120 F.

3d 1217
53 Soc.Sec.Rep.Ser. 914, 23 A.D.D. 595,
11 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 468

Sterling CRAYTON, on behalf of himself and all others

similarly situated, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
John J. CALLAHAN, Acting Commissioner of the Social
Security
Administration, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 96-6002.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.
Sept. 3, 1997.

Douglas Alan Wright, Florence, AL, Gerald A. McIntyre, National Senior

Citizens Law Center, Los Angeles, CA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Caryl Privett, U.S. Attorney, Birmingham, AL, Linda Sullivan Trippe,
Asst. U.S. Atty., Frank W. Hunger, Brian G. Kennedy, Civil Division,
U.S. Dept. of Justice, Andrew C. Phelan, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
Programs Branch, Civil Division, Washington, DC, Jim R. Ippolito, Jr.,
Richard N. Meadows, Montgomery, AL, Barbara C. Biddle, Howard S.
Scher, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Appellate Staff, Civil Div., Washington, DC,
Mary Ann Sloan, Office of the General Counsel, Joseph P. Palermo, Elyse
Sharfman, Mack A. Davis, Atlanta, GA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of
Alabama.
Before BIRCH, Circuit Judge, RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
O'KELLEY * , Senior District Judge.
RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge:

This is an appeal from the district court's dismissal of a class action brought by

mentally disabled persons who alleged that the defendants, the Commissioner
of Social Security and Alabama's Division of Disability Determination
("DDD"), failed to properly process their disability claims in that the persons
considering a claim of disability do not develop evidence of mental disability,
even though that is not a basis upon which the claim has been made.
2

Plaintiffs, ten persons with limited mental capacity, on behalf of themselves

and others similarly situated, claimed defendants violated the Social Security
Act, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. 794, and the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court dismissed
these claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court held that
plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies and their claims did not
satisfy the elements necessary to require waiver of the exhaustion requirement.
We affirm.

In July 1994, claimants filed their complaint, alleging that the state agency's
practice operated to deny benefits to persons with mental disabilities. Plaintiffs
sought certification of a class; a judgment declaring that the process at the state
level, as then administered, violated federal law and the Fourteenth
Amendment's due process clause; preliminary and permanent injunctions
enjoining the improper practices; and a writ of mandamus (in effect) directing
defendants to perform the non-discretionary duties owed plaintiffs under
applicable law. Defendants opposed plaintiffs' motion for class certification and
a hearing was held. The defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. After defendants filed their motions, the
district court stayed discovery and deferred ruling on class certification pending
the decision on the motions to dismiss.

On May 3, 1995, the district court dismissed all claims against the Secretary for
lack of jurisdiction, and dismissed the claims brought under the Social Security
Act and the Due Process Clause against the state defendants, leaving only
claims against the state that were predicated on section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act. After the parties briefed the issue, the district court
dismissed the remaining claims for lack of jurisdiction in an Order entered in
October 1995. Because of the court's disposition of the jurisdictional issue, it
never ruled upon class certification.

Plaintiffs allege that they should have been considered for benefits under two
similar programs administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA).
The Social Security Disability Insurance program (SSDI) pays benefits to
persons who have contributed to the program and who are determined to be
"disabled" due to a physical and/or mental impairment. Title II, Social Security

Act, 49 Stat. 622, as amended. 42 U.S.C. 401 et seq. The Supplemental

Security Income program (SSI) extends such benefits to indigent disabled
persons. Title XVI, Social Security Act, 86 Stat. 1465, as amended, 42 U.S.C.
1381 et seq. Both Titles define "disability" as the "inability to engage in any
substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or
mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted
or can be expected to last for a continuous period of less than 12 months...." 42
U.S.C. 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A). Under express statutory authority, 42
U.S.C. 405(a), the Commissioner has promulgated detailed regulations
governing eligibility for SSDI and SSI benefits. 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P
(SSDI); 20 C.F.R. Part 416, Subpart I(SSI). Both programs follow the same
five-step "sequential evaluation" process to determine whether a claimant is
disabled. Compare 42 U.S.C. 423(d) with 42 U.S.C. 1382c; compare also
20 C.F.R. 404.1520 with 20 C.F.R. 416.920.
6

