Lecture - 8-Water Surface Profile Computation

Lecture #8
Gradually Varied Flow - Computation of Flow Profile

I. Numerical Integration Method (Compute x for a specified y2)
The water surface slope for an open channel can be expressed as follows:
Kn 2
)
dy
K
So
Zc
dx
1 ( )2
Z
1 (
(1)
or
dx
1
dy S o
Zc 2
)
Z
K
1 ( n )2
K
1 (
(2)
where:
K
1.486
AR 2 / 3
n
1
AR 2 / 3
n
(for English units)
(3-A)
(for SI units)
(3-B)
Kn
1.486
2/3
An Rn
n
Kn
1
2/3
An Rn
n
(for English units)
(4-A)
(for SI units)
(4-B)
ZA D
(5)
Z c Ac Dc
(6)
For a rectangular open channel with a width of b, a normal depth of yn, and a critical
depth of yc, Eqs.3, 4, 5, and 6 can be rewritten as follows:
K
1.486 5 / 3
by
n
1 5/3
by
n
Kn
1.486
5/ 3
byn
n
Kn
1
5/3
by n
n
(for English units)
(7-A)
(for SI units)
(7-B)
(for English units)
(for SI units)
Z A D by y by 3 / 2
(8-A)
(8-B)
(9)
Z c Ac Dc byc yc byc
3/ 2
(10)
Substituting Eqs.7, 8, 9, and 10 into Eq. 2 yields:
yc 3
)
dx 1
y
y
dy S o
1 ( n )10 / 3
y
1 (
(11)
Eq.2 (or Eq.11 for a rectangular open channel) can be integrated with respect to y to yield
the following equation:
x2
x2 x1 dx
x1
y2
y1
y2
dx
dx
1 dx
dx
dy ( ) ave dy [( ) 2 ( )1 ]( y2 y1 )
dy
dy
2 dy
dy
y
(12)
dx
)1 can be calculated from Eq.2 (or from Eq.11 for a rectangular open channel)
dy
dx
for section 1 for a known value of y1, and ( ) 2 for section 2 for a specified value of y2.
dy
Based on Eq.12, x2 can be computed as follows:
where : (
1 dx
dx
x2 x1 [( ) 2 ( )1 ]( y 2 y1 )
2 dy
dy
(13)
II. Direct Step Method (compute x for a specified y2)

The direct step method is based on the following energy equation:
2
2
V1
V2
z1 y1 1
z2 y2 2
hf
2g
2g
The above equation can be rearranged as follows:
z1 z2 h f E1 E2
(14)
(15)
where:
2
V1
E1 y1 1
2g
E2 y 2 2
(16)
2
V2
2g
(17)
z1 z2 So x
(18)
h f S f x
(19)
In Eq.19, S f is the average energy slope for the reach between section 1 and section 2,
and can be calculated as follows:
1
(20)
S f (S f 1 S f 2 )
2
where:
2
Sf1
S f1
n1 V1
R1
Sf2
n 2 V2
R2
(21-A)
(for SI units)
(21-B)
(for English units)
(22-A)
(for SI units)
(22-B)
n2 V2
4/3
2.22 R2
2
(for English units)
4/3
Sf2
n1 V1
4/3
2.22 R1
4/3
Therefore, Eq.15 can be expressed as follows:

( So S f )x E2 E1
(23)
or
3
E1 E2
S f So
(24)
For a known value of y1 and a specified value of y2, the values for E1, E2, Sf1, Sf2, S f can
be calculated form the above equations and substituted into Eq.24 to yield:
x2 x1 x
(25)
Example 1 Water Surface Profile (Numerical Integration Method)

