YSA v. Najam Azmat, 11th Cir. (2015)

Case: 14-13703
Date Filed: 11/10/2015
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-13703
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cr-00028-WTM-GRS-4
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
NAJAM AZMAT,
a.k.a. Dr. Hazmat,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Georgia
________________________
(November 10, 2015)
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Before TJOFLAT and HULL, Circuit Judges, and BARTLE, District Judge.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
After a jury trial, Dr. Najam Azmat was convicted of 1 count of conspiracy
to dispense controlled substances, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1), (b)(2),
and 846; 49 counts of unlawful dispensation of controlled substances, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), (b)(1)(E), and (b)(2); and 1 count of
conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1956(h).
After review and oral argument, we affirm Dr. Azmats convictions and total 133month sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 7, 2013, a superseding indictment (the indictment) charged
Dr. Azmat with conspiracy to dispense controlled substances and conspiracy to
launder monetary instruments. The indictment alleged that Dr. Azmat conspired
with Sean Clark, Adelaid Lizama, Daniel Wise, Candace Carreras, Shelly Morford,
and other persons both known and unknown. The indictment further charged that,
during February and March 2011, Dr. Azmat unlawfully dispensed 49
prescriptions for oxycodone, hydrocodone, and alprazolam to 25 people. All of the
alleged activities arose from Dr. Azmat and the codefendants participation in a
Honorable Harvey Bartle III, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
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pill-mill scheme in Garden City, Georgia. The codefendants pill mill 1 was called
East Health Center.
Following a 5-day trial in January 2014, 2 a jury found Dr. Azmat guilty of
the 51 charged crimes. On August 6, 2014, the district court sentenced him to 133
months imprisonment, which was below his advisory guidelines range. This
appeal follows.
II. CONVICTION ISSUES
In this appeal, Dr. Azmat challenges his convictions on multiple grounds,
arguing, inter alia, that: (1) even if he wrote prescriptions for illegal purposes, he
did not dispense controlled substances or conspire to dispense controlled
substances, as provided in 841(a)(1); (2) the trial evidence was insufficient to
support his convictions; (3) the district court abused its discretion by admitting
Dr. Gene Kennedys expert testimony; (4) prosecutorial misconduct occurred
during trial; and (5) cumulative error warrants reversal. We first review the trial
evidence.
The indictment defined pill mill as a nominal pain management facility which
dispenses or distributes controlled substances outside the usual course of professional practice
and without legitimate medical purpose.
2
Dr. Azmat was tried separately from his codefendants, who all accepted plea
agreements.
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III. TRIAL EVIDENCE

A.
Establishing East Health Center

Adelard LeFrancois testified that he began working at a pain management
companyPalm Beach Pain and Rejuvenation, in Boca Raton, Floridain the fall of
2009. Patients would travel to Palm Beach Pain and Rejuvenation from out-ofstate, present a recent magnetic resonance image (MRI), and then receive a basic
physical examination followed by prescriptions for oxycodone, Percocet, Xanax,
and/or Valium. Palm Beach Pain and Rejuvenation had only basic medical
supplies and did not accept insurance. It did nothing other than dispense controlled
substances.
LeFrancois stated that, until October 2010, clinics in Florida could dispense
28 days worth of medication at one time. In October 2010, Florida changed its
laws so that medical providers could not dispense more than 72 hours worth of
medication unless they had medical malpractice insurance. Because Palm Beach
Pain and Rejuvenation did not carry insurance, it started losing business, as it could
no longer attract out-of-state patients who did not want to travel for only 72 hours
worth of pills. Accordingly, LeFrancois decided that he would open his own clinic
in Georgia, where the laws were less restrictive.
LeFrancois recruited several of his Florida coworkers, including Lizama,
Carreras, Wise, Clark, Morford, Frankie Barbuscia, and Konstantinos Afthinos, to
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come with him to open a new pain management clinic in Georgia. Some of the
employeesWise, Morford, and Afthinosrented a house together in Georgia.
LeFrancois then established East Health Center in Garden City, Georgia, and
placed an advertisement on Craigslist to recruit a doctor.
B.
Recruiting Physicians
Dr. Mary Kay Ross testified that, in February 2011, she responded to the
advertisement recruiting physicians to work part time at East Health Center.

Dr. Ross set up a lunch meeting with Clark and LeFrancois, who told her that
doctors working at the clinic would dispense pain medication to patients in, what
she felt, were very, very large amounts. They explained that the clinic already
had out-of-state patients waiting for appointments, and the patients knew what
medicines they would be prescribed. Dr. Ross asked about medical malpractice
insurance, and Clark and LeFrancois stated that they had no need for it. Dr. Ross
also observed that neither Clark nor LeFrancois had medical backgrounds, yet they
owned a clinic and were well versed in pain medication.
After lunch, Dr. Ross contacted a law enforcement official because she
thought it was odd that the clinic would dispense 150 to 190 pills at a time and that
patients would come from out-of-state for pain management. Dr. Ross stated that
she was sensitive to drug seekers based on her previous experiences working in
an emergency room. However, Dr. Ross admitted that she was not board certified
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in pain management and that her perspective may be affected by the fact that
emergency rooms provide for patients short term needs, while primary care
physicians and specialists provide long term care.
A narcotics officer suggested that Dr. Ross look at the clinic and see what
else there was going on. Dr. Ross agreed and visited East Health Center, which
she found to be inadequate. It was small, did not have many medical supplies
beyond a scale and a blood pressure cuff, there was a safe from which medications
could be dispensed, and there was no laboratory for processing tests.
Dr. David Hatmaker, an emergency room doctor who was not certified in
pain management, testified that he also responded to East Health Centers
advertisement. After electronically communicating with LeFrancois, Dr. Hatmaker
visited the clinic, which he stated did not meet [his] expectations. Dr. Hatmaker
described the facility as a lower scale clinic in a less-than-attractive
community. There were no nurses and only basic medical equipmentnothing to
read an x-ray or an MRI.
Dr. Hatmaker met with LeFrancois at the clinic, and LeFrancois explained
that East Health Center did not take insurance, accepted cash and credit card
payments only, and would pay Dr. Hatmaker $2,000 per day in cash for his
services. LeFrancois also stated that there was no need for medical malpractice
insurance. The clinics primary purpose was treatment with narcotics.
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LeFrancois stated that they did not advertise and wanted to keep a low profile.
Finally, he asked Dr. Hatmaker to move his Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) number to the clinic so that he could bring narcotics to the facility and
dispense them directly to the patients.
Dr. Hatmaker also testified that he met Dr. Azmat during his tour of the
clinic. Dr. Hatmaker watched Dr. Azmat examine a patient in a cursory fashion
and then prescribe four narcotic prescriptions. Dr. Azmat told him that some
patients came from out-of-state to visit East Health Center. After this meeting,
Dr. Hatmaker called a friend at the DEA to suggest that law enforcement look into
the clinic because it did not appear to be legitimate. On cross-examination,
Dr. Hatmaker stated that the clinic was not directly dispensing medication at the
time of his visit.
Thus, Dr. Azmat began working at East Health Center at some point prior to
Dr. Hatmakers interview. LeFrancois testified that he and Dr. Azmat
communicated about the open position by phone and email. LeFrancois told
Dr. Azmat that he would be paid $2,000 in cash each day for pain management
services. LeFrancois explained that the patients would be from out-of-state and
would be expecting oxycodone. LeFrancois also mentioned his experience at the
Florida pill mill and stated that East Health Center would be the same type of
operation. Dr. Azmat told LeFrancois that he had experience in a pain
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management facility, held multiple DEA licenses, and would be able to take care
of everything.
C.
East Health Centers Operation