The disability examiner determines first, whether the claimant is engaged in

"substantial gainful activity." If not, the examiner decides second whether the
claimant's condition or impairment is "severe," i.e., whether it significantly
limits claimant's physical or mental ability to do basic work activities. 20
C.F.R. 404.1520(c), 416.920(c). If so, the examiner decides at the third step
whether the claimant's impairment meets or equals the severity of the specified
impairments acknowledged by SSA to be of sufficient severity to preclude any
gainful work activity (the "Listings"), Subpart P, Appendix 1 of the
Regulations, 20 C.F.R. 404.1520(d), 416.920(d). If the claimant's condition
meets or equals the level of severity of a listed impairment, the claimant at this
point is conclusively presumed to be disabled based on his or her medical
condition.

If the claimant has a severe impairment that does not equal or meet the severity
of a listed impairment, the examiner proceeds to the fourth step and assesses
the claimant's "residual functional capacity" ("RFC"). This assessment
measures whether a claimant can perform past relevant work despite his or her
impairment. If the claimant is unable to do past relevant work, the examiner
proceeds to the fifth and final step of the evaluation process to determine
whether in light of RFC, age, education and work experience the claimant can
perform other work. 20 C.F.R. 404.1520(f), 416.920(f).

Plaintiffs' contentions in this case concern the third step in the process, i.e.,
whether claimant's impairment meets or equals the impairment in the Listings.
Specifically, plaintiffs challenge the DDD's failure to determine whether the
mental retardation Listings apply to them. 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P,
Appendix 1 at 12.05 (Mental Retardation and Autism).

To be considered for disability benefits under section 12.05, a claimant must at

least (1) have significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning; (2) have
deficits in adaptive behavior; and (3) have manifested deficits in adaptive
behavior before age 22.

10

Generally, the claimant meets the criteria for presumptive disability under
section 12.05(b) when the claimant presents a valid IQ score of 59 or less, or
under section 12.05(c) when the claimant presents a valid IQ score of 60
through 70 inclusive, and when the claimant presents evidence of an additional
mental or physical impairment significantly affecting claimant's ability to work.
See Lowery v. Sullivan, 979 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir.1992) (a valid IQ score
need not be conclusive of mental retardation, where the IQ score is inconsistent
with other evidence in the record concerning the claimant's daily activities and
behavior).

11

In addition to describing plaintiffs generally as persons with limited mental

capacity, the complaint alleges facts about each of the named plaintiffs,
including their ages and their limited educational background and work
experience; the dates they applied for and were denied benefits at the agency
level; the IQ levels of some of the plaintiffs and their physical disabilities
where relevant.

12

It appears plaintiffs' claims were not based on limited mental capacity. The
complaint does not allege which of the above facts, if any, were presented to the
agency. Plaintiffs fault the state disability examiners for failing to develop
evidence sua sponte of limited mental capacity, even when such a claim is not
made, but when there is some indication in the record that the claimant has a
limited mental capacity.
Specifically, plaintiffs allege:

13
Defendants
do not request information from disability applicants which would show
that limited mental capacity is likely. Defendants fail and refuse to obtain
consultative exams for I.Q. testing even when mental retardation is suggested by
evidence of record (such as an adult having only a fourth grade education).
Defendants do not obtain school records which would show that limitation of mental
capacity was evident early in applicant's life. This failure to develop is particularly
important because people with limited mental capacities often do not allege this
deficiency as a basis for their disability claims, either because they do not appreciate
the extent of their mental limitation or because they do not realize that their mental
limitation can constitute a basis for disability. Defendants also deny benefits in cases
where the record includes a valid I.Q. score of 60 or less or a valid I.Q. score

between 61 to 70 and an additional significant work-related impairment.

