trip and then races the clock? If something happens to slow you down, do you get
angry? The solution: Allow more time for your trip. Youll be amazed at how much more relaxed you
feel when you have a few extra minutes. So instead of trying to make good time, try to make time
good. Listen to soothing music or a book on tape. Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep
breathing. Youll arrive much calmer, fresher, and in a less stressed-out frame of mind.
Put yourself in the other drivers shoes
Instead of judging the other driver, try to imagine why he or she is driving that way. Someone speeding
and constantly changing lanes may be a volunteer fireman, or a physician rushing to a hospital.
Someone who jerks from one lane to another may have a bee in the car, or a crying baby. Whatever
their reason, it has nothing to do with you. Stay cool and dont take other drivers actions personally.
If you think you have a problem, ask for help.
Courses in anger management have been shown to reduce heart attacks. These same techniques can
also help angry drivers. Drivers who successfully reinvent their approach to the road report dramatic
changes in attitude and behavior. Look for anger management courses in your area. Self-help books on
stress reduction and anger management can also be helpful. Violent, aggressive driving is clearly on the
rise. But you dont have to become part of this trend. In the process, you may find that driving has
become a completely new and more enjoyable experience.

Competing
There are plenty of times and many other places to partake in games, but on the road is not one of
them. For too many motorists on the road today, driving has become a contest.
The most important actions you can take to avoid aggressive and competitive driving take place inside
your head. Change your approach to driving to make your trips more enjoyable. If you insist on playing
a game, see how nice you can be to other drivers.
When you begin to speed and pass other drivers on the highway because of a game only you are
playing, ask yourself, "Is this worth dying for?" Highways are too dangerous for games.
Key Reminders to Forget Being Competitive
The more you speed, the less you experience your surroundings.
Enjoy the ride with your companions. If you race and compete, you will not be fully attentive to
the conversation.
Instead of thinking that winning is everything, start to think that making it to your destination
safely is the only thing that matters.
Allow more time for your trips. Youll be amazed at how much more relaxed you will be when
you have a few extra minutes.(AAA)

When confronted with aggressive drivers

Get Out of the Way. First and foremost, make every attempt to get out of their way.
Put Your Pride Aside. Do not challenge them by speeding up or attempting to hold your own in
your travel lane.
Avoid Eye Contact. Eye contact can sometimes enrage an aggressive driver.
Gestures. Ignore gestures and refuse to return them.
Report Serious Aggressive Driving. You or a passenger may call the police. But, if you use a cell
phone, pull over to a safe location.
If you encounter an aggressive driver...
When you encounter an aggressive driver follow these basic tips:
Remain calm
Keep your distance
Do not pass unless you have to
Change lanes once it is safe (don't jump lanes without looking)
If you cannot change lanes and an aggressive driver is behind you, stay where you are, maintain the
proper speed and do not respond with hostile gestures.

You may call 911 to report an aggressive driver or a driver you believe may be impaired.

BE AWARE OF ACTIONS WHICH CAN PROVOKE AGGRESSION

Motorists are advised to be patient and courteous to other drivers. You should correct any unsafe
driving habits that may endanger, annoy or provoke other drivers. Be aware of the actions that have
resulted in violence in the past. Many of these actions are simply eliminated by practicing common
courtesy. Others are behaviors which are, or may be considered, offensive.
Avoid behaviors that are likely to provoke aggression:
Gestures - Obscene or offensive gestures irritate other drivers. Be aware that any gesture may be
misinterpreted by another driver.
Car phones - Don't let your phone become a distraction. Car phone users are perceived as being poor
drivers and presenting a traffic hazard. Data shows that aggressive drivers are particularly irritated by
fender-benders with motorists who were talking on the phone.
Displays - Refrain from displaying a bumper sticker, slogan or vanity license plate that may be
considered offensive.
Eye contact - If a motorist tries to pick a fight, do not make eye contact. Get out of the way without
acknowledging the other motorist. If the driver follows you, do not go home. Go to a police station or
location where you can get help and there will be witnesses.
Aggressive tailgating - Riding the bumper of the vehicle in front of you is both annoying and unsafe.
Aggressive horn use - Leaning on the horn to express anger is aggravating.
Aggressive headlight use - Flashing headlights to denote irritation is rude and unsafe.

Use common courtesy:

Lane blocking - Don't block the passing lane on multiple lane highways. Allow vehicles to pass you.
Tailgating - Maintain a safe distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you.
Signal use - Don't change lanes without using your signal, and make sure you can change lanes
without cutting another driver off. After changing lanes or turning, turn your signal off.
Horn use - Use your horn sparingly. Noise is shown to be a contributor to stress.
Failure to turn - In many areas, including New York State, right turns are allowed after a complete
stop for a red light unless an intersection is marked otherwise. Avoid the right lane if you are not
turning right.
Parking:
Don't take up more than one parking space
Don't park in a space reserved for people with disabilities unless you are disabled
Don't open your door into the car next to you
When parallel parking, do not tap the vehicles in front or in back of yours
Always look carefully before backing out of a parking space

Headlight use - Keep headlights on low beam, except where lighting conditions are poor. Dim
your high beams for oncoming traffic, when approaching a vehicle from the rear or when another
vehicle is passing you.
Merging - When traffic permits, move out of the right hand acceleration lane of a freeway to allow
vehicles easier access from on-ramps.
Blocking traffic - If you are driving a cumbersome or slow moving vehicle, pull over when
possible to allow traffic to pass you. Do not block the road to stop and have a conversation with another
driver or a pedestrian.
Alarms - Be sure you know how to turn off the anti-theft alarm on any vehicle you are driving. If
you are purchasing an alarm, buy one that turns off automatically after a short time.
Reduce Your Stress
Learn to spot the warning signs of stress, and try to avoid situations which are likely to cause stress,
distraction and fatigue.
In general:
Keep your vehicle in good working order to avoid the stress of a breakdown.
If your destination is in an unfamiliar area, plan your route and have a map available.
Have windshield cleaning materials and sunglasses available.
If you are making a long trip:
Plan your route and have a map in your vehicle.
Take breaks to stretch and walk around.
Eat light snacks as opposed to heavy meals.
Avoid eating in noisy, crowded places since they can promote stress.
Road congestion is a major contributing factor to traffic disputes:
Consider altering your schedule. Allow plenty of time to get where you are going. Can you change
your schedule or route to avoid the worst congestion? And does it really matter if you are a little late?
Improve the comfort of your vehicle.Listen to music that reduces your anxiety, or try listening to
books on tape, but avoid anger-inducing talk radio. Use your air conditioner. Make your seat more
comfortable by adjusting your seating position or using a pillow.
Concentrate on being relaxed. Take a deep breath. Don't clench your teeth or grip the steering
wheel too tightly. Try doing limited stretching exercises.
Don't drive when you are upset, angry or overtired.
Take a break to calm down, "cool off" or rest before you get behind the wheel.
Adjust Your Attitude

Give the other driver the benefit of the doubt.

We all make mistakes. Do not assume that all unsafe driving actions are intentional or personal.
Be polite and courteous, even if the other driver isn't.
Self-control is crucial in managing stress and aggression. Keep your Cool... Think Before you
React
It is important for individuals to have a set of responses to cope with frustration. The most
important advice is to remain patient in traffic congestion. You can gain a sense of control by realizing
that people behave differently in different situations and that environmental factors may effect others to
a greater or lesser degree than they effect you. Information about why a driver may be acting in a
certain way will make their behavior more predictable to you, and you will be able to take action to
avoid a confrontation, if necessary.
Drivers must pay more attention to their own levels of emotion. Evidence suggests that drivers
who allow their emotions to spiral out of control while driving are a much greater risk to themselves
than to those around them. It is important not to try to alleviate aggressive emotion with an outburst.
Research shows that this does not help to overcome the situation, and the risk of retaliation increases.
Several psychologists suggest a "cooling off" period such as going for a walk or using
relaxation techniques. Although many people, particularly men, go for a drive to "cool off", it is not
recommended. Any activity that is an attempt to "cool off" must be distracting enough to interfere with
the train of anger-inducing thought.
Avoid all conflict if possible. If you are challenged, take a deep breath and get out of the way,
even if you are in the right.
Finally, before reacting, think about the possible consequences of your actions. Aggressive
behavior behind the wheel could result in serious injury or even death to yourself or someone else.
Don't let an impulsive action ruin the rest of your life.
IX. Driver distractions
What Is Distracted Driving?
Distracted driving is any activity that could divert a person's attention away from the primary task of
driving. All distractions endanger driver, passenger, and bystander safety. These types of distractions
include:
Texting
Using a cell phone or smartphone
Eating and drinking
Talking to passengers
Grooming
Reading, including maps

Using a navigation system

Watching a video
Adjusting a radio, CD player, or MP3 player
But, because text messaging requires visual, manual, and cognitive attention from the driver, it is by far
the most alarming distraction.
The best way to end distracted driving is to educate all Americans about the danger it poses. On this
page, you'll find facts and statistics that are powerfully persuasive. If you don't already think distracted
driving is a safety problem, please take a moment to learn more. And, as with everything on
Distraction.gov, please share these facts with others. Together, we can help save lives.
Type of Distractions

Inside the vehicle: "As cars more and more become an extension of the home and office, we are
creating a whole new array of potentially hazardous distractions that must be better understood."
(NHTSA Administrator Ricardo Martinez, M.D.)
Cell phones, pagers, and handheld computers are only the best-known distractions.
A host of new "telematics" devices are being packed into cars, such as screen-based navigation
systems, interactive voice services like General
Motors Corp's OnStar, and dashboard entertainment consoles that control everything from AM/FM/CD
audio to 100-channel digital satellite radios, MP3 players, and DVD players. Then there are newer
technologies -- such as dashboard Internet access for checking e-mail, news, or traffic.
So to drive safely, a driver needs to give priority attention to the driving task. Even a momentary
distraction can lead to a crash. The distraction can be caused by anything that draws the driver's
attention away from the road such as tuning a radio, eating, or attending to a child.
drivingdistraction
Here are some tips to reduce in vehicle distractions:
Dont engage in stressful or emotional conversations with passengers in the vehicle.
Adjust all mirrors for best all-around visibility before starting the vehicle.
Pre-load favorite CDs or cassette tapes.
Clear the vehicle of unnecessary objects.
Fasten safety belts before starting the vehicle.
Dont read or write while driving.
Avoid smoking, eating, and drinking while driving.
Review maps and plan travel routes before starting the vehicle.
Pull off the road in a safe and legal place to deal with unruly passengers, children, or pets.
Review and become familiar with all safety and usage features on any in-vehicle electronics.

