Page 1 of 61

SOLUTION TO SOME PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 1

1-8
1

piping dist.
system
leakage

4
5

Given: Reading of main meter: 250 m3; Consumptions in m3: tenant 1, 40; tenant 2, 35.5; tenant 3,
54.3; tenant 4, 4.36; and tenant 5, 55.
Required: the amount of leakage.
Solution: Arithmetic solution (algebraic solution also acceptable)
Overall mass balance:
mass inputs = mass outputs
Total watery supplied = supply to tenant 1 + supply to tenant 2 + supply to tenant 3 + supply to
tenant 4 + supply to tenant 5 + leakage (all in m3)

Leakage = 250 - (40 + 35.5 + 54.3 + 36 + 55) = 29.2 m3

1-10. As an irrigation system delivers water from the source to the point of usage, the following losses are
encountered: 9% to evaporation, 7% to run-off, and 15% to infiltration. If 4,000 liters was finally used
what was the volume of the water at the source?
water
source

DRAFT

evaporation
water
delivered

runoff

Infiltration

Given: Losses to evaporation, run-off, and infiltration with 4,000 liters finally used
Required:

The volume of the water at the source

Solution:
Let x = the volume of the water at the source
0.09x + 0.07x + 0.15x + 4000 = x
x - 0.31x = 4000
x

4000/0.69

5,797

Page 2 of 61
SOLUTION TO SOME PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 2
2-1

g
kg
p
cm
a. 8 cp% 100 cp % p $ s % 1000 g % 100mcm % kgN$ m % Pa
= 0.8 Pa$s
N
2
m
s2
g
g c % lb 12 in 2.54 cm
kg
m
b. 150 ft$lbf % lbf % ft %
%
%
% 9.8 m2 % Nm = 203.7 J
100 cm 2.2 lb
in
s
kg 2
s
g $ cm
kg
N
s2 %
m
c. 1000 dynes % dyne
=0.1 N
%
%
1000 g 100 cm
kg $ m
s2
3
3

gal
qts
(12 in)
(2.54 cm)
ft 3
m3
=0.016
%
%
%
%
%
3
3
(100
cm) 3
2 pints 4 qts 7.48 gal
ft
in
3
3
(2.54 cm)
m
= 0.344 m3
%
21, 000 in 3 %
(100 cm) 3
in 3
gal
0.05 pint
(12 in) 3 (2.54 cm) 3
ft 3
m3
= 0.021 m 3
%
%
%
%
%
900 fl. ounce%
3
3
(100
cm) 3
8 pints 7.48 gal
fl. ounce
ft
in
kg
(100 cm) 3
ft 3
in 3
= 3.371x 104 kg/m3
2100 lbm
3 % 2.2 lbm % (12 in) 3 % (2.54 cm) 3 %
m3
ft
252 cal 4.18 J
6
7150 Btu
s % Btu % cal = 7.532 x 10 W

f. 34 pints%
g.
h.
i.

DRAFT

j.

Page 3 of 61
2.4

Find out which of the following formulas is correct:

C v
V

C, temperature,
P, pressure, F/L2
V, specific volume, L3/M
Cv, heat capacity, FL/MT
Solution:
Substituting the dimensions;
Eq. 1:

FL
Left side MT
= F2
TL
L3
M

Eq. 2

Left side

2
= T P2
T

or

Right side T F/L

T2

T FL/MT
= F2
L 3 /M
TL

2
= P2
T

F
TL 2

2
4
2
Right side F /L
= F
2
4 2
T
L T

The first equation is correct since it is dimensionally consistent.

DRAFT

C v
V

Page 4 of 61
2-5 Find the value of the following dimensionless groups for the given data:
Dv!
a. The Reynolds No., N Re = 
where D = diameter, L
v = velocity L/
= density, M/L3
= viscosity, M/L
for a case where D = 16 in, v = 6 m/s, = 4.0 kg/gal and

= 300

#
ft $ h

Solution:

N Re

cm )(4 kg % 7.48 gal %

ft 3
in 3
(16 in % 2.54 cm )(6 m
% 100
%
3
3
3 cm 3 )
m
s
3
2.54
Dv!
gal
in
ft
12 in
=  =
kg
in
h
300 lb %
% ft %
%
ft $ h 2.2 lb 12 in 2.54 cm 3600 s

DRAFT

N Re = = 2.073 % 10 4


b. The Schmidt No., N Sc = !D
v
where

= viscosity, M/L
= density, M/L3
Dv = diffusivity, L2/

for a case where = 12 centipoise, = 30 kg/cu ft, Dv = 745 cm2/h.

Solution:

g
p
cm
$s
12 cp %
%
p
100 cp
!
N Sc =
=
3
D v
kg 1000 g
cm 2 %
in 3
h
30 3 %
745
% ft
%
%
3
3
3
2.54 cm
3600s
h
kg
ft
12 3 in
N Sc = 0.5473
2
c. The Froude No., N Fr = v
Lg

v = velocity, L/
L = length, L
g = acceleration due to gravity
for a case where L = 6 ft, v = 20 cm/s

where

N Fr = v =
Lg

2
(20 cm
s )

ft 2
in 2
2 % (12 in) 2
(2.54 cm)
= 2.229 % 10 3
ft
6 ft % 32.2 2
s

Page 5 of 61

2.7

The viscosity of a liquid at the critical point is given by formula

 c = 61.6

MT c
(V c ) 2/3

= critical viscosity in micropoise

M = molecular weight
Tc = critical temperature, K
Vc = critical volume, cm3/mol
For a similar formula using c in Pas, and Vc in m3/kmol, and Tc in K, find the value of the constant
corresponding to 61.6.
The constant with the corresponding units is

where

( cm ) 2/3
mol
16 p
K

DRAFT

Converting to the desired units

3
m3
( cm %
% 1000 mol ) 2/3
mol (1000 cm) 3
kmol
P
%
% 0.1 Pa $ s
new constant = 16 P
P
K
10 6 P
3
( m ) 2/3
= Pa$s kmol
K

Page 6 of 61

2-9

ft ( lb3 ) 0.4
ft
0.086
dyne
(cP) 2 ( cm ) 3

is changed to

g 0.4
3)
cm
by conversion of units

dyne 3
lb
2
(
) ( cm )
ft $ h
cm (

454 g
ft 3
%
%
0.086 ft % 12 in % 2.54 cm ( lbm
) 0.4
ft
in
lbm
(12 % 2.54 cm) 3
ft 3
=
1g/cm $ s
poise
%
% lb % 12 % 2.54 cm % 3600 s ) 2
(cP %
454 g
100 cP
poise
ft
h

dyne g $ cm/s
kg
cm 3
m
n
%
%
%
% 100
( cm %
m )
1000 g 100 cm kg $ m/s 2
dyne

DRAFT

= 8.59 % 10 7

c,(g/cm3 ) 0.4
N )3
( lbm ) 2 % ( m
ft $ h

Page 7 of 61
2-10. The temperature of a cold water being heated varies linearly with the distance from one end of the heat
exchanger. From the following data find the suitable equation representing the variation graphically:
Temperature, C
Distance, m

4.44
0

5.56
0.24

11.67
1.13

19.44
2.07

25.00
2.99

32.22
4.11

Solution:
The equation is T = (slope) + mx T, temp
x, distance
Plot Temperature on the ordinate and x on the abcissa

Prob-2-10

30

T, temperature deg, Celsius

DRAFT

35

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

X , distance in m

Intercept:
Slope:

4.2751052333
6.8955757685

Equation:

T = 4.275 + 6.896

Page 8 of 61

2.11

The following table gives the relationship between dissolved methane in a solution and the partial pressure
of methane above the solution. (Chem. Eng. Prog. symp. series, Volume 65, 73 (1969).

Dissolved CH4, ppm

20
115
225
Partial pressure of CH4, kPa
138
689
1379
If the variation is linear, find the suitable relationship.

340
2068

450
2758

560
3447

Partial pressure of CH4, kPa

DRAFT

4000

3000

2000

1000

100

200

300

Dissolved CH4 , ppm

2-14

400

500

600

Page 9 of 61
y
x

12.6
1.25

6.75
2.5

3.86
3.8

1.95
5.26

Solution:
Plot log y vs x on a rectangular coordinate graph or plot y vs x on semilog graph. We use a semilog plot.
intercept = 1.3437

Problem 2-14

Y Data

DRAFT

10

1
1

X Data
Y vs X
Plot 1 Regr

slope = - 0.2005

equation:

log y = -0.2005 x + 1.3437

y = 10 0.2005x

+ 1.3437

Page 10 of 61
2-18 Convert the following temperature readings
a. 180K to C, R, and F
Rdg in C = 180 - 273 = -93C
Rdg in R = 180 1.8 = 324R
Rdg in F = (180 1.8) - 460 = 136F
b. 800F to K, C, and R
Rdg in K = (800 - 32)/1.8 + 273 = 699.7 K
Rdg in C = (800 -32)/1.8 = 426.7C
Rdg in R = 800 + 460 = 1260R
c. 100,000C to K, R, and F.

DRAFT

Rdg in K = 100,000 -273 = 99,723 K

Rdg in F = (100,000)1.8 + 32 = 180032F
Rdg in R = (100,000)1.8 + 32 -460 = 179572R

Page 11 of 61
2-26

Convert the following gage pressures to absolute values if the barometric pressure is 757 mm Hg:

a.
b.
c.
d.

a.

200 psig
4 cm of Hg vacuum
29 mm of H20 head
15 mm of H20 draft
Pabs = Pbar + P gage
P abs = 757 mm Hg %

b.

Pabs = Pbar P vac

Pabs = 757 mm Hg %

c.

14.7 psi
+ 200 = 214.6 psi
760 mm Hg

76 cm Hg
4 cm Hg= 71.7 cm Hg
760 mm Hg

Pabs = Pbar + head

P abs = 757 mm Hg + 29 mm H 2 O%

d.

