Number Theory BSC Notes PDF

B.Sc.
Mathematics
Analytic Number Theory

DIVISIBILITY:Suppose
, then we say that
divides b if b is a multiple of a. If a divides b then a is also
called the divisor of b.

We know that b is a multiple of a if
If we name that some other integer to be c, then the definition of divisibility is

a divides b if there exist an integer c such that
Notation:
If a divides b then we use the notation . If a does not divide b then we use the notation
Theorem 1: show that
Proof:
As we know
Theorem 2: show that
Proof:
As by simple multiplication, we know that
Similarly, by using simple multiplication
Theorem 3: if , then show that

Proof:
If then
a point
Multiplying both sides by
such that
we have
1
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Therefore,
This completes the proof.

Theorem 4: if and ,then show that
Proof:
If and , then there exists two integers
Using
such that
we have
This will be hold only if
Using
we have

Theorem 5: if and ,then show that
Proof:
If
and , then by definition of divisibility, there exists two integers
Using
in
such that
we have
Therefore,

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Theorem 6: if and ,then
for any integers x and y.
Proof:
If and , then by definition of divisibility, there exists two integers
such that
Now consider
Since
Therefore,

Theorem 7: if
and
,then
Proof:
If
and , then by definition of divisibility, there exists two integers
such that
Using
Put
So that
This completes the proof of the theorem.
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Theorem 8:(DIVISION ALGORITHM OR EUCLIDE THEOREM)
If a and b are integers such that
, then there exist unique integers q and r such that
Proof:
Consider that
{
Note that A is non-empty.

If
, then by well ordering property 0 is least element of A. If
, then A be the set that must
have least element.

Let
be the least element. Then,
Replace
Now, we have to prove
. For this, we suppose on contrary that
But
This is contradiction to our supposition. So our supposition is wrong and therefore
Combining
we have
UNIQUENESS:
To prove uniqueness, we suppose that If a and b are integers such that
unique integers
and
, then there exist
such that
Taking modulus on both sides, we have

|
|
|
Since
|
|
|
|
. Then |
|
|
, so the equation (1) will become

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B.Sc. Mathematics
|
|
|
Using
in equation (1), we have
implies that both q and r are unique. This completes the proof of division
algorithm.
APPLICATION OF DIVISION ALGORITHM:

Theorem 9: Every integer can be written in the form of
Proof:
Let a be any integer. Then for
Here
, the euclide theorem will be
implies that
Case-1: when
Then,
Case-2: when
Then,
Case-3: when
Then,
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Theorem 10: Every odd integer can be written in the form of

Proof:
Let a be any odd integer. Then for
Here
, the euclide theorem will be
implies for odd integer that
Case-1: when
Then,
Case-2: when
Then,
COMMON DIVISOR:
Suppose a and b be any two integers then a number c is called common divisor of a and b if
EXAMPLE:2 is common divisor of the set {
} because
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION:
It is a method which is often used to prove the divisibility based result. It is most powerful tool to
prove the result in exponent form. To prove the result with the help of mathematical induction, we
have to follow the following steps
First, we will check the result at n=1
In the second step, we suppose that the result is true for n=k-1
Now with the help of above supposition, we have to prove the result is true for n=k
Remark:
If a result fulfilled the above three steps, then that result is true mathematically.
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Theorem 11: If n is odd then
Proof:We use mathematical induction in order to prove the result.

When
Hence the result is true for

Now, we suppose that the result is true for n=k. That is,
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for
That is,
Consider that
Since
Therefore,
(by 2)
It follows that the result is true for

Hence, by principle of mathematical induction, it is proved that
Theorem 12: If n is odd then prove that
Proof:
Since n is an odd number. Then, we have
Case -1:- When k is even. That is,
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Case -2:- When k is odd. That is,
Hence in both above cases

Theorem 13: Show that the product of three consecutive natural number is divisible by 6.
Proof:Assume that n,n+1 and n+2 be three consecutive natural numbers.
We claim that
We use induction method in order to prove our claim

When n=1
This implies that the result is true for n=1

Now, we suppose that the result is true for n=k. That is,
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n=k+1. That is,
Since
is true by supposition.
Now, we prove that
Case -1:- When k is even. That is,
The right hand side of above equation is true by division. Hence
is true.
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Case -2:- When k is odd. That is,
The right hand side of above equation is true obviously. Hence
is true.
Thus in both above cases, we proved
is true
This implies that

It follows that the result is true for n=k+1.
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, it is proved that
Product of three consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 6.
Theorem 14: Show that
Proof:We use induction method in order to prove our result.