Check that all passengers are wearing safety belts and that children are in an approved child
passenger restraint system or safety belt.
cell-phone
Dialing for Disaster
Can't imagine life without your cell phone? They're an important part of everyday life, but using them
while driving increases your chance of getting into an accident.
When you're searching for a number, dialing or talking on a cell phone, you're not watching the road
like you should. Hands-free features help, but they can't prevent you from becoming involved in a
conversation and losing concentration. Berkeley Lawrence LAb surveyed 837 drivers with cell phones
found that almost half swerved or drifted into another lane, 23 percent tailgated, 21 percent cut off
someone, and 18 percent nearly hit another vehicle while using the phone. So what can you do? How
can you be a safe driver if you absolutely have to use your phone while traveling? Wireless-phone
manufacturers suggest these options:
Pull off the road and stop in a safe place before using your phone. [Keep this in mind: If you're on a
busy road and want to make a call, it's not always safe just to pull over to the side. Records show that
people doing this have been killed when other motorists hit them from behind. Experts say the best
thing to do is to get away from all traffic by pulling into a parking lot and then making your call. In
California it is legal to use your cell phone in the case of an emergency, but remember it is always
safest to pull over.]
When the phone rings in traffic, let it ring. It's better to use your phone's voice mail or even to miss a
call than to put yourself, your passengers, or others at risk.
Become familiar with your phone before using it on the road.
Never take notes or jot down numbers while driving.
h
Dashboard Dining--A Crash Diet
From breakfast burritos to burgers and fries, eating on the run has turned into an everyday part of our
lives. Haven't you tried holding French fries on your lap, a drink in one hand, and a sandwich in the
other while your knees do the steering?
Eating while driving is messy, and it's dangerous. Fumbling with napkins, condiments, wrappers, and
beverages means you're not watching the road. Here are two ways you can concentrate more on the
road than on your burger:
Leave a little early. Allow time to stop for a bite to eat.
If you're traveling with someone, take turns driving and eating.

escription: http://www.aaafoundation.org/multimedia/photolibrary/DISTRACT/LowRes/DISTRACTDrinkingCoffeeDriving-L.jpg
Turning Knobs Means Turning Your Head
Whether it's adjusting a radio station, changing CDs, moving the air-conditioning or heater switches, or
setting the cruise control-they all help make travel more comfortable and fun. You probably think of
these actions as routine. After all, you've been doing them since you got your license. How big is the
risk? You're six times more likely to have an accident while searching for a radio station or inserting a
CD than you are while glancing at the fuel gauge or speedometer.
Let's say you're going 60 mph when you look down for just two seconds to choose a CD or adjust the
climate controls. In those two seconds, you'll travel-blindly-180 feet, or more than half the length of a
football field. Try these tips to keep your attention on the road:
Ask your passenger to adjust the radio or climate controls for you.
Take advantage of normal stops to adjust controls.
With more complex devices, such as GPS-navigation systems, take time to stop in a safe place
before giving them your attention.
s
Children, Pets and Passengers
It's hard enough concentrating on the road without the distraction of children, pets and passengers.
Adding just one of these factors can making driving dangerous, but there are ways to control these
hazards:
Buckle up the children, and give them books, games or other items to occupy their time.
Use a pet carrier or portable kennel to limit a pet's ability to roam.
Avoid arguments with passengers, and minimize distracting conversations while driving.

Passenger management: Passengers can distract the driver and can physically interfere with driving.
They can restrict the driver's freedom to maneuver aggressively for accident avoidance. Passengers can
injure themselves by not sitting properly in designated seating positions. Whatever the case, the driver
must manage their passengers to avoid such problems.
External Distractions-Looks Can Kill
The urge to get a good look at the scene of an accident or at cars that have been stopped by police is
nearly overwhelming. And who can resist a long look at the stores going into a new shopping center?
The best advice: Don't do it! Those things never are more important than staying focused on your

driving. Letting your concentration be diverted by these distractions can be deadly.

Other Dangerous Driving Distractions

How many times have you seen people putting on makeup, styling their hair, or shaving while driving?
How about people reading maps or directions, a newspaper, or a book? And we all know smoking is
hazardous enough, without lighting up or putting out cigarettes or dealing with falling ashes while
you're driving. The only safe solution is never doing any of these things.
s
Distractions and Young Drivers
Car crashes are the number one killer of teenagers in America. Among the reasons are inexperience,
risk-taking, and driver distractions, including loud music, changing CDs or tapes, and tuning the radio.
And when a teen driver has friends in the car, the risk is even higher-the more passengers, the greater
the chance of a serious crash.
Here are other common--and deadly--distractions among teenagers:
Friends in other vehicles. Don't let saying "hi" or other fun and games take your attention off the
road. Never try to pass items from one moving vehicle to another.
Headphones. Hearing what's going on around you is just as important as seeing. In most states, it's
illegal to wear headphones while driving. California Vehicle Code 27400 states you cannot have a
headset or earplugs in both ears while driving or riding a bicycle. This does not apply to hearing aids.
Earplugs specially designed to attenuate loud noise levels are not prohibited as long as they do not
prohibit sounds from emergency sirens or horns.
The "show off" factor. It may be tempting to go faster, turn sharper, or beat another car through an
intersection, but don't do it. Stay focused on driving safely and staying alive.

Driving Distractions

Inside the vehicle

Cell phones: Cellular telephones are everywhere. In an emergency, they can be a lifesaver. In nonemergency situations, they can be a great tool if you use the cellular telephone in a safe and responsible
manner. Here are some tips:
Pull over to the side of the road to use your cellular telephone when you are driving in the city, this is

the safest precaution you can take. When you are driving on the freeway, you cannot stop to make or
receive a call unless to report an emergency.
Know your cellular telephone, and its many features, such as speed dial and redial. Take advantage of
these features so you won't take your attention off the road.
cellphone
Use hands-free devices. Two hands on the steering wheel are always safer than one.
Your phone should be within easy reach. If your phone is within reach you can grab it without taking
your eyes off the road.
Dont use the telephone during hazardous conditions. If your driving conditions are hazardous (heavy
traffic, hazardous weather conditions, etc.), tell the person you are talking to that you are driving and
will call back. Remember, your first responsibility is to pay attention to the road.
Pay attention to the road. While you are driving, don't take notes or look up phone numbers. If you are
busy doing other things, you are not paying attention to your driving.
Be sensible about dialing. If possible, place your calls when you are not moving or before pulling into
traffic. However, if you need to dial while driving, dial only a few numbers at a time and check traffic
and your mirrors in between. Then continue dialing.
Dont engage in distracting conversations. Stressful or emotional conversations don't mix with safe
driving. This combination can be dangerous because you are not paying attention to your driving. Tell
the person you are talking with that you are driving and will call back. Be safe! Use your phone to call
for help.
Dial 9-1-1 for emergency help. This is a free call on your cellular phone. For other non-emergency
situations (broken-down vehicle, broken traffic signal, etc.), call roadside assistance or other special
non-emergency wireless numbers.
Regardless of age, it is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while using an electronic wireless
communication device to write, send, or read text messages, instant messages, and e-mail(s).
NOTE: With certain exceptions, adults may not use a cell phone while driving unless hands-free
equipment is used. Minors may not use a cell phone except in certain emergencies.
(You can use a cell phone to contact law enforcement, a health care provider, the fire department, or
another emergency entity in an emergency situation.)
Cell phones can be a lifesaver in emergency situations.
Use your cell phone in the following safe and responsible ways while driving:
Use hands-free devices.
If your cell phone rings, do not answer it.
Let the call go to voicemail if you have this feature.

Do not use the cell phone during hazardous conditions.

Do not engage in distracting conversations.
Pay attention to the road.
Use your cell phone to call for help in an emergency.

Vehicle code 23123

According to California vehicle code 23123 you cannot use your cell phone unless it is a hands-free
device for speaking and listening, and must be used hands-free while driving. This is not applicable in
case of an emergency. You will be charged $20 for the first offense and $50 for each subsequent
offense.
Wireless Text Communication Devices:
Effective January 1, 2009 a new law will go into effect where writing, sending, or reading a text-based
communication while driving will be against the law for all drivers in California and is punishable by a
base fine for a first offense with an increasing fine for each subsequent offense. With the addition of
penalty assessments, fines can be more than triple the base fine amount. This new law applies to
electronic wireless communications devices used to manually communicate with any person using textbased communication, including, but not limited to, communications referred to as a text message,
instant message, or electronic mail.
Outside the vehicle: Billboards, scenery or other people are source of distraction on any stretch of road.
Ultimately, it is the drivers responsibility to concentrate on driving.
Key Facts and Statistics
In 2010, 3092 people were killed in crashes involving a distracted driver and an estimated additional
416,000 were injured in motor vehicle crashes involving a distracted driver.
18% of injury crashes in 2010 were reported as distraction-affected crashes.
In the month of June 2011, more than 196 billion text messages were sent or received in the US, up
nearly 50% from June 2009. (CTIA)
11% of all drivers under the age of 20 involved in fatal crashes were reported as distracted at the
time of the crash. This age group has the largest proportion of drivers who were distracted.
40% of all American teens say they have been in a car when the driver used a cell phone in a way
that put people in danger. (Pew)
Drivers who use hand-held devices are 4 times more likely to get into crashes serious enough to
injure themselves. (Monish University)
Text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse than driving while not distracted. VTTI)
Sending or receiving a text takes a driver's eyes from the road for an average of 4.6 seconds, the
equivalent-at 55 mph-of driving the length of an entire football field, blind. (VTTI)
Headset cell phone use is not substantially safer than hand-held use. (VTTI)
Driving while using a cell phone reduces the amount of brain activity associated with driving by
37%. (Carnegie Mellon)

Source: distraction.gov/content/get-the-facts/facts-and-statistics.html
Am I Distracted?
Self-Assessment Quiz
Take this quiz to determine if you or someone you know is a distracted driver. Check all that applies:
Buckle seatbelt while driving
Adjust seat while driving
Use a cell phone
Use a hands free device
Text/check email
Read a GPS device / map
Change stations / CDs
Listen to an I-Pod
Watch DVDs
Apply makeup / Shave
Comb hair
Eat / drink
Doze off while driving
Reach for personal belongings
Turn head to talk to fellow passengers
Engage in intense conversation

The truth is, if you checked even one box, you are a distracted driver. Avoid distractions while driving.
It will save lives - even your own.
Distraction is anything that diverts the drivers attention from the primary tasks of navigating the
vehicle and responding to critical events. A distraction is anything that takes your eyes off the road
(visual distraction), your mind off the road (cognitive distraction), or your hands off the wheel (manual
distraction). So when you think about things that can be a distraction, youll see that they often fit into
more than one category. For example, eating is visual and manual, whereas using a navigation system
is all three.
In 2009, crashes involving a distracted driver, was the cause of 5,474 deaths and almost half a
million injuries. (NHTSA)
Younger, less experienced drivers under 20 have the highest proportion of distraction related fatal
crashes. (NHTSA)
Drivers who use hand-held devices are four times as likely to get into crashes serious enough to
injure themselves. (Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)
Using a cell phone while driving, whether its hand-held or hands-free, impairs a driver's reaction
time as much as having a blood alcohol concentration at the legal limit of .08 percent. (Source:
University of Utah)

Did you know?

New technology may help curb phone use while driving
A potential approach to control manage cell phone use would be using technology to control how and
when motorists use their phones. Devices are in the works that would block phone use in moving
vehicles, but a problem is that such devices would block phoning and texting by passengers as well as
drivers. To get around this some systems include a passenger mode, but it is unclear whether drivers
can be prevented from activating it to circumvent the whole purpose of the devices.
The main customers for such technology may be fleet managers seeking to control phone use by
employees or parents who want to ensure their teenagers are not using cellphones while driving.
However, phone blockers of any sort are not yet in widespread use, and their real- world effects are not
known.