1.
General Practices
East Health Center opened its doors on February 21, 2011. LeFrancois
testified that patients paid $250 to $300 to see a doctor and receive a prescription.
Patients had to present a recent MRI in order to see a doctor, so that there could be
documentation of a chronic-pain injury warranting medication. In order to obtain
an oxycodone prescription, patients also had to provide a urine sample to establish
that they already had oxycodone in their systems. They could not be seen by a
doctor unless they passed the urine test.
Barbuscia and Afthinos testified that they were marketers for East Health
Center. In this capacity, they attempted to recruit clients by intercepting people as
they were visiting other pain clinics, talking to people at gas stations and low-scale
hotels, and looking for raggedy out-of-state cars. Barbuscia would hand out
fliers advertising incentives at the clinic. Barbuscia agreed that clients he was
targeting looked like zombies or addicts.
LeFrancois wanted to keep a low profile, so he limited the number of
patients that could visit the clinic each day and encouraged patients to park in
alternative parking lots so that their out-of-state license plates would not attract
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attention. LeFrancois stocked East Health Center with limited medical supplies
and some health-related posters. There were security cameras to deter patients
from stealing from the clinic. The clinic never dispensed medication on site.
East Health Center employees audited the cash each day. The clinic used
patients cash payments to pay the doctors salaries, purchase lunch, pay for the
employees rental house, pay the clinics lease, and cover any expenses such as
electrical work and cable. The remaining cash was deposited at a bank at the end
of each day.
An agent from the Chatham-Savannah Counter Narcotics Team visited the
clinic during the first two days of its operation. The agent advised LeFrancois that
he needed more medical supplies to meet minimum requirements. LeFrancois
went shopping and purchased the necessary equipment, which he agreed
functioned as prop[s].
2.
Dr. Azmats Role
Dr. Azmat was the only doctor working at the clinic at its inception. He
began on February 21, 2011, and was terminated on March 18, 2011. According to
Wise, the office manager at East Health Center, Dr. Azmat was aware of the
clinics marketing techniques because they were openly discussed within the
office. Dr. Azmat knew that patients paid in cash and saw them congregating in
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front of the clinic. Wise paid Dr. Azmat in cash each day [f]rom the daily take of
whatever came in.
Furthermore, according to Wise, while Dr. Azmat may have been unaware
of the terminology or the particulars of the financial arrangements, Dr. Azmat
knew that sponsors would bring groups of patients to the clinic. Wise explained
that sponsors were pill seekers who would pay for patients appointments in
exchange for a portion of the pills prescribed during the visit. Wise had entered a
guilty plea related to his involvement in the clinic.
LeFrancois testified that he fired Dr. Azmat primarily because Dr. Azmat
did not give patients what they expected to be prescribed, and pharmacies were
refusing to fill his prescriptions. Wise confronted Dr. Azmat about why he was
reducing prescriptions, and, according to Wise:
Dr. Azmat would get frustrated and explain that it was his license on
the line, that he wasnt going to do what they wanted him to do, and
he would increase the patients prescription on their next visit. He
wanted to show that they werent starting off at a high amount. He
wanted to show that they were getting less than what they were
getting at a previous clinic.
Barbuscia similarly testified that patients were angry that Dr. Azmat was not
writing heavy enough prescriptions.
Aside from issues with the prescriptions, LeFrancois was also upset that
Dr. Azmat was refusing to treat patients seeking primary care because he did not
have the proper medical malpractice insurance. Afthinos added that the clinic
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directors were angry that Dr. Azmat was spending 15 to 20 minutes with each
patient, which was too long. The negative feelings against Dr. Azmat were
compounded by the fact that he was an outsider to the group who had previously
worked together in Florida.
3.
Dr. Gossetts Tenure
After the clinic fired Dr. Azmat, Dr. Ken Gossett took his place. Dr. Gossett
testified that he understood that the patients paid in cash for his services and were
seeking oxycodone. The only time that he did not prescribe a patient oxycodone
was when he could not find a justification for doing so based on the patients
medical records or complaints. When this happened, the patient would get a
refund.
Dr. Gossett also testified that he recognized that it would be odd for patients
experiencing intense pain to travel hours from home to see a doctor. When asked
whether it was apparent that many of his patients were drug abusers, Dr. Gossett
responded: It seemed that they acquired a lot of pain medicine, yes. Finally,
Dr. Gossett clarified that, as a doctor, he had a license to prescribe medicine, not a
license to dispense medicine.
D.
Investigation
DEA Diversion Investigator Charles Sikes stated that the government
initiated an investigation of East Health Center after receiving Dr. Rosss

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complaint. The agency conducted surveillance and discovered cars with out-ofstate licenses in the clinics parking lot and patients files in the trash. It appeared
that people arrived in groups from locations outside of Georgia. Agents spoke
with pharmacists and learned that East Health Center was primarily prescribing
oxycodone. An agent inspected the interior of the clinic and saw that there was a
scale, a blood pressure cuff, band aids, gauze, and cotton balls, which were meant
to give the appearance of a medical facility.
After obtaining a warrant in May 2011, DEA agents seized patient files,
business records, patient sign-in sheets, and a camera system. There were boxes of
empty pill bottles in the reception area and a safe for cash. A ledger showed that
almost all of the patients paid in cash. From the gathered evidence, Investigator
Sikes was able to determine which patients Dr. Azmat treated and access the
relevant patients medical files.
Sikes testified that he examined all 238 of Dr. Azmats patients records and
created a summary of the information. Sikes stated that, out of the 238 patients
treated by Dr. Azmat, 196 received medication. Out of the 196 patients who
received prescriptions, 64 percent were from out-of-state, and 96 percent received
oxycodone.
Sikes further stated that Dr. Azmat consented to a non-custodial interview
on September 19, 2012. According to Sikes, Dr. Azmat stated that when
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LeFrancois offered him the job, he understood that he would be working as a pain
management physician. Dr. Azmat stated that he knew Wise, Lizama,
Konstantinos, Morford, and Clark. He explained that East Health Center was [a]
pill mill or pain management clinic, and it turned away primary care patients who
came in wanting a physical or treatment for flulike symptoms.
Dr. Azmat stated that most of the patients had been to other pain
management clinics and were addicted to oxycodone. He was aware that many of
the patients lived outside of Georgia. In order to be seen, patients had to bring an
MRI, but did not need to present any other medical records. He would typically
spend 30-to-40 minutes with each patient and then prescribe them narcotics. While
Dr. Azmat claimed that he referred patients to specialists, Investigator Sikes
testified that referrals were not noted in the patient charts. Dr. Azmat believed that
the clinic only accepted payment in cash.
According to Sikess investigation, Dr. Azmat was typically paid in cash at
the end of each day, but received checks on three or four occasions. Investigator
Sikes also testified that, throughout the interview, Dr. Azmat constantly referred
to [the patients] as customers.
On cross-examination, Sikes explained that, after the clinic was informed
that it lacked the proper medical equipment, Dr. Azmat called a government office
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to ask what the clinic needed to obtain to be in compliance. Dr. Azmat also
expressed that he believed that what he was doing was legitimate.
Furthermore, Investigator Sikes admitted that Dr. Azmat discontinued or
decreased some peoples oxycodone and/or Xanax prescriptions when they came
to the clinic. Sikes explained that Xanax and oxycodone can be dangerous when
combined, and it appeared that Dr. Azmat was attempting to prevent harmful drug
interactions. Furthermore, many of the patients who received oxycodone tested
positive for oxycodone at the time of their examination. Dr. Azmat refused to
prescribe narcotics to at least one patient who had a negative urine test, and he also
decreased prescriptions for drugs other than Xanax and oxycodone.
On redirect, Sikes explained that Dr. Azmat did not have medical records for
most of the patients at the time of their visits. Therefore, when the patients selfreported the amount of narcotics their previous doctors had prescribed, there was
no way for Dr. Azmat to confirm that they were telling the truth. Moreover, some
of the patients obtained MRIs without a doctors referral and crossed state borders
in order to access walk-in MRI facilities. One patients MRI documentation even
stated that the MRI was read before the time that it was taken. Finally, Sikes
summarized that out of the 42 patients that Dr. Azmat did not medicate, 20 patients
did not have documents in their medical files, 9 lacked MRIs, 6 tested positive for
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illegal or un-prescribed drugs and were told to return at a later date, and the rest
were denied medications for miscellaneous or unspecified reasons.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Agent Michael Palmer provided brief
testimony about Dr. Azmats tax returns. Agent Palmer stated that Dr. Azmat did
not file a federal income tax return for 2011, and he presented a copy of a
certificate showing the lack of record (2011 tax return).
E.
Patient Experiences
Eight of Dr. Azmats patients testified about their experiences at East Health
Center. Seven described themselves as prescription pill addicts. The remaining

patientwho was not addicted to pillstestified that the people she observed in the
waiting room looked like drug addicts. Another patient observed that the people in
the waiting room were noticeably medicated and nodding out in their seats.
As to their meetings with Dr. Azmat, seven of the patients stated that their
exams were cursory or lasted no more than ten minutes. Three patients testified
that Dr. Azmat never touched them during the physical examination. He simply
asked them about their pain or prescription history before writing them a new
script. Dr. Azmat generally did not review the forms that the patients filled out
before their exams or provide any warnings about the addictive nature of the
prescribed medications. Dr. Azmat did not discuss treatment options other than
narcotics.
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While two patients stated that Dr. Azmat failed to treat their high blood
pressure or discuss any medical issues beyond their chronic pain, another patient
testified that Dr. Azmat diagnosed a heart murmur and advised him to see a
cardiologist. All but one of the patients had a legitimate injury, typically from a
car accident or workplace accident that occurred years prior to the visit. After
visiting East Health Center, one of the patients sought out a more reputable clinic
and his new physician has continued to prescribe him oxycodone.
F.
Governments Expert
Dr. Gene Kennedy testified as the governments expert witness on pain
management. Dr. Kennedy stated that it is impossible to diagnose a chronic

patient without (1) reviewing the patients medical history and treatment records,
and (2) conducting a physical examination. After making the appropriate findings,
doctors should create treatment plans for their patients. For patients experiencing
pain, a treatment plan may include a referral for physical therapy, occupational
therapy, or neurosurgery, in addition to other measures. If prescribing a controlled
substance is necessary, the physician must discuss with the patient the risks and
benefits of the drug.
Dr. Kennedy reviewed the patient files that were relevant to the indictment
and concluded that, in each instance, Dr. Azmat did not prescribe the controlled
substances for a legitimate medical purpose or in the usual course of professional
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practice. Based on his review of the records, Dr. Kennedy explained that
Dr. Azmat prescribed medication when: (1) patients did not already have
controlled substances in their system, which suggested that the patients were lying
when they reported that other doctors had prescribed them controlled substances;
(2) patients did not present medical records from their previous physicians to
verify their injuries and prescription history; (3) patients MRIs and physical
exams were unremarkable; (4) patients were from out-of-state or obtained their
MRIs out-of-state, when patients in extreme pain typically are not capable of
traveling great distances; (5) patients self-reported for MRIs, rather than being
referred by a doctor; (6) patients were reporting high levels of pain but did not
appear to be in distress, further suggesting dishonesty; and (7) patients had state
identification cards, rather than drivers licenses, which suggested that they had
been caught driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. All of these factors
are red flags for doctors, and Dr. Azmat should have been suspicious that the
patients were seeking pills.
Dr. Kennedy also discussed additional issues with Dr. Azmats medical
practices. He believed that Dr. Azmat was prescribing too many pills; failed to
note or treat obvious problems, such as patients alarmingly high blood pressures;
and failed to prepare treatment plans. Furthermore, Dr. Kennedy thought it was
strange that patients signed a form before seeing Dr. Azmat, stating that they
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consented to opioid treatment. He believed that the practice suggested that it was a
foregone conclusion that opioids would be prescribed.
On cross-examination, Dr. Kennedy admitted that doctors do not deny
addicts pain medication simply because they are addicts. Addicts who are
suffering pain are still entitled to be treated with medications. Dr. Kennedy further
conceded that there was no evidence that East Health Center dispensed
medications on site.
G.
Dr. Azmats Expert