When
. Then,
The result is true for
Now, we suppose that the result is true for
. That is,
That is,
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Here
Therefore,
This implies that the result is true for


When
. Then,
This implies that the result is true for n=1.

. That is,
That is,
Here
Therefore,
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That is, the result is true for


When
. Then,

. That is
That is,
Here
Therefore,

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When
. Then,

. That is
That is,
Here
Therefore,

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GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR:
The largest positive integer that divides both a and b is called greatest common divisor of a and b. it
is denoted as
EXAMPLE:Let us calculate the g.c.d of 42 and 48

Divisor of 42
Divisor of 48
}
}
{
Common Divisor of 42 & 48
Therefore,
LINEAR COMBINITION:Suppose a and b be any two integer then m is called linear combination of a and b if
we have
Remark:
The greatest common divisor of two numbers a and b is the smallest positive linear combination of a
and b. that is,
RELATIVELY PRIME:
The integers a and b is called relatively prime if
The integers
. More generally, it is defined as
are relatively prime if every pair of

(
whenever
is relatively prime i.e.
Remark: Any two consecutive numbers are relatively prime.

Proof:
Assume that n and n+1 are two consecutive integers. Then for all
Take
, we have
, then we have
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Theorem18: If is any common divisor of
and
then divides
Proof:
Suppose c is common divisor of a and b. Then by definition
Then by a result, we have
Because
This proves the result.
Alternative Definition of G.C.D

In view of the previous result we can reformulate the definition of g.c.d.
Definition: A positive integer
is called g.c.d of
and
if
I.
| and |
II.
If some other integer | and | , then | .
III.
Theorem 19: The greatest common divisor of
is unique.
Proof:Suppose
Then, we have to show that
If
is G.C.D of
and
is common divisor of
. Then, by definition of G.C.D, we have
and
If
is G.C.D of
From
Since
, we have
are non-negative. Therefore.
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B.Sc. Mathematics
Theorem 20: If
Proof:Suppose that
This implies by alternative definition of G.C.D, we have
Since it is given that

Two integers
From
such that
, we have
Since 2 is a prime number. Therefore,
Using
in equation (A), we have

Theorem 21: Let
and
be integers. Then
for any positive integer
if
Proof:I.
for any positive integer
As we know The greatest common divisor of two numbers a and b is the smallest positive linear
combination of a and b. Therefore,
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B.Sc. Mathematics
Here
is the smallest linear combination of a and b. therefore,
It follows that,
II.
if
Since
. Then,
both are integers.
Now consider that,

(
)
(

Theorem 22: If
then
Proof:Since it is given that

Two integers
such that
Let
. Then, we have to show that
As
. This implies by definition
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B.Sc. Mathematics
The above shows that md is common divisor of ma and mb. But from (A),
is G.C.D of ma and
mb. Then by definition of G.C.D, we have
Now from
, we have
It follows that

Theorem 23: If
, then .
and
Proof:Since it is given
Two integers
such that
Since

Theorem 24: Let ,
and be integers.
(I)
If
, then
(II)
If | , | and
, then
| .
Proof:I.
Since
Multiplying
, then
. Then, there exists the integers
such that
we have
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B.Sc. Mathematics
II.
| , | and
, then
| .
Since | & | . This implies that there exists two integers
such that
Also it is given that

Two integers
such that
This completes the proof
Theorem 25: If
then
Proof:
Since
| &
| . This implies that there exists two integers
such that

Two integers
such that
This completes the proof
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B.Sc. Mathematics

, then
Theorem 26: If
Proof:If , then there exist an integer
such that
Let
Then we have to show that
As
put in
we have