10 tips for managing driver distractions

Here are 10 tips for managing some of the most common distractions.
Turn it off. Turn your phone off or switch to silent mode before you get in the car.
Spread the word. Set up a special message to tell callers that you are driving and youll get back to
them as soon as possible, or sign up for a service that offers this.
Pull over. If you need to make a call, pull over to a safe area first.
Use your passengers. Ask a passenger to make the call for you.
X the Text. Dont ever text and drive, surf the web or read your email while driving. It is dangerous
and against the law in most states.
Know the law. Familiarize yourself with state and local laws before you get in the car. Some states
and localities prohibit the use of hand held cell phones.
Prepare. Review maps and directions before you start to drive. If you need help when you are on the
road, ask a passenger to help or pull over to a safe location to review the map/directions again.
Secure your pets. Pets can be a big distraction in the car. Always secure your pets properly before
you start to drive.
Keep the kids safe. Pull over to a safe location to address situations with your children in the car.
Focus on the task at hand. Refrain from smoking, eating, drinking, reading and any other activity that
takes your mind and eyes off the road.
Watch the Faces of Distracted Driving Video
Source: Distractions.gov
X. The vehicle

A vehicle is a device by which any person or property may be propelled, moved, or carried upon a
highway, excepting a device moved exclusively by human power or used exclusively upon stationary

rails or tracks.
Use and maintenance of required safety equipment
Cars have various systems. Some allow you to control the motion of the car, check its condition, and
communicate your path of travel to other drivers. Other systems provide for the safety and comfort of
the passengers, and yet others protect against theft of the vehicle.
Safety system

Bumpers
A bumper is a shield made of steel, aluminum, rubber, or plastic that is mounted on the front and rear of
passenger cars. When a low speed collision occurs, the bumper system absorbs the shock to prevent or
reduce damage to the car. Some bumpers use energy absorbers or brackets, and others are made with a
foam cushioning material.
What is the purpose of bumpers?
The car bumper is designed to prevent or reduce physical damage to the front and rear of passenger
motor vehicles in low-speed collisions. Automobile bumpers are not typically designed to be structural
components that would significantly contribute to vehicle crashworthiness or occupant protection
during front or rear collisions. It is not a safety feature intended to prevent or mitigate injury severity to
occupants in passenger cars. Bumpers are designed to protect the hood, trunk, grille, fuel, exhaust and
cooling system, as well as safety-related equipment such as parking lights, headlamps and taillights in
low speed collisions.
Description: CARS-PickupTruckHighUp-L.jpg
Safety belts

Safety belts or seat belts are restraining devices designed to secure the vehicle occupant against
harmful movement that may result from a collision or a sudden stop. As part of an overall occupant
restraint system, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting the hard
interior elements of the vehicle or other passengers. They are also intended to reduce injuries by
preventing the wearer from being thrown from the vehicle.

Lap belts: Adjustable strap that goes over the hips, used frequently in older cars now uncommon except
in some rear middle seats.
Description: click it or ticket.jpg
Safety Belt Myths and Facts
MYTH: Belts are uncomfortable or inconvenient.
FACT: People may initially find safety belts uncomfortable, confining, or inconvenient simply because
they're not used to wearing them. Those people who have made wearing safety belts a habit can testify
that once their use becomes a habit, there is no discomfort or inconvenience. It can't be overemphasized
that the serious discomfort and inconvenience of motor vehicle crash injury in no way compares to the
minor discomfort or inconvenience that you may feel while wearing a safety belt the first few times.
MYTH: The belts in my car don't work because my passengers and I have a lot of freedom of
movement when wearing them.
FACT: It's important that everyone realizes that newer shoulder belts are made so that you can move
comfortably but that they will lock up in sudden stops or crashes. Many people mistake this freedom of
movement as a broken mechanism. Newer shoulder belts are designed to lock up only when the car
changes speed or direction suddenly, not when the occupant changes position.
MYTH: Drivers in air bag-equipped vehicles don't need to wear safety belts.
FACT: Air bags provide supplemental protection in frontal crashes, but motorists can slide under them
if they are not wearing seat belts. In addition, air bags will not help in a rollover or side or rear impact
crash. Motorists should wear seat belts so that they will be protected in all types of crashes.
MYTH: People shouldnt wear seat belts because they could become trapped in a fire or underwater in
case of an accident.
FACT: Crashes involving fire or water happen in only .5 percent of all crashes. However, when crashes
involving fire or water do occur, the best chance of survival rests in remaining conscious, uninjured,
and alert. The impact that precedes the fire or submersion in water poses the greatest danger to
passengers. If you're not wearing a safety belt, it's very likely that you will be knocked unconscious or
severely injured. If you're belted, it's very likely that you will be able to unbuckle yourself and get out
of a potential fire or submerged car situation.
MYTH: It is safer to be thrown clear in a crash than to be belted in to your car.
FACT: Being thrown safely clear in a crash is almost impossible. When you're thrown, you may be
thrown through the windshield, scraped along the pavement, or even crushed by your own vehicle or
another one. The idea of being thrown from a car and gently landing in a grassy area beside the road is
pure fantasy. Your best bet in a crash is to stay inside the vehicle, securely held by your safety belt.
MYTH: Belts can hurt you in a crash.
FACT: Properly worn safety belts seldom cause injuries. If they do, the injuries are usually surface
bruises and are generally less severe than would have been the case without any belt. Without safety
belts, passengers would probably have been thrown out of the vehicle and been injured severely. It is
true that sometimes the force of a crash is so great that nothing could have prevented injuries. However,
studies have consistently shown that injuries in the most serious crashes would have been much worse

had safety belts not been worn.

MYTH: I dont need to wear a seat belt because I'm not going far and I won't be going fast.
FACT: This is what many people living in rural areas say when asked why they do not wear safety
belts. It's important to remember that most crash deaths occur within 25 miles of home and at speeds of
less than 40 miles per hour. This emphasizes that everyday driving from just one neighbor's home to
another, to school, to the store, or just from one farm to another poses the greatest danger.
MYTH: The chance that I'll have an accident is very small. Those things only happen to other people.
FACT: This is a common attitude. It's comfortable to think that accidents only happen to other people.
However, one out of three people will be seriously injured in a car crash sometime during their lives.
This is a significant risk. We never know when or how it will occur. The answer: buckle up every time
and on every trip.
MYTH: I'm a good driver, it won't happen to me.
FACT: You may be a good driver but you cannot control the actions of other drivers on the road. The
statistics related to motor vehicle crashes and drunk drivers are devastating. Even if you are driving
defensively, a drunk driver coming around the next curve may not be. Again, you never know what
might happen. Play it safe. Buckle up every time and on every trip.
Safety Belt Use and Car Crashes
More than 2.3 million adult drivers and passengers were treated in emergency departments as the
result of being injured in motor vehicle crashes in 2009. (Source: CDC)
The lifetime costs of crash-related deaths and injuries among drivers and passengers were $70
billion in 2005. (Source: CDC)
Young adults (18-24) have the highest crash-related injury rates of all adults. (Source: CDC)
85 percent of all crashes occur within 25 miles of home.
58 percent of fatal and injury crashes occur on roads with posted speed limits of 40 miles per hour or
less.
Motor vehicle crashes cost society more than $150.5 billion each year. These costs not only include
health care costs, but also insurance and legal costs, lost productivity, costs to employers, and other
costs.
If safety belt use increased from the current 68 percent to 100 percent, the nation would save $13.2
billion annually. (Source: NTHSA)
Safety belt maintenance
The material that safety belts are made from wears out over time. It can also get damaged in a number
of ways. A damaged or worn-out safety belt might break, or stretch too much in a crash. Either way, it
may not protect you. Common signs of damage or wear are:
Fading, from UV light
Fraying, from rubbing on fittings
A cut in the material

The belt is no longer flexible or supple

The fittings on the safety belt can also become damaged. Replace the safety belt if its material or
fittings get damaged.
Usually, when front seat safety belts fail warrant of fitness or certificate of fitness inspections, they
have to be replaced with more modern webbing 'clamp' safety belts. Webbing 'clamp' safety belts hold
drivers and passengers more firmly in place in a crash with a mechanism that clamps onto the belt
material to prevent slippage. The locking mechanism on older-style retractor belts can allow the belt to
slip in a crash, increasing the likelihood that hitting the steering wheel or dashboard will injure vehicle
occupants.
Description: safety belt.jpg

Seatbelts minimize the effects of vehicle crashes on the human body. In most crashes, there are two
collisions. The first involves the vehicle striking an object, then buckling and bending until it comes to
a stop. The second, the "human collision," is more costly and damaging. When the body strikes a hard
surface, it comes to a stop within a very short distance. Because the hard surface has little give, the
human body must absorb most of the force of the impact. Properly adjusted and fastened seatbelts
distribute the forces of the rapidly decelerating body over a larger area, while stretching to absorb some
of the force. In addition, belts hold the body in place while the car crushes and slows down.
Child Restraint System: Any device, designed for use in a motor vehicle or aircraft to restrain a child.
Add-on Child Restraint System: Any portable child restraint system.
Backless Child Restraint System: A child restraint other than a belt-positioning seat, that consists of a
seating platform that does not extend upward to provide a cushion for the childs back or head and that
has a structural element designed to restrain forward motion of the childs torso in a front impact crash.
Belt-Positioning Seat: A child restraint system that improves the positions of the child on the vehicle
seat and that lacks any component, such as a belt system or structural element, designed to restrain
forward movement of the childs torso in a front impact crash.
Booster Seat: Either a backless child restraint system or a belt positioning seats.
Built-in Child Restraint System: A child restraint system that is designed to be an integral part of, and
permanently installed in, a motor vehicle.

Rear-Facing Child Restraint System: A child restraint (other than a car bed) that positions the child to
face in the direction opposite to the normal travel of the motor vehicle. (Source: federal motor vehicle
safety standards)
safetyseats-5
Compensate for restricted vision: An intersection is considered blind if there are no stop signs at any
corner and you cannot see clearly for a distance of 100 feet in either direction before crossing. Trees,
bushes, buildings, or parked cars at intersections can block your view to the side. If your view is
blocked, edge forward slowly until you can see.
A child who is under the age of eight years and who is less than 4 feet 9 inches tall, may ride in the
front seat of a vehicle only in the following instances:
There is no rear seat or the rear seats are either side-facing jump seats or rear-facing seats.
The child passenger restraint system cannot be properly installed in the rear seat.
All rear seats are already occupied by children seven years of age or under
A medical reason requires the child to ride in the front seat. A child may not ride in the front seat of
an airbag-equipped vehicle if the child:
Islessthanoneyearofage.
Weighslessthan20lbs.
Is riding in a rear-facing child passenger restraint system.
Children eight years of age and older, but under 16 years must be properly secured with an appropriate safety belt.
Children under eight years of age, who are less than 4 feet 9 inches tall must be properly secured in
an ap- propriate child passenger restraint system that meets federal safety standards. However, children
un- der eight years of age, who are 4 feet 9 inches tall or taller may be secured with an appropriate
safety belt instead of a child passenger re- straint system.
Source: California Driver Handbook
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Airbags
An airbag is a gas-filled cushion that inflates very rapidly out of the steering wheel hub or the
dashboard in a frontal crash. It's designed to reduce injuries by preventing your head from hitting the
steering wheel, the top of the windscreen, or the dashboard.

Airbags are available for the driver and front seat passenger. Some cars also have airbags mounted
on the seats or in the doors, to protect you in a side impact.
https://www.ampmtrafficschool.com/images/airbag.gif
Air bags Facts
Air bags save lives. In 2010, the use of frontal air bags in passenger vehicles saved an estimated
2,306 lives. (NHTSA Report published Feb 2012)
Driver-Side Air Bags
Driver-side air bags reduce the overall fatality risk of car drivers by a statistically significant 11
percent. In other words, a fleet of cars equipped with driver-side air bags will have 11 percent fewer
driver fatalities than the same cars would have if they did not have driver-side air bags. Still, air bags
can be dangerous to short-stature adults sitting too close to the air bag module, especially when
unbuckled.
Passenger-Side Air Bags
Air bags can be dangerous to children 12 and under. Passenger-side air bags inflate at speeds up to
140 miles per hour (mph) -- faster than the blink of an eye. That blast of energy can severely hurt or kill
children 12 and under who are too close to the air bag during inflation. If a child is unbelted, too small
for the lap and shoulder belt to fit properly, or incorrectly restrained or positioned in a child safety seat,
there is a danger that the child will be too close to the dashboard during the instant that the air bag
inflates. This could result in serious injury or death. Pre-crash braking and steering are the usual
reasons that they move too close to the dashboard. This turns a minor 10 mph crash into a 140 mph
head impact with the air bag.
Door locks
Doors should be locked while you are driving. A locked door is less likely to open in the event of a
collision. Also, it will not be accidently opened by a car occupant while the car is in motion.
Comfort system
Comfort system devices make driving more comfortable and pleasant. They can help reduce
tiredness and thus help you to drive more efficiently.

