852

Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

EXERCISES 12.1
Sets, Equations, and Inequalities

25. The line through the point s1, 3, -1d parallel to the

In Exercises 112, give a geometric description of the set of points in

space whose coordinates satisfy the given pairs of equations.
1. x = 2,
3. y = 0,
2

y = 3

2. x = -1,

z = 0

4. x = 1,

5. x + y = 4,
7. x + z = 4,

z = 0

y = 0

z = -2

x = 0

6. x + y = 4,
8. y + z = 1,

y = 0

9. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1,

z = 0

x = 0

10. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25,

a. x-axis

b. y-axis

c. z-axis

26. The set of points in space equidistant from the origin and the
point (0, 2, 0)
27. The circle in which the plane through the point (1, 1, 3) perpendicular to the z-axis meets the sphere of radius 5 centered at the
origin
28. The set of points in space that lie 2 units from the point (0, 0, 1)
and, at the same time, 2 units from the point s0, 0, -1d

y = -4

11. x 2 + y 2 + sz + 3d2 = 25,

12. x 2 + s y - 1d2 + z 2 = 4,

Write inequalities to describe the sets in Exercises 2934.

z = 0

29. The slab bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = 1 (planes included)

y = 0

In Exercises 1318, describe the sets of points in space whose coordinates satisfy the given inequalities or combinations of equations and
inequalities.

30. The solid cube in the first octant bounded by the coordinate
planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2 , and z = 2

13. a. x 0,

32. The upper hemisphere of the sphere of radius 1 centered at the origin

y 0,

z = 0

14. a. 0 x 1

b. x 0,

b. 0 x 1,

c. 0 x 1,

0 y 1,

15. a. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1
z = 0

no restriction on z

c. x + y 1,

17. a. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1,
2

b. x + y 1,

z = 3

z 0

b. x + y + z 1,
18. a. x = y,

0 y 1

b. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 7 1

16. a. x + y 1,

z = 0

0 z 1

y 0,

z 0

z = 0

b. x = y,

no restriction on z

31. The half-space consisting of the points on and below the xy-plane
33. The (a) interior and (b) exterior of the sphere of radius 1 centered
at the point (1, 1, 1)
34. The closed region bounded by the spheres of radius 1 and radius 2
centered at the origin. (Closed means the spheres are to be included. Had we wanted the spheres left out, we would have asked
for the open region bounded by the spheres. This is analogous to
the way we use closed and open to describe intervals: closed
means endpoints included, open means endpoints left out. Closed
sets include boundaries; open sets leave them out.)

In Exercises 1928, describe the given set with a single equation or

with a pair of equations.

Distance

19. The plane perpendicular to the

35. P1s1, 1, 1d,

b. y-axis at s0, -1, 0d

a. x-axis at (3, 0, 0)
c. z-axis at s0, 0, -2d

20. The plane through the point s3, -1, 2d perpendicular to the
a. x-axis

b. y-axis

c. z-axis

21. The plane through the point s3, -1, 1d parallel to the
a. xy-plane

b. yz-plane
b. yz-plane

c. xz-plane

23. The circle of radius 2 centered at (0, 2, 0) and lying in the

a. xy-plane

b. yz-plane

c. plane y = 2

24. The circle of radius 1 centered at s -3, 4, 1d and lying in a plane

parallel to the
a. xy-plane

b. yz-plane

P2s3, 3, 0d

36. P1s -1, 1, 5d,

P2s2, 5, 0d

37. P1s1, 4, 5d,

P2s4, -2, 7d

38. P1s3, 4, 5d,

P2s2, 3, 4d

39. P1s0, 0, 0d,

P2s2, -2, -2d

40. P1s5, 3, -2d,

P2s0, 0, 0d

c. xz-plane

22. The circle of radius 2 centered at (0, 0, 0) and lying in the

a. xy-plane

In Exercises 3540, find the distance between points P1 and P2.

c. xz-plane

Spheres
Find the centers and radii of the spheres in Exercises 4144.
41. sx + 2d2 + y 2 + sz - 2d2 = 8
42. ax +

1
1
21
1
b + ay + b + az + b =
2
2
2
4

43. A x - 22 B 2 + A y - 22 B 2 + A z + 22 B 2 = 2
44. x 2 + ay +

29
1
1
b + az - b =
3
3
9

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12.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

Find equations for the spheres whose centers and radii are given in
Exercises 4548.
Center

853

51. 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 + x + y + z = 9
52. 3x 2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 2y - 2z = 9

Radius

Theory and Examples

45. (1, 2, 3)

214

46. s0, -1, 5d

47. s -2, 0, 0d

23

48. s0, -7, 0d

Find the centers and radii of the spheres in Exercises 4952.