Dr. Thomas Simopoulos testified as Dr. Azmats expert witness in pain
management. After reviewing the patient files maintained by Dr. Azmat,

Dr. Simopoulos concluded that Dr. Azmat obtained suitable medical histories,
conducted appropriate physical exams, obtained patients prescription histories,
and created suitable treatment plans. He stated that, in his opinion, Dr. Azmat
prescribed controlled substances in each case for a legitimate medical purpose and
in the regular course of medical treatment.
Dr. Simopoulos explained that there was no standard measure for how much
pain medication a doctor should prescribe, and Dr. Azmat appeared to be
exercising clinical judgment when he provided patients with strong opioids in large
supply. Dr. Simopoulos stated that there was no evidence of addictive patient
behavior in Dr. Azmats medical records. Furthermore, it did not seem that
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Dr. Azmat was acting like a drug dealer because he was examining patients and
decreasing their medications, rather than simply handing them prescriptions upon
arrival. The fact that Dr. Azmat prescribed all of his patients oxycodone was not
unusual because oxycodone is one of the most commonly prescribed opioids.
Speaking generally about pain management, Dr. Simopoulos stated that a
typical patient examination includes a discussion of the patients medical history
and a physical exam. The physical should include looking at the patients body,
testing the range of motion, and assessing any weakness. A physician should
assess whether patients are accurately describing their level of pain, but there is no
way for the physician to be sure whether the patient is telling the truth. It is
common for patients to try to fool doctors in order to obtain medication. It is also
typical that patients seeking pain management physicians are already medicated,
and it may be necessary to keep providing such patients with high dosages of
medications because they have built up drug tolerances from sustained use.
Finally, Dr. Simopoulos stated that many small medical clinics deal in cash, and it
is not unusual for a doctor to prescribe medication based on a complaint of pain
together with an MRI showing an injury.
On the other hand, Dr. Simopoulos stated that, when a patient travels a great
distance to visit a pain clinic, or claims that he is already taking a medication but
that medication does not show up in a urine sample because (1) the patient is not
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taking the pills as prescribed and has run out or (2) the patient is diverting the pills
to another person, the treating doctor should be cautious of addiction. Similarly,
while requiring patients to sign opioid agreements is a standard practice, requiring
the patient to sign the agreement before seeing a doctor implies that opioid
treatment is part of the clinics treatment protocol. Dr. Simopoulos also
described several approaches, other than medication, that pain management doctors
use to treat chronic pain patients. In his medical practice, when he encounters a
patient with an addiction, he refers the patient to an addiction specialist.
Having reviewed the trial evidence, we turn to the issues on appeal.
IV. UNLAWFUL DISPENSATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
As a threshold issue, Dr. Azmat advances a statutory interpretation
argument, contending that his writing prescriptions, even if for illegal purposes,
did not constitute dispensing them under 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). Thus,
Dr. Azmat argues that, as a matter of law, he is not guilty of (1) unlawfully
dispensing controlled substances, in violation of 841(a)(1), or (2) conspiring to
illegally dispense controlled substances, in violation of 841(a)(1) and 846. We
review the statute and then our relevant case law.
A.
21 U.S.C. 802 and 841(a)(1)

Except as authorized by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), it is
unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to manufacture, distribute, or

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dispense . . . a controlled substance. 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). The CSA contains

definitions in 802 and defines dispense as follows:
The term dispense means to deliver a controlled substance to an
ultimate user or research subject by, or pursuant to the lawful order of,
a practitioner, including the prescribing and administering of a
controlled substance and the packaging, labeling, or compounding
necessary to prepare the substance for such delivery.
Id. 802(10) (emphasis added). The terms deliver or delivery mean the
actual, constructive, or attempted transfer of a controlled substance. Id. 802(8)
(emphasis added). Thus dispense means constructive transfer of a controlled
substance to a user by prescribing it.
In contrast, administer refers to the direct application of a controlled
substance to the body of a patient or research subject by (A) a practitioner (or, in
his presence, an authorized agent), or (B) the patient or research subject at the
direction and in the presence of the practitioner. Id. 802(2). Finally,
distribute means to deliver (other than by administering or dispensing) a
controlled substance. Id. 802(11).
B.
Dr. Azmats Arguments

Dr. Azmat advances two interpretations of 841(a)(1) and its attendant
definitions in 802. He first claims that a doctor who writes a prescription for an
illegitimate purpose is guilty of unlawful distribution of a controlled substance,
not unlawful dispensation. Dr. Azmat argues that, in order to dispense a
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controlled substance, under the definition stated in 802(10), the practitioner

must deliver the controlled substance to the user. According to Dr. Azmat,
delivery occurs only when a practitioner (1) prescribes and administers the
controlled substance, and/or (2) packages, labels, or compounds the controlled
substance. Dr. Azmat contends that writing a prescription does not complete the
physical exchange of medication, and thus a prescription does not dispense it.
Next, Dr. Azmat argues that a physician can never be guilty of unlawfully
dispensing a controlled substance because 802(10) presupposes that delivery
occurs by means of a lawful order. If the order is not lawful, the offense is
distribution.
C.
Circuit Precedent
Dr. Azmats arguments wholly fail in light of our prior decisions. In United
States v. Leigh, the former Fifth Circuit held for the first time that a doctor who
administers or prescribes a controlled substance is, for the purposes of the statute,
dispensing it . . . . 3 487 F.2d 206, 208 (5th Cir. 1973) (emphasis added). Our
subsequent decisions have followed this precedent, and this Court has consistently
affirmed defendants convictions for unlawfully dispensing controlled
substancesby virtue of writing prescriptionson the ground that prescribing
We have adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed
down prior to October 1, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.
1981) (en banc).
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constitutes dispensing. See, e.g., United States v. Joseph, 709 F.3d 1082, 1088,
1098, 1105 (11th Cir. 2013) (upholding a physicians convictions for unlawfully
dispensing and distributing controlled substances by means of writing
prescriptions); United States v. Ignasiak, 667 F.3d 1217, 1219, 1227-29 (11th Cir.
2012) (upholding the sufficiency of the evidence for a physicians convictions for
unlawfully dispensing controlled substances by virtue of writing prescriptions);
United States v. Thompson, 624 F.2d 740, 741-42 (5th Cir. 1980) (stating that a
doctor is properly indicted for unlawful dispensation when he prescribes a
controlled substance outside of the usual course of professional practice and not for
a legitimate medical purpose). Moreover, this Court has explicitly rejected
Dr. Azmats theory that dispensing is always a lawful activity. See Joseph, 709
F.3d at 1098 (We reject the argument that, under the Act, all acts to dispense
prescriptions are lawful and all acts to distribute prescriptions are unlawful.).
Notably, other circuits agree that issuing written prescriptions to patients that
enable them to obtain controlled substances constitutes dispensing under
841(a)(1). United States v. Roya, 574 F.2d 386, 393 (7th Cir. 1978) (Thus,
dispense includes constructive transfers which encompass Royas actions of
issuing written prescriptions to patients entitling them to purchase the substances
from a pharmacy); United States v. Tighe, 551 F.2d 18, 21 (3d Cir. 1977) ([W]e
hold that by placing a prescription for a controlled substance, issued outside of the
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usual course of medical practice, in the hands of an ultimate user a physician

completes the offense of dispensing under 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1).). These circuits
rely on a constructive-delivery theory. See Roya, 574 F.2d at 393; Tighe, 551 F.2d
at 21 ([A] prescription is the written representation of the drug and enables its
possessor to claim physical custody and control over the drug prescribed.).
This Court has implicitly relied on this constructive-delivery reasoning in
our prior decisions and we expressly do so now: When a physician writes a patient
a prescription for a controlled substance, the physician is constructively
transferring the controlled substance to the patient, thereby accomplishing the
delivery required for dispensation under 802(10). See 21 U.S.C. 802(8)
(stating that the statutory term delivery includes the constructive transfer of a
controlled substance). 4
D.
Statutory Interpretation Anew