These systems are of two types. The first type includes devices that reduce muscle strain, such as the
seat adjustment and cruise control.
The second type can be considered climate-control devices, such as the heater, air conditioner, and
the air vents.
Gear Selector Lever: In a vehicle with an automatic transmission, the gear selector lever is located
either on the steering column or on a console located between the front seats. In a vehicle with a
manual transmission, the shifting lever is located on the center console, on the floor to the right of the
driver, or, in older vehicles, on the right side of the steering column.
Ignition switch
In general, the ignition switch has five positions. They are on, start, off, lock, and accessory.
On position: Turns on electrical system, the ignition system, and the information gauges. You can
read the gauges without starting the engine. When you turn the ignition key to start, you engage a
motor that starts the engine.
Off position: The engine stops, but you cannot remove the key from the switch.
Lock position: Locks the steering wheel, the ignition switch, and the automatic transmission. It also
makes it possible to remove the key.
Accessory position: Lets you turn on the electrical equipment, such as the radio, without starting the
engine.
Vehicle-Check System
In this system, lights and gauges on the dashboard allow the driver to check certain conditions of the
car while it is running
Speedometer and Odometer
The speedometer shows, in miles per hour, how fast the car is moving. As you drive, glance at the
speedometer from time to time to check how fast you are going. The odometer shows the total number
of miles that the car has been driven since the time it was purchased.
Description: odometer.gif

Temperature gauge or warning light

This device is a gauge or light that shows whether the engine is running at the right temperature. A
hot engine may be either the cause or the result of fluid leaking from the cooling system. Overheating
can lead to serious engine damage.
Oil pressure gauge or warning light
Either device shows the pressure at which the oil is being pumped to the moving of the engine. The
gauge or light does not show how much oil there is in the engine, but rather the operating pressure.
When the light is on, the pressure is low. If the oil pressure light comes on or the gauge drops, stop the
car as soon as you can.
Fuel gauge: This gauge shows the approximate amount of gasoline in the fuel tank.
Visibility System
These are devices that help the driver see as much as possible, no matter what the weather is or the
time of day. These devices include:
Headlights: You must use headlights at night, during bad weather and during any poor visibility
conditions. They also make you visible to other cars and pedestrians. Headlights can be changed from
low to high. High beam should be used with care and shouldnt be used when the car in front of you is
close (within 500 feet), when a car is passing you and when a car is approaching you from the opposite
direction. You have to use the lower beam when you follow another vehicle within 300 feet to the rear.
Daytime Running Lights (DRL)
This feature turns on the headlights when a vehicle is being driven. Daytime running lights increase
the ability of oncoming drivers to see your vehicle. This feature may not include taillights or other
exterior lights, so remember to turn on your headlights at dusk.
Low beam use: When driving in cities and towns, except on streets where there is no lighting. Switch
to low beams whenever you meet oncoming traffic to avoid blinding the other driver. When following a
vehicle, use low beams whenever you are within 300 feet of the vehicle ahead.

High-beam use: Use high beam on highways when no other vehicle is approaching within 500 feet.
If the high beams of an oncoming car are not dimmed, avoid looking directly at the bright lights.
Glance toward the side of the road, and then look quickly ahead to determine the other vehicles
position. Keep doing this until you have passed the other vehicle. Even though the other driver does not
dim his headlights, do not retaliate by turning on your high-beam headlights. Headlight lenses must be
kept clean and aligned for maximum performance.
Parking Brake Light
This light flashes if the engine is turned on while the parking brake is set. This is to remind the driver
to release the brake before trying to move the car. Not all cars have such a light. Late model cars also
have a light that shows when the fluid in the brake system is low.
Parking lights: these lights should be used only when your car is parked. They make your car more
visible and they are not used to light the road.
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Mirrors
Per California Vehicle Code 26709 all motor vehicles must be equipped with at least two mirrors,
providing a clear rear view of the road for at least 200 ft. There must be a mirror on the left-hand side.
Vehicles such as vans, buses, trucks, campers, cars pulling trailers and other vehicles must have outside
mirrors on the right and left sides.
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Windows and windshields: Clear vision is required to the front, rear and both sides. It is unlawful to
drive a motor vehicle with a windshield that is so cracked or covered with steam or frost that clear
vision is prevented. No tinting material may be affixed to the windshield of any motor vehicle.
Standards for the other windows depend on the vehicle as follows:
Passenger Car. No material, which transmits less than 35 percent of visible light, may be attached to
any window.
Windshield wipers
Wiper washer: these are used in combination with the spray nozzles to clean the windshield.
Sun visors: they can be moved to keep most of the suns glare from the drivers eyes but they
shouldnt be set to block the view.
Defroster: it clears the moisture or frost from the inside of the front and rear windows. It also melts
ice or frost that may gather on the outside of the glass.

Interior dome light: This light goes on when either of the front doors is opened.
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Communication systems
These devices let other drivers know where you are and where you intend to go. They include:
Horn: this is a warning device used to tell other on the road that there may be danger. The
unnecessary use of the horn is against the law. There is only one reason to use your horn: to warn other
drivers. Your horn should not be used as a display of anger or frustration.
Directional or lane change signals: directional (turn) signals tell other drivers that you plan to turn or
move to the right or left.
Warning flasher: also called hazard flashers, tell other drivers that a vehicle on or off the road ahead
has either stopped or is moving very slowly.
Tail light assembly: this unit contains several lights: rear brake lights that go on when you press the
brake pedal, red taillights that go on when you turn on your parking lights or headlights, and white
backup lights that go on when you shift to reverse.
Rear license plate lights: this light goes on when you turn on your parking lights or headlights. Its
purpose is to aid in identifying vehicles.
Side marker lights: these lights go on with the headlights. They help drivers see your car when you
are crossing the street.
Control system
Control system devices are used to start the car, to control its speed and direction, and to bring it to a
stop.
Steering wheel
Modern vehicles require very little steering to turn. Look at the steering wheel as a clock face and
place your hands at 9 oclock and 3 oclock or slightly lower at 8 and 4. These are the desired hand
positions that reduce the possibility of turning the wheel too sharply. To reduce forearm and hand
injuries, hands should be placed on the lower half of the steering wheel, with knuckles on the outside
and thumbs stretched along the rim of the steering wheel.
1

10 and 2

9 and 3

Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

Electronic Stability Control (ESC), offered under various trade names, is designed to assist drivers in
maintaining control of their vehicles during extreme steering maneuvers. It is designed to reduce the
occurrence of crashes in which vehicles run off the road or otherwise go out of control. ESC senses
when a vehicle is starting to spin out (over steer) or plow out (under steer). When this occurs, it turns
the vehicle to the appropriate heading by automatically applying the brake to one or more of the
wheels. However, ESC cannot keep a vehicle on the road if the vehicles speed is simply too great for
conditions.
Brakes
All passenger vehicles have at least two brake systems, a hydraulic and mechanical parking brake.
The hydraulic brake brings the moving vehicle to a stop. The parking brake keeps the vehicle from
moving after it has been stopped.
Braking and Stopping: The time it takes you to react, think, and apply the brakes is called reaction
time. On average, it takes about three-quarters of a second for you to react to a situation and step on the
brake pedal. This time can also be measured in feet traveled, or reaction distance.
Two factors determine the distance that it takes to stop your moving vehicle:
Reaction distance: The distance your vehicle travels between the time you recognize a problem and
the time you apply the brake.
Braking distance: The distance your car travels after you apply the brakes and before the car stops.
Description: stopping distance.jpg
For example, at 50 mph, your vehicle would travel another 55 feet along the pavement in the threequarters of a second it would take you to react. Once you apply the brakes, it may take you another 160
feet or more to come to a complete stop. This would be your average braking distance on dry, level,
unobstructed pavement. Your total stopping distance would be about 215 feet (55 feet + 160 feet). If
roadway conditions were anything other than clear and dry, your stopping distance would be greater.
Assuming your brakes and tires are functioning properly and the roadway is dry and level, remember
these facts:
If you are traveling at 60 mph it takes an average of 292 feet (almost a whole football field) to react
to a hazard, step on the brake, and come safely to a stop.
At just 30 mph, your total stopping distance might be 104 feet. These figures are presented for
educational purposes only, to illustrate that motor vehicles have a great deal of momentum when in
motion and require much more distance to stop safely than you imagine. Your actual stopping distances
will vary widely with road, weather, and vehicle conditions.

Follow some useful braking tips:

Warn pedestrians, cyclists, or other drivers of possible trouble. Brake early and gently when
preparing to stop or turn.
Do not let your footrest slightly on the brake pedal while driving. (This is called riding your
brakes.)
If your vehicle has antilock brakes, never pump the brakes.
Always slow down when approaching a curve or an area of road where you cannot see clearly
ahead.
Anti-Lock Brake Systems
Braking with Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS): Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) is designed to
prevent your wheels from locking up when braking. Whenever the vehicles computer detects that one
or more wheels are locking, ABS begins to pump the brakes for the driver at a much faster rate than the
driver ever could to avoid locking. When the ABS engages, you will hear a rumble from the brakes and
the brake pedal will vibrate under your foot. All the driver has to do is press down hard on the brake
pedal, hold it, and steer the vehicle in the direction that he wants it to go. The ABS computer is
controlling which wheel is braking in order to prevent a skid.
Tires
Understanding Tire Pressure and Load Limits
Driving with a flat tire can be very dangerous and has many different effects on your vehicle, such
as, lower gas mileage, wearing on the tire, and effecting how your vehicle turns. Tire inflation pressure
is the level of air in the tire that provides it with load-carrying capacity and affects the overall
performance of the vehicle. The tire inflation pressure is a number that indicates the amount of air
pressure measured in pounds per square inch (psi)a tire requires to be properly inflated. (You will
also find this number on the vehicle information placard expressed in kilopascals (kappa), which is the
metric measure used internationally).
Manufacturers of passenger vehicles and light trucks determine this number based on the vehicle's
design load limit, that is, the greatest amount of weight a vehicle can safely carry and the vehicle's tire
size. The proper tire pressure for your vehicle is referred to as the "recommended cold inflation
pressure."
Remember, the correct pressure for your tire is what the vehicle manufacturer has listed on the
placard, NOT what is listed on the tire itself.
Because tires are designed to be used on more than one type of vehicle, tire manufacturers list the
"maximum permissible inflation pressure" on the tire sidewall. This number is the greatest amount of
air pressure that should ever be put in the tire under normal driving conditions.

Steps for Maintaining Proper Tire Pressure

Description: tire pressure gaugesStep 1: Locate the recommended tire pressure on the vehicle's tire
information placard, certification label, or in the owner's manual.
Step 2: Check the tire pressure of all tires.
Step 3: If the tire pressure is too high in any of the tires, slowly release air by gently pressing on
the tire valve stem with the edge of your tire gauge until you get to the correct pressure.
Step 4: If the tire pressure is too low, note the difference between the measured tire pressure and
the correct tire pressure. These "missing" pounds of pressure are what you will need to add. At a
service station, add the missing pounds of air pressure to each tire that is underinflated.
Step 5: Check all the tires to make sure they have the same air pressure (except in cases in which
the front and rear tires are supposed to have different amounts of pressure).

