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Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven Permanent Magnet

Synchronous Generator under Different Loading Conditions
Gaber El Saady* , El-Nobi A.Ibrahim, Hamdy Ziedan and Mohammed M.Soliman
Electric Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
* E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper proposes the configuration of a Wind Turbine generating system equipped with Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator (PMSG). There are different types of synchronous generators, but the PMSG is chosen
which has better performance due to higher efficiency and less maintenance. Since it can be used without a gearbox
also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle and a reduction of costs. The model includes a wind turbine
model, drive train model and PMSG model. The equations that explain their behavior have been introduced. The
generator model is established in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame. The proposed Wind Turbine
Generator System (WTGS) has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The PMSG is operating in
stand-alone which is loaded with different types of loads. The simulation results indicate the ability of wind driven
PMSG to operate over wide range of operating conditions at different loading conditions and show effect of different
load types in operation.
Keywords: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), Wind Turbine, Wind Energy and WTGS
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
1. Introduction
During the last few decades, wind energy became the most competitive form of clean, non-polluting and renewable
energy to provide a sustainable supply to the world development (Chen et al. 2012) which worldwide wind capacity
doubled approximately every three years. Currently, five countries (Germany, USA, Denmark, India and Spain)
concentrate more than 83% of worldwide wind energy capacity in their countries. The need for increased power
production from the wind and economic reasons, when the rated power of todays wind turbines is still relatively
small (2MW units are now typical), makes it necessary to group wind turbines into so-called wind farms( Rolan' et al.
2009).Wind farms are built on land, but in recent years there has been(and will be in the future) a strong trend
towards locating them offshore this due to the lack of suitable wind turbine sites on land and the highest wind
speeds located near the sea(and consequently higher energy can be extracted from the wind).
Both induction and synchronous generators can be used for wind turbine systems (Slootweg et al. 2003). Mainly,
three types of induction generators are used in wind power conversion systems: cage rotor, wound rotor with slip
control and doubly fed induction rotors .The last one is the most utilized in wind speed generation because it
provides a wide range of speed variation. However, the variable speed directly driven multi-pole permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) wind architecture is chosen for this purpose and it is going to be modelled: it offers
better performance due to higher efficiency, simple structure, reliable operation, low noise and less maintenance
because it does not have rotor current. What is more, PMSG can be used without a gearbox, which implies a
reduction of the weight of the nacelle and reduction of costs and so on ( Rolan' et al. 2009).This investigation
presents the model of a PMSG WT able to work under low and fast wind speed conditions and during wind gusts
( Lpez-Ortiz et al. 2012).
The general goal of this paper is to model the electromechanical energy conversion system of Standalone wind
turbine driven with PMSG. Optimum wind energy extraction is achieved by running the Wind Turbine Generator
(WTG) invariable speed because of the higher energy gain and the reduced stresses with using the (PMSG) the
design can be even more simplified.
Simulations have been implemented with the software MATLAB/ SIMULINK to validate the model.
2. System structure and analysis
A typical structure of wind energy conversion system with PMSG consists of a wind turbine, drive train and PMSG.

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2.1. Wind Energy Conversation

The kinetic energy of the wind is given by the following equation (S.VIJAYALAKSHMI et al. 2011):
Ec =

(1)

2mv2

m = vAt

(2)

Where: m is the air mass, v is the wind speed, A is the covered surface of the turbine and is the air density.
The wind power Pw has the following expression:
=

(3)

The power coefficient of the turbine Cp can be defined by following equation:

Cp =

Pm

Pw

CP < 1

(4)

So the extracted power is given by:

1

Pm = Cp R2 v 3
2

(5)

Where: A is area swept by the rotor (A = R ), R is radius of the turbine rotor and Pm is the mechanical power that
extracts from the wind.
The power coefficient Cp (betz coefficient) reaches maximum value =0.593. In practice, values of obtainable power
coefficients are in the range of 45 percent which depends of the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine and angle of the
blades .
Cp = Cp(, )

(6)