Alternatively, even viewing Dr. Azmats interpretations on a clean slate, we
would conclude that they are unsupported by the CSAs language. The more
natural reading of 802(10) is that dispensing occurs when a practitioner
4
But see United States v. Black, 512 F.2d 864, 866 (9th Cir. 1975) (holding that a
physician who wrote unlawful prescriptions was guilty of distributing controlled substancesas
opposed to dispensingbecause the term dispense expressly contemplates a lawful order,
meaning that a practitioner who dispenses does not violate the Act); United States v. Badia,
490 F.2d 296, 297-99 (1st Cir. 1973) (holding that a doctor was properly convicted of
distributing controlled substancesbased on his act of selling prescriptionsbecause
distribution is the [d]elivery of controlled substances outside the course of professional
practice or research, whereas dispensation is limited to the delivery of a controlled substance
by a physician who is acting in the course of professional practice or research).
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delivers a controlled substance to a user. See id. 802(10). In turn, the

delivery may be a constructive transfer and may be carried out by various
methods including (1) prescribing the medication, (2) administering the
medication, (3) packaging, labeling, or compounding the medication as necessary
to prepare it for delivery, or (4) other methods not listed in the 802(10) statute.
See id.; Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom., 704 F.3d 910, 915
(11th Cir. 2013) (noting that the term include is merely illustrative).
In addition to the fact that Dr. Azmats reading of 802(10) twists the
statutes plain language, his argument falls on its own sword. Dr. Azmat asserts
that prescribing a medication does not complete the delivery required by
802(10). Dr. Azmat then claims that because a prescription does not deliver a
controlled substance, a doctor who writes a prescription does not dispense a
controlled substancerather, the doctor distributes the controlled substance.
One obvious flaw in this argument is that the term deliver also appears in
the definition of distribution. See 21 U.S.C. 802(11). As there is a
presumption that a term is used to mean the same thing throughout a statute,
Barber v. Thomas, 560 U.S. 474, 483-84, 130 S. Ct. 2499, 2506 (2010) (quotation
marks omitted), Dr. Azmats interpretation would compel us to conclude that
delivery, as used in the offense of unlawful distribution, does not include
writing a prescription, either. Therefore, contrary to Dr. Azmats assertion, under
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his own framework, the act of prescribing a controlled substance without a

legitimate medical purpose can never be criminal under 841(a)(1). As we are
hard pressed to decide that Congress did not intend to criminalize this act, we have
further reason to reject Dr. Azmats arguments.
V. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE OF UNLAWFUL DISPENSATION
Having reaffirmed that prescribing a controlled substance is dispensing,
we turn to the sufficiency of the evidence as to Dr. Azmats convictions for
unlawfully dispensing controlled substances and conspiring to unlawfully dispense
controlled substances. Having outlined the trial evidence above, we readily
conclude that the evidence supported the jurys verdict on these charges.
A.
Standard of Review
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo when, as here, the
defendant has preserved his claim by moving for a judgment of acquittal. United
States v. Jiminez, 564 F.3d 1280, 1284 (11th Cir. 2009). We examine whether
the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, and
accepting reasonable inferences and credibility choices by the fact-finder, would
enable the trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Monroe, 866 F.2d 1357, 1365 (11th Cir. 1989). A conviction
must be affirmed unless there is no reasonable construction of the evidence from
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which the jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Garcia, 405 F.3d 1260, 1269 (11th Cir. 2005).
In order to secure a conviction for unlawful dispensation under 841(a)(1),
the government must prove that the defendant dispensed controlled substances for
other than legitimate medical purposes in the usual course of professional practice,
and that he did so knowingly and intentionally. Ignasiak, 667 F.3d at 1227.
To establish a conspiracy in violation of 846,5 the government must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) there was an agreement between two or more
people to commit a crime (in this case, unlawfully dispensing controlled
substances in violation of 841(a)(1)); (2) the defendant knew about the
agreement; and (3) the defendant voluntarily joined the agreement. Monroe, 866
F.2d at 1365. The existence of an agreement may be proved by inferences from
the conduct of the alleged participants or from circumstantial evidence of a
scheme. United States v. Mateos, 623 F.3d 1350, 1362 (11th Cir. 2010)
(quotation marks omitted). A conspiracy conviction will be upheld if the
circumstances surrounding a persons presence at the scene of conspiratorial
activity are so obvious that knowledge of its character can fairly be attributed to
him. United States v. Figueroa, 720 F.2d 1239, 1246 (11th Cir. 1983).
5
Section 846 provides that [a]ny person who attempts or conspires to commit any
offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for
the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy. 21 U.S.C.
846.
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Analysis
Simply put, there was overwhelming evidence that Dr. Azmat knowingly
and voluntarily joined an agreement to unlawfully dispense controlled substances.

See Monroe, 866 F.2d at 1365. First, from the testimony concerning Dr. Azmats
conduct, the jury reasonably could infer that Dr. Azmat was participating in the
conspiracy. See Mateos, 623 F.3d at 1362. Before Dr. Azmat accepted the
position, LeFrancois told Dr. Azmat that he had previous experience in a Florida
pill mill and East Health Center would be the same kind of operation. LeFrancois
also explained that patients would be expecting oxycodone. Dr. Azmats response
to LeFrancois was that he had experience in pain management and could take care
of everything. As noted earlier, Dr. Azmat also admitted to Investigator Sikes
that many of the people who he saw were addicted to oxycodone, and he
consistently referred to them as customers instead of patients.
Moreover, Dr. Azmats interactions with the patients suggested that he was
involved in the conspiracy. Investigator Sikes testified that Dr. Azmat prescribed
196 out of his 238 patients medications, and that 96 percent of the prescriptions
were for oxycodone. The eight testifying patients generally reported that
Dr. Azmats examinations were brief and sometimes involved no physical
component. They described themselves as addicts during their testimony, and they
stated that Dr. Azmat did not review their patient history forms before prescribing
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medications and appeared to ignore medical concernslike high blood pressure