Pabs = Pbar draft

DRAFT

P abs = 757 mm Hg 15 mm H 2 O%

760 mm Hg
1 ft H 2 O
= 778.3 mm Hg
%
12 % 2.54 in 33.9 ft H 2 O

760 mm Hg
1 ft H 2 O
= 746 mm Hg
%
12 % 2.54 in 33.9 ft H 2 O

Page 12 of 61
2-27 solution
Convert the following pressures to the indicated absolute pressures:
a.a. 20.0 psig to atm abs with barometric pressure = 740 mm Hg

b.
atm
+ 20 psi % 1 atm = atm abs
c.P abs = 740 mm Hg % 7601 mm
Hg
14.7 psi
d.
e.b. 28" Hg vacuum to mm Hg absolute with barometric pressure = 760 mm Hg
f.
760 mm Hg
g.P abs = 740 mm Hg 28 in Hg % 29.92 in Hg = mm Hg
h.
i.c. 4" H2O draft to mm Hg abs with barometric pressure = 760 mm Hg
j.
1 ft % 760 mm Hg = mm Hg
k.P abs = 760 mm Hg 4 in H 2 O % 12
in 33.9 ft H O
2

DRAFT

l.
m.d. 5" H2O head to mm Hg abs with barometric pressure = 750 mm Hg.
a.
760 mm Hg
b.
= mm Hg
P abs = 750 mm Hg + 5 in H2 O% 1 ft %
12 in 33.9 ft H2 O

Page 13 of 61
2-28 A flue gas has the following composition on a molar basis:
12% CO2
77% N2
2% CO
2% H2O
7% O2
What is the composition in mass percent? What is the average molecular weight of the mixture?
Solution:
Basis: 100 mols mixture

DRAFT

Comp
CO2
CO
O2
N2
H2O

mol

MW
12
2
7
77
2
100

44
28
32
28
18

mass
% mass
528
17.6
56
1.87
224
7.47
2,156
71.87
36
1.2
3,000

Page 14 of 61

2-29

Some ionic components of sea water are given in the following table:
Cation
mass %
Anion
mass %
+l
-1
Na
1.06
Cl
1.90
Mg+2
0.13
SO4-2
0.26
+2
-1
Ca
0.04
HCO3
0.01
K+1
0.04
Br-1
0.0065
+2
-1
Sr
0.01
F
10.0001
If the specific gravity of sea water is 1.03, how much NaC1 could be recovered from a cubic km of sea water?
How much Mg(OH)2? MW Na = 23 MW Cl = 35.45
Solution:
Basis:

1 km3 of sea water

3
3
kg
kg Na +
57.45 kg NaCl
1 km 3 % 1000 3m % 1030 3 % 0.0106
%
= 2.727 % 10 10 kg
kg sea water
23 kg Na +
m
km

DRAFT

3
3
58.33 kg Mg(OH) 2
kg
kg Mg +2
1 km3 % 1000 3m % 1030 3 % 0.0013
= 3.213 % 10 9 kg
%
kg
sea
water
m
km
24.31 kg Mg +2

Page 15 of 61
2-33 5.7 kg of sucrose is dissolved in a 20-liter can containing 18 liters of water. What is the sugar concentration of
the solution formed in

a.
b.
c.
d.

mass fraction?
mole fraction?
molality?
molarity? Note: To find molarity,
1.383 at 25C.

Solution:
Basis: 5.7 kg of sucrose
a. the mass fraction
kg sucrose = 5.7 kg water = 18 L x 1 kg/L = 18 kg
Total mass = 5.7 + 18 = 23.7 kg
mass fraction sucrose = 5.7/23.7 =
mass fraction water = 18/23.7 =
b. the mol fraction (molecular formula of sucrose = C12H22O12
MW sucrose = 12(12) + 22(1) + 12(16) = 342 MW H2O = 18

DRAFT

kmol sucrose = 5.7/342 = 0.0167

kmol water = 18/18 = 1 kmol solution = 1.0167

mol fraction sucrose = 0.0167/1.0167 =

mol fraction water = 1/1.0167 =

c. molality
kmol sucrose = 5.7/342 = 0.0167 g H2O = 18,000 g
molality = gmol sucrose per 1000 g H20
gmol sucrose = 16.7
no. of 1000 g H2O = 18
therefore, per 1000 g H2O, the gmol of sucrose = 167/18 =
and the molality is
molal
d. the molarity
For this problem, we need the specific gravity of the sucrose solution, which we can obtain from handbooks
or other references.
Percent sucrose by mass = 76%
the specific gravity = 1.383 from reference
total mass = 57,000 + 18,000 = 75,000 g
1L
Volume = 75, 000 g % ml
= 54.23
%
1.383 g 1000 ml
molarity = 143/54.23 = 2.64 M

Page 16 of 61
2.35 Ethane is flowing through a 1 m I.D. pipe at the rate of 6530 kg/hr. If the density of ethane is 1.3567 g/L what
is

a. the flow velocity

b. the mass velocity
c. the volumetric flow rate?
a. Flow velocity in m/s
Q
= w w = 6530 kg/h
v=
A !A

! 1.3567 g/L

A = (1) 2 /4 m 2

kg
% 1h
3600 s
h
= 1.702 m/s
v=
g
kg
1000
L % (1) 2 %  m 2
%
1.3567 %
3
L 1000 g
4
m
6530

b. mass velocity in kg/m2s

G= w =
A

kg
% 1h
3600 s = 2.31 kg/m 2 $s
h
(1) 2 %  m 2
4

6530

DRAFT

c. vol flow rate in m3/s

Q= w
! =

kg
% 1h
3600 s
h
= 1.337 m 3 /s
g
kg
1000
L
%
1.3567 %
L 1000 g
m3
6530

Page 17 of 61
2-36 A lube oil (sp. gr. = 0.85) is pumped to a header at the rate of 4,000 liters/hr. At the header, the flow branches
in two lines. One pipe has an inside diameter of 7 cm while the other, 15 cm. Assuming that the mass flow
rate is directly proportional to the cross sectional area of flow, calculate for both pipes
a. the flow velocity in m/s
b. the mass velocity in kg/hrm2
c. the volumetric flow rate in m3/hr
Solution:
Basis: 4,000 L/h
cross sectional area of 7 cm dia (0.07 m dia)
2

A =  D =  0.07
4
4

= 0.003848

cross sectional area of 15 cm dia (0.15 m dia)

2

A =  D =  0.15
4
4

Let

= 0.01767

x = flow through 7 cm dia pipe

4000 - x = flow through the 15 dia m pipe
D 27
4 = 0.07 2 = 49
x
=
225
4000 x
0.15 2
D2
 15
4

DRAFT

225x = 49(4000 x)
x = 715 kg/h
4,000 - x = 3285 kg/h

a. flow velocity
through 7 cm dia
v = 715

3
kg
h
1
= 0.061 m/s
%
% m
%
3600 s 850 kg 0.003848 m 2
h

through 15 cm dia
v = 3285

3
kg
h
1
= 0.061
%
% m
%
3600 s 850 kg 0.01767 m 2
h

b. The mass velocity, G

G= w
A

715
for the 7 cm dia pipe G = w
=
= 1.846 % 10 6 kg/(sm2)
0.003848
A
3285
=
= 1.859 % 10 5 kg/(sm2)
for the 15 cm dia pipe G = w
0.017678
A

c. See above.

Page 18 of 61
2.39 Butane gas is stored in a cylinder at a pressure of 100 psig and at a temperature of 30C. Some of the butane
gas was used and after some time, the pressure had gone down to 50 psig. If the temperature is 25C, what
fraction of the butane had been used?
Solution:
The pressure is high. We must use the real gas law.
Mass balance
Butane used = Initial butane content - final butane content
= P1V1/z1RT1 - P2V2/z2RT2

DRAFT

114.7
64.7
P1V1
P V
P2
P1

2 2

z 1 (30 + 273) z 2 (25 + 273)

z 1 RT 1 z 2 RT 2
z1T1 z2T 2
fraction used: =
=
=
=
P1V1
P1
114.7
z 1 (30 + 273)
z 1 RT 1
z1T 1

Page 19 of 61
2.45 The flue gas from a furnace goes out with the following composition (dry basis): 12% CO2, 3% O2, 2% CO,
and 83% N2. The partial pressure of water is 10 mm Hg. The total pressure is 4 cm H20 draft. The barometric
pressure is 759 mm Hg. Calculate the composition on a wet basis (including H20).
Solution:
Basis: 100 mols of flue gas (dry basis
It is best to use tabulation. PH2O = 10 mm Hg PT = 4 cm H2O draft Pbar = 759 mm Hg

Components
CO2
O2
CO
N2
H2O
Total

mol (dry basis)

mol (wet basis)

12
3
2
83
100

12
3
2
83
1.34
101.34

mol % (wet basis

11.84
2.96
1.97
81.9
1.32
99.99

Patm = 759 mm Hg
PH2O = 10 mm Hg
PT = Patm - Pdraft = 759 4 cm H 2 O%

760 mm Hg
ft H 2 O
%
=756.1 mm Hg
(2.54 $ 12) cm H 2 O 33.9 ft H 2 O

DRAFT

Pdry gas + PH2O = 756.1 mm Hg

Pdry gas = 756.1 - 10 = 746.1 mm Hg
Mol water =100 mol dry gas%

10 mol H 2 O
= 1.34 mols
746.1mol dry gas

Page 20 of 61
SOLUTION TO SOME PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 3
3-7 A producer gas consisting of 8.4% CO2, 0.8% O2, 21.2% CO, 7.9% H2, and 61.7% N2 at a temperature of 30C
and 770 mm Hg total pressure, with Pwater = 25 mm Hg, flowing at a rate of 500 m3 per minute is mixed with a
natural gas consisting of 81.11% CH4, 6.44% C2H6, 2.1% C3H8, 0.74% C4H10, 0.42% CO2, and 9.19% N2 at a total
pressure of 2 atm and a temperature of 25C and flowing at a rate of 100 m3 per minute. Its water vapor content has
a partial pressure of 30 mm Hg. What is the composition of the resulting mixture on a dry basis? What is the water
vapor content in grams per kmol of dry gas?
Given:
Producer gas: 500 m3 per minute at 30 C and 770 mm total Press PH2O = 25 mm Hg
8.4% CO2, 0.8% O2, 21.2% CO, 7.9% H2, and 61.7% N2
Natural gas: 100 m3/min at 25C and total pres = 2 atm PH2O = 30 mm Hg
81.11% CH4, 6.44% C2H6, 2.1% C3H8, 0.74% C4H10, 0.42% CO2, and 9.19% N2
Required: Composition of the resulting mixture on a dry basis
Water vapor content of the mixture, g/kmol dry gas
Basis:

One minute operation

Mixing of producer gas and natural gas

DRAFT

3
kmol producer gas = 500 m % 0 + 273 % 770 % kmol 3 = 20.376 kmol (with H 2 O)
min 30 + 273 760 22.4 m

kmol H2O in prod. gas = 20.376 kmol wetb gas % 25 = 0.684 kmol
770
kmol dry producer gas = 20.376 - 0.684 = 19.629
3
kmol natural gas = 100 m % 0 + 273 % 2 % kmol 3 = 8.18
25 + 273 1 22.4 m
min
kmol H2O in nat. gas = 0.136 kmol dry gas %

30
= 0.165 kmol
2(760) 30

kmol dry natural gas = 8.18 - 0.165 = 8.015

For the composition of the mixture
Comp.
Producer gas
Nat. gas
CO2
0.084(19.714) = 1.656
0.0042(8.018) = 0.034
N2
0.617 (19.714) = 12.572
0.0919(8.018) = 0.752
O2
0.008 (19.714) = 0.163
CO
0.212(19.714) = 4.32
H2
0.079 (19.714) = 1.61
CH4
0.8111 (8.018) = 6.635
C2H6
0.0644 (8.018) = 0.527
C3H8
0.021 (8.018) = 0.168
C4H10
0.0074 (8.018) = 0.061
Total
kmol dry gas = 28.558
kmol H2O = 0.684 + 0.165 = 0.849

g H2O = (0.849)(18)(1000) = 1.528 x 104

g water vapor per kmol dry gas = (1.528 x 104)/28.558 = 535

kmol
1.69
12.9
0.158
4.179
1.557
6.503
0.516
0.172
0.059
27.734

mol %
6.093
46.66
0.571
15.13
5.64
23.23
1.84
0.602
0.212
99.978

Page 21 of 61
3-8 Moist air at 40C and at a total pressure of 765 mm Hg is flowing through a pipeline. The partial pressure of
water is 20 mm Hg. In order to measure the rate of flow, pure carbon dioxide gas is bled into the gas at rate of 20
kg/min. At a point downstream where complete mixing has occurred, it is found that the air contains 5% CO2 by
volume. Find the volumetric flow rate of the moist air in m3/min. The % CO2 is on a dry basis.
Given:
mixed gases
5% CO2 vol
moist air
40oC
Pt = 765 mm Hg
PH2O = 20 mm Hg

pure CO2 gas

20 kg/min

Required: Vol flow rate of moist air in m3/min

Basis: 1 minute operation
Solution:
Vol flow rate of moist air =
3
kg CO 2 kmol
0.95 kmol dry air
%
%
% 765 kmol moist air % 22.4 m % 40 + 273 % 760
0 + 273
765
0.05 kmol CO 2
min
kmol
44 kg
(765 20) kmol dry air

DRAFT

20

= 226.3 m3/min

Page 22 of 61
3-9
Basis:

1000 kg wet sand

Required: water evaporated

A. Algebraic method
Let x, water evap;

y, dried sand

OMB: 1000 = x + y

Eq. 1

BDS balance:

Eq. 2

(1-0.3)(1000) = (1- 0.09)y

Subst y = 1000 - x

in Eq. 2

700 = 0.91(1000 - x)
x = 910 - 700 = 210/0.91 = 230.8 kg H2O evap
Arithmetic solution:
Basis: 1000 kg feed
Required: water evaporated
kg product =1000 kg feed %

(1 .3) kg BDS
kg product
=
%
kg feed
(1 0.09) kg BDS

DRAFT

769.2 kg prod
OMB:
kg H2O evap = 1000 - 769.2 = 230.8 kg

Page 23 of 61
3-10 Wood chips are to be dried in a rotary drier from 35 to 12% moisture. If 10 kg of wet wood is charged per
minute, how much product can be obtained over an 8-hr period? Find the ratio kg H2O evaporated/kg wet wood
charged
Water evaporated
10 kg wet wood/
min
36 %
moisture

Drier

Dried
product
12%
moisture

Required:
Product for 8 hr period
ratio kg water evap./kg wet wood charged.
Solution:
We can identify a key component, which is the bone-dry solids. Therefore, the arithmetic method is
recommended.
Basis:
1 min (10 kg wet wood charged)

DRAFT

kg dry prod/min =10 kg wet wood

Overall mass balance:

(1 0.35) kg BDS
1 kg product
= 7.386 kg
%
1 kg wet wood
(1 0.12) kg BDS

For the 8 hr period:

kg dry prod = 7.386 kg dry prod/min% 60 min/hr % 8 hr= 3545 kg
kg water evap/kg wet wood charged = 2.614/10 = 0.261

Page 24 of 61
3-11 A drier is being used to reduce the moisture content of bagasse to be used for fiberboard manufacture. It
contains 50% moisture. 5.75 kg of wet bagasse is charged into the drier. After 3 hours, it was found that the
weight has gone down to 3.25 kg. What is the moisture content of the final product?
Using the arithmetic method:
Given:

5.75 kg wet bagasse with 50% moisture

weight of product = 3.25 kg

Required: Moisture content of the final product

Basis: 5.75 kg of wet bagasse
BDS balance:
BDS in feed = BDS in product
BDS in feed = 0.5(5.75) = 2.875 kg = BDS in product =
moisture in product = 3.25 - 2.875 = 0.375 kg

DRAFT

% moisture content = (0.375)(100)/3.25 = 11.54%

Page 25 of 61
3-14 It is desired to concentrate a 6% KN03 solution (in water) to 20% KN03 solution. 7000 kg of product liquor is
to be needed per hour. How much solution should be charged? How much water is evaporated?
Given:

input solution = 6% KNO2

7,000 kg/h product containing 20% KNO3

Required: solution charged; kg water evaporated.

Basis:

1 hour operation

Solution:
kg KNO3 = 0.2(7000) = 1400 kg
KNO3 balance:
KNO3 in product = KNO3 in feed = 1400 kg
kg feed input = 1400 kg %

100 kg solution
= 23,300 kg
6 kg KNO 3

OMB
kg water evaporated

DRAFT

= kg input solution - kg product = 23300- 7000 = 16,300 kg

Page 26 of 61
3-19 An evaporator is concentrating solutions coming from two different sources. The solution from the first
source containing 10% NaCl and 10% NaOH
8% NaC1 and 12% NaOH flows at the rate of 70 kg per minute. The two streams are fed directly to the evaporator.
If 50% of the total water is to be evaporated, calculate the composition and the flow rate of the product.

Given:
water evap =
50% of total
H2O

50 kg/min
10% NaCl
10% NaOH
Evaporator
70 kg/min
8% NaCl
12% NaOH

Product

Required: Composition and flow rate of product

Basis: 1 min operation
Solution: We can use the aritmetic solution.

DRAFT

Feed Stream 1:
kg NaOH = 0.1(50) = 5 kg
kg NaCl = 0.1(50) = 5 kg
kg H2O = 0.8(50) = 40

Feed Stream 2
kg NaOH = 0.12(70) = 8.4
kg NaCl = 0.08(70) = 5.6
kg H2O = 0.8 (70) = 56

Product composition:
kg NaOH = 5 + 84 = 13.4
kg NaCl = 5 + 5.6 = 10.6
kg H2O = 0.5(40+56) = 48 kg
kg product = 13.4 + 10.6 + 48 = 72 kg

% NaOH = (13.4)(100)/72 = 18.6%

% NaCl = (10.6)(100)/72 = 14.7%
product flow rate = 72 kg/min

Page 27 of 61
3-20

A mixture containing 70% methanol and 30% water is to be distilled. If the distillate product is to contain
99.9% methanol and the bottoms product 0.004% methanol, how much distillate and bottoms product are
obtained per 100 kg of feed distilled?

Given:
Distillate , D

xm = 0.999
Feed = 100 kg
70% methanol
30% water

Bottoms, B

xM = .00004

DRAFT

Required: kg distillate and kg bottoms

Basis: 100 kg feed
Solution: We cannot identify a tie component.
We have to use the algebraic solution.
Let

D = kg distillate
B = kg bottoms

Overall mass balance:

100 = D + B

Eq. 1

Methanol balance

0.7(100) = 0.999D + 0.00004B

from Eq 1, B = 100 D
Substiting in Eq. 2,

70 = 0.999D + 0.00004(100 D)
Solving for D,
D = 70.07 kg B = 29.93 kg

Eq. 2

Page 28 of 61
3-21 100 kmol of a benzene-toluene mixture in equimolal amounts is distilled. 96% of the benzene is obtained in
the distillate product while 90% of the toluene is in the bottom. Calculate the composition of the product streams.
Given:
Distillate , D

96% of the
benzene goes
to the distillate

Feed,
F = 100 kmol
benzene-toluene
solution, equimolar

90% of the
toluene goes to
the bottoms
Bottoms, B

Required: Composition of the distillate and the bottoms

Basis: 100 kmol feed
Solution: While we cannot identify a tie component in this problem, we can analyze the problem and see that the
given quantities make the problem amenable to arithmetic solution and we do not have to use the algebraic solution.