The amount of aerodynamic torque is obtained from the power:

=
Substitute from =

Pm
w

Cp R2

v3

(7)

Rw

(8)

=
Often the torque coefficient CT =

R3 v 2

Cp

(9)

CP

(10)

Tm = CT R3 v 2

So,

(11)

2.2 The power coefficient of the turbine

The power coefficient can be utilized in the form of look-up tables or in form of a function. The second approach is
presented below (Slootweg et al. 2003), where the power coefficient is defining as a function of the tip-speed ratio
and the blade pitch angle as
(, ) = 0.5 (

116

0.4 5)

21

(12)

Where Q is represented as
Q=

1
1
0.035

+0.08 1+3

(13)

2.3 The variation of Cp

The simulation model is shown in Figure 1 which the variation of Cp with tip speed ratio at different values of
pitch angle , also the variation of Cp with pitch angle at different values of are obtained.

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Figure 1. Power Coefficient cp

2.3.1 The variation of CP with the tip speed ratio for various values of the pitch angle
The variation of CP with the tip speed ratio for various values of the pitch angle is depicted in Figure 2. Thus, by
varying the pitch angle , the power coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine can be
controlled.

power coefficent Cp & tip speed ratio curves

power coefficent Cp

0.5

=0
=5
10
=15
=20
=25
=30

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

12

14

16

tip speed ratio(lambda)

Figure 2. Analytical Approximation of Cp (, ) Curves

2.3.2

The variation of CP with pitch angle at different values of

The variation of CP with the pitch angle for various values of the tip speed ratio is depicted in Figure 3. Thus, by
varying the tip speed ratio , the power coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine can be
controlled.

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power coefficent CP & pitch angle B curves

power coefficient CP

0.4

lambda=8
lambda=10

0.3
lambda=6

0.2
lambda=4

0.1

lambda=2

0
0

10

15
20
25
pitch angle B [degree]
Figure 3. Power Coefficient of Cp (, ) with Pitch Angle Curves

30

3. Drive Train Model

The rotational speed is expressed by the following equation (Slootweg et al. 2003):
dwg
dt

(TeTwg Bm.wg)

(14)

Jeq

Where Sub-index g represents the parameters of the generator side, wg is the mechanical angular speed [rad/s]
of the generator, Bm is the damping coefficient [N.m/s], Te is the electromagnetic torque[N.m], Twg is the
aerodynamic torque that has been transferred to the generator side which ( Twg=Tw/ng )[N.m], Jeq is the equivalent
rotational inertia of the generator [Kg.m2 ].The equivalent rotational inertia of the generator is calculated from this
equation:
Jeq = Jg+

Jw

(15)

n2 g

Where Jg and Jw are the generator and rotor rotational inertia respectively , ng is the gear ratio ( ng=1 , no gear
box).
The parameters used in simulation models are shown in the table (1) :
Table 1: Drive Train Parameters
Parameter
Gear Ratio
Rotational Damping Coefficient

Symbol
Ng
Bm

Value
1
0

Equivalent Inertia

Jeq

0.3kg.m2

The block diagram of drive train model is shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4.

Drive Train Model

4. Generator Model
The PMSG is used to produce electricity from the mechanical energy obtained from the wind Turbine. In the PMSG,
the rotor magnetic flux is generated by permanent magnets which are placed on the rotor surface ( a non-salient-pole
PMSG)( Wu et al. 2011; Yin et al. 2007).
The main purpose of this case study is to modelling of PMSG from its equations. To simplify the analysis, The
PMSG is normally modeled in the rotor field (dq-axis) synchronous reference Frame, which the q-axis is 90o ahead
of the d-axis with respect to the direction of rotation. The rotor has two axes which the axis that is aligned with the
rotor and flux is called d-axis and the perpendicular axis to d-axis called q-axis ( Abedini 2008).
The flux caused by PM is in the direction of d-axis, the angle between stator axis and d-axis is called e as shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 5. The Configuration of The Winding and PM in The PMSG