that could not justify prescribing opioids. Dr. Kennedy concluded that
Dr. Azmats decision to prescribe controlled substances to each of the 25 patients
included in the indictment was illegitimate.
All of the witnesses with medical backgrounds also testified that there was
an abundance of red flags that should have tipped off any doctor that his patients
were seeking pills. These signs included the facts that: patients were traveling
from out-of-state; patients appeared to be lying about whether they were already
taking controlled substances; patients MRIs were unremarkable and obtained
without a doctors referral; patients appeared to be inflating their pain levels; and
patients consented to opioid treatment before coming into the examination room.
Indeed, upon learning some of this information about East Health Centers
clientele, Drs. Ross and Hatmaker both declined employment and contacted law
enforcement officials because they were suspicious of the clinics activities.
In addition, the jury could reasonably have concluded that Dr. Azmat had
knowledge of the conspiracy due to his presence at East Health Center. See
Figueroa, 720 F.2d at 1246. Many witnesses testified that the clinic did not look
like a legitimate medical office. It had minimal medical supplies and the patients
looked like addicts or zombies. Dr. Azmat also had some awareness of the
clinics unusual marketing tactics, believed that the patients paid in cash, knew that
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he did not have the proper medical malpractice insurance, and accepted his salary
in daily cash installments.
Finally, both expert witnesses testified that Dr. Azmats records showed that
he prescribed each patient listed in the indictment oxycodone, hydrocodone, and/or
alprazolam. Dr. Kennedy concluded that the prescriptions in each case were not
dispensed for a legitimate medical purpose or in the usual course of professional
practice. We do not disturb the fact-finders reasonable credibility determinations,
and here, the jury credited Dr. Kennedys professional opinions over
Dr. Simopouloss conclusion that Dr. Azmat was acting appropriately under
medical standards. See Monroe, 866 F.2d at 1365.
The totality of this evidence was more than sufficient for the jury to
determine that Dr. Azmat was aware that East Health Center was a pill mill and
knowingly entered the conspiracy to dispense controlled substances, as evidenced
by his unprofessional interactions with the patients and unwarranted prescriptions
for opioids. Of course, there was countervailing testimony suggesting that
Dr. Azmats patients had real injuries, that he was attempting to wean them off
narcotics and was not overprescribing pills, that he was following medical
guidelines but was simply fooled by people who lied about their prescription
needs, and that he was attempting to bring East Health Center into compliance with
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official requirements. 6 However, the jury made a reasonable choice in finding that
Dr. Azmats motives were not altruistic, and that Dr. Azmat knew that East Health
Center was not a legitimate medical clinic and that the customers were addicts
coming for opioids, not for medical purposes. See id. There was voluminous
evidence supporting the jurys conspiracy conviction, and we will not set it aside.
For the same reasons, the 49 counts of conviction for substantive illegal
dispensation to individual patients were supported by overwhelming evidence.
The evidence was uncontroverted that Dr. Azmat dispensed controlled substances,
and the jury reasonably concluded that Dr. Azmat knowingly and intentionally did
so outside of the usual course of professional practice and for other than a
legitimate medical purpose. See Ignasiak, 667 F.3d at 1227; Garcia, 405 F.3d at
1269.
VI. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE OF CONSPIRACY TO LAUNDER
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
The jury also found Dr. Azmat guilty of conspiracy to commit promotional
money laundering under 18 U.S.C. 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), which is a violation of
1956(h). See 18 U.S.C. 1956(h) (making it illegal to conspire to commit any
money laundering offense described in 1956). Promotional money laundering is
This testimony was also susceptible to an interpretation that Dr. Azmat was a
sophisticated actor who attempted to give his actions an air of legitimacy in case the state
investigated the clinic.
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using funds from an unlawful activity to promote the carrying out of said unlawful
activity. United States v. Esquenazi, 752 F.3d 912, 935 (11th Cir.), cert. denied,
135 S. Ct. 293 (2014). Specifically, the indictment charged Dr. Azmat with
conspiring to use the proceeds from unlawfully dispensing controlled substances to
promote the pill mills illegal activities.
In order to obtain a conviction for conspiracy to commit promotional money
laundering, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) two or
more persons agreed to promotionally launder money; and (2) the defendant,
knowing the unlawful plan, voluntarily joined the conspiracy. United States v.
Johnson, 440 F.3d 1286, 1294 (11th Cir. 2006). The existence of an agreement
may be proven by circumstantial evidence, including inferences from the conduct
of the alleged participants or from circumstantial evidence of a scheme. Indeed,
the government may establish knowledge of an illegal agreement by showing that
the defendant knew the essential object of the conspiracy. United States v.
Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1328 (11th Cir. 2005).
A.
Evidence of Agreement
We are unpersuaded by Dr. Azmats argument that the government failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly agreed with any of his
codefendants to launder money. The trial testimony showed that several of his
codefendants agreed to dispense controlled substances in exchange for cash and
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then use the cash paid by patients to pay for the clinics lease, pay salaries, rent a
house in which employees would live, pay for additional overhead costs (such as
maintenance and cable), and open a bank account. By spending profits on these
activities, the scheme participants reinvested the money earned from unlawfully
dispensing drugs into the activities of East Health Center. This enabled them to
continue seeing pill-seeking patients and enrich themselves by dispending
controlled substances in exchange for money.
While Dr. Azmat may not have been aware of all of the uses of the clinics
proceeds, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that he knew that the cash was used
to pay salaries and cover the clinics operating costs. See Monroe, 866 F.2d at
1365. Dr. Azmat reported to the office each day, where he could see that there
were amenities like cable television, and he received a cash salary. Dr. Azmat also
witnessed Wise counting cash at the end of the day and knew that the patients paid
in cash.
From this evidence, the jury could have readily concluded that Dr. Azmat
knew that the patients moneywhich they paid for illegal prescriptionswas used
to pay his salary and the salaries of those around him, in addition to supplying the
clinic and paying the lease. See id. Likewise, the jury easily could have concluded
that, having already agreed with LeFrancois to dispense medications outside the
course of his usual professional practice to patients paying money to the clinic, and
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by continuing to work and generate profits, Dr. Azmat had knowingly joined a
conspiracy to launder money, in which illegal proceeds were used to promote
East Health Centers drug-dispensing activities. See id.
B.
Separate Offense
Dr. Azmat also claims that he could not be convicted of conspiring to
launder money because he did nothing other than receive the cash proceeds of the
underlying criminal activity. Dr. Azmat maintains that his convictions for
unlawfully distributing controlled substances encompass his acts of receiving
money in exchange for writing prescriptions, and that his receipt of daily cash
payments was not a separate money laundering offense. In other words, Dr. Azmat
contends that his receipt of cash payments merged with his crime of unlawfully
dispensing controlled substances, and to convict him of conspiracy to
promotionally launder money would be punishing him twice for the same conduct.
Dr. Azmats argument misses the mark, however, as he was not convicted of
substantive money laundering. His conviction was for joining a conspiracy to
launder money, in which his co-conspirators used the proceeds from his crime of
illegally dispensing controlled substances to maintain East Health Centers
operations, in order to continue reaching more patients and enriching themselves
from additional pill-for-cash exchanges. The government did not have to prove
that Dr. Azmat personally reinvested the illegal proceeds into the clinics criminal
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activities. See Whitfield v. United States, 543 U.S. 209, 214, 125 S. Ct. 687, 691
(2005) (Because the text of 1956(h) does not expressly make the commission of
an overt act an element of the conspiracy offense, the Government need not prove
an overt act to obtain a conviction.); Silvestri, 409 F.3d at 1328. It was enough
that he knowingly entered an agreement in which his co-conspirators did, or
planned to do, the reinvesting. See Johnson, 440 F.3d at 1294.
C.
Underlying Funds Were Illegally Generated

Dr. Azmat further argues that his conviction for conspiracy to illegally
launder the proceeds from dispensing controlled substances cannot stand because
East Health Center did not violate the law by dispensing controlled substances,
as stated in the indictment. However, as discussed above, the activities undertaken
at East Health Center constituted unlawful dispensation of controlled substances.
Thus, the funds were illegal proceeds from those crimes and the funds were used to
promote the pill mill. Dr. Azmat has shown no reversible error as to his conviction
for conspiracy to commit promotional money laundering.
VII. EXPERT TESTIMONY
Next, Dr. Azmat argues that the district court abused its discretion by
admitting Dr. Kennedys expert testimony. To place this issue in context, we
review the district courts pretrial rulings and what happened at trial.
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A.
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Pretrial Rulings
At the start of the process, Dr. Kennedy reviewed East Health Centers
patient files and completed expert worksheets for each patient. The worksheets all
followed the same format. Dr. Kennedy provided a paragraph description of each
patients symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. He then checked boxes indicating
whether the diagnosis, treatment, and records were below minimum standards or
within minimum standards. Dr. Kennedy explained his opinion on each of those
three topics after checking one of the boxes. Each worksheet ended with an
overall summary paragraph. Dr. Kennedy wrote, as the last sentence of each
overall summary, that the patients management was not medically legitimate,
[fell] below a reasonable standard of care, and may represent a significant danger
to the patients safety. Dr. Kennedy did not cite any medical guidelines or texts in
the worksheets.
Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(G), the government provided
Dr. Azmat with a copy of Dr. Kennedys opinions and filed a motion disclosing to
the district court the expert testimony that it planned to present during its case-inchief. In the motion, the government stated that Dr. Kennedy would testify as an
expert in medicine and pain management. Dr. Kennedy was expected to testify
that Dr. Azmat routinely prescribed controlled substances outside the usual course
of professional practice . . . and without legitimate purpose relating to the practice
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of medicine. The government explained that Dr. Kennedy based the opinions
expressed in the worksheets on his training and experience, and may have
considered standard reference materials, including The Physicians Desk
Reference and The Merck Manual.
Dr. Azmat then filed a Daubert7 motion to exclude Dr. Kennedys expert
testimony and requested an evidentiary hearing on the motion. Dr. Azmat argued
that Dr. Kennedy failed to list [in his expert worksheets] any peer reviewed
articles, treatises, or other objective standards used in assessing Dr. Azmats
patient files, and did not specify what standard of care or scope of legitimate
medical practice he applied. According to Dr. Azmat, Dr. Kennedys opinions
could not be tested and were not based on any objective standard and,
consequently, failed Dauberts reliability requirement. Put differently,
Dr. Kennedy was doing no more than making unverifiable conclusions based on
his own experiences and practices.
After the government filed a brief response and Dr. Azmat replied, the
district court determined that Dr. Kennedys proposed testimony was currently
unreliable under Daubert. The district court stated that it would give the
government an opportunity to cure the deficiencies by outlining the standards of
care that Dr. Kennedy applied and explaining how he determined those standards.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).
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The court ordered the government to file a supplemental response addressing these
Daubert issues, so that it could meaningfully evaluate Dr. Kennedys methodology.
In the supplemental response, the government explained that, for the
applicable standard of care, Dr. Kennedy relied on: the Georgia Composite
Medical Boards regulation addressing unprofessional conduct, Ga. Comp. R. &
Regs. R. 360-3-.02, and the Boards Guidelines for the Use of Controlled
Substances for the Treatment of Pain: Ten Steps; warnings and labels
promulgated by the Federal Drug Administration; literature from the American
Academy of Pain Management and the American Academy of Addiction; the
Federation of State Medical Boards model policies on the treatment of opioid
addiction and the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain; medical
textbooks; published journal articles; and the Hippocratic Oath. The government
also described in detail Dr. Kennedys expected testimony and stated that
Dr. Kennedys methodology involved reviewing patient files, considering the
above sources, and exercising his judgment as an experienced practitioner.
After reviewing the governments supplemental response, the district court
entered a written order denying Dr. Azmats Daubert motion. The court expressly
found that the government met its burden with regard to [ ] Dr. Kennedy, and
that Dr. Kennedys proposed testimony was the product of a reliable
methodology.
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As to Dr. Kennedys methodology, the district court wrote that

Dr. Kennedy determined the appropriate standards of care for a pain management
practice by relying on his nine years of practice in pain management, a review of
academic and professional medical literature relating to pain management and
prescription drug treatment, and the criteria outlined in professional practice and
professional guidelines used for the state of Georgia. The district court also
observed that Dr. Kennedy reviewed Dr. Azmats patient files and evaluated the
files based on the standards produced by the methodology stated above. The
district court ultimately concluded that it was satisfied that Dr. Kennedys opinions
were reliable.
B.
Trial Testimony
At trial, the government questioned Dr. Kennedy concerning his education,
clinical experience, membership in professional organizations, and service to the