2

49. x + y + z + 4x - 4z = 0
50. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 6y + 8z = 0

53. Find a formula for the distance from the point P(x, y, z) to the
a. x-axis

b. y-axis

c. z-axis

54. Find a formula for the distance from the point P(x, y, z) to the
a. xy-plane

b. yz-plane

c. xz-plane

55. Find the perimeter of the triangle with vertices As -1, 2, 1d,
Bs1, -1, 3d , and C(3, 4, 5).
56. Show that the point P(3, 1, 2) is equidistant from the points
As2, -1, 3d and B(4, 3, 1).

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Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

4. u - v
6. -2u + 5v
5
12
u +
v
8. 13
13

3. u + v

5. 2u - 3v

3
4
7. u + v
5
5

In Exercises 1722, express each vector in the form v = v1 i +

v2 j + v3 k .
1
17. P1 P2 if P1 is the point s5, 7, -1d and P2 is the point s2, 9, -2d
1
18. P1 P2 if P1 is the point (1, 2, 0) and P2 is the point s -3, 0, 5d
1
19. AB if A is the point s -7, -8, 1d and B is the point s -10, 8, 1d
1
20. AB if A is the point (1, 0, 3) and B is the point s -1, 4, 5d

Vectors in Space

16. The unit vector obtained by rotating the vector 81, 09 135 counterclockwise about the origin

15. The unit vector obtained by rotating the vector 80, 19 120 counterclockwise about the origin

14. The unit vector that makes an angle u = -3p>4 with the positive
x-axis

13. The unit vector that makes an angle u = 2p>3 with the positive
x-axis

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11. The vector from the point A = s2, 3d to the origin

1
1
12. The sum of AB and CD , where A = s1, -1d, B = s2, 0d,
C = s -1, 3d , and D = s -2, 2d

In Exercises 916, find the component form of the vector.

1
9. The vector PQ , where P = s1, 3d and Q = s2, -1d
1
10. The vector OP where O is the origin and P is the midpoint of segment RS, where R = s2, -1d and S = s -4, 3d

2. -2v

1. 3u

In Exercises 18, let u = 83, -29 and v = 8-2, 59 . Find the (a) component form and (b) magnitude (length) of the vector.

Vectors in the Plane

EXERCISES 12.2

860

12.2 Vectors
21. 5u - v if u = 81, 1, -19 and v = 82, 0, 39
22. -2u + 3v if u = 8-1, 0, 29 and v = 81, 1, 19

32. Find the vectors whose lengths and directions are given. Try to do
the calculations without writing.
Length

Geometry and Calculation

In Exercises 23 and 24, copy vectors u, v, and w head to tail as needed
to sketch the indicated vector.
23.

a. u + v

b. u + v + w

c. u - v

d. u - w

861

Direction

-j
3
4
- i - k
b. 22
5
5
13
3
4
12
i j k
c.
12
13
13
13
1
1
1
d. a 7 0
i +
j k
22
23
26
33. Find a vector of magnitude 7 in the direction of v = 12i - 5k .
a. 7

34. Find a vector of magnitude 3 in the direction opposite to the direction of v = s1>2di - s1>2dj - s1>2dk .

Vectors Determined by Points; Midpoints

24.

