World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 2014, 4, 21-28

Published Online March 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjnse

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2014.41004

X-Ray Analysis by Williamson-Hall and

Size-Strain Plot Methods of ZnO
Nanoparticles with Fuel Variation
Yendrapati Taraka Prabhu1*, Kalagadda Venkateswara Rao1,
Vemula Sesha Sai Kumar1, Bandla Siva Kumari2
1

Centre for Nano Science and Technology, IST, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
Botany Department, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada, India
Email: *[email protected]

Received 6 November 2013; revised 9 December 2013; accepted 16 December 2013

Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract
In this paper, a simple and facile surfactant assisted combustion synthesis is reported for the ZnO
nanoparticles. The synthesis of ZnO-NPs has been done with the assistance of non-ionic surfactant
TWEEN 80. The effect of fuel variations and comparative study of fuel urea and glycine have been
studied by using characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron
microscope (TEM) and particle size analyzer. From XRD, it indicates the presence of hexagonal
wurtzite structure for ZnO-NPs. Using X-ray broadening, crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the
peak broadening of ZnO-NPs were studied by using Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis and size-strain
plot. Strain, stress and energy density parameters were calculated for the XRD peaks of all the
samples using (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), uniform deformation energy
density model (UDEDM) and by the size-strain plot method (SSP). The results of mean particle size
showed an inter correlation with W-H analysis, SSP, particle analyzer and TEM results.

Keywords
Surfactant Assisted Combustion; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD); Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM); Particle Analyzer

1. Introduction
In many areas of chemistry, physics and material science transition metal oxides with nano structure have at*

Corresponding author.

How to cite this paper: Prabhu, Y.T., Rao, K.V., Kumar, V.S.S. and Kumari, B.S. (2014) X-Ray Analysis by Williamson-Hall and
Size-Strain Plot Methods of ZnO Nanoparticles with Fuel Variation. World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 4, 21-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2014.41004

Y. T. Prabhu et al.

tracted substantial interest during the last few years because of their novel optical and electrical properties as
well as semiconductor crystals with a large binding energy (60 meV) [1]. In a variety of applications, Zinc oxide
nanoparticles are used as photocatalyst [2], catalyst [3], antibacterial treatment [4] and UV absorption. Various
physical methods such as vapor phase transparent process [5], pulse laser deposition [6] [7], vapor transparent
deposition and chemical vapor deposition [8] have been developed for preparation of nano ZnO. These days,
Sol-gel method is one of the known procedures for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles [9] which is
based on the hydrolysis of reactive metal precursor.
Deviations from perfect crystallinity extend infinitely in all directions which lead to broadening of the diffraction peaks. The crystallite size and lattice strain are the two main properties which could be extracted from the
peak width analysis. Due to the formation of polycrystalline aggregates [10], the crystallite size of the particle is
not the same as the particle size. The crystal imperfections could be measured from the distributions of lattice
constants. The basis of strain also includes contact or sinter stress, grain boundary, triple junction, stacking
faults and coherency stress [11]. In different ways, Bragg peak is affected by crystallite size and lattice strain
which increase the peak width and intensity shifting the 2 peak position accordingly. The crystallite size varies
as 1/cos and stain varies as tan from the peak width. The size and strain effects on peak broadening are known
from the above difference of 2. W-H analysis is an integral breadth method. Size-induced and strain-induced
broadenings are known by considering the peak width as a function of 2 [12].
In this paper firstly, a simple method for the synthesis of ZnO-NPs by surfactant assisted combustion synthesis is disused. It was found that this method is a quick, mild, energy-efficient and eco-friendly route to producing
ZnO nanoparticles. Secondly, comparative studies of the mean particle size of ZnO-NPs from TEM measurements and from the powdered XRD are dealt with. Using William Hall modified form strain, uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), uniform deformation energy-density model
(UDEDM) and the size-strain plot method (SSP) provided information on the stress-strain relation, and the
strain as a function of energy density (u) was estimated.

2. Experimental Details
2.1. Instrumentation
The crystal phases of the synthesized powders were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D & Advance, Germany) using CuK as radiation source (40 kV, step size 0.02, scan rate 0.5 min1, 20 2 80).
The particle size is measured by Nano Particle Size Analyzer (SZ-100 Nanoparticle, Horiba, Germany). The
surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticles were studied with transmission electron microscope (Tecnai 20 T G2
(FEI)).