Georgia State Medical Board. It also asked Dr. Kennedy if he was familiar with
the Georgia Composite State Medical Boards standards and guidelines on the
prescription of controlled substances for the treatment of pain, the Federation of
State Medical Boards model policy, The Physicians Desk Reference, The Merck
Manual, and pain and pain management textbooks. Dr. Kennedy indicated that he
was familiar with those authorities, considers the standards articulated therein in
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his own medical practice, and considers the standards when rendering expert
opinion testimony on the prescribing practices of other physicians.
After hearing from defense counsel, the court admitted Dr. Kennedy as an
expert. Dr. Kennedy then testified to the facts described in the previous section.
Dr. Kennedy generally analyzed six factors in addressing whether Dr. Azmat met
the standard of care: (1) whether Dr. Azmat obtained the patients prior medical
records and/or pharmacy records before issuing a prescription; (2) whether
Dr. Azmat conducted a physical examination of the patient; (3) whether Dr. Azmat
considered non-drug treatment options; (4) whether Dr. Azmat discussed the risks
and benefits of opioid treatment; (5) whether Dr. Azmat created a treatment plan;
and (6) whether Dr. Azmat regularly monitored the patients after their first visit.
Dr. Kennedy frequently opined that Dr. Azmats course of treatment was not
medically legitimate, but ultimately stated, at the end of his direct testimony, that
under either national or state medical standardsDr. Azmats prescriptions were
not issued for a legitimate medical purpose or in the usual course of professional
medical practice.
C.
Standard of Review
We review a district courts decision to admit or exclude expert testimony
for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Paul, 175 F.3d 906, 909 (11th Cir.
1999). A district court abuses its discretion when it applies an incorrect legal
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standard or makes findings of fact that are clearly erroneous. United States v.
Wilk, 572 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2009). Moreover, [a]n erroneous
evidentiary ruling will result in reversal only if the resulting error was not
harmless. United States v. Hands, 184 F.3d 1322, 1329 (11th Cir. 1999). 8
D.
Federal Rule of Evidence 702

On appeal, Dr. Azmat contends that the district court abused its discretion by
allowing the jury to hear and consider Dr. Kennedys expert testimony. We review
Rule 702 and related case law first.
The admissibility of an experts testimony is controlled by Fed. R. Evid.
702. Fed. R. Evid. 702. We have explained that district courts must analyze three
factors in determining the admissibility of expert testimony under Rule 702: the
experts qualifications, the reliability of the testimony, and the extent to which the
testimony will be helpful to the trier of fact. United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d
1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004). By applying these requirements, the district court
acts as a gatekeeper with respect to the admissibility of expert testimony. Id.
The parties dispute whether defense counsel made adequate objections at trial or invited
any error in admitting Dr. Kennedys testimony. The parties also debate Fed. R. Evid. 103(b),
which provides: Once the court rules definitively on the recordeither before or at triala party
need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal. Fed. R.
Evid. 103(b). There is also a question of the scope of the district courts pretrial ruling and
whether defense counsel needed to move to strike or at least object to certain parts of
Dr. Kennedys testimony to preserve the issue on appeal.
We need not reach or decide any of these questions because, in any event, we conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Dr. Kennedys testimony, and
alternatively, any alleged error was harmless.
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This Court has explained that, in addressing the reliability prong, the district
court must consider whether the methodology by which the expert reaches his
conclusions is sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated in
Daubert. Id. Factors that inform the inquiry include: (1) whether the experts
theory can be and has been tested; (2) whether the theory has been subjected to
peer review and publication; (3) the known or potential rate of error of the
particular scientific technique; and (4) whether the technique is generally accepted
in the scientific community. Id. at 1262. Not all of these factors will apply in
every case, and sometimes other factors will be equally important in assessing
reliability. Id.
A district court cannot simply accept that an opinion is reliable because the
expert says that his methodology is sound. Hughes v. Kia Motors Corp., 766 F.3d
1317, 1331 (11th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1423 (2015). If admissibility
could be established merely by the ipse dixit of an admittedly qualified expert, the
reliability prong would be, for all practical purposes, subsumed by the qualification
prong. Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1261.
E.
Analysis
Contrary to Dr. Azmats arguments, the district courts pretrial denial of
Dr. Azmats Daubert motion easily passes scrutiny. The government filed a
memorandum describing the numerous sources that Dr. Kennedy relied on in
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reaching the conclusions presented in his expert worksheets. These sources

included federal and state medical guidelines, literature from national
organizations, published journal articles, and textbooks. In addition, the
government explained Dr. Kennedys method of reviewing patient files, which
involved Dr. Kennedy weighing Dr. Azmats decisions against the standards
articulated in the above medical texts and Dr. Kennedy exercising his judgment as
an experienced medical practitioner to reach conclusions concerning the legitimacy
of Dr. Azmats courses of treatment.
Accordingly, Dr. Kennedy relied on published sources generally accepted by
the medical community in defining the applicable standard of care. See id. at
1262. Dr. Kennedy did not rely exclusively on his own experiences in reaching his
conclusions, and the district court was able to fulfill its gatekeeping function by
undertaking a Daubert analysis and assessing the reliability of his methodology
based on the cited sources. See id. at 1260-61. The district court did not apply an
incorrect legal standard or make a clear error of judgment in denying Dr. Azmats
motion to exclude Dr. Kennedys testimony. See Wilk, 572 F.3d at 1234.
At trial, the district court also did not abuse its discretion in admitting
Dr. Kennedys testimony. On appeal, Dr. Azmat argues that Dr. Kennedy (1) did
not actually testify to the opinions that the government described in its pretrial
motions, (2) did not deliver the promised testimony regarding whether Dr. Azmats
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conduct fell outside the usual course of practice generally recognized and
accepted in the United States, and (3) did not discuss whether Dr. Azmat failed to
comply with the Federation of State Medical Boards or Georgia Composite State
Board of Medical Examiners, or failed to comply with any federal or state
regulations. According to Dr. Azmat, Dr. Kennedy did not offer any reliable
standards or explain the bases for his opinions; instead, he testified based only on
his say-so.
This argument lacks merit. Before the district court qualified Dr. Kennedy
as an expert, Dr. Kennedy testified that, when providing expert opinion on the
prescribing practices of other physicians, he relies on The Physicians Desk
Reference, The Merck Manual, textbooks on pain and pain management, and
federal and state standards. Dr. Kennedy then consulted and summarized his
expert worksheets, testifying that, under the medical guidelines and standards of
care for both Georgia and the United States, Dr. Azmats care fell outside of the
usual course of professional practice and lacked a legitimate medical purpose.
Accordingly, Dr. Kennedy grounded his opinions in medical textsboth
those named during his testimony and the number of sources described pretrial as
the basis for what he wrote in the worksheets from which he testifiedand
Dr. Azmat has not made any argument that the medical community does not accept
those authorities. See Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260. Dr. Kennedy described standards
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of care drawn from these texts, analyzed Dr. Azmats conduct under those
standards, and testified consistently with the expert worksheets that the district
court analyzed and deemed admissible prior to trial. The district court did not
make a clear error in judgment or apply the wrong legal standard when it allowed
the jury to consider Dr. Kennedys testimony, which was sufficiently reliable, in
fact and methodology, and more than ipse dixit. See Wilk, 572 F.3d at 1234;
Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1261.
We also reject Dr. Azmats other miscellaneous arguments about
Dr. Kennedys testimony. For example, Dr. Azmat asserts that Dr. Kennedy gave
inconsistent opinions about whether it is acceptable for a physician to prescribe
pain medication on the basis of an MRI alone, and contends that the inconsistency
highlights Dr. Kennedys unreliability. However, Dr. Azmat misconstrues the
record in making this assertion.
During cross-examination, the government stated: A physician is never
going to just [use] an MRI and say, boom, that patient needs to get oxycodone; is
he? Youre never going to do that. Youre going to rely on your clinical
judgment; right. Dr. Kennedy responded, You would hope so. It therefore
appears that Dr. Kennedy was agreeing that a doctor has to exercise his clinical
judgment, in conjunction with the MRI, in order to reach a sound decision about
prescribing narcotics. Dr. Kennedy, then, did not testify that it would always be
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inappropriate to prescribe pain medication when an MRI is the only objective

measure of a patients pain.
Furthermore, this testimony was not inconsistent with Dr. Kennedys later
statement that, when a patient has an MRI and a history of spinal surgery (or an
MRI revealing spinal surgeries), for example, it may be appropriate to initiate
narcotics. Even if Dr. Kennedy had previously testified that an MRI alone would
never support the initiation of prescription pain pills, his second statement was that
an MRIin addition to knowledge of the patients medical historycould support
the decision.
Lastly, Dr. Azmat contends that Dr. Kennedys admission that there is no
recommended unit dosage for oxycodone also shows that Dr. Kennedys
testimony about Dr. Azmats prescribing practices was based on his own judgment,
instead of reliable and testable standards. While Dr. Azmat is correct in asserting
that Dr. Kennedy conceded that the unit dosage is up to the clinical judgment of
the physician, the district courts inability to test Dr. Kennedys conclusions on this
narrow issue does not represent reversible error because Dr. Simopoulos also
testified about Dr. Azmats prescribing practices. See Hands, 184 F.3d at 1329.
Dr. Simopoulos agreed that there is no consensus on the proper dosage of
pain medications. Dr. Simopoulos stated that physicians rely on their knowledge,
experience, and assessment of the patients condition to determine what to
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prescribe. However, Dr. Simopoulos still testified that, in his opinion, Dr. Azmat
was exercising appropriate clinical judgment when he adjusted a patients dose.
Accordingly, both Dr. Azmats and the governments expert witness testified on
the subject of whether Dr. Azmat was prescribing too many opioids. The district
court permitted the jury to weigh both opinions, and both experts were subject to
cross-examination. In light of this, Dr. Azmat has not shown that he was
prejudiced by the district courts allowance of Dr. Kennedys testimony. See id.
In sum, we see no basis for reversal in Dr. Kennedys testimony or the
district courts evidentiary rulings. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting Dr. Kennedys expert testimony. See Wilk, 572 F.3d at 1234.
Alternatively, any allegedly objectionable portion of Dr. Kennedys conclusions
did not prejudice Dr. Azmat and was harmless error. See Hands, 184 F.3d at 1329.
VIII. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
A.
Pakistani Medical Education