In Exercises 3538, find

a. the direction of P1 P2 and

b. the midpoint of line segment P1 P2 .
P2s2, 5, 0d

35. P1s -1, 1, 5d

36. P1s1, 4, 5d

P2s4, -2, 7d

P2s2, 3, 4d
37. P1s3, 4, 5d
P2s2, -2, -2d
38. P1s0, 0, 0d
1
39. If AB = i + 4j - 2k and B is the point (5, 1, 3), find A.
1
40. If AB = -7i + 3j + 8k and A is the point s -2, -3, 6d , find B.
a. u - v

b. u - v + w

c. 2u - v

d. u + v + w

Length and Direction

In Exercises 2530, express each vector as a product of its length and
direction.
25. 2i + j - 2k

26. 9i - 2j + 6k
3
4
27. 5k
28. i + k
5
5
j
1
i
1
1
k
i j k
+
+
29.
30.
26
26
26
23
23
23
31. Find the vectors whose lengths and directions are given. Try to do
the calculations without writing.
Length

Direction

a. 2

b. 23
1
c.
2

-k
3
j +
5
6
i 7

d. 7

4
k
5
3
2
j + k
7
7

Theory and Applications

41. Linear combination Let u = 2i + j, v = i + j , and w =
i - j . Find scalars a and b such that u = av + bw .
42. Linear combination Let u = i - 2j , v = 2i + 3j , and w =
i + j . Write u = u1 + u2 , where u1 is parallel to v and u2 is parallel to w. (See Exercise 41.)
43. Force vector You are pulling on a suitcase with a force F (pictured here) whose magnitude is F = 10 lb . Find the i- and jcomponents of F.
F
30

44. Force vector A kite string exerts a 12-lb pull s F = 12d on a

kite and makes a 45 angle with the horizontal. Find the horizontal and vertical components of F.

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862

Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

45
F

c. Find the coordinates of the point in which the medians of

ABC intersect. According to Exercise 29, Section 6.4, this
point is the plates center of mass.
z
C(1, 1, 3)

45. Velocity An airplane is flying in the direction 25 west of north

at 800 km> h. Find the component form of the velocity of the airplane, assuming that the positive x-axis represents due east and
the positive y-axis represents due north.
46. Velocity An airplane is flying in the direction 10 east of south
at 600 km> h. Find the component form of the velocity of the airplane, assuming that the positive x-axis represents due east and
the positive y-axis represents due north.
47. Location A bird flies from its nest 5 km in the direction 60
north of east, where it stops to rest on a tree. It then flies 10 km in
the direction due southeast and lands atop a telephone pole. Place
an xy-coordinate system so that the origin is the birds nest, the
x-axis points east, and the y-axis points north.
a. At what point is the tree located?
b. At what point is the telephone pole?
48. Use similar triangles to find the coordinates of the point Q that divides the segment from P1sx1, y1, z1 d to P2sx2 , y2 , z2 d into two
lengths whose ratio is p>q = r .
49. Medians of a triangle Suppose that A, B, and C are the corner
points of the thin triangular plate of constant density shown here.
a. Find the vector from C to the midpoint M of side AB.
b. Find the vector from C to the point that lies two-thirds of the
way from C to M on the median CM.

c.m.

y
B(1, 3, 0)

M
A(4, 2, 0)

50. Find the vector from the origin to the point of intersection of the
medians of the triangle whose vertices are
As1, -1, 2d,

Bs2, 1, 3d,

and

Cs -1, 2, -1d .

51. Let ABCD be a general, not necessarily planar, quadrilateral in

space. Show that the two segments joining the midpoints of opposite sides of ABCD bisect each other. (Hint: Show that the segments have the same midpoint.)
52. Vectors are drawn from the center of a regular n-sided polygon in
the plane to the vertices of the polygon. Show that the sum of the
vectors is zero. (Hint: What happens to the sum if you rotate the
polygon about its center?)
53. Suppose that A, B, and C are vertices of a triangle and that a, b,
and c are, respectively, the midpoints of the opposite sides. Show
1
1
1
that Aa + Bb + Cc = 0 .
54. Unit vectors in the plane Show that a unit vector in the plane
can be expressed as u = scos udi + ssin udj , obtained by rotating
i through an angle u in the counterclockwise direction. Explain
why this form gives every unit vector in the plane.