The synchronization between the d-q rotating reference frame and the abc-three phase frame is maintained by
utilizing a phase locked loop .To simplify the SG model of Figure 5, the following mathematical manipulations can
be performed.
The voltage equations for the synchronous generator are given by (16) and (17):
vds = R s ids wr qs + pds
(16)
vqs = R s iqs + wr ds + pqs
(17)
Where
ds = Ld ids + r
(18)
qs = Lq iqs
(19)
Where r is the rotor flux which is constant in the PMSG so,
inductances .
Substitute from equations (18) and (19) in (16) and (17) yield

dr
dt

vds = R s ids + wr Lq iqs Ld pids

101

= 0 ; Ld and Lq are the stator dq-axis self-

(20)

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vqs = R s iqs wr Ld ids + wr r Lq piqs

(21)

A simplified dq-axis model of the PMSG in the rotor-field synchronous reference frame is shown in figure 6.

Figure 6. Equivalent Circuit of The PMSG in The Synchronous Frame.

The electromagnetic torque produced by the PMSG can be calculated from the following equations:
3P
Te = (iqs ds ids qs )
(22)
2
3P

= ([iqs r (Ld Lq )ids iqs ]

2
The rotor speed wr is governed by motion equation given by:
P
wr = (Te Tm )

(23)
(24)

JS

To derive the PMSG model for dynamic simulation of synchronous generators equations are rearranged as:
1
ids = (vds R s ids + wr Lq iqs )/Ld
(25)
S
1

iqs = (vqs R s iqs wr Ld ids + wr r )/Lq

(26)
S
The active power delivered to the load is given by:
wr
Ps = Pm Pcus = Tm wm = Te 3Is 2 Rs
(27)
P
Where vds , vqs are the dq-axis stator voltages, R s is the stator resistance , r is the rotor flux linkage, Tm is the
mechanical torque , ids , iqs are the dq-axis stator currents , wr is the rotor mechanical speed and Te is the
electromagnetic torque (Krause 2002 ; Boldea 2006) .
5. Simulation results
The main purpose of this case study is to investigate the operation of a stand-alone PMSG wind energy system
feeding different types of loads .The generator used in the study is a 2.45MW, 4000V, 53.33 HZ,400 rpm non salient
pole PMSG. The parameters of the PMSG used in this paper are shown in table 2.
Table2: The Parameters of The PMSG used in This Paper are listed below:
2.45 MW,4000V,53.33HZ, non-salient pole PMSG Parameters
Parameter

Values and units

Values in Pu

Rated power

2.4487MW

1.0 pu

Rated Apparent power

Rated Line voltage
Rated stator current
Rated rotor speed
Rated Stator Frequency
Number of pole pairs (p)

3.419 MVA
4000 V (rms)
490 A (rms)
400 rpm
53.33 Hz
8

1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu

Rated mechanical torque

58.4585 KN.m

Rated Rotor Flux Linkage ( )

Stator resistance(Rs)
Stator d-axis inductance(Ld)
Stator q-axis inductance(Lq)

4.971Wb (rms)
24.21 m
9.816mH
9.816mH

0.7213 pu
0.00517 pu
0.7029 pu
0.7029 pu

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Loading of PMSG with Resistive Load

5.1.1 Loading PMSG with Fixed Resistive Load

The PMSG is loading with a three-phase resistive load R L= 5.5, the block diagram and matlab simulation for the
model is shown in Figures. 7and 8 respectively.