14

We presume the truth of all factual allegations in the complaint and review
defendants' facial challenge to jurisdiction de novo. The motion to dismiss is
appropriately granted if the plaintiffs failed to allege an element necessary for
subject matter jurisdiction. Titus v. Sullivan, 4 F.3d 590, 593 (8th Cir.1993).

15

Under 42 U.S.C. 405(g), the section which gives the federal court jurisdiction
of claims under this statute, a claimant must satisfy two jurisdictional
prerequisites to obtain judicial review of an agency decision. First, the
individual must have presented a claim for benefits to the Secretary. Mathews
v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). Second, the
claimant must have exhausted the administrative remedies.

16

This means claimant must have completed each of the steps of the
administrative review process unless exhaustion has been waived. Claimants in
this case were pursuing but had not exhausted their administrative remedies at
the time their complaint was filed, so in order for their claims to be heard,
exhaustion must be waived. The district court in this case, as did the courts in
other cases cited by the parties, applied a three-part test to determine whether
waiver is applicable: (1) are the issues entirely collateral to the claim for
benefits; (2) would failure to waive cause irreparable injury; and (3) would
exhaustion be futile. Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U.S. 467, 483, 106 S.Ct.
2022, 2031-32, 90 L.Ed.2d 462 (1986). The district court based its dismissal on
plaintiffs' failure to establish two of these three elements: irreparable injury and
futility.

17

In arguing that the district court should have applied the doctrine of waiver to
assert jurisdiction in this case, plaintiffs rely upon the Supreme Court's analysis
of waiver in three cases, Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45
L.Ed.2d 522 (1975); Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47
L.Ed.2d 18 (1976); and Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U.S. 467, 106 S.Ct.
2022, 90 L.Ed.2d 462 (1986). Because of the context within which the
principles were developed in these cases, however, these cases do not support a
required waiver of the exhaustion requirement in this case.

18

In Salfi, a widow and her child brought a class action challenging the
constitutionality of certain Social Security Administration procedures after she
was denied benefits both initially and on reconsideration at the regional level.
The Court held that the Secretary's failure to challenge the sufficiency of
plaintiffs' allegations of exhaustion amounted to a determination by the

Secretary that for purposes of this litigation, the reconsideration determination

was "final," and thereby satisfied the requirements for judicial review under
section 405(g). 422 U.S. at 767, 95 S.Ct. at 2467.
19

In reaching this conclusion, the Court observed that the statutory scheme,
which determines when an agency decision is final, allows the Secretary to
determine what exhaustion requirement would best "serve his own interests in
effective and efficient administration." 422 U.S. at 766, 95 S.Ct. at 2467. Thus,
it is within the Secretary's province to waive the exhaustion requirement. This
may be done by failing to challenge jurisdiction based on failure to exhaust.
The Secretary has not chosen to do that in this case.

20

In Mathews v. Eldridge, when plaintiff's disability benefits were terminated,

plaintiff did not seek agency reconsideration but instead brought an action in
federal district court alleging that termination of his benefits without a hearing
violated his constitutional due process rights. The Supreme Court predicated its
holding that judicial waiver of exhaustion was appropriate on the fact that
plaintiff challenged the constitutional validity of administrative procedures, and
noted the importance of that distinction:

21claim to a predeprivation hearing as a matter of constitutional right rests on the

A
proposition that full relief cannot be obtained at a postdeprivation hearing [so that]
denying Eldridge's substantive claim "for other reasons" or upholding it "under other
provisions" at the post-termination stage, ... would not answer his constitutional
challenge.
22

424 U.S. at 331-32, 96 S.Ct. at 900.

23

Plaintiffs' due process claim is not based on the failure to have a hearing, but on
how that hearing was handled, normal subject matter for the regular
administrative exhaustion requirement.