DRAFT

From the given quantities,

benzene in the feed = 50 kmol
96% of the benzene in the feed goes to the distillate = 0.96(50) = 48 kmol
the difference goes to the bottoms: 50 - 48 = 2 kmol
90% of the toluene in the feed goes to the bottoms = 0.9(50) = 45 kmol
the difference goes to the bottoms: 50 - 45 = 5 kmol
Therefore the distillate contains 48 kmol benzene and 5 kmol toluene
The composition, mole fraction benzene = 48/(48 + 5) = 0.906
The bottoms contains 45 kmol toluene and 2 kmol toluene
The composition, mole fraction benzene = 2/(45 + 2) = 0.043

While in general, problems without tie components are usually solved by algebraic methods, some
problems are so structured that they can be solved by arith metic method.

Page 29 of 61
3-23 A mixture consisting of isobutane, n-butane, and n-pentane is to be distilled in batch mode. The following
tabulation gives the composition of the streams in mole fraction:
Component
n-butane
isopentane
n-pentane
Per 100 moles of feed, find the
the composition.

feed
distillate
bottoms
0.23
x
0.129
0.32
y
0.3
0.45
0.024
z
amount of the distillate and the bottom streams. Complete the tabulation of

Solution:
Given: tabulation of the composition with unknowns
Basis: 100 moles of feed
Examining the table, we see that in the bottoms column, z can be solved from the equation,
z + 0.129 + 0.3 = 1 and

z = 0.571

The unknown compositions are x and y

Let D = mol distillate

and B mol bottoms

We have four unknowns and we need four equations

DRAFT

O.M. Balance:
D + B = 100

(1)

n-butane balance:
0.23(100) = xD + 0.129B

(2)

isopentane balance:
0.32(100) = yD + 0.3B

(3)

n-pentane balance:
0.45(100) = 0.024D + 0.571B

(4)

Substituting the value of D (from Eq. 1) in Eq. 4

45 = 0.024(100 - B) + 0.571B
B = 77.88 mol

D = 22.12 mol

Substituting the value of B and D in (2)

0.23(100) = x(22.12) + 0.129(77.88)
x = (23 - 0.129(77.88))/22.12 = 0.586
Substituting the value of B and D in (3)
0.32(100) = y(22.12) + 0.3(77.88)
y = (32 - 0.3(77.88))/22.12 = 0.390
As a check,

the sum of the composition of the distillate = 0.390 + 0.586 + 0.024 = 1

Page 30 of 61
3-24
Ethane is to be removed in an absorber from an ethane-hydrogen mixture by using a mixture of
hexane containing 2% ethane. The feed contains 40% ethane and 60% hydrogen. If 99% of the ethane is
removed, what is the composition of the effluent at the top and at the bottom? The liquid to gas molar ratio is
2.
Given:
Hexane
2% ethane

hydrogen and
ethane
2

Required: Composition of outlet gas and liquid

Basis: 100 kmol gas 200 kmol of liquid
Hexane in:

0.98(200) = 196 kmol

Ethane in with hexane = 0.02(200) = 4 kmol

99% of the
ethane is
removed

Ethane carried by hydrogen in: 0.4(100) = 40

kmol

Absorber

Ethane absorbed = 0.99(40) = 39.6 kmol

DRAFT

Hexane +
absorbed
ethane

40% ethane
60% hydrogen

Hydrogen in = 0.6(100) = 60 kmol

Liquid out = 196 kmol hexane + 39.6 kmols
ethane + 4

Composition of outgoing liquid =

43.6
% 100 =18.2 %
43.6 + 196

Gas out = 60 + 0.4 = 60.4

Composition of outgoing gas =

0.4
% 100 = 0.662%
0.4 + 196

Page 31 of 61
3-26 In order to recover the benzene from a benzene-air mixture, the mixture is scrubbed with
kerosene in a packed tower. 8000 m3/h of a benzene-air mixture containing 2 mole % benzene (T = 25C,
P = 765 mm Hg) is treated with 10,000 kg/h of kerosene. If 98% of the benzene is recovered, find the
composition of the gas stream and liquid stream leaving the tower. What is the volumetric flow rate of
the outgoing gas stream (T = 25C, P = 759 mm Hg)?
Solution:

Kerosene

Outlet gas
2

10,000 kg/h

DRAFT

Absorber

kerosene +
absorbed benzene

25oC 759 mm Hg

98% of the benzene

is recovered
8000 m 3/h
Air-benzene mixture
2% mol benzene
25oC 765 mm Hg

Basis: 1 hour operation

3
kmol air-benzene in = 8000 m % 0 + 273 % 765 % kmol 3 = 325 kmol
25 + 273 760 22.4 m
h

kmol air = (0.98)(325) = 318.5 kmol

kmol benzene = 0.98(325) = 6.5 kmol
kmol benzene in gas out = 0.02(6.5) = 0.13 kmol
kmol benzene in liquid out = 0.98(6.5) = 6.37 kmol = 6.37(80) = 509.6 kg
composition of air-benzene out =

0.13(100)
= 0.041% mol benzene
318.5 + 0.13

composition of benzene-kerosene mixture =

509.6(100)
= 4.85%
10, 000 + 509.6

Page 32 of 61

3-34 Eight hundred kg/h of halibut livers containing 23% oil is extracted with 570 kg/h of pure ether. The extracted
livers is analyzed and is found to contain 1.12% oil, 32.96% ether, and 65.92% oil-free livers. Find the composition
and the weight of the extract, and the percentage recovery of the oil.
Given:
570 kg/hr ether

Halibut livers

Extract
Extractor

800 kg/hr
23% oil

Extracted livers
1.12 % oil
32.96% ether
65.92% oil-free livers

Required: Composition and mass of the extract

Basis: 800 kg of halibut livers
Solution: The oil-free livers is a tie component. We can use the arithmetic method.

DRAFT

kg livers = 800 kg
kg oil = 0.23(800) = 184 kg
kg oil-free livers = 800 - 184 = 616 kg
Oil-free livers balance:
Oil-free livers in feed = oil-free livers in extracted livers = 616 kg

1.12 kg oil
= 10.466 kg
65.92 kg oil-free livers
32.96 kg ether
Ether in extracted livers = 616 kg oil-free livers %
= 308 kg
65.92 kg oil-free livers
Oil in extracted livers = 616 kg oil-free livers %

Oil balance:
Oil in extract = oil in charge - oil in extracted livers = 184 - 10.466 = 173.53 kg
Ether balance:
Ether in extract = ether input - ether in extracted livers = 570 - 308 = 262 kg
kg extract = ether + extracted oil = 173.53 + 262 = 435.53 kg
% oil = 173.53(100)/435.53 = 39.84%
% oil recovery = 173.53(100)/184 = 94.31%

Page 33 of 61
3-40 A calcium carbonate slurry is to be filtered in a plate-and-frame filter press with 15 frames measuring 90 cm
120 cm 2.5 cm. The solids in the slurry is 5 mass percent. The filter cake is 32% porous. Assuming that the
filter cake is incompressible, how much volume of the slurry is required to fill the filter press? The specific
gravity of the solids in the slurry is 2.63. The density of the liquid is 1.0. Assume that the specific gravity of
the slurry is almost equal to 1.
Given: filter press with 15 frames 90 cm x 120 cm x 2.5 cm (assume the inside volume)
material to be filtered:
5% (mass) calcium carbonate slurry
filter cake: 32% porous; incompressible
Sp. g of solids
2.63
sp. g. of liquid and slurry = 1
Required:
Volume of slurry required to fill the filter press
Solution:

arithmetic method

Total volume of the frames: 0.9 m % 1.2 m % 0.025 m = 4.05 m3 = volume of the cake
Volume of the solids in the filter cake = (1 - 0.32)(4.05) = 2.754 m3
density of the solid = 2630 kg/m3

DRAFT

kg solids in filter cake = 2.754 m3 % 2630 kg/m3 = 7245 kg

1.0 kg slurry
= 1.449 % 10 5kg slurry
0.05 kg solids
3
volume of the slurry = 144900 kg slurry % 1 m
= 144.9 m3
1000 kg

liquid in the slurry = 7243 kg solids %

Page 34 of 61
3-47 A double-effect evaporator is to concentrate 1,000,000 kg/day of a liquor containing 5% solids to 40% solids.
Assuming equal evaporations are obtained from each effect, calculate the composition of the solution from
the first effect (if forward feeding is used) and the flow rate of the product in kg/h. How much evaporation
from each effect is obtained?
Given:

F = 106 kg/day

E2 .

E1

P1

Effect 1

xF = 0.05

xP1

P2

Effect 2

C1

xP2 = 0.4
C2

E1 = E2
Required:

DRAFT

a. Composition of the product from the first effect

b. The flow rate of the product in kg/h
c. Evaporation from each effect
Solution:
Basis: One-day operation
Use combination of arithmetic and algebraic methods
Let

E1 equals the evaporation from Effect No. 1

E2 equals the evaporation from Effect No. 2

Overall Mass Balance around the whole system, solution side

1, 000, 000 = P2 + E2 + C2

Eq. 1

C2 = E1

Eq. 2

E1 = E2

Eq. 3

Solids balance around the whole system, solution side

0.05(1, 000, 000) = 0.4P2

P2 =

Eq. 4

kg
day
0.05(1, 000, 000)
= 125, 000
= 5208 kg/h
%
0.4
day 24 h

Subst Eq 2 and Eq 3 in Eq1

1, 000, 000 = 125, 000 + E1 + E1

E1 = (1, 000, 000 125, 000)/2 = 875,000 kg/day = 36,460 kg/h
E2 = E1 = 36,460 kg/h
Overall Mass Balance around effect 1

1, 000, 000 = E1 + P1

Page 35 of 61

DRAFT

P1 = 1, 000, 000 437, 500 = 562, 500 kg/day = 23,440 kg/h

0.05(1, 000, 000)
x P1 =
= 0.089
562, 500

Page 36 of 61
3-48. It is desired to produce 7% NaNO3 solution continuously. The water line (NaNO3-free) is split into two. 500 kg per hour is
sent to a tank where NaNO3 is added. The mixture
is stirred well to form a saturated solution of
Bypass stream
NaNO3 (47.9%). The other line bypasses the tank
and is mixed with the 47.9% solution. What is the
flow rate of the bypass stream and the final
NaNO3
product?

