Morrison and Boyd

Chapter 15: Benzene and Aromaticity
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C6H6
MOs of a
C=C -bond
-antibonding MO
*
+235 KJ/mol
-235 KJ/mol
-bonding MO
from Chapter 1
-molecular orbitals of butadiene

3 Nodes
0 bonding interactions
3 antibonding interactions
ANTIBONDING MO
2 Nodes
ANTIBONDING MO
1 Nodes
BONDING MO
0 Nodes
BONDING MO
2 is the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)

3 is the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO)
1 of Butadiene (no nodes, bonding MO)
Bonding Interaction
The four -electrons in 1 are delocalized

over the four p-orbitals
_
+
Table 14.2 (p. 528): Bond lengths in pm

H3C
CH3
154
H2C
CH2
133
H2C CH CH3
149
H2C CH CH CH2
148
H2C CH CH CH2
134
4
-molecular orbitals of hexatriene

!6
!5
!4
six p-orbitals
!3
!2
five nodes
four nodes
three nodes
two nodes
one node
6 AOs = 6 MOs
!1
zero nodes
5
Conjugation: series of overlapping p-orbitals

Aromaticity: cyclic conjugated organic compounds such as
benzene, that exhibit special stability due to resonance
delocalization of -electrons.
15.2: Naming aromatic compounds: (arenes)

large number on non-systematic names (Table 15.1)
CH3
benzene
toluene
OCH3
OH
phenol
anisole
NH2
anilin e
styrene
Generally, mono-substituted benzenes are named in a similar

manner as hydrocarbons with -benzene as the parent
name
CH2CH3
Br
bromobenzene
ethylbenzene
NO2
(1-methylethyl)benzene
(i sopropylbenzene)
nitrobenzene
7
When the benzene ring is a substituent of a parent chain,

referred to as a phenyl group. The benzene ring is is regarded
as a substituent when the parent chain has greater than six
carbons. The benzene ring is the parent when the longest
alkyl chain substituent is six carbons or less
Parent
chain
Phenyl
group
2-methyl-7-phenyloctane
(1-methylbutyl)benzene
A phenyl substituent (C6H5-) is often abbreviates as PhA C6H5 -CH2- susbtitutent is often referred to as a benzyl
group (Bn-)
Parent
chain
Benzyl
group
Disubstituted benzene: relative position of the substitutents

X
Y
1,2-disubstituted:
ortho (o-)
1,3-disubstituted:
meta (m-)
1,4-disubstituted:
para (p-)
Y
X
Note: ortho, meta, and para are not used in systematic nomenclaure
CO2H
CH3
CH3
Cl
CH3
2-chlorotoluene
ortho-chlorotoluene
o-chlorotoluene
1,3-dimethylbenzene
meta-xylene
m-xylene
Cl
4-chlorobenzoic acid
para-chlorobenzoic acid
p-chlorobenzoic acid
Benzenes with two or more substituents:

Choose numbers to get lowest possible values
List substituents alphabetically with hyphenated numbers
Common names, such as toluene can serve as root

name (as in TNT)
10
15.3: Structure and Stability of Benzene

Formula: C6H6, four degrees of unsaturation (section 6.2)
three double bonds + one ring
The -bonds of benzene are resistant to the normal reactions
of alkenes and alkynes
Br
Br2
Br
Cl
H Cl
N o Reaction
O3
CHO
CHO
Benzenes cyclic conjugated structure gives it special stability

11
Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions

(chapter 16) rather than electrophilic addition
Br
Br
electrophilic
addition
Br Br
Fe
catalyst
Br
+
H Br
electrophilic
substitution
Stability of Benzene: Heats of Hydrogenations

+
H2
+ 118 KJ/mol
2 H2
+ 230 KJ/mol
calc'd value= 336 KJ/mol

6 K J/mol added stability
+ 206 KJ/mol
calc'd value= 354 KJ/mol

148 K J/mol added stability
3 H2
12
Structure of Benzene:
Kekule benzene: two forms are in rapid equilibrium
154 pm
134 pm
All bonds are ~139 pm (intermediate between C-C and C=C)

Electron density is distributed evenly between the six carbons
Structure is planar, hexagonal
CCC bond angles are 120
Each carbon is sp2 and has a p orbital perpendicular to
the plane of the six-membered ring
13
Arrows in organic chemistry

Reaction arrow
Equilibrium arrow
Resonance arrow
Mechanism arrows
Double-headed arrow
Single-headed arrow
14
Drawing and Interpreting Resonance Forms

(chapter 2.5 and 2.6)
1.
No one resonance forms accurately depicts the structure of the molecule.