Tire Ratings - Traction

Traction grades are an indication of a tire's ability to stop on wet pavement. A higher graded tire
should allow a car to stop on wet roads in a shorter distance than a tire with a lower grade. Traction is
graded from highest to lowest as "AA", "A", "B", and "C".
Of current tires:
3% are rated AA
75% are rated A
22% are rated B
Only 1 line of tires rated C
Description: diagram of tire showing traction designation
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
The Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) uses a dashboard warning light to alert the driver
when one or more of a vehicles tires is significantly underinflated a leading cause of tire failure. A
tire is considered significantly underinflated when its pressure is 25 percent below the vehicle
manufacturers recommended tire inflation pressure.
Vehicle maintenance
The only efficient, safe vehicle is one that is properly maintained. Brakes exhaust systems, cooling
systems, lights, windshield wipers, and tires become worn and defective and need maintenance from
time to time. If not properly maintained, any one of these items could be the cause of a serious
accident. As a safety measure, it is advisable to have your car checked. In this way, defective
equipment will be repaired.
EMERGENCY KIT FOR YOUR CAR
The delay and frustration from a roadside breakdown can be reduced if youre prepared for roadside

emergencies. Carry these items in your car to be prepared for an emergency and for helping other
drivers along the road.
Flashlight with good batteries
Jumper cables
Inflated spare tire and tire jack
Heavy-duty lug wrench
Oil for loosening lug nuts
Windshield sunscreen
Rags or sign with send help on it
Change for pay phones or a prepaid phone card
Local maps and a road atlas
Tarp
Water
Tire gauge and screwdriver set
Blanket
First-aid kit
Adjustable crescent wrench
Bungee cord or strong rope
Emergency flares
Candles and matches

XI. The Road

Millions of miles of highways, roads, and streets stretch throughout the United States and carry
millions of vehicles and passengers. Without this network, the United States would be an entirely
different place. To help drivers there are signs, signals and markings that give information about
driving regulations and potential hazards. They can tell the driver about environmental factors that
could be hazardous. The signs can point out curves, bumps, breaks in the pavement, or other conditions
that will limit a cars traction or a drivers visibility.

A. Rules of the road

1. Use of lanes
a. Bike lane: bike lanes are defined as "a portion of the roadway which has been designated by striping,
signing and pavement marking for the preferential or exclusive use by bicyclists. Bicycle lanes make
the movements of both motorists and bicyclists more predictable and, as with other bicycle facilities,
there are advantages to all road users in striping them on the roadway.

b. Ending turns

Turning
Right Turns
When approaching an intersection or driveway that requires a right-hand turn, move as close to the
right curb or right edge of the road as possible.
General Procedure
1. Decide to make your right turn well in advance of the turn. Signal, check your rear gate and check
your blind spot. When safe, move as close to the right as possible.
2. Check for traffic, pedestrians and other real or potential hazards in or near the intersection. A basic
left, straight ahead, right, left sweeping pattern will be sufficient.
3. Slow down (and shift to a lower gear if you are in a manual transmission vehicle).
4. Check again for real or potential hazards.
5. If there are no potential hazards, complete your right turn into the first available driving lane.
It is the drivers responsibility to move as close to the right curb, or right edge of the road, as possible.
When a vehicle is parked in the lane closest to the right curb and near the intersection, the driver must
move into that lane at the first opportunity before turning. Drivers may not make turns from the main
driving lane.
;
Wrong

Right

Left Turns
Left turns are more dangerous than right turns because you have to cross traffic coming from at least
two directions. This means that your searching pattern is very important and you should continue to
search as you cross the intersection. When making a left turn, you must approach the intersection and
complete the turn in the left-most lane available for your direction of travel.
General Procedure
1. Well in advance, decide to make your left turn, signal and check your rear gate and blind spot to see
if there is a vehicle close to you. Move safely into the left side of the left lane.
2. Check for traffic, pedestrians and any other real or potential hazards that may be in or near the
intersection. Use the basic left, straight ahead, right, left sweeping pattern.
3. Slow down (and shift to a lower gear if you are driving a manual transmission vehicle).
4. Check again for real or potential hazards. Make sure you identify oncoming traffic.
5. If there are no potential hazards, complete your left turn into the first available driving lane.

A left turn from a one-way street to a two-way street should be made from a point as close as possible
to the left edge of the roadway. Enter the two-way street into the lane immediately to the right of the
center line.

For a left turn from a one-way street to a one-way street, start the turn from the left edge of the roadway
and complete the turn in the extreme left driving lane. When a vehicle is parked in a lane closest to the
left curb and near the intersection, the driver must move into that lane at the first opportunity before
turning.

For a left turn from a two-way street to a one-way street, turn from the lane next to the center line and
enter the one-way street into the first available driving lane.

TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES (See image below)

These lanes are used in many communities, especially larger centers, to improve traffic flow and to
allow for easier access to properties in mid-block. The diagram indicates the correct turning procedure.
Here are some other points to keep in mind when using two-way left-turn lanes:
Enter the two-way left turning lane only at the point adjacent to the property you want to access.
Left turns from either direction may be made from the two-way left turning lane.
These lanes also allow for left turns from a driveway.
The center turning lanes may not be used as a passing lane or as a driving lane.
Where a center turning lane is provided, you may not make a left turn from any other lane.
CVC 21460.5 states this lane is identified by road markings that are parallel double yellow lines,
interior line dashed and exterior line solid on each side of the lane. This is not a passing lane; it is
illegal to drive in this lane unless you are going to make a left hand turn. When making a left hand turn,
by law you may not drive more than 200ft in preparation for making a turn or while preparing to merge
into the adjacent lanes of travel. U-turns are not allowed in this lane, unless otherwise permitted by law.

Special lanes
HOV lane and Carpool lane
HOV stands for High Occupancy Vehicles and indicates lanes reserved for vehicles with more
than one person in them. Signs say how many people must be in the vehicle, as well as the days and
hours to which it applies. For example, HOV 3 means there must be at least three people in the
vehicle.
Some freeways have special lanes and on-ramps for carpools. You may use a CARPOOL lane if your
vehicle carries a minimum of 2 or 3 people, including the driver, or you drive a low-emission vehicle
that displays a special decal issued by DMV (the passenger restriction does not apply). Signs at the onramp or along the freeway tell you the size of the carpool (number of people) needed to use that lane
and the days and hours that the requirement applies. The pavement of these lanes is marked with the
diamond symbol and the words CARPOOL LANE. Do not cross over the double parallel solid lines to
enter or exit any carpool lane except at designated entry or exit places.
Some freeways may have a special lane for buses only, or buses and carpools. This lane is also marked
by the diamond symbol. Unless otherwise posted, motorcycle riders may use designated carpool lanes.

Curves

The techniques for driving around curves and corners are basically the same. In a curve or corner, the
vehicle will want to go straight ahead while you want to turn. If you are going too fast, or if the road is
slippery, the vehicle will win and you will not get around the corner or curve. The most important part
of driving a curve or corner is to slow down before you get to it. To drive around a sharp curve or
corner, follow this procedure.
1. Slow down. Take your foot off the accelerator and, if necessary, brake. It is important to brake in a
straight line.
2. In a manual transmission vehicle, shift to a lower gear so that you have enough power to accelerate
through the curve or corner.
3. Use your accelerator gently until you reach the mid-point of the curve, pushing down on the
accelerator if you want the vehicle to go to the outside of the curve. Ease up on the accelerator if you

want the vehicle to go to the inside of the curve or corner.

4. Once you reach the mid-point of the curve, unwind the steering wheel and accelerate out of the
curve.
Reversible Lanes

Reserved lanes are marked by signs stating that the lane is reserved for special use. These lanes often
have a white diamond posted at the side of the road or painted on the road surface.
Transit or bus means the lane is for bus use only.
Bicycle means the lane is reserved for bicycles.

Motorcycles:
There are over 4 million motorcycles registered in the United States. The popularity of this mode of
transportation is attributed to the low initial cost of a motorcycle, its use as a pleasure vehicle and, for
some models, the good fuel efficiency. Motorcycle fatalities represent approximately five percent of all
highway fatalities each year, yet motorcycles represent just two percent of all registered vehicles in the
United States. One of the main reasons motorcyclists are killed in crashes is because the motorcycle
itself provides virtually no protection in a crash. For example, approximately 80 percent of reported
motorcycle crashes result in injury or death; a comparable figure for automobiles is about 20 percent.
An automobile has more weight and bulk than a motorcycle. It has door beams and a roof to provide
some measure of protection from impact or rollover. It has cushioning and airbags to soften impact and
safety belts to hold passengers in their seats. It has windshield washers and wipers to assist visibility in
the rain and snow. An automobile has more stability because it's on four wheels, and because of its size,
it is easier to see. A motorcycle suffers in comparison when considering vehicle characteristics that
directly contribute to occupant safety. What a motorcycle sacrifices in weight, bulk, and other
crashworthiness characteristics is somewhat offset by its agility, maneuverability, ability to stop
quickly, and ability to swerve quickly when necessary (Source NHTSA).

Motorcycles are vehicles with the same rights and privileges as any vehicle on the roadway. Here are
tips on how to share the road with them.
Allow the motorcyclist a full lane width. Although it may seem as though there is enough room

in the traffic lane for an automobile and a motorcycle, remember the motorcycle needs the room
to maneuver safely. Do not share the lane.
Approximately one-half of all motorcycle crashes involve another motor vehicle. Nearly 40
percent were caused by the other vehicle turning left in front of the motorcyclist.
Motorcycles are small and may be difficult to see. Motorcycles have a much smaller profile
than vehicles, which can make it more difficult to judge the speed and distance of an
approaching motorcycle.
Always signal your intentions before changing lanes or merging with traffic. This allows the
motorcyclist to anticipate traffic flow and find a safe lane position.
Remember that motorcyclists are often hidden in a vehicles blind spot or missed in a quick look
due to their smaller size. Always make a visual check for motorcycles by checking mirrors and
blind spots before entering or leaving a lane of traffic and at intersections.
Dont be fooled by a flashing turn signal on a motorcycle motorcycle signals usually are not
self-cancelling and riders sometimes forget to turn them off. Wait to be sure the motorcycle is
going to turn before you proceed.
Remember that road conditions which are minor annoyances to you pose major hazards to
motorcyclists. Motorcyclists may change speed or adjust their position within a lane suddenly in
reaction to road and traffic conditions such as potholes, gravel, wet or slippery surfaces,
pavement seams, railroad crossings, and grooved pavement.

Passing a motorcycle
Avoid passing other vehicles, including motorcycles and bicycles, on two-lane roads; it is dangerous.
Every time you pass, you increase your chances of having a collision. However, when you pass a
bicyclist, be patient. Slow down and pass him/her only when it is safe. Do not squeeze the bicyclist off
the road. (California drivers handbook)
Passing other vehicles
Safe passing maneuvers require well-developed skills and judgment. Passing tasks include checking
sight distance ahead, checking mirrors for rear traffic, checking for traffic passing you, estimating
speed and position of approaching vehicles; estimating time you need to safely pass, accelerating,
steering, checking for traffic entering from side roads, etc. Because the driver must perform several
tasks in a short time during passing, the chance of an error is high, unless the maneuver is done
cautiously. Because it sometimes takes a long time before an opportunity to pass safely arises, some
drivers take risks and assume other drivers will compensate for their own aggressiveness.