Water

500kg/hr

Saturator

47.9%
NaNO3

DRAFT

Solution:
Basis: 1 hr operation
Required: Flow rate of bypass stream and the final
product
Balance around saturator inside the bypass loop
Water balance
water in 47.9% NaNO3 solution = 500 kg
NaNO3 balance:
47.9 kg NaNO 3
= 459.693 kg
NaNO3 input = 500 kg water %
(100 47.9) kg H 2 O
Balance around saturator outside the bypass loop
NaNO3 balance:
NaNO3 input = 459.693 kg = NaNO3 in 7% NaNO3 solution
Water balance:
93 kg H 2 O
Water in 7% NaNO3 solution = 459.693 kg NaNO 3 %
= 6107.35 kg
7 kg NaNO 3

Balance around point of splitting of bypass stream

bypass stream = 6107.35 - 500 = 5607.36 kg/h
product stream

= 459.693 + 6107.35 = 6567.04 kg/h

7%
NaNO3

Page 37 of 61
3-49 A process needs an air supply which should contain 0.12 mol H2O/ mol dry air exactly. 1500 m3/min of air at 25C and
101.3 kPa is to be treated. Part of this air goes to a spray chamber where the air picks up water and goes out with 0.3 mol
H2O/mol dry air. The other part of the air feed bypasses the water spray and is mixed with the humidified air to produce a
mixture containing 0.12 mol H2O per mol dry air. What is the water consumption? What is the ratio of the flowmeter readings
of the bypass stream and the stream to the water spray?

Basis: 1 minute operation

Bypass stream
Dry Air
1500 m3
25oC
101.5 kPa

Net Feed

0.12 kmol H2O/

kmol dry air

Spray chamber
0.3 kmol H2O/
kmol dry air
water

Using the arithmetic method

m % 0 + 273 % kmol = 63.35 kmol BDA
kmol bone-dry air = 1500 min
25 + 273 22.4 m 3
3

DRAFT

BDA balance around spray chamber outside the bypass loop

BDA in feed = BDA in process air
= 61.35 kmol BDA
0.12 kmol H 2 O
kmol H2O in process air = 61.35 kmol BDA %
= 7.36 kmol H 2 O
kmol BDA
H2O balance around spray chamber outside the recycle loop
water spray = H2O in process air = 7.36 kmol = 7.36 x 18 = 132.14 kmol H2O/ min

H2O balance around the spray chamber within the bypass loop
water in stream of air going out of the chamber = 7.36 kmol

BDA balance around the spray chamber within the bypass loop
BDA in net feed = BDA in air out or chamber
BDA = 7.36 kmol H 2 O %

kmol BDA =24.53 kmol

0.3 kmol H 2 O

bypass stream
= 61.35 =2.52
stream to spray chamber 24.53

Page 38 of 61
3-50

An air conditioning system supplies 1000 m3/min of air containing 0.01 mol H2O/mol dry air. It is at 20C
and 1 atm. To conserve energy, part of the exhaust air containing 0.08 mol H2O/mol dry air is recycled and
mixed with the fresh air from the air conditioner to produce a gross air feed to the room containing 0.035
mol H20/mol dry air. How many kg of water is picked up by the air per minute? What is the volumetric flow
rate of the recycle stream? (27C and 99 kPa)
Given:

Recycle stream
0.01 kmol H 2O/
kmol dry air

0.035 mol H 20
per mol dry air

0.08 mol H 20 per

mol dry air
Room

1000 m 3 air
20oC 1 atm

27oC and 99 kPa

Required: a. kg water picked up by the air per minute

DRAFT

b. volumetric flow rate of the recycle stream

Basis: 1 minute operation
Bone-dry air balance around whole system
3
bone-dry in = bone-dry out = 1000 m % 0 + 273 % kmol 3 = 41.6 kmol
min 20 + 273 22.4 m
kmol H 2 O
Water in air in = 41.6 kmol % 0.01
= 0.416 kmol
kmol bda
min
kmol H 2 O
Water in air out = 41.6 kmol % 0.08
= 3.328 kmol
kmol bda
min

Water picked up by the air per minute

Using water balance,
Water picked up by the air =
kg
(3.328 kmol water out 0.416 kmol water in ) % 18
= 52.42 kg
kmol
kmol bda
kmol bda
Balance around point of mixing
Let R = kmol recycle (dry basis)
water balance

41.6(0.01) + 0.08R = 0.035(R + 41.6)

Solving for R,
R=

41.6(0.035 0.01)
= 23.11 kmol
0.08 0.035

3
Volumetric flow rate of recycle = 23.11 kmol %22.4 m % 27 + 273 % 101.325 = 582.2 m 3
0 + 273
99
kmol

room inside recycle loop:

Page 39 of 61
Water picked up by the air = 52.42 kg
Let x = kmol dry air entering the room = kmol dry air leaving the room
Water balance:

0.08x 0.035x = 52.42/18

x=

52.42
= 64.72 kmol
(18)(0.025)

Balance around point of splitting,

Kmol recycle = 64.72 - 41.6 = 23.12 kmol

DRAFT

3
Volumetric flow rate of recycle = 23.12 kmol %22.4 m % 27 + 273 % 101.325 = 582.5 m 3
0 + 273
99
kmol

Page 40 of 61
SOLUTION TO SOME PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 4

4-3
For each of the following reactions, calculate the amount of the compounds asked for: (Note: The equations are not balanced.)
a) Benzene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water
per 120 kg of benzene burned, how many kilograms CO2 and kilograms H2O are produced? How much oxygen is
needed?
b) NaCl + H2O + SO3 Na2SO4 + HC1
Per 300 kg NaC1, how much Na2SO4 and HC1 are formed?
Solution:
a)
C6H6 + 7.5O2
6CO2
+
3H2O
Basis: 120 kg benzene
6(44.01)
6MWCO 2
= 120 %
= 405.7 kg
kg CO 2 = 120 kg C 6 H 6 %
MWC 6 H 6
78.114
kg H 2 O = 120 kg C 6 H 6 %
kg O 2 = 120 kg C 6 H 6 %

DRAFT

b)
2NaCl + H2O + SO3
Basis: 300 kg NaCl

3(18.015)
3MWH 2 O
= 120 %
= 83.03 kg
MWC 6 H 6
78.114

7.5(31.999)
7.5MWO 2
= 120 %
= 368.7 kg
MWC 6 H 6
78.114

Na2SO4 + 2HC1

kg Na 2 SO 4 = 300 kg NaCl %

MWNa 2 SO 4
= 300 % 142.04 = 364.6 kg
2(58.44)
2MWNaCl

2(46.46)
kg HCl = 300 kg NaCl % 2MWHCl = 300 %
= 187.2 kg
2(58.44)
2MWNaCl

c) Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5 C 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5 CO2

2
2
Per 100 tons Ca3(PO4)2 how much of each of the products are formed?
Basis: 100 tons Ca3(PO4)2
3(116.16)
3MWCaSiO 3
tons CaSiO 2 = 100 tons Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 %
= 100 %
= 112.4 tons
MWCa 3 (PO 4 ) 2
(310.18)
2(30.97)
2MWP
tons P = 100 tons Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 %
= 100 %
= 19.97 tons
MWCa 3 (PO 4 ) 2
(310.18)
tons CO 2 = 100 tons Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 %

(5/2)(44.01)
(5/2)MWCO 2
= 100 %
= 35.47 tons
(310.18)
MWCa 3 (PO 4 ) 2

d) C2H6 + (7/2)O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

How many kg CO2 and H2O can be produced from 13 kg of ethane?
2(44.01)
2MWCO 2
= 13 %
= 38.05 kg
MWC 2 H 6
32.07
3(18.015)
3MWH 2 O
kg CO 2 = 13 kg C 2 H 6 %
= 13 %
= 32.35 kg
MWC 2 H 6
32.07
kg CO 2 = 13 kg C 2 H 6 %

e)

C12H22O11 (sucrose) + H2O C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol) + CO2

DRAFT

Page 41 of 61

Page 42 of 61
4-6
Basis: 1,000 kg of fertilizer
kg N2 = 0.02(1000) = 20 kg
kg P2O5 = 0.12(1000) = 120 kg
kg K2O = 0.06(1000) = 60 kg

MW (NaNO3)= 85.0
MW Ca3(PO4)2 =310.2
MW KCl = 74.55
MW P2O5 = 141.94

MW K2O = 94.18

kg 98% NaNO3 needed =

20 %

2(85)
2(MW NaNO 3 ) 1 kg 98% NaNO 3
= 20 %
%
% 1 = 123.8 kg
MW N 2
0.98
28
0.98 kg NaNO 3

kg Ca3(PO4)2 = 120 %

MW Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
= 120 % 310.2 = 262.5 kg
141.94
MW(P 2 O 5 )

kg 97% KCl =
60 %

2(74.55)
2(MW KCl) 1 kg 97% KCl
= 60 %
%
% 1 = 97.93 kg
0.97
94.18
MW K 2 O
0.97 kg KCl

DRAFT

Overall Mass Balance:

kg inerts = kg mixed fertilizer - (kg 98% NaNO3 + kg 97% KCl + kg Ca3(PO4)2)
kg inerts = 1,000 - (123.8 + 262.5 + 97.93) = 515.8 kg

Page 43 of 61
4-7
Basis: 1,000 kg of fertilizer
Calcium nitrate, pure
Phosphoric acid
KNO3
Inert fillers.