The real structure is a composite or hybrid of all resonance forms
2.
Resonance forms differ only by the placement of - or non-bonding electrons.

Neither the position or hybridization of the atoms changes.
3.
Resonance forms are not necessarily equivalent. While all resonance forms contribute
to the actual structure (resonance hybrid), some forms may contribute more.
4.
All resonance forms must be proper Lewis structures.
5.
The actual resonance hybrid is more stable than any single resonance form.
6.
In general, the greater the number of resonance forms, the more stable the resonance
hybrid.
15
15.4: Molecular orbitals of benzenes: (figure 15.3)

six AOs = six MOs
!6
!4
!5
!2
!3
six p-orbitals
!1
Degenerate orbitals: orbitals

that have the same
energy
1: zero nodes
2 and 3: one node
4 and 5: two nodes
6: three node
Bonding
Anti-bonding
16
15.5 & 15.8: Aromaticity and the Hckel 4n + 2 Rule

Cyclic conjugated molecules: not all cyclic conjugated systems
are aromatic (no special stability)
cyclobutadiene
4 !-electrons
benzene
6 !-electrons
Cyclobutadiene: highly reactive

two different C-C bonds
cyclooctatetraene
8 !-electrons
Diels-Alder
-78 C
Cyclooctatetraene: reactivity similar to normal C=C

Exists in a boat-like conformation:
little overlap between
double bonds
17
Aromatic:
Cyclic
Conjugated: alternating single and double bonds
Flat: maximum overlap between conjugated -bonds
Must contain 4n+2 -electrons, where n is an integer
(Hckels rule)
Anti-aromatic:
cyclic, conjugated, flat molecules that contain
4n -electrons (where n is an integer).
Destabilized (highly reactive) relative to the
corresponding open-chain conjugated system
18
Frost Circles: relative energies of the molecular orbitals of

cyclic, conjugated systems
Inscribe the cyclic, conjugated molecule into a circle so that a
vertex is at the bottom. The relative energies of the
MOs are where the ring atoms intersect the circle
benzene:
anti-bonding MO's
non-bonding
level
bonding MO's
Benzene
6 !-electrons
For aromatic compounds, such as benzene,

the bonding MO's will be filled.
cyclobutadiene:
anti-bonding MO
non-bonding MO's
bonding MO
Cyclobutadiene
4 !-electrons
For anti- aromatic compounds, such as

cyclobutadiene, there will be unpaired
electrons in bonding, non-bonding or
antibonding MO's.
19
15.6: Aromatic ions

H
H Cl
+ AgBF4
BF4
H
H Cl
H
H
H
+ AgCl
+ AgBF4
H
H
BF4
+ AgCl
"2
"3
"1
4n+2=2
n=0
aromatic
cyclopropenyl cation
2 !-electrons
H
H
H
H
cyclopentadienyl cation
4 !-electrons
"4
"5
"2
"3
"1
4n=4
n=1
anti-aromatic
20
10
H H
+ B:H
+ B:
H
4n=4
n=1
anti-aromatic
cyclopropenyl anion
4 !-electrons
"2
"3
"1
H H
H
H
H
pK a ~ 15
+ B:
+ B:H
cyclopentadienyl anion
6 !-electrons
"4
"5
"2
"3
4n+2=6
n=1
aromatic
"1
21
H Br
+
K0
2-
Br-
2K +
6 -electron
10 -electron
22
11
15.7: Aromatic Heterocycles

Heterocycle: any cyclic compound that contains ring atom(s)
other than carbon (N, O, S, P)
N
N
H
pyridine
N
H
pyrrole
imidazole
furan
N
S
thiophene
thiazole
oxazole
Cyclic compounds that contain only carbon are called

