Lumbering

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Lumbering term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for

commercial purposes.
Plain sawn lumber is also commonly referred to as flat sawn. This is the most
common and widely used method of sawing.

Quarter sawn lumber is produced by first quartering the log followed by sawing it
perpendicular to the annual growth rings.

Rift saw-The technique of rift sawing is very similar to that of quarter sawing
producing similar limitations and advantages.

CAUSED BR ABNORMAL GROWTH


HEART SHAKE RADIAL CRACKS ORIGINATING AT THE HEARTS OF THE TREES.

WIND/CUP SHAKE CRACKS/BREAKS ACROSS ANNUAL RINGS OF TIMBER.


STAR SHAKE SERIES OF HEART SHAKES THUS FROMING A STAR LIKE MANNER.
KNOTS OCCUR AT THE BRANCH OF THE WOOD.
DUE TO DETERIORATION
DRY ROT THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE CAUSED BY FUNGI IN SEASONED WOOD.
WET DRY- TAKES PLACE SOMETIMES IN THE GRWOTH OF THE TREE CAUSED BY
WATER SATURATION.
METHODS OF SEASONING
AIR SEASONING - The traditional method for drying wood, air seasoning is also the
longest, taking six to nine months. To air season wood, stack logs or planks outside
on pallets in such a manner that air can circulate vertically and horizontally through
the timbers. The raised pallets also keep wood away from vegetation and damp
ground. Plank and log ends are often wrapped or sealed to prevent excessive
moisture loss through these areas. Protect the drying wood from the elements with
an overhead canopy.
KILN SEASONING - The most common and effective commercial process for drying
wood is kiln seasoning, which accelerates the process of removing moisture through
the use of external energy. Drying takes two days to one weekend, depending on
the type of wood. Two methods, progressive and compartmental, are used for kiln
seasoning. In a progressive kiln, timber enters at one end and travels on a trolley
through chambers with different air conditions to progressive dry the wood. This
method produces a constant flow of seasoned timber. Wood seasoned via the
compartmental process remains in a single building where it is subjected to a
program of varying conditions until the moisture content is removed. This process is
used for hard-to-dry or expensive wood.
SOLAR KILN - This method combines the speed of kiln seasoning with the low
energy of air drying. Solar kilns have single-thickness windows on the south side of
the structure that work as collectors to trap the suns energy. Heat collectors, made
from black metal are attached near the top of the window sashes. Various methods
force the heated air to circulate through the kiln to dry the wood. Some solar kilns
have insulation to retain heat at night. This process takes approximately twice as
long as traditional kiln seasoning. Because of its gentle nature, it is well suited to
producing wood for furniture fabrication.
MICROWAVE SEASONING - Microwave seasoning uses pulsed energy directed into
timbers to drive out moisture in a manner that will not cause seasoning degrade.
This method also provides advantages such as high speed and high quality and is
well suited for seasoning lumber, blocks, veneer, chips, paper and wood-based
composite materials. Areas in the wood with the most moisture absorb the most
energy resulting in even temperature during the drying process and a uniform
moisture content. These factors enhance quality and reduce timber checking and
warping.

ARTIFICIAL METHOD OF SEASONING


1. FORCED AIR DRYING- USED OF FANS TO BOOST THE CIRCULATION OF AIR.
2. KILN DRYING DRYING IN A LARGE AIRTIGHT STRUCTURE, HEATED BY STEAM
PIPES.
3. RADIO FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC DRYING USING RADIO FREQUENCY
DIELECTRIC HEAT
COMMON CAUSES OF WOOD DECAY
1.
2.
3.
4.

ALTERNATE MOISTURE AND DRYNESS


FUNGI & MOLDS
INSECT AND WORMS
HEAT & CONFINED AIR

PROCESS OF PRESERVING WOOD


PRESERVATIVES - Preservatives - There are two general classes of wood
preservatives: oils, such as creosote and petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol;
and waterborne salts that are applied as water solutions. The effectiveness of the
preservatives varies greatly and can depend not only upon its composition, but also
upon the quantity injected into the wood, the depth of penetration, and the
conditions to which the treated material is exposed in service.
Conditioning - With most wood treating methods, significant amounts of free water
in the wood cell cavities may slow or prevent the entrance of the preservative
chemical. Therefore, wood moisture content must be reduced prior to treatment.
Moisture reduction can be accomplished by using artificial conditioning treatments
or by air-seasoning (i.e., storing the untreated wood outdoors in piles). Unseasoned
wood that is exposed to the open air generally dries slowly until it comes into
approximate equilibrium with the relative humidity of the air. However, some wood
species will rot before the air drying is complete.
Treating - Most wood-preserving methods may be classified as either pressure
processes, in which the wood is placed in a treating cylinder or retort and
impregnated with preservative under considerable force, and nonpressure
processes, which do not involve the use of induced pressure. Nonpressure processes
can be classified as thermal processes, in which heat is applied, and nonthermal
processes, such as brushing, spraying, dipping, and soaking. Nonpressure processes
generally are used only with oilborne preservatives. Because the majority of wood
treated annually is impregnated by pressure methods in closed cylinders, only
pressure processes are discussed in the following sections.

UNITS
BOARD MEASURE - is the term to indicate that the board foot is the unit of
measurement for most lumber items.

The formula is: T x W x L = Board ft. 12


Where:
T = nominal thickness in inches
W = nominal width in inches

L = length in feet
SURFACE MEASURE - is the square feet on the surface of a piece of lumber.
W x L = Surface Measure 12
LINEAL MEASURE - is the total length in feet of a board, regardless of its thickness or
width

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