2% N2, 12% P2O5, 6% K2O

kg N2
= 0.02(1000) = 20 kg
MW Ca(NO3)2 = 226.1
MW H3PO4 = 98
kg P2O5 = 0.12(1000) = 120 kg
0.06(1000) = 60 kg
MW KNO3 = 101.1
kg K2O =
MW P2O5 = 141.94
kg KNO3 needed = 60 %

MW K2O = 94.18

2(101.1)
2(MW KNO 3 )
= 60 %
= 128.8 kg
MW K 2 O
94.18

N2 from KNO3 = 128.8 kg KNO 3 %

MWN 2
28
=17.84
%= 128.8 %
2MW KNO 3
2(101.1)

N2 balance

DRAFT

N2 from Ca(NO3)3 = total N2 - N2 from KNO3 = 20 - 17.84 = 2.16

g Ca(NO3)3 = 2.16 kg N 2 %

2(226.1)
2MW Ca(NO 3 ) 3
= 2.16 %
= 11.63 kg
3MW(N 2 )
3(28)

kg 97% H3PO4 =
120 %

2(98)
2(MW H 3 PO 4 )
= 120
= 165.8 kg
141.9
MW P 2 O 5

Overall Mass Balance:

kg inerts = kg mixed fertilizer - ( kg KNO3 + kg Ca (NO3)3 KCl + kg H3PO4)2)
kg inerts = 1,000 - (128.8 + 11.63 + 165.8) = 693.8 kg

Page 44 of 61
4-8 To make 5,000 kg of mixed fertilizer containing 6% N2, 12% P2O5 and 12% K2O, find the amount of the
following ingredients necessary:
(NH4)3PO4
Ca3(PO4)2
KNO3
Inerts fillers
Solution:
Basis: 5,000 kg mixed fertilizer
kg N2 = 0.06(5000) = 300 kg
kg P2O5 = 0.12(5000) = 600 kg
kg K2O = 0.12(5000) = 600 kg
kg KNO3 needed = 600 %

MW (NH4)3PO4 = 149
MW Ca3(PO4)2 = 214.24
MW KNO3 = 101.09
MW P2O5 = 141.94

MW K2O = 94.18

2(101.09)
2(MW KNO 3 )
= 600 %
= 1288 kg
MW K 2 O
94.18

N2 balance:
N2 in mixed fertilizer = N2 from KNO3 + N2 from (NH4)3PO4
2(14)
N2 from KNO3 = 1288 %
= 173.376
101.09
N2 from (NH4)3PO4 = 300 - 173.376 = 121.624

DRAFT

kg (NH4)3PO4 = 600 %

2(MW (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 )
2(149)
= 600 %
= 431.176 kg
3(MW N 2 )
3(28)

kg P2O5 from (NH4)3PO4 = 431.476 %

MW P 2 O 5
= 431.476 % 141.94 = 205.516
2(149)
2(MW (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 )

P2O5 balance:
P2O5 in mixed fertilizer = P2O5 from (NH4)3PO4 + P2O5 from Ca3(PO4)2
P2O5 from Ca3(PO4)2 = 600 - 205.516 = 394.484 kg

kg Ca3(PO4)2 = 394.484 %

MW Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
= 394.484 % 212.24 = 589.864 kg
MW(P 2 O 5
141.94

Overall Mass Balance:

kg inerts = kg mixed fertilizer - (kg KNO3 + kg (NH4)3PO4 + kg Ca3(PO4)2)
kg inerts = 5,000 - (1288 + 431.1746 + 589.864) = 2691 kg
Answer:
kg inerts = 2691 kg
kg KNO3 = 1288 kg
kg (NH4)3PO4 = 431 kg
kg Ca3(PO4)2 = 590 kg

Page 45 of 61
4-10
Solution:
Basis: 1,000 kg of solution at 30C
We have no tie component and we have to use the algebraic method
Let x = Na2SO410H2O produced
1,000 - x = kg solution at 15C (Using an overall mass balance)
Na2SO4 balance:
Na2SO4 in feed = Na2SO4 in Na2SO410H2O

1000 %

+ Na2SO4 in final solution

13.5 kg Na 2 SO 4
40 kg Na 2 SO 4
MW Na 2 SO 4
=x
+ (1000 x) %
MW Na 2 SO 4 $ 10H 2 O
(100 + 40)kg solution
(100 + 13.5) kg solution
1000 % 40 = x 142 + (1000 x) 13.5
140
322.2
113.5

Solving for x,

DRAFT

x=

40000 13500
140
113.5 = 518.3 kg Na SO 10H O
2
4
2
142 13.5
322.2 113.5

Page 46 of 61
4-13 For the following reactions, find the composition the final product. If the second reactant used is 10% in excess of the
theoretical amount or complete reaction. (The first is the limiting reactant) The reaction is 100% complete and the reactants
are pure.
a. 2KCl + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HCl
b. 3Na2CO3 + 3Br2 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2
Solution:
a. 2KCl (s) + H2SO4(l) K2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
MW Cl: 35.45 H: 1 S: 32 O: 16 K: 39
basis: 100 kg KCl
MWH 2 SO 4
98
kg theoretical H2SO4 needed = 100 kg KCl %
=
= 65.82 kg
2 % 74.45
2MWKCl
excess H2SO4 needed = 0.1( 65.82 ) = 6.58 kg
kg K2SO4 produced = 100 kg KCl %

MWK 2 SO 4
174
=
= 116.9 kg
2 % 74.45
2MWKCl

kg HCL produced = 100 kg KCl % MWHCl = 36.45 = 48.96 kg

74.45
MWKCl

DRAFT

product composition: HCl is a gas and normally will not mix with the other substances. The product mixture consist of
H2SO4 and K2SO4.

% H 2 SO 4 =

6.58
% 100 = 5.33%
6.58 + 116.9

% K 2 SO 4 =

116.9
% 100 = 94.67%
6.58 + 116.9

b. 3Na2CO3 + 3Br2 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2

Basis: 100 kg Na2CO3
kg theoretical Br2 needed = 100 kg Na 2 CO 3 %
excess Br2 needed = 0.1(150.8) = 15.08 kg
kg NaBr produced = 100 kg Na 2 CO 3 %

MWBr 2
= 159.8 = 150.8 kg
106
MWNa 2 CO 3

5MWNaBr = 5(102.8) = 32.33 kg

3MWNa 2 CO 3
3(106)

kg NaBrO3 produced = 100 kg Na 2 CO 3 %

MWNaBrO 3
= 342.6 = 107.7 kg
3MWNa 2 CO 3
3(106)

kg product = 15.08 + 32.33 + 107.7 = 155.1 kg

% Br2 = 15.08 % 100 = 9.722%
155.1
% NaBr = 32.33 % 100 = 20.84%
155.1
% NaBrO3 = 107.7 % 100 = 69.44%
155.1
CO2 is a gas and will not be in the solid and liquid substances.

Page 47 of 61
4.14a For the following, the reaction goes only to 95% completion. Pure reactants and theoretical amounts are
used. For every 500 kg of the impure products, how much of each of the reactants are used?
a. KCl +NaNO3 KNO3 + NaCl
Basis: 100 kg KCl
MWNaNO

kg NaNO3 needed = 100 kg KCl % MWKCl 3 =

(100)(84.995)
= 114.009
74.551

MWKNO

kg KNO3 produced = 100 kg KCl % MWKCl3 % 0.95 =

kg CaCl2 produced = 100 kg KCl % MWNaCl
% 0.95 =
MWKCl

(100)(101.103)(0.95
= 128.835
74.551

(100)(58.442)(0.95)
= 74.473
74.551

The product consists of KNO3, NaCl2, and unreacted KCl and NaNO3.
unreacted KCl = 5 kg
unreacted NaNO3 = 0.05(114.009) = 5.7 kg
kg product = 5 + 5.7 + 128.835 + 74.473 = 214.008 kg
By ratio and proportion, we can obtain the reactants needed to form 500 kg product.

DRAFT

kg KCl : 500 = 100 : 214.008

100
= 233.636 kg
kg KCl = 500 % 214.008

kg NaNO3 : 500 = 114.009 : 214.008

kg NaNO3 = 500 % 114.009

= 266.366 kg
214.008
4.14b For the following, the reactions go only to 95% completion. Pure reactants and theoretical amounts are
used. For every 500 kg of the impure products, how much of each of the reactants are used?
MgO + CaCl2 + CO2 MgCl2 +CaCO3

Basis: 100 kg MgO

MWCO

2
=
kg CO2 needed = 100 kg MgO % MWMgO

(100)(44.01)
= 109.2 kg
(40.3)

MWCaCl

kg CaCl2 needed = 100 kg MgO % MWMgO2 =

MWMgCl

(100)(111)
= 275.4 kg
(40.3)

kg MgCl2 produced = 100 kg MgO% MWMgO2 % 0.95 =

MWCaCO

(100)(95.21)(0.95)
= 224.4 kg
40.3

kg CaCO3 produced = 100 kg MgO % MWMgO 3 % 0.95 =

(100)(100.1)(0.95)
= 236 kg
40.3

The product consists of MgCl2, CaCO3, and unreacted MgO and CaCl2
unreacted MgO = 5 kg
unreacted CaCl2 = 0.05(275.4) = 13.77kg
kg product = 5 + 13.77 + 224.4 + 236 = 479.2 kg
By ratio and proportion, we can obtain the reactants needed to form 500 kg product.