A trapezoidal concrete channel has a constant bed slope of 0.0015, a bed width of 3.0 m,
and side slopes of 1:1. It carries a discharge of 20 m3/s. The channel is tributary to a river
in which the existing flood level is 3.5m above the channel bed. Compute the water
surface profile by the numerical integration method to a depth 5% greater than the
uniform flow depth. 1 .1 and n = 0.025.
Solution:
(a). Compute uniform flow depth (i.e. normal depth) yn using Mannings equation as
follows:
1
1/ 2
AR 2 / 3 So
n
(1)
In the above equation:

A y (3 y )
(2)
P 3 2 2 y 3 2.82 y
(3)
A
y (3 y )
P 3 2.82 y
(4)
Substituting Eqs.2, 3 and 4 into Eq.1 yields
1
y (3 y ) 2 / 3 1 / 2
[ y (3 y )][
] So
n
3 2.82 y
(for SI units)
(5)
Substituting Q, n, and So into Eq.5 yields,
20
1
y (3 y ) 2 / 3
[ y (3 y )][
] 0.00151/ 2
0.025
3 2.82 y
(6)
Eq.6 can be solved to yield the normal depth as follows:
yn 2.15m
(7)
(b). Compute critical depth yc using the following equation:

Z c Ac Dc
Q
g /
(8)
In the above equation:
Ac yc (3 yc )
(9)
Tc 3 2 yc
(10)
Ac y c (3 y c )
Tc
3 2 yc
Dc
(11)
Substituting Eqs.9 and 11 into Eq.8 yields:

Zc
[ y c (3 y c )] 2
3 2 yc
(12)
g /
Substituting Q, g, and into Eq.12 yields:

[ y c (3 y c )]1.5
(3 2 y c )
0.5
20
(13)
9.8 / 1.1
Eq.13 can be solved to yield the critical depth as follows:
yc 1.45m
(14)
(c). Compute the water surface profile:

Since yn is greater than yc, the channel has a mild slope. Also, since y1 = 3.5 m at the
downstream end of the channel is greater than yn, the water surface profile is a M-1 curve.
Therefore, the computation should be progressed upstream from the end of the channel.
The computation may be based on the following equation:
x x2 x1
1 dx
dx
( )1 ( ) 2 ( y 2 y1 )
2 dy
dy
(16)
where dx/dy is expressed as follows:
Zc 2
)
dx
1
Z
K
dy S o
1 ( n )2
K
1 (
(17)
Kn
1
AR 2 / 3 for y = yn
n
1
AR 2 / 3 for any specified y (for SI units)
n
[ yc (3 y c )]2
Zc
3 2 yc
(for SI units)
(18)
(19)
(20)
[ y (3 y )]2
3 2y
for any specified y
(21)
Substituting yn = 2.15 m and yc = 1.45m into Eqs. 18 and 20, respectively, yield:
K n 516.4
(22)
Z c 6.70
(23)
Water surface profile may be calculated using Eq.16 starting from the depth of 3.5 m at
the downstream end to 1.05 yn = 2.26 m in an upstream location. The results are shown
in the following table.
y
R2/3
dx/dy
3.50
3.30
10.00
9.60
12.90
12.33
22.75
20.79
1.76
1.69
1.46
1.42
1328.5
1177.9
34.3
30.6
3.00
2.70
2.50
2.40
2.30
2.26
9.00
8.40
8.00
7.80
7.60
7.52
11.48
10.64
10.07
9.79
9.50
9.39
18.00
15.39
13.75
12.96
12.19
11.89
1.57
1.45
1.37
1.32
1.28
1.27
1.35
1.28
1.23
1.21
1.18
1.17
971.5
787.6
676.9
625.1
575.6
556.4
25.5
20.8
18.0
16.7
15.4
14.9
755
786
-154
0
-154
865
1048
1374
1761
2773
3841
-248
-287
-242
-157
-227
-132
-402
-689
-931
-1088
-1314
-1447
Example 2 Water Surface Profile (Direct Step Method)