Edge and Lane Lines

Solid lines along the side of the road tell you where its edge is - where the travel lane ends and the
road's shoulder begins. It is illegal to drive across the edge line, except when directed to do so by a
police officer or other authorized official, mechanical failure or passenger illness.

The term edge line is taken from the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets
and Highways (FHWAs MUTCD 2003 Edition including Revisions 1 and 2, as amended for use in
California)

Lines separating lanes of traffic moving in the

same direction are white. Lines separating traffic
moving in opposite directions are yellow. There
may be two lines between lanes, and lines may be solid or broken.

Here is what some lane lines mean:

Single broken line: You may pass other vehicles
or change lanes if you can do so safely and not
interfere with traffic.
Solid line with broken line: If you're on the side
with the solid line, you may not pass other
vehicles or cross the line except to make a left
turn into a driveway. If you're on the side with
the broken line, you may pass if it is safe to do so
and your driving will not interfere with traffic.
Double solid lines: You may not pass or change
lanes. You may not cross the lines except when
turning left to enter or leave the highway
Single solid white line: You may pass other
vehicles or change lanes, but you should do so
only if obstructions in the road make it necessary
or traffic conditions require it.

Maintaining space margin

Cushion Ahead: Many drivers don't see as well as they should because they follow too closely, and the

vehicle ahead blocks their view of the road. Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can
see better. When you leave more space you can see the big picture.
Cushion to the Side: Keep a space cushion on each side of your car. Dont drive in another drivers
blind spot. The other driver may not see your car and could change lanes and hit you.
Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets,
stay out of the lane next to the center line, if you can. That way you will have more room to
avoid an oncoming car that suddenly swerves toward you.
Avoid driving alongside other cars on multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to
change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back.
If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the right-of-way.
At freeway exits, dont drive alongside other cars. A driver on the freeway may pull off
suddenly or a driver leaving the freeway may swerve back on.
Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from between them, a
car door may open, or a car may pull out suddenly.
Be careful when riding near bicycles. A bicycle rider could be seriously hurt in a collision.
Always leave plenty of room between your car and any bicycle. Watch carefully for bicycles
before turning.
Cushion Behind: Watch for tailgaters. If one is following you, be careful. Brake slowly before
stopping. Tap your brake lightly a few times to warn the tailgater before you slow down. Your
brake lights will flash. "Lose" the tailgater as soon as you can by changing lanes. If you can't
change lanes, slow down enough to encourage the tailgater to go around you. If this does not
work, pull off the road when it is safe and let the tailgater pass.

Avoid passing other vehicles, including motorcycles and bicycles, on two-lane roads. It is dangerous.
Every time you pass, you increase your chances of having a collision. Ask yourself if the risk is worth
the few minutes you will gain. Remember, whenever you pass another vehicle on a two-lane road you
must enter a lane that belongs to oncoming cars.
At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely.
When Passing on the Left is illegal?
No vehicle shall at any time be driven to the left side of the roadway under the following conditions:
When approaching the crest of a grade or upon a curve of the highway where the drivers view is
obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct, or
tunnel;
When approaching within 100 feet of or at any intersection or railroad grade crossing; or
When there is a solid yellow line.
When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any intersection.

Be patient when passing a bicyclist. Slow down and pass only when it is safe. Do not squeeze the
bicyclist off the road.
Looking to the sides: Any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path, you
should look to the sides to make sure no one is coming. Always look to the sides at intersections,
crosswalks, and railroad crossings.
Looking Behind: It is a good idea to check traffic behind you often. This way, you will know if cars are
tailgating or coming up behind you too fast. You may have time to get out of the way before being hit
from the rear. It is very important to check behind you before you change lanes, slow down quickly,
back up, or drive down a long or steep hill.
On long, steep downgrades, keep a look out for large vehicles which can gather speed very quickly.
Whenever you change lanes, check behind you to make sure you are not getting in the way of cars in
that lane.
Changing lanes includes: Changing from one lane to another, entering the freeway from an onramp,
entering the road from a curb or shoulder.
Before changing lanes, signal and always check traffic behind and beside you by:
Checkingall mirrors.
Glancingover your left or right shoulder to make sure the lane you want is clear.If you use only
your left or inside rearview mirrors when looking for cars,you may not see vehicles near the
rear of your car because of a "blindspot."
Alwayscheck traffic to the sides quickly. Do not take your eyes off the roadahead for more than
an instant. Check for other cars with their turnsignals on. Someone in another lane may plan to
move into the same spot youwant. The first indications of constructed roads date from about
4000 BCand consist of stone paved streets at Ur in modern-day Iraq.
When you must slow down suddenly, take a quick glance in your mirrors. You should also
check your mirrors when you are preparing to turn into a side road or driveway, and when you
are stopping to pull into a parking space.
Stop and Crosswalk Lines: At an intersection controlled by a STOP sign, YIELD sign or
traffic light, there may be a white stop line painted across the lane, and/or two parallel lines
painted across the road, forming a crosswalk. When required to stop because of a sign or light,
you must stop before reaching the stop line, if there is one, or the crosswalk. You need only stop
at a stop line or crosswalk if required to do so by a light, sign or traffic officer, but be careful to
look out for pedestrians at any crosswalk.

Arrows: Arrows show which lanes you must use. In this illustration, for example, you may turn
right only from the right lane. If you are going straight, you must use the left lane. You should
be in the proper lane before reaching the solid line which separates the lanes.
Diamond Symbol: This symbol is used to designate reserved lanes for buses, HOV's (High
Occupancy Vehicles) such as car-pools and van-pools, motorcycles, or other special vehicles.
You may not enter and use these lanes unless your vehicle complies with the occupancy or other
requirements of the accompanying regulatory signs for the times the special conditions are in
effect. When used to designate reserved lanes on city streets, sections of the solid white line
separating the diamond lanes from the regular lanes may be replaced by dashed white lines. In
these locations, non-HOV may enter the HOV lane if they make a right turn at the next
intersection. Bus lanes and HOV lanes are used to promote the most efficient use of limited
street and highway capacity by assuring that vehicles with the highest priority move the fastest.
Negotiating Downgrades: The main reason for loss of control on downgrades is brake failure,
and the main reason for this is the use of improper control techniques by the driver. The brake
system may be damaged or maladjusted and may not have sufficient capacity for downgrade
control. Primary countermeasures for preventing a runaway are: adequate driver skills; frequent
checks on brake operation; adequate
preventive maintenance

Passing on open road: Look ahead and behind to determine when it is safe to pass. If it is safe to pass,
signal to alert the drivers ahead and behind you of your intention so they can plan their moves
accordingly. Give a left turn signal so the driver behind you will know that you are about to pull out
and pass.
Passing on mountain road: To pass safely, you must be able to see at least one-third of a mile. Any time
your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an oncoming car just out of
sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve ahead is more than one-third of a mile away.
You MUST NOT drive on the left side of a roadway when coming to a curve or the top of a hill where
you can't see far enough ahead to be sure it is safe to pass.
Curves: you never know what is on the other side
of a steep hill or a sharp curve. When you come to
a hill or curve, slow down so you can stop for any
hazard. You must drive slowly enough to stop.
Any time your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume there is another vehicle ahead of
you. Only pass the vehicle if a hill or curve is at least one-third of a mile away, because you need at
least that much room to pass safely.
Do not drive on the left side of the road when coming to a curve or the top of a hill, because you cannot
see far enough ahead to know if it is safe to pass.(California drivers handbook)

Passing is considered unsafe and is prohibited by law in the following situations:

at intersections in cities and towns or at railroad crossings

at marked intersections in rural areas;
on any curve or hill where the driver cannot see at least 1/3 of a mile ahead
wherever there is a solid yellow line in the driver's lane
wherever there is a double solid yellow line
at intersections or crosswalks where a car has stopped to allow people to cross the street
wherever the driver cannot see that the road is clear of traffic far enough ahead to pass safely
Emergency Vehicles

You must yield the right-of-way to police, fire, ambulance, or any other emergency vehicles using a
siren or air horn, and a steady red light. Pull over to the right edge of the road, or as near to the right as
possible, when you see or hear an emergency vehicle approaching from any direction. If you are in an
intersection, drive through the intersection before you pull over. Remain stopped until the emergency
vehicle passes. Follow any instructions given over the emergency vehicle's loudspeaker. Emergency
vehicles may follow each other so proceed only when the way is clear. When approaching a stationary
emergency vehicle displaying flashing amber warning lights, you must:
Proceed with caution, if it is safe to do so, make a lane change into a lane not adjacent to the
stationary vehicle (if on a roadway having at least four lanes with not less than two lanes proceeding in
the same direction as the approaching vehicle); or
Proceed with due caution and reduce the speed of the vehicle, maintaining a safe speed for road
conditions, if changing lanes would be unsafe or impossible.
Dangerous passing situations:
1. Long line of cars ahead
2. The driver ahead of you intends to stop or turn
3. The oncoming car too close
4. The Car you're trying to pass is already traveling at or near the speed limit
5. You do not have a clear sight of the road ahead
6. The Maneuver cannot be completed before reaching a no passing zone
Right 0f way situations
a. Intersections: An intersection is any place where two or more roads meet or cross each other.
Intersections can be controlled or uncontrolled. Crashes occur most frequently at intersections, and they
are considered the most dangerous places on a street or highway. Fatal traffic crashes involving motor
vehicles occur at intersections. An intersection is any place where one line of roadway meets another.
Intersections include cross streets, side streets, alleys, freeway entrances, and any other location where
vehicles traveling on different highways or roads join each other.

Blind intersection: An intersection is considered blind if there are no stop signs at any corner and
you cannot see for 100 feet in either direction during the last 100 feet before crossing. Trees, bushes,
buildings, or parked cars at intersections can block your view to the side. If your view is blocked, edge
forward slowly until you can see. Before you enter an intersection, look to the left and right for
vehicles, pedestrians, or bicyclists. Look across the intersection before you start to move to make sure
the path is clear all the way through the intersection and you will not block it if you have to stop.
Right of way for vehicle:
At an intersection without STOP or YIELD signs, slow down and be ready to stop. Yield to
vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to the car which arrives first or
to the car on your right if it reaches the intersection at the same time as your car. At a "T"
intersection, vehicles on the through road have the right-of-way.
When there are STOP signs at all corners, stop first; then follow the above rules.
When you turn left, give the right-of-way to all vehicles on the same road coming from the
opposite direction close enough to be dangerous. Turn only when you can see that it is safe.
Look for motorcyclists and bicyclists. On divided highways, or highways with several lanes,
watch out for cars coming in any lane you must cross.
Whenever you have parked off the road, before you enter the road again, you must yield to
traffic.

Traffic Signal Blackout

If a power failure occurs and all signals are not working properly, treat the intersection the same as you
would if a stop sign were controlling the intersection.

Vehicles Stopped At Crosswalk

Whenever any vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk or at any unmarked crosswalk at an
intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway the driver of any other vehicle approaching
from the rear shall not overtake it and pass the stopped vehicle

Respecting the Pedestrian Right-Of-Way

Remember, at crosswalks, on sidewalks and near driveways, the driver shall always yield the right-ofway to the pedestrian. However, a pedestrian cannot stop a driver unnecessarily in a manner that causes
his vehicle to block a crosswalk or sidewalk. If you have the right-of-way and a pedestrian jaywalks in
front of you, or blocks your vehicle, let them pass and complete your traffic maneuver. Even if the
pedestrian is in the wrong, as a driver you should always yield the right-of-way to them.