Page 48 of 61
500 % 100 = 104.3 kg
kg MgO = 479.2

kg CaCl2 : 500 = 275.4 : 479.2

500 % 275.4 = 287.4 kg

kg CaCl2 = 479.2

kg CO2 : 500 = 109.2 : 479.2

500 % 109.2 = 113.9 kg

kg CO2 = 479.2

DRAFT

kg MgO : 500 = 100 : 479.2

Page 49 of 61
4-18 100 kg of pure carbon is burned. For each of the following cases, calculate the composition of the
combustion gases:
a. Theoretical amount of pure O2 used; complete combustion
b. Theoretical amount of air used; complete combustion
c. 30% excess air is used: 90% of the C burns to CO2 and 10% to CO
d. 20% excess air is used: 90% of the C burns to CO2 while the 10% goes out as unburned solid.
Basis: 100 kg pure carbon
a. Theoretical pure O2 used; complete combustion
Reaction: C + O2 CO2
katom C = 100/12 = 8.333 katom
kmol CO2 formed = 8.333 kmol
O2 needed = 8.333 kmol
combustion gas = 100% CO2

DRAFT

b. Theoretical air used; complete combustion

kmol CO2 formed = 8.333 kmol
Theo O2 needed = 8.333 kmol
N2 from air = 8.333(79/21) = 31.348 kmol
Total mols combustion gas = 8.333 + 31.348 = 39.681 kmol
% CO2 = 8.333(100)/39.681 = 21%
% N2 = 31.348(100)/39.681 = 79%

c. 30% excess air is used: 90% of the C burns to CO2 and 10% to CO
Theo O2 needed = 8.333
excess O2 = 0.3(8.333) = 2.5 kmol
total O2 needed = 1.3(8.333) = 10.833 kmol
) = 40.753kmol
N2 from air = 10.833( 79
21
CO2 formed = 0.9(8.333) = 7.5 kmol
CO formed = 0.1(8.333) = 0.833 kmol
O2 left due to incomplete reaction to CO = 0.833/2 = 0.416 kmol
O2 in combustion gas = 2.5 + 0.416 = 2.92 kmol
Component
CO2
O2
CO
N2
Total

kmol
7.5
2.92
0.83
40.75
52

%
14.42
5.62
1.6
78.36
100

d. 20% excess air is used: 90% of the C burns to CO2 while the 10% goes out as unburned solid.
Theo O2 needed = 8.333
excess O2 = 0.2(8.333) = 1.667 kmol
total O2 needed = 1.2(8.333) = 10 kmol
) = 37.619kmol
N2 from air = 10( 79
21
CO2 formed = 0.9(8.333) = 7.5 kmol
O2 left due to incomplete reaction = 0.833 kmol
O2 in combustion gas = 1.667 + 0.833 = 2.5 kmol

Page 50 of 61

DRAFT

Comp
CO2
O2
N2
Total

kmol
7.5
2.5
37.62
47.62

%
15.75
5.25
79
100

Page 51 of 61
4.19e The following pure compound (CO) is burned with 25% excess of air required over the theoretical.
Basis: 100 kmol CO
Reaction: CO + 1/2 O2 CO2
Theo O2 required = 100/2 = 50 kmol
Excess O2 required = 0.25(50) = 12.5 kmol
Total O2 required = 50+12.5 = 62.5 kmol
N2 from air = 62.5(79/21) = 235.1
CO2 formed = 100 kmol

DRAFT

Component
CO2
O2
N2
total

kmol
100
12.5
235.1
347.6

%
28.77
3.6
67.64
100.01

Page 52 of 61
4-34 500 m3 per min of a fuel gas at 30C and 800 mm Hg consisting of 15% CH4, 40% C2H6, 15% C3H8, 10%
C6H6, and 20% N2 is burned with 20% excess air. All the C burns to CO2 and H2 to H2O. The air enters at a
temperature of 60C and a total pressure of 760 mm Hg wing PH2O = 12 mm Hg. Calculate:
a. the flue gas analysis (dry basis)
b. the partial pressure of water in the flue gas
c. m3 humid air used/m3 fuel at the given conditions
PT of flue gas = 755 mm Hg.
Given:
Required: a. flue gas analysis
b. partial pressure of water in the flue gas
c. m3 humid air used/m3
Basis:

1 minute operation

3
fuel input = 500 m % 0 + 273 % 800 % 1 kmol3 = 21.17 kmol
min 30 + 273 760 22.4 m

DRAFT

Comp
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C6H6
N2
total

kmol
15
40
15
10
20
100

katoms C
3.18
8.47
3.18
2.12
4.23
21.18

Theo O2 required = 42.38 + 50.85 = 67.805 kmol

2
Excess O2 = 0.02(67.805) = 13.56 kmol
total O2 required = 81.37 kmol
N2 from air = 81.37(79/21) = 306.09 kmol
Air required = 81.37 + 306.09 = 387.46 kmol
H2O in air = 387.46 %

12
760 12

(a) Products of combustion

Comp
CO2
O2
N2

kmol
42.38
13.56
306.09

%
11.83
3.74
84.43

(b) Partial pressure of the flue gas

total H2O in flue gas = 50.85 + 6.22 = 57.07 kmol

57.07
% 760 = 102.68 mm Hg
363.03 + 57.07
(387.46 + 6.22)(22.4) % 50 + 273
3
0 + 273 = 21.50
m
humid
air
=
(c)
500
m 3 fuel
P H2O =

kmol H2
3.18
16.94
9.54
12.72
42.38

6.36
25.41
12.72
6.36
50.85
50.85

Page 53 of 61
SOLUTION TO SOME PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 5
5-2 One kg of iron is initially at 35C. It absorbs 500 joules of heat? What will be its final temperature?
Solution:
Basis: 1 kg of iron at 35C that absorbs 500 joules of heat
Required: Final temperature of the iron
Let Tf as the final temperature of the iron
The sensible heat gain of the iron is 500 J.
m T C p dT = 500
Tf
i

m = 1 kg
Ti = 273 + 35 = 315 K
Cp = 4.13 + 0.00635T Cp, cal/(mol)(K)

T, K

(1000) 315 (4.13 + 0.00635T)dT = 500

Tf

DRAFT

(1000) 4.13T + 0.00635 T

2

Tf
315

= (1000) 4.13(T f 315) + 0.00635

4.13Tf (4.13)(315) + (0.00635/2)T2f (0.00635/2)(315)2 = 4.18/2

Simplifying,
Tf = 315.3 K = 42.3 C

T 2f 315 2
= (500)(4.18)
2

Page 54 of 61
SOME SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 7
7-1

Find the degrees of freedom for the following systems in equilibrium:

Formula: F = C - P + 2
a. salt and sugar (with undissolved quantities) in water.
F=2-2+2=2
b. hexane, heptane and octane in equilibrium with the vapor.
F=3-2+2=3
c. oil and water in a closed vessel at 100C.
F = 2 - 2 + 2 - 1= 1
d. carbon, iron and silicon.
F=3-1+2=4
e. coffee, milk, and sugar.
F=3-1+2=4

DRAFT

7-2

Calculate the boiling point of

a. benzene at 30 in Hg.
760 mm Hg
= 762.0 mm Hg
30 in Hg %
29.92 in Hg
From Cox Chart, BP at 762.0 mm Hg = 81C
From Antoine Equation,

t=

1211.033
220.790 = 80.2C
6.90565 log 762.0

b. water at 10 mm Hg.
From Cox Chart, BP at 10 mm Hg = 12C
c. toluene at 10 atm.
10 atm %

760 mm Hg
= 7600 mm Hg
1 atm

From Cox Chart, BP at 7600 mm Hg = 220C

From Antoine equation,
1344.800
t=
219.482 = 218C
6.95464 log 7600
d. propane at 50 psig.
760 mm Hg
+ 760 mm Hg = 3345 mm Hg
50 psig %
14.7 psi
From Cox Chart, BP at 3345 mm Hg = 4C
From Antoine equation,
813.20
t=
248.00 = 2.0C
6.82973 log 3345

Page 55 of 61

7-3 What is the vapor pressure of

a. water at 80F?
(80-32)/1.8 = 26.7C
From Cox Chart, Pv at 26.7C = 27 mm Hg
b. n-octane at 250C?
From Cox Chart, Pv at 250C = 9000 mm Hg
c. n-pentane at 125C?
From Cox Chart, Pv at 125C = 7400 mm Hg
From Antoine equation,
1064.63
= 7414 mm Hg
Pv = anti log 6.85221
232.000 + 125

DRAFT

d. mercury at 200C?
From Cox Chart, Pv at 200C = 16 mm Hg

7-4 Given that glycerol at mm Hg boils at 167.2C and at 760 mm Hg, 290C, calculate the constants A
and B in the equation
Log P V = A - B
T+ C
where PV is vapor pressure in mm Hg
T, temperature in K, and C = 230
What is the vapor pressure of glycerol at 200C?
B
167.2 + 273 + 230
B
log 760 = A
290 + 273 + 230

log 10 = A

(1)
(2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,

A = 13.1456
B = 8140.01

Pv = anti log 13.1456

7-5

8140.01
= 36.9 mm Hg
200 + 273 + 230

A flue gas on a wet basis contains 10% CO2 , 1% CO, 5% O2, 5% H2O and 79% N2. It is at 200C
and 758 mm Hg. To what temperature should it be cooled to make it saturated with water vapor,
keeping the total pressure constant at 758 mm Hg?
Given: Flue gas composition on a wet basis: 10% CO2, 1% CO, 5% O2, 79% N2, and 5%H2O
T = 200C P = 758 mm Hg
Required: Temperature to which it should be cooled to make it saturated with water vapor
PH2O = 0.05(758) = 37.9 mm Hg

Page 56 of 61
The equilibrium temperature corresponding to the an equilibrium vapor pressure of 37.9 mm Hg is
what we want. We can find this from Appendix 9 to Appendix 7.
From Appendix 9 (Cox Chart) the temperature corresponding to P = 37.9 mm Hg for water is
33C. From the Appendix 7 (Steam Table), the pressure is 5.053 kPa. By interpolation, the
corresponding equilibrium temperature is
T = 32 + 2 (5.053 - 4.759)/(5.324 - 4.759) = 32 + 0.98 = 33C
7-6 In a room measuring 4m 5m 4m was left an open tank containing ethyl alcohol. Considering that
the room is sealed from the outside, calculate the amount of alcohol that has evaporated into the
room if the temperature is 30C and the atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg. Assume that the room
becomes completely saturated with alcohol.

