1- I wish, its high / about time:

A- Expressing wishes:

1) Present Wish
( Regret about
a present situation )

2) Past Wish
( Regret about a past
situation )

3) Future Wish
( Desire for a change
in the near future )

SITUATION
I do not play the
flute
( Present Simple )

WISH
I wish I played the flute
(-)
( Simple Past )

I am poor.
I wish I were not poor.
( Present Simple )
(+)
( Subjunctive )
I went to see him.
I wish I had not gone to see him.
( Simple Past )
(+)
( Past Perfect )
I did not write to
I wish I had written to him.
him.
(-)
( Past Perfect )
( Simple Past )
I was sick.
I wish I had not been sick.
( Simple Past )
(+)
( Past Perfect )
He will stay in
France.
( F. Simple )
They will not find
it.
( F. Simple )

I wish he would not stay in

(+) France.
( Conditional Present )
I wish they would find it.
(-)
( Conditional Present )

(+)

(-)
(-)
(+)

(-)

(-)

(+)

B- Its high / about time

The rule:
It high/ about time + present simple (it is the right time to do something)
Eg : Its high time for our country to take measures to stop corruption.///Its time to
prepare yourself for the exams.
It high/ about time + past simple (this action should be done before now)
Eg : Its high time the bad leaders went to jail.///Its high time governments fought
corruption.

2- had better/ had better not (Expressing advice)

Had better = should = ought to
The rule: had better / had better not + the verb (infinitive without "to") without to
Eg : youd better visit the doctor. Hed better not smoke.

3- so+adjective+that
eg : -The music is so loud that I can't sleep.
-The meal was so good that we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again
tonight.

4- such+noun phrase +that

e.g : - Don has such a big house that I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.
- Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model.

5. Provided /providing that/so long as/as long as +present simple, future

simple (will/wont+verb(infinitive))
Eg : -Providing that you work hard, you will succeed.///Youll succeed providing that you
work hard.
-As long as it trains, we wont go out. ////We wont go out as long as it trains.

6- Connectors / link words

A- Though=although/ in spite of =despite
eg : -He wore shorts though it was snowing./// Though It was snowing, he wore shorts.
-We need to leave now although he's not here yet./// Although he is not here yet, we need to
leave now.
-The pipes did not freeze in spite of the cold temperature./// In spite of the cold weather, the
pipes did not freeze.
-People were out and about despite the bad weather./// Despite the bad weather, people were
out and about.
B- Because = since =as ////due to=owing to=because of
eg -Schools were closed because of the snow./// Due to the cold temperature, the pipes froze.
- Owing to the bad weather, mail service way delayed.
-Schools were closed because it was snowing.//Since it was snowing, schools were closed.
C- Consequently = as a result = as a consequence =so
-It was sunny. Consequently, we had to wear sunscreen.
- It was bright. As a result, we had to wear sun glasses to drive.
- The weather was delightful. As a consequence, we went hiking.
D- Both..and/neithernor/either..or.. / not only ... but also
Rule: *Both +1st difference+and+2nd difference.
E.g : He likes the movie He recommends the movie = he both likes and recommends the movie.

*Neither +1st difference+nor+2nd difference. Eg: The plot wasnt believable. The plot
wasnt engaging. =The plot was neither believable nor engaging.
*Either +1st difference+or+2nd difference. Eg : the actors tried to overplay their roles.
The actors tried to underplay their roles. = The actors tried to either overplay or underplay their
roles.
*not only ... but also
Eg : She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

E. After/As soon as / Before/ Until / When

Rule:-After/As soon as/When + past perfect, past simple.
Eg : After he had arrived, he did his homework.
Past perfect
past simple
-Past perfect+before/until+past simple. Eg : He had arrived before he did homework.
F. In order to=so as to=to + verb (stem)
(expressing purpose)
eg : He works hard. He wants to succeed. He works hard in order to succeed.

7-Conditionals: Summary
Conditional
zero conditional
(type 0)
first conditional
(type 1)

Example
If you heat ice, it melts.

Rule
If+present simple, present simple

If it rains, I will stay at home.

If+present simple,
will/wont+verb(infinitive)

Youll get good marks if you revise

well.
second conditional If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. If+past simple,
would/wouldnt+verb(inf)
(type 2)
If I were you, I would apologise.
third conditional If I had won the lottery, I would have If+past perfect, would have+past
bought a car.
participle
(type 3)

8. Unless = If.not
Eg :-If he doesnt help us, we can not succeed.

Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

-If he revises his lessons, he will get good marks.

not get good marks.
-If he had money, he would travel.

Unless he revises his lessons, he will

Unless he had money, he would not travel.

-If he didnt hurry, he would lose the train.

Unless he hurried, he would lose the train.

9. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject.
(am/is/are + past participle )(was/were + past participle)
Active: Simple Present
The movie fascinates me.
The movie bores Jack.
The movie surprises them.

Passive: Simple Present

I am fascinated by the movie.
Jack is bored by the movie.
They are surprised by the movie.

Active: Simple Past

The movie bored me.
The movie fascinated Jack.
The movie surprised them.