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Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

8. v = h

,
i,
22 23

1
22

,23

g is the angle between v and the positive z-axis s0 g pd .

b is the angle between v and the positive y-axis s0 b pd

a is the angle between v and the positive x-axis s0 a pd

15. Direction angles and direction cosines The direction angles

a, b , and g of a vector v = ai + bj + ck are defined as follows:

14. Rectangle Find the measures of the angles between the diagonals of the rectangle whose vertices are A = s1, 0d, B = s0, 3d,
C = s3, 4d , and D = s4, 1d .

13. Triangle Find the measures of the angles of the triangle whose
vertices are A = s -1, 0d, B = s2, 1d , and C = s1, -2d .

v = -i + j + k

v = 23i + j - 2k

12. u = i + 22j - 22k,

11. u = 23i - 7j,

v = 3i + 4k

v = i + 2j - k

10. u = 2i - 2j + k,

9. u = 2i + j,

Find the angles between the vectors in Exercises 912 to the nearest
hundredth of a radian.

Angles Between Vectors

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

u = h
1

u = 2i + 217j

7. v = 5i + j,
1

u = 22i + 23j + 2k

u = 2i + 2j + k

4. v = 2i + 10j - 11k,

6. v = -i + j,

u = 3j + 4k

3. v = 10i + 11j - 2k,

u = i + j + k

u = 5i + 12j

2. v = s3>5di + s4>5dk,

5. v = 5j - 3k,

u = -2i + 4j - 25k

1. v = 2i - 4j + 25k,

d. the vector projv u .

c. the scalar component of u in the direction of v

a. v # u, v , u
b. the cosine of the angle between v and u

In Exercises 18, find

Dot Product and Projections

EXERCISES 12.3

870

12.3 The Dot Product

z

871

two vectors to be orthogonal to their difference? Give reasons for

your answer.

v2
v

g
0

v1 1 v 2

v1

y
x

v 2

v1 2 v 2

a. Show that
a
cos a =
,
v

b
cos b =
,
v

c
cos g =
,
v

22. Orthogonality on a circle Suppose that AB is the diameter of a

circle with center O and that C is a point on one of the two arcs
1
1
joining A and B. Show that CA and CB are orthogonal.
C

and cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1 . These cosines are called

the direction cosines of v.
b. Unit vectors are built from direction cosines Show that if
v = ai + bj + ck is a unit vector, then a, b, and c are the
direction cosines of v.
16. Water main construction A water main is to be constructed
with a 20% grade in the north direction and a 10% grade in the
east direction. Determine the angle u required in the water main
for the turn from north to east.

23. Diagonals of a rhombus Show that the diagonals of a rhombus

(parallelogram with sides of equal length) are perpendicular.
24. Perpendicular diagonals Show that squares are the only rectangles with perpendicular diagonals.

u
East

rth

No

25. When parallelograms are rectangles Prove that a parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are equal in length.
(This fact is often exploited by carpenters.)
26. Diagonal of parallelogram Show that the indicated diagonal of
the parallelogram determined by vectors u and v bisects the angle
between u and v if u = v .

Decomposing Vectors
In Exercises 1719, write u as the sum of a vector parallel to v and a
vector orthogonal to v.
17. u = 3j + 4k,
18. u = j + k,

v = i + j
v = i + j

19. u = 8i + 4j - 12k,

v = i + 2j - k

20. Sum of vectors u = i + sj + kd is already the sum of a vector

parallel to i and a vector orthogonal to i. If you use v = i , in the decomposition u = projv u + su - projv ud , do you get projv u = i
and su - projv ud = j + k ? Try it and find out.

27. Projectile motion A gun with muzzle velocity of 1200 ft> sec is
fired at an angle of 8 above the horizontal. Find the horizontal
and vertical components of the velocity.
28. Inclined plane Suppose that a box is being towed up an inclined
plane as shown in the figure. Find the force w needed to make the
component of the force parallel to the inclined plane equal to 2.5 lb.