2.2. Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles

The starting materials such as zinc nitrate and non-ionic surfactant are taken in same amounts for both the samples and thus changing the fuels glycine and urea. Freshly prepared aqueous solutions of the chemicals were
used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. At room temperature the chemicals are added one by one with the 0.1 M
solution of zinc nitrate, 0.15 M solution of glycine for first sample and urea for the second sample with 0.025 M
solution of non-ionic surfactant. The mixture of chemicals was then heated on a hot plate in separate beakers
which led the chemical mixture to self-combustion. After combustion the final precipitate is subjected to calcinations for 1 hr at 400C. Thus we successfully obtained a pure ZnO nano powders for different fuels in this
synthesis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. XRD
Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of as-syntheised ZnO nanoparticles by surfactant assisted combustion with
fuels glycine and urea. All the diffraction peaks can be assigned to hexagonal phase with Wurtzite structure with
space group (P63mc), JCPDS card No.36-1415 and unit cell parameters a = b = 0.3249 nm and c = 0.5206 nm.
The crystallite size is calculated from full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peaks (1 0 0) (0 0 2) (1 0 1) (1
0 2) (1 1 0) (1 0 3) (1 1 2) and (2 0 1). The Bragg peak breadth is a combination of both instrument- and sample

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

Figure 1. The XRD pattern for the nano ZnO with fuels Gylcine and urea.

dependent effects. To remove these aberrations, it is needed to assemble a diffraction pattern from the line
broadening of a standard material such as silicon to determine the instrumental broadening. The instrumentcorrected broadening [13] D corresponding to the diffraction peak of ZnO was estimated using the relation. The
lattice constants of ZnO with varied fuels are given in the Table 1.
2
=
D2 measures
i2nstrumental

D
=

k
k 1
cos

D cos
D D

(1)
(2)

3.2. Williamson-Hall Methods

Crystal imperfections and distortion of strain-induced peak broadening are related by s/tan. There is an extraordinary property of Equation (2) which has the dependency on the diffraction angle . Scherrer-equation
follows a 1/cos dependency but not tan as W-H method. This basic difference was that both microstructural
causes small crystallite size and microstrain occur together from the reflection broadening. Depending on different positions the separation of size and strain broadening analysis is done using Williamson and Hall. The
following results are the addition of the Scherrer equation and s/tan.

hkl
= S + D
k
=
hkl
D cos

+ 4 tan

(3)
(4)

Rearranging Equation (4) gives:

k
=
hkl + 4 sin
D

(5)

Here Equation (5) stands for UDM where it is assumed that stain is uniform in all crystallographic directions.
cos was plotted with respect to 4sin for the peaks of ZnO with varied fuels. Strain and particle size are calculated from the slope and y-intercept of the fitted line respectively. From the lattice parameters calculations it
was observed that this strain might be due to the lattice shrinkage. The UDM analysis results are shown in Figure 2.

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

Table 1. The structure parameters of ZnO nanoparticles with fuels glycine and urea.
Unit Cell Parameters/nm

Fuel

Cell Volume (nm3)

Size (nm)

c/a ratio

5.214

47.755

12.89

1.6032

5.208

47.701

36.77

1.6015

Glycine

3.252

Urea

3.252

Figure 2. The W-H analysis of ZnO nanoparticles with fuels glycine and urea assuming UDM. Fit to the data, the strain is extracted from the slope and the crystalline size is extracted from the y-intercept of the fit.

From Uniform Stress Deformation Model (USDM) strain is calculated from the Hooks Law maintaining linea proportionality between stress and strain by = Y, where is the stress and Y is the Youngs modulus. This
Hooks law is valid for a significantly small strain. Supposing a small strain to be present in the ZnO with varied
fuels, Hookes law can be used here. Applying the Hookes law approximation to Equation (5) yields:
k 4 sin
hkl cos
+
=

D Yhkl

(6)

For a hexagonal crystal, Youngs modulus is given by the following relation [11] (Equation (7)). where S11,
S13, S33, S44 are the elastic compliances of ZnO with values of 7.858 1012, 2.206 1012, 6.940 1012, 23.57
1012 m2N1, respectively [11]. Youngs modulus, Y, for hexagonal ZnO was calculated as 130 GPa.
4sin Yhkl and cos were taken on x-axis and y-axis respectively. The USDM plots for ZnO with varied fuels
are shown in the Figure 3. The stress is calculated from the slope.

Yhkl

=
2

h + 2k )
S11 h 2 + (

3

2 ( h + 2k )2 ( al )2
+
h +

c
3

2
4

( h + 2k )
al
+ S33 + ( 2 S13 + S44 ) h 2 +

3
c

2
al

c

(7)

The energy density of a crystal was calculated from a model called Uniform Deformation Energy Density
Model (UDEDM). From Equation (8) we need to implicit that crystals are to be homogeneous and isotropic nature. The energy density u can be calculated from u = 2Yhkl 2 using Hookes law. The Equation (8) can be
modified according the energy and strain relation.