Passive: Simple Past

I was bored by the movie.
Jack was fascinated by the movie.
They were surprised by the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)

Passive form: (am/is/are + being + past participle)(was/were + being + past participle)
Active: Present Continuous
I am helping Shannon.
June is helping Su and Ling.

Passive: Present Continuous

Shannon is being helped by me.
Su and Ling are being helped by June.

Active: Past Continuous

I was cleaning the bathroom.
They were cleaning the bedroom.
Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.

Passive: Past Continuous

The bathroom was being cleaned by me.
The bedroom was being cleaned by them.
The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by
Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT

(have/has been + past participle) (had been + past participle)
Active: Present Perfect
I have mailed the gift.
Jack has mailed the gifts.

Passive: Present Perfect

The gift has been mailed by me.
The gifts have been mailed by Jack.

Active: Past Perfect

Steven Spielberg had directed the movie.
Penny Marshall had directed those movies.

Passive: Past Perfect

The movie had been directed by Steven
Spielberg.
The movies had been directed by Penny
Marshall.

Active: Future Perfect

John will have finished the project next
month.

Passive: Future Perfect

The project will have been finished by next
month.

FUTURE TENSES
Passive forms: (will + be + past participle) (is/are going to be + past participle)
Active: Future with WILL
I will mail the gift.
Jack will mail the gifts.

Passive: Future with WILL

The gift will be mailed by me.
The gifts will be mailed by Jack.

Active: Future with GOING TO

I am going to make the cake.
Sue is going to make two cakes.

Passive: Future with GOING TO

The cake is going to be made by me.
Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS

The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Sharon will invite Tom to the party.
Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party.
(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)

Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)

Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.
Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.
(Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)

Mai can foretell the future.
Terry can't foretell the future.
(Terry cannot foretell the future.)

Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)

The future can be foretold by Mai.
The future can't be foretold by Terry.
(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Active: MAY / MAY NOT

Her company may give Katya a new office.
The lazy students may not do the homework.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Her company might give Katya a new office.
The lazy students might not do the
homework.

Passive: MAY / MAY NOT

Katya may be given a new office by her company.
The homework may not be done by the lazy
students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might be given a new office by her
company.
The homework might not be done by the lazy
students.

Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T

Students should memorize English verbs.
Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.

Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T

English verbs should be memorized by students.
Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.

Active: OUGHT TO
Students ought to learn English verbs.
(negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO
English verbs ought to be memorized by
students.

Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT

Students had better practice English every
day.
Children had better not drink whiskey.

Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT

English had better be practiced every day by
students.
Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
5

Active: MUST / MUST NOT

Tourists must apply for a passport to travel
abroad.
Customers must not use that door.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO
She has to practice English every day.
Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every
day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom
every day.
The children don't have to clean their
bedrooms every day.

Passive: MUST / MUST NOT

A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.
That door must not be used by customers.
Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO
English has to be practiced every day.
The dishes have to be washed by them every
day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every
day.
Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every
day.

10.Reported Speech
Direct Speech
simple present: He said, I go to school every
day.
simple past : He said, I went to school every
day.
present perfect : He said, I have gone to
school every day.
present progressive: He said, I am going to
school every day.
future (will):He said, I will go to school every
day.
Direct Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, Do you go to school every day?
He said, Where do you go to school?
Imperative: He said, Go to school every
day.

Indirect Speech
simple past: He said (that) he went to
school every day.
past perfect: He said (that) he had gone to
school every day.
past perfect :He said (that) he had gone to
school every day.
past progressive: He said (that) he was
going to school every day.
would + verb name: He said (that) he would
go to school every day.
Indirect Speech
simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
Infinitive: He said to go to school every day.

Direct Speech
Can: He said, I can go to school every day.

Indirect Speech
Could: He said (that) he could go to school
every day.

May: He said, I may go to school every day.

Might: He said, I might go to school every
Might: He said (that) he might go to school
day.
every day.
Must: He said, I must go to school every
day.
Had to: He said (that) he had to go to school
Have to: He said, I have to go to school
every day.
every day.
Should: He said, I should go to school every Should: He said (that) he should go to
day.
school every day.
Ought to: He said, I ought to go to school
Ought to: He said (that) he ought to go to
every day.
school every day.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
Direct Speech
Indirect/Reported speech
This
That
Today
That day
These
Those
Now
Then
Ago
Before
Here
There
Next
The following
Tomorrow
The next day/the following day
7

Yesterday

The day before/the previous day

10.Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns

With Uncountable
Nouns
How much?
a little/little
a bit (of)
a great deal of
a large amount of
a large quantity of

With Both

With Countable Nouns

How much? or How

many?
no/none
not any
some (any)
a lot of
plenty of
lots of

How many?
a few/few
a number (of)
Several
a large number of
a great number of
a majority of

Examples:
Countable nouns
Books-schools-bags-tables-classesteachers-pupils..

Uncountable nouns
Sugar-milk-money-water-courage-knowledgeoil-..