When the prosecutor was cross-examining Dr. Simopoulos, he asked
whether Dr. Simopoulos knew where Dr. Azmat went to medical school.
Dr. Simopoulos stated that he could not recall. The prosecutor responded:
Pakistan? Does that ring a bell? Dr. Simopoulos stated it did ring a bell, but he
could not recall the name of Dr. Azmats university. Dr. Simopoulos indicated he
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was not familiar with the courses that Dr. Azmat would have taken in a Pakistani
medical school.
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing that the prosecutor
improperly inserted comments about Dr. Azmats nationality in order to influence
the jury. The district court overruled the motion, finding that the comment was a
low blow but that it did not warrant a mistrial because it was relevant to what the
expert knew about Dr. Azmats background and experience when he was
evaluating Dr. Azmats medical files.
Because defense counsel timely objected, we review this allegation of
prosecutorial misconduct de novo. United States v. Duran, 596 F.3d 1283, 1299
(11th Cir. 2010). In determining whether there was prosecutorial misconduct, we
examine whether the prosecutors remarks were (1) improper and (2) prejudicially
affected the defendants substantial rights. United States v. Lopez, 590 F.3d 1238,
1256 (11th Cir. 2009). A prosecutors remarks, suggestions, insinuations, and
assertions are improper when they are calculated to mislead or inflame the jurys
passions. United States v. Rodriguez, 765 F.2d 1546, 1560 (11th Cir. 1985).
A defendant is prejudiced by a prosecutors remarks when there is a
reasonable probability that, but for the improper comments, the result of the trial
would have been different. Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1256. We consider whether a
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defendants substantial rights were prejudiced in the context of the entire trial,
along with any curative instruction. Id.
We agree that the prosecutors line of questioning, while distasteful, was not
improper. See id. We must so conclude because, taken in context, the prosecutor
was asking questions to show that Dr. Azmat may have been unfamiliar with the
standard of care in Georgia or the United States, supporting the governments
contention that he was writing prescriptions outside of the usual course of
professional practice. The prosecutors questions during this portion of the trial
also tended to show that Dr. Simopoulos reviewed Dr. Azmats files without
familiarizing himself with Dr. Azmats background and qualifications.
As cross-examination requires probing a witnesss credibility, and
Dr. Simopouloss perceived unfamiliarity with the case had the potential to
undercut his direct testimony, the prosecutors questions were relevant and were
not calculated to inflame the jury. See Rodriguez, 765 F.2d at 1560. Furthermore,
even if the questions were improper, there was overwhelming evidence of
Dr. Azmats guilt on all counts, and there is not a reasonable probability that
Dr. Azmat would have been acquitted if the jury had never learned that he went to
school in Pakistan. See Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1256.
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B.
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South Florida Wise Guys

During closing argument, the prosecutor commented that Azmat came to
East Health Center for one reason, and that was not to minister to peoples pain.
He is every bit as cynical and ruthless as Al LeFrancois, Sean Clark, Frankie
Barbuscia, all those wannabe wise guys from [S]outh Florida. Hes no different.
Hes no better. Dr. Azmat argues that this comment was unsupported by the
evidence, and, in conjunction with the prosecutor frequently noting that his
codefendants were from South Florida, was meant to connect him to organized
crime. Dr. Azmats counsel did not object to the prosecutors closing arguments or
use of the phrase South Florida during questioning.
When the defendant does not object to the propriety of the prosecutors
statement, we review for plain error only. United States v. Flanders, 752 F.3d
1317, 1332-33 (11th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1757 (2015). In that case,
the defendant must show that (1) an error occurred; (2) the error was plain; (3) it
affected his substantial rights; and (4) it seriously affected the fairness of the
judicial proceedings. Id.
As to the wise guys comment, we conclude that there was no error, much
less that it was plain. See id. First, the comments concerning Dr. Azmats impure
motives and similarities with LeFrancois, Clark, and Barbuscia, who all previously
worked in South Florida, were based on the record evidence. See United States v.
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Reeves, 742 F.3d 487, 505 (11th Cir. 2014). LeFrancois, Clark, and Barbuscia
came to Georgia from southern Florida, and it was uncontroverted that Dr. Azmat
joined them in working at East Health Center. The evidence also suggested that
Dr. Azmat, like his codefendants, did not have his patients health and safety in
mind when he prescribed them controlled substances. It appeared that he was
writing them prescriptions in exchange for money. The prosecutor was merely
drawing these conclusions from the record when he discussed Dr. Azmats
motives. See id.; United States v. Windom, 510 F.2d 989, 994 (5th Cir. 1975)
(stating that unflattering characterizations of a defendant will not provoke a
reversal when such descriptions are supported by the evidence).
Second, the prosecutors use of the term wise guys in association with
men from southern Florida was not improper. We have held much more
inflammatory phrases to be insufficient to warrant reversal. See, e.g., United
States v. Tisdale, 817 F.2d 1552, 1555 (11th Cir. 1987) (refusing to reverse when
the prosecutor called the defendant a dirty, low-life criminal (quotation marks
omitted)); United States v. Taylor, 792 F.2d 1019, 1027 (11th Cir. 1986)
(upholding a conviction when the prosecutor referred to the defendant as a hit
man). Once again, though, even if the prosecutors comments were improper,
there was no prejudice in light of the entire record, because the South Florida
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language was fleeting and there was ample evidence of Dr. Azmats guilt. See
Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1526.
IX. CUMULATIVE ERROR
Under the cumulative-error doctrine, we will reverse a conviction if the
cumulative effect of the errors is prejudicial, even if the prejudice caused by each
individual error was harmless. See United States v. Capers, 708 F.3d 1286, 1299
(11th Cir. 2013). Having already concluded that Dr. Azmat failed to establish the
existence of any errors during his trial, there are no errors to accumulate.
Dr. Azmats final claim necessarily fails, as there can be no cumulative error where
there are no individual errors. See id.
X. CHALLENGES TO SENTENCE
The Presentence Report (PSR) gave Dr. Azmat an offense level of 36 and
a criminal history category of I, yielding an advisory guidelines range of 188 to
235 months.9 Later Dr. Azmat and the government jointly agreed to give
Dr. Azmat the benefit of an anticipated amendment to the drug quantity table and
that the government would not object to a two-level downward variance that would
reduce his offense level to 34. This yielded an advisory guidelines range of 151 to
9
The PSR reported that Dr. Azmat prescribed 643,050 milligrams of oxycodone, 1800
units of hydrocodone, and 164 units of Xanax. Using the drug equivalency tables in U.S.S.G.
2D1.1, the PSR converted the drugs to 4,310,245 kilograms of marijuana. This resulted in a
base offense level of 34 under U.S.S.G. 2D1.1(c)(3). The PSR added a 2-level increase under
U.S.S.G. 3B1.3 for abuse of trust or use of a special skill because Dr. Azmat was a licensed
medical doctor authorized to issue prescriptions for controlled substances, resulting in a total
offense level of 36.
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188 months. Even though the amendment was not yet effective, the government
agreed to the two-level reduction as a downward variance.
At sentencing, the government then requested a sentence of 188 months, the
top end of that range. After hearing from defense counsel, the district court
granted a further downward variance to 133 months on the conviction for
conspiring to launder money and certain other counts based on the 18 U.S.C.
3553(a) factors, including Dr. Azmats history, age, and health problems.
More specifically, the district court sentenced Dr. Azmat to (1) 133 months
imprisonment for his convictions for conspiracy to launder monetary instruments
and for the unlawful dispensation of oxycodone, a Schedule II controlled
substance; (2) 120 months imprisonment for each count of unlawfully dispensing
hydrocodone, a Schedule III controlled substance; and (3) 60 months
imprisonment for conspiring to unlawfully dispense controlled substances and for
unlawfully dispensing alprazolam, a Schedule IV controlled substance. The court
ordered all of Dr. Azmats sentences to run concurrently, resulting in a total
sentence of 133 months imprisonment.
On appeal, Dr. Azmat challenges his sentences on three grounds: (1) the
district court clearly erred in calculating the drug quantity attributable to him;
(2) his sentence was substantively unreasonable because it was higher than his
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codefendants sentences; and (3) the court erred in sentencing him more severely
for exercising his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial.
A.
Drug Quantity
We review for clear error a district courts determination of the drug
quantity attributable to a defendant. United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312,