2u
k
=
hkl + 4sin

D
Yhkl

1/ 2

(8)

4sin ( 2u Yhkl ) and hkl cos were taken on x-axis and y-axis respectively. From the slope the anisotropic energy density u was calculated and the crystallite size D from the Y-intercept from Figure 4. We know
that = Y and u = ( 2Yhkl ) 2 the stress was calculated as u = ( 2Yhkl ) 2 .
12

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

Figure 3. The modified form of W-H analysis assuming USDM for ZnO with fuels glycine and urea. Fit to
the data, the stress is extracted from the slope and the crystalline size is extracted from the y-intercept of the
fit.

Figure 4. The modified form of W-H analysis assuming UDEDM for ZnO with fuels glycine and urea. Fit to
the data, the density of energy is extracted from the slope and the crystalline size is extracted from the
y-intercept of the fit.

3.3. Size-Strain Plot Method

Williamson-Hall plot has illustrated that line broadening was basically isotropic. Due to microstrain contribution
the diffracting domains were isotropic. Size-strain parameters can be obtained from the size-strain plot (SSP).
This has a benefit that less importance is given to data from reflections at high angles. In this estimation, it is
assumed that profile is illustrated by strain profile by a Gaussian function and the crystallite size by Lorentzian function [14]. Hence we have

=
( d hkl hkl cos )
2

k 2

d hkl hkl cos +
D
2

(9)

2
where k is a constant, shape of the particles for spherical particles it is given as 3/4. In Figure 5, d hkl
hkl cos
2
and ( d hkl hkl cos ) were taken on x-axis and y-axis respectively for all peaks of ZnO-NPs with the wurtzite
hexagonal phase from 2 = 20 to 2 = 80. The particle size is calculated from the slope linearly fitted data and
the root of the y-intercept gives the strain.

3.4. TEM Method

From TEM results size and morphology of ZnO particles are analyzed and represented in Figures 6 and 7. Image reveals that the samples are with the average size of 20 - 30 nm which is in good agreement with that estimated by Scherer formula. In the Table 2 the results attained from Scherrer method, UDM, USDM, UDEDM,
SSP models and TEM are summarized. SAED pattern is shown in Figure 8.

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

Table 2. Geometric parameters of ZnO nanoparticles with fuels glycine and urea.
Williamsom-Hall Method
UDM

Fuel
D

no

USDM
D

no

Size-Strain Plot Method

UDEDM

no

no

(nm) Unit 103 (nm) Unit 103 (Mpa) (nm) Unit 103 (Mpa) (kJm3) (nm) Unit 103 (Mpa) (kJm3)
Glycine 12.82
1.51
11.37
1.77
168.24 11.84
1.84
198.21 81.3 12.14
1.808
199.35 92.54
UREA 36.75
0.205
34.56
0.212
123.54 35.72
0.9422
136.71 53.1 35.86
0.439
139.24 52.69

Figure 5. The SSP plot of ZnO with fuels glycine and urea. The particle size is achieved from the slop
of the liner fitted data and the root of y-intercept gives the strain.

Figure 6. TEM micrographs of ZnO nanoparticles with fuel glycine.

Figure 7. TEM micrographs of ZnO nanoparticles with fuel urea.

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

3.5. Particle Analyzer

Using Nano Particle Analyzer (SZ100) the size of the nanopowders is measured. The average particle sizes for
samples with fuels glycine and urea are shown with histogram in Figures 9 and 10. All the results from particle
analyzer are in good agreement with the XRD results of crystallite sizes.

Figure 8. SAED pattern of ZnO.

Figure 9. Particle analyzer histograms of fuel glycine of ZnO powders.

Figure 10. Particle analyzer histograms of fuel urea of ZnO powders.

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Y. T. Prabhu et al.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we have successfully synthesized porous nanocrystalline ZnO powder by novel surfactant assisted
combustion method. Systematic variation of fuels resulted in nanoparticles of the smallest size of crystallite size
12.82 nm and 36.42 nm for glycine and urea fuels respectively which were in good agreement with TEM results. When the crystallite size decreased for sample with fuel glycine cell volume, c/a ratio and micro strain increased. Similarly as the crystallite size increased for sample with fuel urea cell volume, c/a ratio and micro
strain decreased. This broadening was analyzed by the Scherrer formula, modified forms of W-H analysis and
the size-strain plot method. From the results, it was observed that the strain value decreased but the particle size
increased as doping concentration increased. The TEM results were in good agreement with the results of the
W-H and the SSP methods.

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