Figure 7. Block Diagram for Simulation

Figure 8. Matlab Simulink Model

The dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the synchronous frame rotating at the synchronous speed of wr are
calculated by the SG model. They are then transformed into the abc -axis stator currents ias, ibs, and ics in the
stationary frame through the dq/abc transformation. The calculated load voltages vas, vbs and vcs which are also
the stator voltages are transformed to the dq-axis voltages vds and vqs in the synchronous frame .These voltages
are then fed back to the SG model.
First , the PMSG is loaded with a three phase balanced resistive load Rl and operates at 320 rpm(.8 pu)at a given
wind speed ( the rotor speed is kept constant at 320 rpm due to assumption that the combined moments of inertia is
very large) .
The following Figure 9. Shows the currents and voltages at PMSG terminals.
ids,iqs,is (pu)

ids,iqs,is (pu)

0.5
0.4

iqs

0.3

is
ids

0.2
0.1
0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

time(sec)
(a)

103

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

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ias,ibs,ics (pu)

ias,ibs,ics (pu)

0.5

ics

ibs

ias

-0.5
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
time (sec)

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

(b)

vds,vqs,vs (pu)
0.6

vds,vqs,vs (pu)

vs
0.5

vqs

0.4

vds

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
time(sec)

0.03

(c)

vas,vbs,vcs (pu)
1

vas,vbs,vcs (pu)

vas

vbs vcs

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

time(sec)

(d)
Te,Ps (pu)
0.5

Te

Te,Ps (pu)

0.4
0.3

Ps

0.2
0.1
0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
time(sec)

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

(e)

Figure 9. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d) abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in case of
Resistive Load
From figure 9, the dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the synchronous frame are DC variables, whereas the abcaxis stator currents, ias, ibs, and ics in the stationary frame are sinusoids in steady state. The magnitude of the stator
current ( is) represents the peak value of ias, ibs, and ics is given by equation (28):

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is = (iqs 2 + ids 2 )
A similar phenomenon can be observed for the stator voltages.
5.1.2

(28)

Decreasing The Load by Half

The generator initially operates in steady state with a resistive load of R l . The load resistance is reduced to R l /2 by
closing switch S at t = 0.0234 sec as shown in figure 10.

Figure 10. SG with a Three-Phase Resistive Load

After a short transient period, the system reaches a new steady-state operating point as shown in Figure 11. From
figures, a decrease in the load resistance results in an increase in the stator currents, but the stator voltages are
reduced mainly due to the voltage drop across the stator inductances. The electromagnetic torque Te and stator active
power Ps are increased accordingly when the system operates at the new operating point.
ids,iqs,is(pu)
0.8
0.7

is
iqs

ids,iqs,is(pu)

0.6
decrease load by half

0.5

ids

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
Time (sec)

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

(a)
ias,ibs,ics,is(pu)

ias,ibs,ics,is(pu)

ias

ibs

is

ics

0.5

-0.5

-1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

time(sec)
(b)

105

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vds,vqs,vs (pu)
0.6

vds,vqs,vs (pu)

vs
0.5
0.4

vqs

0.3

vds

0.2
0.1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)
(c)
vas,vbs,vcs,vs (pu)

vas,vbs,vcs,vs (pu)

vcs

vbs

vas

vs

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)
(d)
Te,Ps (pu)
0.6

Te

Te,Ps (pu)

0.5

Ps

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)

(e)

Figure 11. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d)abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in Case of
Decreasing to the Half of The Resistive Load

5.2 PMSG Loaded with (R-L) Load:

The steady-state performance of a stand-alone salient-pole PMSG with an inductive load is analyzed using the dqaxis steady-state equivalent circuit (Wu et al. 2011 ; Krause 2002).The generator operates at the rotor speed of
320 rpm and supplies a three-phase RL load of = 4.6797 and L = 13.966 mH, Since the q-axis leads the daxis by 90, The generator dq-axis stator voltages which are also the load voltages can be calculated by following
equations:
vds + jvqs = (ids + jiqs )( R l + jwr Ll )
= (R l ids wr Ll iqs ) + j(R l iqs + wr Ll ids )
Where wr is the rotor electrical speed which is also the speed of the dq synchronous reference frame.
Equation (29) can be arranged as
vds = R l ids wr Ll iqs = R l ids XL iqs

106

(29)

(30)

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vqs = R l iqs + wr Ll ids = R l iqs + Xl ids

(31)

Where XL iqs = wr Ll iqs , Xl ids = wr Ll ids are referred to speed voltages due to the transformation of the load
inductance from abc-stationary frame to the dq-synchronous frame. A model for RL load is simulating which dq-axis
equivalent circuits of inductive load are shown in Figures. 12 and .The results are shown in Figure 13.