*Pronunciation
1-Word stress rules:
1. Stress on first (1st) syllable in most two(2) syllable nouns : PRESent, EXport,
CHIna, Table
2. Stress on last syllable in most two (2) syllable verbs : to preSENT, to exPORT, to
deCIDE, to beGIN
3. Stress on first (1st) syllable in most three (3) syllable verbs :ADvertise, PUBlicise
4. Stress on penultimate syllable (2nd from end) in words ending in : ic, -ics, -sion,
and tion :
GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic, reVIsion, eMIssion, Ethics, staTIStics,
meCHAnics, intoNAtion, vioLAtion,
5. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (3rd from end) in words ending in :-cy, -ty, phy, -al and gy :
deMOcracy, huMAnity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy, CRItical, geoLOGical
2-Silent Letters
B : climb, numb, plumb, comb, thumb, tomb, Woo Lacombe, crumb, debt, doubt, subtle
C : acquit, victual, Jacques, acquire, czar, indict, Connecticut, muscle, scissors, Tucson
D : grandson, handkerchief, sandwich, handsome, landscape, Windsor, Wednesday
G : gnash, reign, align, champagne, diaphragm, gnaw, intaglio
GH : though, light, high, , ghost, fight, night, through
H : hour, honest, honour, hurrah, Pooh, khaki, Gandhi, heir, Birmingham, exhaust,
Thames, exhibition
K : know, knead, knot, knife, knickers, knell, knight, Knox, Knowles, blackguard, knock
L : salmon, psalm, almond, would, should, calf, half, folk, yolk, Colne, Norfolk, chalk, calm,
talk
N : autumn, solemn, condemn, damn, hymn, monsieur, column, chimney
P : psychiatrist, corps, pneumonia, pseudo, ptomaine, psychology, ptomaine, coup,
receipt, Thompson
R : myrrh, butter, finger, garden, here, are,(in British English all r's are 'silent' before
consonants as in card or before silence as in car)
S : island, isle, viscount, apropos, aisle, debris, bourgeois, Illinois, Basle, bourgeois,
fracas
T : asthma, listen, castle, soften, often
W : sword, greensward, answer, Greenwich, Norwich, write, two, wrist, writ, whore,
whole
3-English pronunciation rules - sounds
*- Final s
A. The final s is pronounced /S/ after the voiceless sounds:/p/:hopes, /t/:puts, /k/:works,
/f/:beliefs, laughs, //:months
B. The final s is pronounced / /IZ/ after the sounds:/s/:passes, places, /z/:erases, sizes,
//=sh: finishes, /t/=ch: watches,
/d/: judges, pages
9

C. The final s is pronounced /Z/ after the voiced sounds:/b/:robs, /d/: reads, /g/:bags, /l/:
travels, /m/: homes, /n/:cleans, /v/:drives, /r/:clears, and after all vowel sounds: plays,
employees, flees, goes, news
*- Final ed
A. The final ed is pronounced /t/ after the voiceless sounds: /p/: hoped, /k/: worked, /s/:
passed, //=sh: washed, /t/=ch: matched and /f/: laughed
B. The final ed is pronounced /Id/ after the two sounds: /t/ and /d/: wanted; committed,
wounded, handed....
C. The final ed is pronounced /d/ after the voiced sounds: /b/:robbed, /g/: bogged, /l/:
travelled, /m/:screamed, /n/:cleaned, /r/:cleared, /v/:saved ,/ d/:managed, /z/: sized and
after all vowel sounds : played, employed, tried, flowed, skied

4-Basic Syllable Rules

1. To find the number of syllables:
-count the vowels in the word,
-subtract any silent vowels,(like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when
two vowels a together in a syllable)
---subtract one vowel from every diphthong, (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.)
---the number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables.
The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number
of vowels sounds heard. For example:
The word "came" has 2 vowels, but the "e" is silent, leaving one vowel sound and one
syllable.
The word "outside" has 4 vowels, but the "e" is silent and the "ou" is a diphthong which
counts as only one sound, so this word has only two vowels sounds and therefore, two
syllables.
2. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable.
When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el",
divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble"
"mum/ble" and "thi/stle". The only exceptions to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le".
Examples :
One syllable
Day-writecame- handnice-word

Two syllables
Divide-handedtoday-able-rubblevisit-honey.

Three syllables
Importantexceptionconsonantrevising

Four syllables
Educationgeologyuncountableactivity

Five syllables
Communicationgeologicaleducational

5-Words that rhyme/ sound the same.

Examples: wife-life, thin-chin, pie-eye, bed-head, seven-heaven, nine-fine, city-pretty, barrownarrow, bright-night, day-play, cry-fly

10

*Making opposites keeping the same root by adding prefixes: (il-, im-, un-, ir-, dis-, in-)

word
Honest
Approve
Agree
prepared
Legal
Moral
fair

Opposite
Dishonest
Disapprove
Disagree
Unprepared
Illegal
immoral
unfair

Teacher: Ms KOBI Naima

Word
Responsible
Appear
Common
Formal
Possible
active

opposite
irresponsible
disappear
uncommon
informal
impossible
inactive

11