24

In Bowen v. City of New York, plaintiffs brought a class action alleging that an
internal policy of the Secretary of Health and Human Services had the effect of
denying disability benefits to numerous claimants who may have been entitled
to them. Suit was brought on behalf of state residents who had applied for or
been receiving Social Security benefits and who had been found by the agency
to have a severe mental impairment, but were denied benefits based on the
determination that claimants were capable of substantial gainful employment.
After a seven-day trial, the district court held, among other things, that the
agency had followed a covert policy as alleged by plaintiffs and that such

policy was illegal. The court noted that the evidence of the "fixed clandestine
policy against those with mental illness" was overwhelming. 476 U.S. at 475,
106 S.Ct. at 2027 (citations omitted).
25

The district court certified a class, including in it claimants who had not
exhausted their administrative remedies. The court clearly had jurisdiction of
the case involving plaintiffs with exhausted claims. It was only the inclusion in
this class with those claimants who had not exhausted that the government
appealed. The trial court's findings on the merits of plaintiffs' case were
unchallenged. The only question was whether those claimants who had not
exhausted their administrative remedies should be included in the class for
which relief would be granted. Thus, the Court had before it a record fully
developed by the plaintiffs who had exhausted upon which to base its decision.
Under such circumstances, it would be nonsensical to require claimants to
exhaust their remedies when the outcome was a foregone conclusion.

26

In making its decision, the Bowen Court looked at several factors, the first two
of which are factors the Court discussed previously in Eldridge: first, that the
constitutional challenge brought was entirely collateral to a substantive claim of
entitlement; and second, that claimants would suffer irreparable injury because
their claim rested on the proposition that full relief could not be obtained at a
post-deprivation hearing. The Court said it must consider whether application
of the exhaustion doctrine was practical, and whether it was consistent with the
requirement's underlying policies. The Court explained that

27
Exhaustion
is generally required as a matter of preventing premature interference
with agency processes, so that the agency may function efficiently and so that it may
have an opportunity to correct its own errors, to afford the parties and the courts the
benefit of its experience and expertise, and to compile a record which is adequate for
judicial review.
28

422 U.S. at 765, 95 S.Ct. at 2467.

29

The holdings in each of these cases is consistent with the stated principles
underlying exhaustion. The agency may always waive the exhaustion
requirement. It may be held to have done so by failing to challenge the
sufficiency of the allegations in plaintiffs' complaint, as it did in Salfi.
Exhaustion may be excused when the only contested issue is constitutional,
collateral to the consideration of claimant's claim, and its resolution therefore
falls outside the agency's authority as in Eldridge. Exhaustion may be
impractical and inconsistent with the exhaustion principles when a judicial
determination has been made that the agency's procedure is illegal.

30

Plaintiffs also cited cases from other circuits that like plaintiffs go straight to
application of the three-part test, particularly a line of cases decided by the
Eighth Circuit, including Titus v. Sullivan, 4 F.3d 590 (8th Cir.1993);
Schoolcraft v. Sullivan, 971 F.2d 81 (8th Cir.1992), cert. denied sub nom.,
Shalala v. Schoolcraft, 510 U.S. 1081, 114 S.Ct. 902, 127 L.Ed.2d 93 (1994);
and Mental Health Ass'n of Minnesota v. Heckler, 720 F.2d 965 (8th Cir.1983).
We are unpersuaded as to the correctness of these cases or that they require a
waiver in this case.

31

We hold only that in this case both the practical considerations and the guiding
principles of exhaustion dictate that these claimants should make their claims to
the agency and exhaust their administrative remedies before the federal court
would have jurisdiction to review the agency decision.

32

It appears from the language of the district court's memorandum opinions that
its dismissal was with prejudice. We modify the judgment to the extent that the
dismissal of the claims of the individual plaintiffs is without prejudice, so that
they may pursue administrative remedies and then return to federal court if
appropriate.

33

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

Honorable William C. O'Kelley, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Northern
District of Georgia, sitting by designation