Respecting the Bicyclist's Right-Of-Way

Bicyclists have the same rights to share the road with other drivers and are also entitled to use turn
lanes. Also, bicyclists should ride in the same direction as traffic and as far to the right as is safely
possible, but not so far that they may hit the curb.
Anti gridlock law
California vehicle code VC22526a states that you should not enter an intersection or marked crosswalk
unless there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection to accommodate your vehicle
without obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side.
School buses and red flashing lights
Stopped school buses and children crossing the street. Some school buses flash yellow lights when
preparing to stop to let children off the bus. The yellow flashing lights warn you to slow down and
prepare to stop. When the bus flashes red lights (located at the top front and back of the bus), you must
stop from either direction until the children are safely across the street and the lights stop flashing. The
law requires you remain stopped as long as the red lights are flashing. (VC22454). If you fail to stop,
you may be fined up to $1,000 and your driving privilege could be suspended for one year. If the
school bus is on the other side of a divided or multilane highway (two or more lanes in each direction),
you do not need to stop.

Adapt quickly if road narrows: width of the road can change due construction, potholes or parked
cars. Managing risk requires you take the right action to handle these possibilities.
Keep an escape route open: Sometimes no clear path is possible and there are only unattractive
options. Here are some suggestions:
1. Steer into something light, soft, or flimsy. Shrubs are better than trees.
2. Steer into something that can be moved rather than something stationary.
3. Steer into something stationary rather than something moving toward you.
4. If you must hit another car, steer toward one going in the same direction as you.
5. If you must leave the road, stay in control. Dont lock you brakes and skid off the road.
Entering a freeway: The key to entering a highway is to increase your speed in the acceleration lane
until it matches the speed of the vehicles already on the Highway.
You also need to plan how you will merge.
1. While on the entrance ramp, look at the freeway traffic and determine where you want to merge.
2. Build up your speed in the acceleration lane as quickly as you can.
3. Continue to check the spot where you want to merge.
4. Signal, make your final shoulder check and accelerate into the freeway lane. Merging at less than
freeway speeds can be dangerous.

NOTE: If you are driving a fully packed SUV, in comparison to a compact car, you should allow more
time to accelerate and enter the freeway. Keep in mind that a fully packed SUV also has a greater
stopping distance.
While on the Freeway: Provide a safe merge for other vehicles entering the freeway from access ramps
by either moving left to free the right lane or by adjusting your speed.
Exiting a highway: When you are leaving a highway, signal your intention, move into the deceleration
lane and slow down in the deceleration lane, not on the highway. Some deceleration lanes are shorter
than others, so watch your speed. When you exit a freeway, you are likely to underestimate your speed
when you slow down.

U-Turns
A U-turn is when you turn your vehicle around at an intersection to travel in the opposite direction.
Before making a U-turn, check:
that there are no signs prohibiting U-turns
that you have adequate sight distance so you have time to finish the turn before encountering
oncoming traffic
that you have enough room to make the turn in one swing. If there is any doubt whether a U-turn can
be made safely and with minimal disruption to traffic, go around the block.
The procedure for making a U-turn:
1. Check that the turn is allowed and the way is clear.
2. Signal the turn and approach as you would a left turn.
3. Move very slowly. Turn the wheel into a full lock as soon as you can (use "hand over hand").
4. Once you are on full lock, slightly increase your speed.
5. Throughout the turn, check to see that the way is still clear (both ways).
6. Complete the turn. Before the car is straight, start unwinding the wheel ("hand over hand").
7. Straighten your front wheels.
8. Proceed as normal.

Railroad Crossings
Railroad crossing signals
Drivers are alerted when approaching a railroad crossing by the railroad crossing sign. Railroad
crossings should be approached with caution at all times. Always look both ways and listen for any
approaching trains or signals before proceeding across the railroad tracks. You are required to stop at all
railroad crossings when there is a signal of an approaching train. These signals include flashing red
lights (means the same as a STOP sign: Stop, yield the right-of-way, and go when it is safe), a crossing
gate lowered, a flagger signaling or a trains audible signal of warning. Do not move forward or attempt
to go around any gate or ignore any signal of an approaching train. Proceed with caution only after all

signals are completed and then only when there is evidence that no trains are approaching the crossing.
You should stop if a train is approaching and has sounded its horn or is plainly visible and in hazardous
proximity to the crossing. Do not stop your vehicle on railroad tracks, regardless of whether or not a
train appears to be coming. If traffic is backed up because of a traffic signal, stop sign or for any other
reason, make sure that you stop your vehicle in a location where it will be entirely clear of any railroad
tracks.
Did you know?
While the number of railroad crossing fatalities, injuries, and crashes are small in comparison to other
types of accidents, these incidents have potentially catastrophic consequences.
As of December 2009, the United States had 136,041 public at-grade crossings. Of these
crossings, approximately 42,301 have
gates, 22,039 have flashing lights, and
1,196 have highway traffic signals,
wigwags, and bells.
In 2009, there were 1,896 incidents at
public highway-rail crossings in the United
States that resulted in 247 deaths, and 705
injuries.
In 2009, 431 people were killed and 343
were injured while trespassing on railroad
rights-of-way and property.
Source: Federal Highway
Administration Safety
Most railroad crossings are protected only by an
advanced warning sign and a cross buck. Most
crossings do not have gates to stop traffic. You must be especially alert when approaching all railroad
crossings. Familiar crossings without much train traffic can be the most dangerous. If you often use
such a crossing and do not usually see a train, you may start to believe that trains never go by.
Believing this can be dangerous.
Remember these points at railroad crossings:
Always look left, right and then left again as you approach a railroad crossing. Do this even if the
crossing is active and the signals are not flashing they may not be working.
If you are stopped at a railroad crossing with more than one track, do not start as soon as the train
passes. Wait until you have a clear view down both tracks before you start across. Even with one track,
do not start to cross immediately after a train passescheck again for another train that may be
approaching.
Never try to pass someone as you approach or enter a railroad crossing.
Do not blindly follow the lead of another vehicle crossing the tracks. If you are following another
vehicle, check to make sure you have enough room to get all the way across before you drive onto the

tracks. If traffic slows ahead of you, wait for it to clear before starting to cross. Do not ever get trapped
on the tracks.
If you make the mistake of getting trapped on a railroad crossing and a train is approaching, quickly
leave the car and move as far away from the track as you can.

Traffic Breaks
Traffic breaks are used by law enforcement to slow or stop traffic to remove hazards from the roadway,
conduct emergency operations or prevent traffic collisions in heavy fog or unusually heavy traffic.
During a traffic break, the officer turns on the rear emergency lights, slows the vehicles, and drives
across the lanes of traffic in a serpentine manner. To assist an officer in conducting a traffic break it's a
good idea to:
Activate your emergency flashers to warn other drivers there is a hazard ahead.
Slowly begin to decrease your speed. Do not slow abruptly unless it is necessary to avoid a
collision. Slow to the same speed as the officer, while keeping a safe distance from the patrol
vehicle ahead of you.
Not attempt to drive past the patrol vehicle. Do not accelerate until the patrol vehicle has turned
off its emergency lights and traffic conditions ahead allow the return to normal speeds.

Adjusting your driving for conditions

Winter Driving

Preparing your vehicle for winter driving

Reliable transportation is especially important in the winter. Not only should you keep your vehicle in
top operating condition all year round - for safety and fuel economy, it is especially important to get it
winterized to avoid any unpleasant or dangerous situation while traveling in frigid weather. Check the
following:
Ignition system
Fuel system
Belts
Fluid levels
Brakes
Exhaust system

 Wiper blades and windshield washer fluid

Snow tires
Tire tread and pressure
Proper grade oil
Cooling system
Battery
Lights
Antifreeze
Always fill the gasoline tank before entering open country, even for a short distance, and stop to fill-up
long before the tank begins to run low. Keeping your tank as full as possible will minimize
condensation, providing the maximum advantage in case of trouble.
A Citizens Band (CB) radio and/or cellular phone can be very useful to you or another stranded
motorist in case of an emergency.
Clear all windows and lights of frost and snow.
Drive with your headlights on.
Stock your car with basic winter driving equipment: A scraper and brush, small shovel, jumper
cables, tow chain and a bag of sand or cat litter for tire traction.
Also include road flares, a blanket, heavy boots, warm clothing, and flashlight with batteries.

Safe winter driving tips

Clear snow and ice from all windows and lights even the hood and roof before driving.

 Pay attention. Dont try to out-drive the conditions. Remember the posted speed limits are for
dry pavement.
Leave plenty of room for stopping.
Leave room for maintenance vehicles and plows. The law requires you to slow down or move
over when approaching emergency or maintenance vehicles, including snowplows, parked on
the side of the road when they have their flashing lights turned on. If you approach a parked
emergency or maintenance vehicle during a winter storm and decide to change lanes, be extra
careful. The passing lane may be in worse shape than the driving lane. There may also be a
snow ridge between the two lanes. Avoid making an abrupt lane change. If approaching a
snowplow, stay back at least 200 feet (it's the law!), and don't pass on the right.
Know the current road conditions.
Use brakes carefully. Brake early. Brake correctly. It takes more time and distance to stop in
adverse conditions.
Watch for slippery bridge decks, even when the rest of the pavement is in good condition.
Bridge decks will ice up sooner than the adjacent pavement.
Don't use your cruise control in wintry conditions. Even roads that appear clear can have
sudden slippery spots and the short touch of your brakes to deactivate the cruise control feature
can cause you to lose control of your vehicle.
Don not get overconfident in your 4x4 vehicle. Remember that your four-wheel drive vehicle
may help you get going quicker than other vehicles but it wont help you stop any faster. Many
4x4 vehicles are heavier than passenger vehicles and actually may take longer to stop. Dont
get overconfident of your 4x4 vehicles traction. Your 4x4 can lose traction as quickly as a twowheel drive vehicle.
Do not pump anti-lock brakes. If your car is equipped with anti-lock brakes, do not pump
brakes in attempting to stop. The right way is to stomp and steer!
Look farther ahead in traffic than you normally do. Actions by cars and trucks will alert you
quicker to problems and give you a split-second extra time to react safely.
Remember that trucks are heavier than cars. Trucks take longer to safely respond and come
to a complete stop, so avoid cutting quickly in front of them.
Go slow!

Safe Travel around Snowplows

Snowplows are usually spreading anti-icing materials from the back of the truck and may need to stop
or take evasive action to avoid stranded vehicles. If you find yourself behind a snowplow, stay behind it
or use caution when passing. The road behind a snowplow will be safer to drive on.
Don't crowd the plow. Snowplows plow far and wide sometimes very wide. The front plow
extends several feet in front of the truck and may cross the centerline and shoulders during
plowing operations.
Plows turn and exit the road frequently. Give them plenty of room. Stay back at least 15 car
lengths (200 feet).
On multiple lane roads, watch for snowplows operating in either lane.
Snowplows can throw up a cloud of snow that can reduce your visibility to zero in less time
than you can react. Drive smart. Never drive into a snow cloud - it could conceal a snowplow.