Theorem 27: If
then
Proof:Suppose that
Then, we have to show that

From
, we have
Which shows that

of
. But from
it is clear that
is G.C.D
. This implies by the definition
Since
Two integers
such that
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B.Sc. Mathematics
Now from
we have
Implies that
. But from
, G.C.D of
is
Then by definition of G.C.D, we have
From
, we have
.
Therefore,

Theorem 28: If
then show that
Proof:Suppose that
From
, we have
Shows that
But from
G.C.D of
is
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B.Sc. Mathematics
From
, we have
Shows that
But from
G.C.D of
is
From
, we have
Therefore,

Theorem 29: If
then show that
Proof:Suppose that
From
, we have
This Shows that
But from
G.C.D of
is
. Then by
But from
G.C.D of
is
. Then by
definition of G.C.D, we have
From
, we have
This Shows that
definition of G.C.D, we have

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B.Sc. Mathematics
Since it is given that

Two integer
From
such that
, we have
The integers
such that
Put in
From
From
we have
, we have
From
From
Multiplying
.
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B.Sc. Mathematics
Least Common Multiple
Definition(l.c.m):The smallest positive integer which is multiple of two numbers

multiple of
and
and is denoted by
and
is called the lease common
Alternative definition of L.C.M:An integer m is called L.C.M of
if it satisfies the following axioms:
If
then
Theorem 30: L.C.M of two numbers
is unique.
Proof:Suppose that
If is L.C.M of
have
then
is common multiple of
Then by definition of L.C.M, we
then
is common multiple of
Then by definition of L.C.M, we
If is L.C.M of
have
From
, we have
This proves the uniqueness of the L.C.M.

|
Theorem 31: If
Proof:To prove m is L.C.M of
we shall prove that m satisfies all the axioms of L.C.M
As d is greatest common divisor of

Also,|
. Then,
|
|
This is the 1st axiom of L.C.M

Since it is given
If , then
a point
such that
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B.Sc. Mathematics
If , then
a point
such that
Therefore,
|
|
|
|
|
This is the 2nd axiom of L.C.M.

Let
. Then
Since
two integers
such that
implies that
Therefore,
Comparing (i) & (ii), we have
The above last expression implies that
Substituting
in
such that
, we have
This is the 3rd axiom of L.C.M.

Since m satisfies all the axiom of L.C.M. So m is L.C.M of
|
and therefore,
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What are the main theorems discussed in the document?

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What is the definition of divisibility?

What is the definition of divisibility?

B.Sc.

Analytic Number Theory

Analytic Number Theory

, then we say that

divides b if b is a multiple of a. If a divides b then a is also

called the divisor of b.

If we name that some other integer to be c, then the definition of divisibility is

Theorem 2: show that

Similarly, by using simple multiplication

Theorem 3: if , then show that

Multiplying both sides by

Muhammad Umer Asghar (0307-4896454)

For Online Skype Tuition (Skype ID): sp15mmth06678

Analytic Number Theory

This completes the proof.

This will be hold only if

This completes the proof.

and , then by definition of divisibility, there exists two integers

This completes the proof.

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Analytic Number Theory

Theorem 6: if and ,then

for any integers x and y.

This completes the proof.

and , then by definition of divisibility, there exists two integers

This completes the proof of the theorem.

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, then there exist unique integers q and r such that

Note that A is non-empty.

, then by well ordering property 0 is least element of A. If

, then A be the set that must

have least element.

be the least element. Then,

Now, we have to prove

. For this, we suppose on contrary that

, then there exist

Taking modulus on both sides, we have

, so the equation (1) will become

Muhammad Umer Asghar (0307-4896454)

For Online Skype Tuition (Skype ID): sp15mmth06678

Analytic Number Theory

in equation (1), we have

APPLICATION OF DIVISION ALGORITHM:

, the euclide theorem will be

This completes the proof.

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Analytic Number Theory

Theorem 10: Every odd integer can be written in the form of

, the euclide theorem will be

implies for odd integer that

This completes the proof.

EXAMPLE:2 is common divisor of the set {

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Analytic Number Theory

Proof:We use mathematical induction in order to prove the result.