carbocycles
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are numerous, common
and a very important class of organic compounds
Nomenclature for heterocyclic compounds is specialized 23
Pyridine
-electron structure resembles benzene (6 -electrons)
The nitrogen lone pair electrons are not part of the
aromatic system (perpendicular orbital)
N
6 -electrons
24
12
Pyrrole:
6 -electron system similar to that of
cyclopentadienyl anion
Four sp2-hybridized carbons with 4 p orbitals
perpendicular to the ring and 4 p electrons
lone pair of electrons in an sp2 orbital; part of the
aromatic sextet
N
H
Pyrrole is much less basic than pyridine. Why?
25
15.9: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):
benzene
naphthalene
pyrene
anthracene
benzo[a]pyrene
azulene
phenanthrene
coronene
indene
triphenylene
flourene
Polycyclic heterocycles
N
N
H
carbazole
N
H
indole
quinoline
quinoxaline
26
13
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromatic compounds can have rings that share a
set of carbon atoms (fused rings)
Compounds from fused benzene or aromatic
heterocyclic rings are themselves aromatic
Naphthalene: 4n+2=10, n=2 note: Hckels rule is strictly
for monocyclic aromatic compound, its application to
polycyclic aromatic compounds is tenuous.
27
15.10: Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

IR: Aromatic ring CH stretching at 3030 cm1 and
peaks from 1450 to 1600 cm1
monosubstituted:
o-disubstituted:
m-disubstituted:
p-disubstituted:
690-710 cm-1 and 730-770 cm-1

735-770 cm-1
690-710 cm-1 and 810-850 cm-1
28
810-840 cm-1
14
UV:
1H
Absorbance near 205 nm and a less intense peak

in 255-275 nm range. Substitution and increased
conjugation moves the absorbance to longer
wavelengths
NMR: Aromatic Hs strongly deshielded by ring and

absorb between 6.5 and 8.0
Peak pattern is characteristic positions
of substituents
29
C8H9Br
3H
2H
2H
2H
C9H12
3H
3H
4H
2H
30
15
Ring Current: (please read)

Aromatic ring oriented perpendicular to a strong
magnetic field, delocalized electrons producing a small
local magnetic field
Opposes applied field in middle of ring but reinforces
applied field outside of ring
Results in outside Hs resonance at lower field
31
! = -1.0
HH
H
H
H
! = 2.0
C
H
C
H
HH H H
HH
C C
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
H
32
16
13C
NMR:
Carbons in aromatic ring absorb at 110 to 140
Shift is distinct from alkane carbons but in same
range as alkene carbons
33
C9H12
C6H4Cl2
1H
1H
NMR
NMR
13C
13C
NMR
NMR
34
17
C6H5NO3
C6H5NO3
1H
NMR
13C
NMR
1H
NMR
13C
NMR
35
C9H10O2
1H
NMR
13C
NMR
36
18

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Chapter 15: Benzene and Aromaticity

-molecular orbitals of butadiene

2 is the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)

1 of Butadiene (no nodes, bonding MO)

The four -electrons in 1 are delocalized

Table 14.2 (p. 528): Bond lengths in pm

-molecular orbitals of hexatriene

Conjugation: series of overlapping p-orbitals

15.2: Naming aromatic compounds: (arenes)

Generally, mono-substituted benzenes are named in a similar

When the benzene ring is a substituent of a parent chain,

Disubstituted benzene: relative position of the substitutents

Benzenes with two or more substituents:

Common names, such as toluene can serve as root

15.3: Structure and Stability of Benzene

Benzenes cyclic conjugated structure gives it special stability

Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions

Stability of Benzene: Heats of Hydrogenations

calc'd value= 336 KJ/mol

calc'd value= 354 KJ/mol

All bonds are ~139 pm (intermediate between C-C and C=C)

the plane of the six-membered ring

Arrows in organic chemistry

Drawing and Interpreting Resonance Forms

No one resonance forms accurately depicts the structure of the molecule.

Resonance forms differ only by the placement of - or non-bonding electrons.

All resonance forms must be proper Lewis structures.

15.4: Molecular orbitals of benzenes: (figure 15.3)

Degenerate orbitals: orbitals

15.5 & 15.8: Aromaticity and the Hckel 4n + 2 Rule

Cyclobutadiene: highly reactive

Cyclooctatetraene: reactivity similar to normal C=C

Frost Circles: relative energies of the molecular orbitals of

For aromatic compounds, such as benzene,

For anti- aromatic compounds, such as

15.6: Aromatic ions

15.7: Aromatic Heterocycles

Cyclic compounds that contain only carbon are called

Pyrrole is much less basic than pyridine. Why?

15.9: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

15.10: Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

690-710 cm-1 and 730-770 cm-1

Absorbance near 205 nm and a less intense peak

NMR: Aromatic Hs strongly deshielded by ring and

Ring Current: (please read)

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