1315 (11th Cir. 2012). For a finding to be clearly erroneous, this Court must be
left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Id.
(quotation marks omitted). The government bears the burden of establishing drug
quantity by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
Where there is no drug seizure . . . the court shall approximate the quantity
of the controlled substance. In making this determination, the [district] court may
consider, for example, . . . financial or other records . . . . U.S.S.G. 2D1.1,
comment. (n.5). A courts approximation of drug quantity may be based on fair,
accurate, and conservative estimates of the quantity of drugs attributable to a
defendant, [but it] cannot be based on calculations of drug quantities that are
merely speculative. Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1316 (alteration in original) (quotation
marks omitted).
Based on the drug amounts prescribed by Dr. Azmat in East Health Centers
records, the district court held Dr. Azmat accountable for all of the hydrocodone,
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oxycodone, and Xanax that he personally prescribed while he was at the Center.10
We easily conclude that the district court did not clearly err in its drug quantity
determination.
Dr. Azmats primary argumentthat there was no reliable evidence as to
what portion of the relevant prescriptions were legitimately used to treat pain
finds no support in the record. The trial evidence showed that East Health Center
was a pill mill that did not serve a legitimate medical purpose. Indeed, it was a
cash-based pill mill for pill-seeking addicts, mostly from out-of-state. Abundant
evidence showed that Dr. Azmat was aware of its illegitimacy. The fact that
Dr. Azmat reduced some patients prescriptions does not establish that he was
treating those patients for medical purposes, particularly when his own statements
supported an inference that he reduced the prescriptions to protect himself from
legal scrutiny, should the clinic become the subject of an investigation. Indeed,
after reviewing the individual patients records, Dr. Kennedy also testified that
Dr. Azmat did not prescribe any of the pills for a legitimate medical purpose or in
the usual course of professional practice. In light of all of the powerful trial
evidence, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the district court
erred by including all of Dr. Azmats prescriptions in the drug quantity calculation.
See id. at 1315.
10
On occasion, Dr. Azmat also prescribed Lorcet and Percocet.

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Additionally, we are equally as confident that the district court relied on

reliable and specific evidence of the drug quantities. See id. (The district court
must ensure that the Government carries its burden by presenting reliable and
specific evidence. (citation omitted)). The district court admitted Dr. Azmats
patient files into evidence, and Investigator Sikes prepared a summary spreadsheet
of the amount of medication prescribed to each patient. Therefore, even though
there was no drug seizure, the district court had Dr. Azmats prescription records
and was able to make an accurate assessment of the drug quantities involved in the
crimes. See U.S.S.G. 2D1.1, comment. (n.5); Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1316. The
quantities were not speculative, and the district court properly attributed all of the
prescribed medications to Dr. Azmat for sentencing purposes. See Almedina, 686
F.3d at 1315.
B.
Substantive Reasonableness
As to Dr. Azmats other claims, we review the reasonableness of a sentence
under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard of review. Gall v. United States,

552 U.S. 38, 41, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 (2007).
The district court must impose a sentence sufficient, but not greater than
necessary to comply with the purposes listed in 3553(a)(2), including the need
to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just
punishment for the offense, deter criminal conduct, and protect the public from the
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defendants future criminal conduct. See 18 U.S.C. 3553(a)(2). In imposing a

particular sentence, the court must also consider the nature and circumstances of
the offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, the kinds of sentences
available, the applicable guidelines range, the pertinent policy statements of the
Sentencing Commission, the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and
the need to provide restitution to victims. Id. 3553(a)(1), (3)-(7). The defendant
bears the burden of showing that the sentence is unreasonable. United States v.
Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1374 (11th Cir. 2010).
Dr. Azmats primary argument as to the substantive reasonableness of his
sentence is that the district court failed to consider the need to avoid unwarranted
sentencing disparities. He claims that his sentence, even with the downward
variances, is more than two to ten times as long as the sentences that his coconspirators received, which is a particularly egregious disparity because he
worked at East Health Center for just 19 days and was not involved with
organizing or operating the Center.11
Dr. Azmats argument, however, fails to appreciate that there can be no
unwarranted sentencing disparities among codefendants who are not similarly
11
Dr. Azmats 5 codefendants received these sentences: (1) Daniel Wise, 42 months;
(2) Sean Clark, 40 months; (3) Candace Carreras, 24 months; (4) Adelaid Lizama, 18 months;
and (5) Shelly Morford, 13 months. Although they were not codefendants in the indictment
before us, Adelard LeFrancois received a 52-month sentence, Dr. Ken Gosset received a 42month sentence, Frankie Barbuscia received a 42-month sentence, and Konstantinos Afthinos
received a 15-month sentence.
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situated. See United States v. Docampo, 573 F.3d 1091, 1101 (11th Cir. 2009).
Here, Dr. Azmat was not similarly situated to his co-conspirators, as he wrote the
prescriptions, did the dispensing, and was facing a significantly higher statutory
maximum sentence. Each of his five codefendants pled guilty to conspiracy to
unlawfully dispense controlled substances, and, in exchange, the government
dismissed the remaining counts of the indictment against them. The statutory
maximum penalty for the conspiracy charge was 5 years imprisonment, whereas
the statutory maximum for dispensing a Schedule II controlled substance was 20
years imprisonment. See 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(C), (b)(2). Therefore,
Dr. Azmats five codefendants could not have received a sentence similar in length
to that of Dr. Azmat. See id. In addition, Dr. Azmat was convicted of more crimes
than his codefendants. Defendants convicted of more crimes or more serious
offenses naturally receive longer prison sentences than those who pled guilty to
fewer or lesser crimes.
In any event, there is no unwarranted disparity when a cooperating
defendant pleads guilty and receives a lesser sentence than a defendant who
proceeds to trial. United States v. Langston, 590 F.3d 1226, 1237 (11th Cir.
2009). Dr. Azmats codefendants accepted responsibility for their crimes, pled
guilty to offenses that carried lower penalties, and cooperated with the prosecution.
It is not enough for a defendant to simply compare the sentences of other
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defendants in the conspiracy to his own; there must be comparable underlying

factual circumstances. One needs to have more than the crime of conviction and
the total length of the sentences to evaluate alleged disparities. The underlying
facts of the crime and all of the individual characteristics are relevant. Dr. Azmat
has not carried his burden to show specific facts establishing that any codefendants
are similarly situated.
C.
Sixth Amendment Claim

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
and public trial, by an impartial jury . . . . U.S. Const. amend. VI. The former
Fifth Circuit has held that [a]n accused cannot be punished by a more severe
sentence because he unsuccessfully exercised his constitutional right to stand trial
rather than plead guilty. Baker v. United States, 412 F.2d 1069, 1073 (5th Cir.
1969).
While Dr. Azmat contends that the district court violated the Sixth
Amendment by basing his sentence on the fact that he went to trial rather than
pleading guilty, like his codefendants, he has wholly failed to establish a
constitutional violation. First, the district court rejected the governments request
for a 188-month sentence, which the government argued was proper because
Dr. Azmat stood alone and apart from his codefendants for his refusal to
cooperate. The district court, instead of accepting the governments
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recommendation, sentenced Dr. Azmat to a lower sentence; the district court even
varied below the advisory guidelines range of 151 to 188 months. This shows that
the court was not seeking to punish Dr. Azmat more severely for his choice to
exercise his trial rights.
We also note again that Dr. Azmat was facing a higher statutory sentence
than his codefendants. In that sense, his exercise of his Sixth Amendment rights
resulted in a higher sentence only indirectly, as it led to the jury convicting him of
51 offensesmore serious offenses that carried more serious penalties. There is no
evidence in the record that the district court punished Dr. Azmat for holding the
government to its burden of proof before a jury. See id.
XI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Dr. Azmats convictions and sentences.
AFFIRMED.
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YSA v. Najam Azmat, 11th Cir. (2015)

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Case: 14-13703

Date Filed: 11/10/2015

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

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III. TRIAL EVIDENCE

Establishing East Health Center

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advertisement recruiting physicians to work part time at East Health Center.

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East Health Centers Operation

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Dr. Azmats Role

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Dr. Gossetts Tenure

initiated an investigation of East Health Center after receiving Dr. Rosss

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Center. Seven described themselves as prescription pill addicts. The remaining

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management. Dr. Kennedy stated that it is impossible to diagnose a chronic

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Dr. Azmats Expert

management. After reviewing the patient files maintained by Dr. Azmat,

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21 U.S.C. 802 and 841(a)(1)

unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to manufacture, distribute, or

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dispense . . . a controlled substance. 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). The CSA contains

Dr. Azmats Arguments

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controlled substance, under the definition stated in 802(10), the practitioner

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usual course of medical practice, in the hands of an ultimate user a physician

Statutory Interpretation Anew

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delivers a controlled substance to a user. See id. 802(10). In turn, the

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his own framework, the act of prescribing a controlled substance without a

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and voluntarily joined an agreement to unlawfully dispense controlled substances.

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medications and appeared to ignore medical concernslike high blood pressure

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