1623.22
= 78.552 mm Hg
228.98 + 30
78.522
=
= 0.11612 kmol EtOH
755 78.552
kmol dry air

Pv EtOH, 30o C = anti log 8.16290

Y EtOH,sat. =

Pv EtOH
P T Pv EtOH

DRAFT

Vol. of room = 4 m % 5 m % 4 m = 80 m 3 = vol. of dry air

80 m 3 dry air %

(755 78.552) mm Hg
46.07 kg
% 273 K % kmol 3 % 0.11612 kmol EtOH %
760 mm Hg
30 + 273 K 22.4 m
kmol dry air
kmol

= 15.3 kg EtOH

7-7 The atmospheric pressure varies with elevation according to the equation
P = 29.92 0.00111h
where P is pressure in in Hg and h is the altitude in ft.
What is the elevation where water boils at 95C?
At 95C, from Cox chart, Pvwater = 650 mm Hg = 25.59 in. Hg
h = 29.92 25.59 = 3900 ft.
0.00111
7-8 A liquid mixture at 0C consists of 30% ethane, 40% propane, and 30% n-butane. Find the
composition of the vapor mixture in equilibrium with this liquid. What is the total equilibrium
pressure?
From Antoine equation,
Pv ethane = anti log 6.80266 656.40 = 17322 mm Hg
256.00
Pv propane = anti log 6.82973 813.20 = 3553.8 mm Hg
248.00
Pv bu tan e = anti log 6.83029 945.90 = 774.53 mm Hg
240.00
PT = 0.30(17322) + 0.40(3553.8) + 0.30(774.53) = 6850 mm Hg
0.30(17322)
= 0.7586
6850
0.40(3553.8)
=
= 0.2075
6850

y ethane =
y propane

Page 57 of 61
y bu tan e =
7-9

0.30(774.53)
= 0.0339
6850

A gaseous mixture consists of 61% n-hexane, 26% n-octane and 13% n-decane at a temperature of
50C. Find the equilibrium pressure and the composition of the liquid in equilibrium with this
mixture.

DRAFT

At 50C, from Cox chart,

Pvhexane = 390 mm Hg
Pvoctane = 50 mm Hg
Pvdecane = 8 mm Hg
P
P
x hexane = Pv T $ y hexane = T (0.61)
390
hexane
P
P
x oc tan e = Pv T $ y oc tan e = T (0.26)
50
oc tan e
P
P
x decane = Pv T $ y decane = T (0.13)
8
decane
x hexane + x oc tan e + x decane = 1
P
P
PT
0.61 390
+ 0.26 50T + 0.13 8T = 1
1
PT =
= 43.45 mm Hg
0.61 + 0.26 + 0.13
390
50
8
xhexane = 0.6796
xoctane = 0.2259
xdecane = 0.7061

7-10 Find the dew point of a gaseous mixture of 40% ethyl alcohol and 60% water at a total pressure of 2
atm. What is the composition of the first liquid that appears?
P T = 2 atm = 1520 mm Hg
Pv EtOH
$ x EtOH
PT
Pv water
$ x EtOH
= 0.60 =
PT

1520(0.4)
= 608
Pv EtOH
Pv EtOH
1520(0.6)
=
= 912
Pv water
Pv water

y EtOH = 0.40 =

x EtOH =

y water

x water

At the correct T:

x EtOH + x water = 1
608
912
Pv EtOH + Pv water = 1

Assume T = 125C
PvEtOH = 3750 mm Hg

Pvwater = 1700 mm Hg

608 + 912 =? 1
3750 1700

0.162 + .536 = 0.698 ! 1

Page 58 of 61
T = 117C
PvEtOH = 3000 mm Hg

Pvwater = 1300 mm Hg

912 ? 1
608
3000 + 1300 =

0.203 + 0.702 = 0.905 ! 1

T = 114C
PvEtOH = 2200 mm Hg
912 ? 1
608
2200 + 1000 =

Pvwater = 1000 mm Hg
0.276 + 0.912 = 1.188 ! 1

T = 115C
Pvwater = 1150 mm Hg
PvEtOH = 2500 mm Hg
912 0.243 + 0.793 = 1.036 ! 1
608
2500 + 1150 =
T = 116C

DRAFT

PvEtOH = 2530 mm Hg

Pvwater = 1200 mm Hg

912 0.24 + 0.76 = 1

608
2530 + 1200 =

7-11 Find the bubble point of a mixture of 50% n-pentane and 50% n-butane at a pressure of 4 atm.
What is the composition of the first vapors formed?
PT = 4 atm = 3040 mm Hg

Pv pentane
0.50
P T $ x pentane = 3040 Pv pentane
Pv bu tan e
$ x bu tan e = 0.50 Pv bu tan e
=
PT
3040

xpentane = 0.50

y pen tan e =

xbutane = 0.50

y bu tan e

At the correct T:

ypentane + ybutane = 1

Assume T = 60C
Pvpentane = 1700 mm Hg

Pvbutane = 4750 mm Hg

0.50(1700) 0.50(4750) ?
+
=1
3040
3040

0.2796 + 0.7813 = 1.0609 l 1

Bubble point = 60C

Using Antoine equation:
1064.63
232.000 + T
Pv bu tan e = anti log 6.83029 945.90
240.00 + T
0.50
0.50 Pv
+
=1
Pv
3040 pen tan e 3040 bu tan e
Pv pen tan e = anti log 6.85221

(1)
(2)
(3)

Solving simultaneously (1), (2) and (3), bubble point = 58.2C

Page 59 of 61
7-12 The composition of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is 0.5% ethane, 0.1% ethylene, 16.4%
propane, 2.1% propylene, 74.0% n-butane, and 6.9% n-butene. If the room temperature is 30C,
what is the pressure inside the tank and the composition of the gas that first issues from the
mixture?
At T = 30C
656.40
= 32177.7 mm Hg
256.00 + 30
= 49536.9 mm Hg
Pv ethylene = anti log 6.74756 585.00
255.00 + 30
Pv propane = anti log 6.82973 813.20
= 8026.94 mm Hg
248.00 + 30
Pv propylene = anti log 6.81960 785.00
= 9675.31 mm Hg
247.00 + 30
= 2123.03 mm Hg
Pv nbu tan e = anti log 6.83029 945.90
240.00 + 30
= 2587.62 mm Hg
Pv nbutene = anti log 6.84290 926.10
240.00 + 30
Pv ethane = anti log 6.80266

DRAFT

P T = 0.005(32177.7) + 0.001(49536.9) + 0.164(8026.94) + 0.021(9675.31) + 0.74(2123.03)

+0.069(2587.62) = 3479.62
0.005(32177.7)
= 0.04624
3479.62
0.001(49536.9)
= 0.01424
y ethylene =
3479.62
0.164(8026.94)
= 0.37832
y propane =
3479.62
0.021(9675.31)
= 0.05839
y propylene =
3479.62
0.74(2123.03)
y nbu tan e =
= 0.45150
3479.62
0.069(2587.62)
y nbutene =
= 0.05131
3479.62

y ethane =

7-16 A helium-toluene mixture contains 30% mole toluene at 100C and 760 mm Hg. Calculate the
percentage saturation, relative saturation, dew point and the molar humidity of the mixture.
T = 100C
PT = 760 mm Hg
Ptoluene = 0.30(760) = 228 mm Hg
= 556.3 mm Hg
Pv toluene = anti log 6.95464 1344.800
219.482 + 100
P toluene
228
P T P toluene
760
228 % 100 = 15.69 %
a) % saturation =
% 100 =
Pv toluene
556.3
760 556.3
P T Pv toluene

Page 60 of 61

b)
c)
d)

P toluene
% 100 = 228 % 100 = 40.99 %
Pv toluene
556.3
1344.800
219.482 = 73.1C
dew point: t =
6.95464 log 228
molar humidity, Y = 0.30 = 0.429
1 0.30
rel. saturation =

7-17 200 grams of benzene is allowed to evaporate in a 10 m3 tank containing CO2 gas at 40C and 750
mm Hg. If the mixture is brought to 60C and 1.2 atm, what is the percentage saturation and the
relative saturation of the mixture?
At 60C

Pv benzene = anti log 6.90565

DRAFT

P T = 1.2 atm %

1211.033
= 391.5 mm Hg
220.790 + 60

760 mm Hg
= 912 mm Hg
1 atm

10 m 3 CO 2 % kmol 3 % 750 % 273 K = 0.384 kmol CO 2

22.4 m
760 273 + 40 K
kmol
= 0.00256 kmol benzene
0.2 kg benzene %
78.12 kg
0.00256
(912) = 6.04
P benzene = y benzene $P T =
0.00256 + 0.38425
P benzene
6.04
P T P benzene
912
6.04 % 100 = 0.886 %
% 100 =
percent saturation =
Pv benzene
391.5
912 391.5
P T Pv benzene
P
relative saturation = benzene % 100 = 6.04 % 100 = 1.54 %
Pv benzene
391.5

7-18 A nitrogen-acetone mixture containing 20% acetone and 80% nitrogen is at a temperature of 30C
and a pressure of 755 mm Hg. To what temperature should the mixture be chilled so that when
heated back to 30C at the same pressure, the percentage saturation will be 40%?
At 30C,

1277.03
= 283.7 mm Hg
237.23 + 30
P acetone
755 P acetone
% 100 =
% 100 = 40
283.7
755 283.7

Pv acetone = anti log 7.23157

P acetone
P T P acetone
percent saturation =
Pv acetone
P T Pv acetone
P acetone = 146.5 mm Hg

At chilling temperature, Pacetone = Pvacetone

t=

1277.03
237.23 = 14.86C
7.23157 log 146.5

Page 61 of 61
7-19 A mixture of benzene-nitrogen contains 15% benzene and is at 40C and 780 mm Hg. What will
happen if the mixture is compressed until the final pressure becomes 1500 mm Hg with temperature
kept at 40C? What is the final percentage saturation and concentration, (kg benzene)/(kg
benzene-free nitrogen)?

1211.033
= 182.8 mm Hg
220.790 + 40
0.15(780)
P benzene
1500 0.15(780)
P T P benzene
% 100 =
% 100 =
percent saturation =
Pv benzene
182.8
1500 182.8
P T Pv benzene

DRAFT

Pv benzene = anti log 6.90565