Figure 12. dq-axis Equivalent Circuits

Te,Ps (pu)
0.6

Te

Te,Ps (pu)

0.5

Ps

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

ias,ibs,ics (pu)

0.4
0.2

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)
(a)
ias,ibs,ics (pu)
ias

ibs

ics

0
-0.2
-0.4
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

time(sec)
(b)
vds,vqs,vs(pu)

vds,vqs,vs(pu)

0.6

vs

vqs

0.4
0.2

vds

0
-0.2
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

time(sec)

(c)

107

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vas,vbs,vcs(pu)

vas,vbs,vcs(pu)

0.5

vcs

vbs

vas
0

-0.5
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)

(d)
Te,Ps(pu)
0.3

Te

Te,Ps(pu)

Ps
0.2

0.1

0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)

(e)

Figure 13. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d)abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in Case of
the Inductive Load
5.3 PMSG Loaded with RC Load

The steady state performance of a stand-alone salient-pole PMSG with a capacitive (RC) load is developed
as inductive (RL) load which is analyzed using the dq-axis steady-state equivalent circuit .The generator
operates at the rotor speed of 320 rpm and supplies a three-phase RC load of = 5.5 and C =
637.72 F. Since the q-axis leads the d-axis by 90 so the generator dq-axis stator voltages which are also
the load voltages can be calculated by following equations:
+ = ( + )( / )
= ( +
So,
=
=

) + ( / )

= +

(32)
(33)
(34)

Where = / , = / are referred to speed voltages due to the transformation of the load
inductance from abc-stationary frame to the dq-synchronous frame.The simulation results are shown in Figure 14.

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ids,iqs,is(pu)

ids,iqs,is(pu)

0.4

is

ids

0.3
0.2

iqs

0.1
0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)
(a)
ias,ibs,ics(pu)

ias,ibs,ics(pu)

0.4
0.2

ibs

ias

ics

-0.2
-0.4
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.05

time(sec)
(b)

vds,vqs,vs(pu)
vs

vqs

0.4
0.2

vds

0
-0.2
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)
(c)
vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
vas

vas,vbs,vcs(pu)

vds,vqs,vs(pu)

0.6

vcs

vbs

0.5

-0.5
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

time(sec)

(d)

109

0.03

0.045

0.05

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vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
vas

vcs

vbs

vas,vbs,vcs(pu)

0.5

-0.5
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

time(sec)

(e)

Figure 14. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d) abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in case of
capacitive load
6. Conclusion

This paper presents the model of stand-alone wind turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG) which the model has been implemented in MATLAB / SIMULINK.
The power coefficient ( Cp) curves have been developed and drawn with both tip speed ratio and pitch
angle . These curves show that with varying of the pitch angle or tip speed ratio , the power

coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine also can be controlled.

The PMSG has been modeled in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame.

The wind driven PMSG is operating stand alone at resistive load firstly where The values of
currents, voltages, torque and Power are obtained. The dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the
synchronous frame are DC variables, whereas the abc-axis stator currents, ias, ibs, and ics in the
stationary frame are sinusoids in steady state.
Then decreasing the load by half, the values of currents, voltages, torque and Power obtained. Due
to a decrease in the load resistance results in an increase in the stator currents, but the stator
voltages are reduced mainly due to the voltage drop across the stator inductances. The
electromagnetic torque Te and stator active power Ps are increased accordingly when the system
operates at the new operating point.

Moreover, wind driven PMSG is loaded with inductive and capacitive loads also.
The results show that the ability of wind driven PMSG to operate over wide range of operating conditions
and at different load changing. Show effect of load type in operation.

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Innovative Systems Design and Engineering

ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013

www.iiste.org

Science and Technology ,Vol. 3 ,No. 3 ,pp. 2377 - 2384,March.

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