 A snowplow operator's field of vision is restricted. You may see them but they may not see you.
Flood Facts
The following are important points to remember when driving in flood conditions:
-Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars, causing loss of control and possible
stalling.
-A foot of water will float many vehicles.
-Two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles including sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and
pick-ups.
-Floods are one of the most common hazards in the United States. Flood effects can be local, impacting
a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple states.
-Not all floods are alike. Some floods develop slowly, sometimes over a period of days. But flash
floods can develop quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes and without any visible signs of rain.
Flash floods often have a dangerous wall of roaring water that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and
can sweep away most things in its path. Overland flooding occurs outside a defined river or stream,
such as when a levee is breached, but still can be destructive. Flooding can also occur when a dam
breaks, producing effects similar to flash floods.
-Be aware of flood hazards no matter where you live, but especially if you live in a low-lying area, near
water or downstream from a dam. Even very small streams, gullies, creeks, culverts, dry streambeds, or
low-lying ground that appears harmless in dry weather can flood. Every state is at risk from this hazard.
Avoid moving water.
Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. Roads may have weakened and could collapse
under the weight of a car.
Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the power company.
Night Driving
Driving at night is more difficult than driving during the day. Headlights do not let you see as far ahead
as you can in daylight, limit your view of the sides of the road, and the glare of oncoming headlights
makes seeing the road more difficult.
For driving at night, you should:

 Make sure your windows are clean.

Turn your headlights on from hour after sunset until hour before sunrise.

Make sure your headlights are clean and working well. Have them checked from time to
time for correct aim.
Use your high beams when there are no oncoming vehicles.
Do not overdrive your headlights. Your headlights only let you see about 350 feet ahead.
Be sure you are driving slow enough to stop or turn if needed.

Use your low beams when you come within 500 feet (about one block) of an oncoming
vehicle. Also use your low beams when following another vehicle within 300 feet.

Slow down when nearing a curve if you are driving the maximum posted speed limit.

Use the edge line as a guide. If there is no edge line, use the center line to guide you.

Stay awake and alert. Do not drive if you feel tired.

Watch carefully for highway signs, they are harder to see at night.

Watch carefully for people and vehicles stopped on the side of the road.

At night, sight distance is limited, and drivers do not have the advantage of color and contrast that is
available during daylight hours. The risk of a crash at night is about 40 percent higher than during the
day.
Three factors affect night vision:
1. the ability to see under conditions of low light
2. the ability to see against glare
3. and the time needed to recover from glare

As we age, our abilities to see with the presence of glare and recover from it diminish and our field of
view decreases, making it more difficult to drive at night.
Being able to see clearly during the day doesn't necessarily mean that you can see clearly at night. Eyes
must constantly adapt from brightly lit areas to areas of darkness. But as we get older, this ability to
focus and adjust to varying lights diminishes as the eye muscles become less elastic.
Tips and techniques for night driving
To improve your ability to see and drive at night, here are a few techniques and tips:
1. Keep your eyes moving. Search the dark areas ahead and to the sides. Look for flashes
of light at hilltops, curves, and intersections that may indicate the headlights of other
vehicles.
2. Keep all windows and headlights clean. Dirty windows can increase glare and make it
more difficult to see. Dirty headlights can reduce efficiency by as much as 90 percent.
3. Use headlights wisely. Use high beams whenever possible, but return to low beams
when following or meeting oncoming vehicles. California Vehicle Code 24409 states high
beams need to be dimmed when approaching an oncoming vehicle 500ft ahead or when
following a vehicle 300ft behind.
4. Don't tint your windows, as it reduces visibility. Today, many vehicles have sun-block
tinting as standard equipment.
5. Protect your eyes from glare during the day. Wear good sunglasses on bright days.
Prolonged exposure of your eyes to the sun can temporarily weaken your night vision. Rest
a while after steady daytime driving before driving at night. When approaching a vehicle
with its high-beam headlights on, don't retaliate by flashing and leaving your high beams
on. This will only increase the chance that two drivers cannot see. Look to the right edge of
the roadway, and use the white pavement line to help guide you past the glare.
6. Driving on well-lit roads can also help reduce glare recovery time. It takes most
drivers only a few seconds to recover, but recovery times increase as people age. It's
common for some drivers to take as long as five to 10 seconds to recover from glare. This
means that a driver experiencing oncoming glare may travel 400 to 800 feet at 55 mph
without full visibility. Increase your following distance. By increasing your following
distance by four to five seconds, it is easier to spot potential problems on and along the
roadway, and you give yourself more time to respond. Make it easier for others to see you.
Be sure that all the exterior vehicle lights work properly. In case of a vehicle breakdown, follow these
instructions listed in the California Driver Handbook:
Pull off the road away from all traffic, if possible.
If you cannot get completely off the road, stop where people can see you and your vehicle from
behind.
Do not stop just over a hill or just around a curve.
Turn on your emergency flashers if you are not moving. If your vehicle doesnt have emergency
flashers, turn signals may be used instead.
If it is safe, lift the hood to signal an emergency.

 Give other drivers plenty of warning. Place emergency flares or triangles 200300 feet behind the
vehicle. This allows other drivers time to change lanes, if necessary. Be very careful when using flares.
They may cause fires, especially when used near flammable liquids.
If you do not have emergency flares, follow the rules listed above and stay in your vehicle until help
arrives. Be careful for your safety and stay off the road. Remember : Do not try to change a tire if it
means you have to stand in a traffic lane.
Wet Pavement
When it starts to rain, water mixes with the dust and oil on the road to form a slick, greasy film. Fallen
leaves can also become slippery. The wet pavement may make it harder for you to stay on the road on
curves. It will also take longer to stop your vehicle. So be sure to slow your speed and leave a safe
distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you.
Skidding
Handling a skid is the same for front-wheel and rear-wheel drive vehicles.
Take your foot off the accelerator, but DO NOT hit the brakes.
Gently turn your steering wheel in the direction that your rear wheels are sliding.
Be careful not to brake or turn sharply. Hitting the brakes or jerking the steering wheel will only make
the skid worse.

Fog
It is very dangerous to drive in fog. The best advice for driving in fog is dont. If you cannot postpone
your trip or plan for a different time you should:
Reduce your speed.
Be alert and ready to stop.
Keep your headlights on low beam. In fog, you will see less if your lights are on high beam.
If the fog becomes so thick you cannot see, pull completely off the road.
Turn your car off completely, if you leave your foot on the break and your taillight is on its
possible someone will think you are a car on the road and drive into you.

Stuck accelerator pedal. If your accelerator pedal sticks you should:

1. Shift to neutral.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Apply the brakes.

Keep your eyes on the road.
Look for an alternate route away from traffic or look for a way out.
Warn other drivers by honking and flashing your emergency lights.
Try to drive the car safely off the road.
Stop and turn off the ignition.

Warning : Turning the ignition off while the vehicle is moving may lock the steering wheel; you will
not have control of the steering.
(Source: California Driver Handbook)
Blocked Vision. If your hood suddenly flies open, your windshield wipers fail, or something else
blocks your vision:
1. Roll down the window so you can look around whatever is blocking your view.
2. Turn on your emergency flashers.
3. Pull your vehicle off the road.
Vehicle Approaching Head-On In Your Lane:
1. Slow down.
2. Pull over to the right and sound your horn.
3. Do not swing over into the left lane. The other driver may pull back over into that lane too.
At night, flash your lights. You may wake up the drowsy or inattentive driver approaching you.
Turn signal failure
Stalling on railroad tracks:
If your car stalls on railroad tracks and it has a manual transmission, you may be able to move it
off the tracks by running the starter while the car is in low or second gear. If you have an
automatic transmission, you will have to push the car off the tracks. If you cannot get the car off
the tracks, and a train is approaching, abandon the vehicle, and quickly walk alongside the
tracks in the direction of the approaching train so that you will not be struck by debris when the
vehicle is hit.
If your turn signal fails, use hand signals below.

Immersion:
If your car plunges into deep water but does not sink, immediately escape through a window. Opening
a door, even if possible, will permit the water to enter the car more rapidly. If the car
sinks beneath the surface before you can escape; the weight of the engine will force the front end down
first. This usually creates an air pocket in the back of the car. Get into the air area and breathe deeply.
When the car has settled you should be able to escape through a window.

 Fire: If smoke comes from under the hood, get off the road and turn off the ignition. If no fire
extinguisher is available, use dirt or sand to smother the fire. Do not use water, for burning gasoline
will float on it and spread the blaze.

According to California State Law you must complete and pass the final quiz within 60
minutes. Failure to pass the final quiz the first time will result in taking a second
final quiz. Failure to pass either of the final quizzes will result in the termination
of your account. No refunds will be processed. If your account is terminated, you
may take an alternative traffic school course of your choosing.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

A flat tire can affect your car in which ways:

a Gas mileage
b How your vehicle turns
c Tire wear
d All of the above
What do you do before changing lanes?
a Turn your head and look over your right shoulder to make sure the lane is clear
b Look in the left side mirror
c Use your mirrors, turn your head and look in the lane you want to enter
d Look in the rear view mirror
People who are very angry
a should not drive until they cool off
b drive well because they maneuver aggressively
c drive well because they are alert
d should stay away from highway driving
Which of the following is a consequence of careless driving?
a Auto insurance increase
b Damage to your vehicle
c Injury to a passenger
d Possible death
e All of the above
In what situation is it unsafe to pass?
a A long line of cars
b An open road
c A safe following distance
d None of the above
What is a distraction driving?

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

a Keeping your eyes on the road

b Checking the lane next to you
c Texting and driving
d Making sure to keep a safe following distance
Until what age must a child be transported in a child restraint system?
a7
b8
c9
d None of the above
When faced with an emergency, drivers respond improperly by simply:
a swerving to the right
b speeding up quickly
c swerving to the left
d slamming the brakes
What is visual lead time?
a The distance it is safe to tailgate someone
b The method of looking farther down the road
c The time it takes to get to your destination
d The safe amount of time you can spend looking at your phone
What must you do if you hit a car or other property while the other party is not present?
a Leave a note with your name and address
b Leave a note with your phone number
c Just go home, if they arent there you cant do anything about it
d all of the above
A dirty windshield becomes a special problem when driving
a at any time
b toward the sun
c drinking and driving
d in light snow
If you have to pull off onto soft shoulders
a brake hard
b accelerate
c stop as soon as possible
d decrease your speed and keep firm grip on the steering wheel
A properly worn seatbelt will:
a Cause you slight discomfort
b Protect you in the case of a collision
c Hurt your chest
d Are for babies and children only
Where is space cushion most important on your vehicle?

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

a Behind you
b All around
c In front of you
d On the passengers side
U-turns in business districts are:
a Legal
b Best done when no cars are coming
c Illegal
d Legal at the properly labeled intersection
When entering a freeway:
a Enter slowly to be safe
b Speed to cut off oncoming cars
c Ease into traffic safely by keeping with the flow
d None of the above
If you are involved in a traffic accident, you should:
a Tell the other driver not to report it
b Identify yourself and ask the other driver to do the same
c Admit it, if you were at fault
d Runaway from the scene
You must stop for any person:
a Using a guide dog or white cane
b Trying to cross the street
c Only persons with white canes and red tips
d Only persons with all white canes
If your wipers suddenly fail in blinding rain or snow
a Slow down
b Roll down your side window.
c Put your head out so that you can see ahead
d Do all of the above.
How should you NOT deal with other drivers blind spots?
a Drive side by side
b Make yourself visible
c Avoid driving in packs
d None of the above
Californias "Basic Speed Law" says:
a Never drive slower than 65 mph
b Faster than the flow of traffic
c Slower than is safe for current conditions
d None of the above
To avoid collisions:

23.

24.

25.

a Dont pay attention to drivers around you, focus on the road

b Insist you have the right-of-way
c Never check your mirrors
d Stay alert and focused on the road
Turn signals are best used
a Only when turning
b Only when changing lanes
c Only if you are driving a truck
d None of the above
It is safe to drive when taking medications that cause drowsiness...
a After taking a 20-minute power nap
b When it is over the counter medication
c If it has been prescribed by a doctor
d Never
What is the most common mistake made by drivers backing up?
a Waiting too long to back up
b Forgetting to put the car into gear
c Forgetting to look at both sides behind them
d None of the above