Geometry and Examples

21. Sums and differences In the accompanying figure, it looks as
if v1 + v2 and v1 - v2 are orthogonal. Is this mere coincidence,
or are there circumstances under which we may expect the sum of

33
15

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872

Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Theory and Examples

u#v =

29. a. Cauchy-Schwartz inequality Use the fact that

u v cos u to show that the inequality u # v u v
holds for any vectors u and v.
b. Under what circumstances, if any, does u # v equal u v ?
Give reasons for your answer.

30. Copy the axes and vector shown here. Then shade in the points (x, y)
for which sxi + yjd # v 0 . Justify your answer.
y

Work
43. Work along a line Find the work done by a force F = 5i (magnitude 5 N) in moving an object along the line from the origin to
the point (1, 1) (distance in meters).
44. Locomotive The union Pacifics Big Boy locomotive could pull
6000-ton trains with a tractive effort (pull) of 602,148 N (135,375
lb). At this level of effort, about how much work did Big Boy do on
the (approximately straight) 605-km journey from San Francisco
to Los Angeles?
45. Inclined plane How much work does it take to slide a crate
20 m along a loading dock by pulling on it with a 200 N force at
an angle of 30 from the horizontal?
46. Sailboat The wind passing over a boats sail exerted a 1000-lb
magnitude force F as shown here. How much work did the wind
perform in moving the boat forward 1 mi? Answer in foot-pounds.

31. Orthogonal unit vectors If u1 and u2 are orthogonal unit vectors and v = au1 + bu2 , find v # u1 .
32. Cancellation in dot products In real-number multiplication, if
uv1 = uv2 and u Z 0 , we can cancel the u and conclude that
v1 = v2 . Does the same rule hold for the dot product: If
u # v1 = u # v2 and u Z 0 , can you conclude that v1 = v2 ? Give
reasons for your answer.

Equations for Lines in the Plane

33. Line perpendicular to a vector Show that the vector v =
ai + bj is perpendicular to the line ax + by = c by establishing
that the slope of v is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the
given line.

60
1000 lb
magnitude
force

Angles Between Lines in the Plane

The acute angle between intersecting lines that do not cross at right
angles is the same as the angle determined by vectors normal to the
lines or by the vectors parallel to the lines.

35. Ps2, 1d,

v = i + 2j

36. Ps -1, 2d,

38. Ps11, 10d,

u
v1
L1

2x - y = 4
y = - 23x + 2

50. x + 23y = 1,

x - 23y = 1

A 1 - 23 B x + A 1 + 23 B y = 8

In Exercises 3942, use the result of Exercise 34 to find an equation

for the line through P parallel to v. Then sketch the line. Include v in
your sketch as a vector starting at the origin.

51. 3x - 4y = 3,

39. Ps -2, 1d,

Angles Between Differentiable Curves

41. Ps1, 2d,

v = i - j

40. Ps0, -2d,

v = -i - 2j

42. Ps1, 3d,

v = 2i + 3j
v = 3i - 2j

L1

Use this fact and the results of Exercise 33 or 34 to find the acute angles between the lines in Exercises 4752.

49. 23x - y = -2,

v = 2i - 3j

v2

48. y = 23x - 1,

v = -2i + j

L2
L2

47. 3x + y = 5,

v = -2i - j

37. Ps -2, -7d,

n1

n2

34. Line parallel to a vector Show that the vector v = ai + bj is

parallel to the line bx - ay = c by establishing that the slope of
the line segment representing v is the same as the slope of the
given line.
In Exercises 3538, use the result of Exercise 33 to find an equation
for the line through P perpendicular to v. Then sketch the line. Include
v in your sketch as a vector starting at the origin.

52. 12x + 5y = 1,

x - y = 7

2x - 2y = 3

The angles between two differentiable curves at a point of intersection

are the angles between the curves tangent lines at these points. Find

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

12.3 The Dot Product

the angles between the curves in Exercises 5356. Note that if

v = ai + bj is a vector in the plane, then the vector has slope b> a
provided a Z 0 .
53. y = s3>2d - x 2,

y = x2

stwo points of intersectiond

873

54. x = s3>4d - y 2, x = y 2 - s3>4d stwo points of intersectiond

55. y = x 3,

x = y2
2

56. y = -x ,

stwo points of intersectiond

y = 1x

stwo points of intersectiond

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