A trapezoidal concrete channel has a constant bed slope of 0.0015, a bed width of 3.0 m,
and side slopes of 1:1. It carries a discharge of 20 m3/s. The channel is tributary to a river
in which the existing flood level is 3.5m above the channel bed. Compute the water
surface profile by the direct step method to a depth 5% greater than the uniform flow
depth. 1 and n = 0.025.
Solution:
(a). The uniform flow depth (i.e. normal depth) yn was calculated in problem 10.29 as
follows:
yn 2.15m
(1)
(b). Compute the water surface profile:

The computation should be progressed upstream from the downstream end of the
channel using the following equation:
x
E1 E2
S f So
(2)
where:
Sf
1
(S f 1 S f 2 )
2
S f1
n1 V1
Sf2
n 2 V2
R1
4/3
R2
(3)
(for SI units)
(4)
(for SI units)
(5)
4/3
V1
E1 y1 1
2g
E2 y 2 2
(6)
2
V2
2g
(7)
Water surface profile may be calculated using Eq.2 starting from the depth of 3.5 m at the
downstream end to 1.05 yn = 2.26 m in an upstream location. The results are shown in
the following table.
R2/3
V2/2g
Sf
Ave Sf
Ave Sf-So
0.000227
3.50
10.00 12.90 22.75
1.76
1.46
0.88
0.043 3.543
3.30
9.60
12.33 20.79
1.69
1.42
0.96
0.052 3.352 0.191 0.000288 0.000257 -0.001243
-154
-154
3.00
9.00
11.48 18.00
1.57
1.35
1.11
0.069 3.069 0.283 0.000424 0.000356 -0.001144
-247
-401
2.70
8.40
10.64 15.39
1.45
1.28
1.30
0.095 2.795 0.275 0.000645 0.000534 -0.000966
-284
-685
2.50
8.00
10.07 13.75
1.37
1.23
1.45
0.119 2.619 0.176 0.000873 0.000759 -0.000741
-238
-923
2.40
7.80
9.79
12.96
1.32
1.21
1.54
0.134 2.534 0.085 0.001024 0.000948 -0.000552
-154
-1077
2.30
7.60
9.50
12.19
1.28
1.18
1.64
0.151 2.451 0.083 0.001207 0.001115 -0.000385
-215
-1292
2.26
7.52
9.39
11.89
1.27
1.17
1.68
0.159 2.419 0.032 0.001292 0.001250 -0.000250
-129
-1421

Lecture - 8-Water Surface Profile Computation

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Lecture #8

Gradually Varied Flow - Computation of Flow Profile

(for English units)

(for English units)

(for English units)

(for English units)

Substituting Eqs.7, 8, 9, and 10 into Eq. 2 yields:

II. Direct Step Method (compute x for a specified y2)

(for English units)

(for English units)

Therefore, Eq.15 can be expressed as follows:

Example 1 Water Surface Profile (Numerical Integration Method)

In the above equation:

Substituting Eqs.2, 3 and 4 into Eq.1 yields

Substituting Q, n, and So into Eq.5 yields,

Eq.6 can be solved to yield the normal depth as follows:

(b). Compute critical depth yc using the following equation:

In the above equation:

Substituting Eqs.9 and 11 into Eq.8 yields:

Substituting Q, g, and into Eq.12 yields:

Eq.13 can be solved to yield the critical depth as follows:

(c). Compute the water surface profile:

where dx/dy is expressed as follows:

for any specified y

Example 2 Water Surface Profile (Direct Step Method)

(b). Compute the water surface profile:

10.00 12.90 22.75

0.052 3.352 0.191 0.000288 0.000257 -0.001243

0.069 3.069 0.283 0.000424 0.000356 -0.001144

0.095 2.795 0.275 0.000645 0.000534 -0.000966

0.119 2.619 0.176 0.000873 0.000759 -0.000741

0.134 2.534 0.085 0.001024 0.000948 -0.000552

0.151 2.451 0.083 0.001207 0.001115 -0.000385

0.159 2.419 0.032 0.001292 0.001250 -0.000250

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