Water Sanitation Urban Madhya Pradesh

Water and Sanitation
in Urban Areas
of Madhya Pradesh
WaterAid India
2006
WaterAid India is thankful to all the different donors/agencies

for their support and assistance

in Urban Areas
of Madhya Pradesh
Amod Khanna
Chitra Khanna
WaterAid India
2006
WaterAid India, 2006

Any part of this publication may be translated or reprinted
with due acknowledgement to WaterAid, India
Research Team
Principal Researcher
Amod Khanna
Research Coordinator
Chitra Khanna
Research Associates
Sarita Thakur
Nagina Bano
Gauri Belapure
Ashish Sharma
Arun Kanan
Nidhi Shrivastav
Amit Sahu
Rupendra Kumar Sinha
Bharat Chauhan
Rajendra Pandey
Atul Sahu
Published by
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Contents
Foreword
iv
Abbreviations
Executive Summary
vi
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WaterAid India
1.2 WaterAid India (West)
1.3 Summary of Desk Review
1.4 Field Study
1
1
1
3
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Research Question
2.3 Scope of Study
2.4 Sampling Plan
2.5 Method of Data Collection
2.6 Training of Research Associates
4
4
4
4
5
6
8
Chapter 3
PROFILE OF THE CITY SELECTED FOR THE STUDY

3.1 Demography
3.2 Brief History
3.3 Master Plan
9
9
9
10
Chapter 4
WATER
4.1 Water Source
4.2 Water Supply and Accessibility
4.3 Availability
4.4 Quality
4.5 Demands for Water
11
11
14
21
22
23
Chapter 5
SANITATION
5.1 Preamble
5.2 Sanitation Status
25
25
26
Chapter 6
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Replication of Existing Models
6.2 Developing Demonstrative Processes
6.3 Issues in Advocacy
32
32
32
32
Annexure
33
Contents
iii
Foreword
The process of urbanisation in Madhya Pradesh gained
momentum during 1971-1981 when the state registered
an urban growth rate of 52.9 per cent. Though the
growth rate seems to be tapering off yet the growth
rate of urban population in the state is higher than
the national average. The decadal growth rate of
urban population of Madhya Pradesh has declined
from 43.92 per cent in 1991 to 31.19 per cent in 2001,
but this decadal growth rate in 2001 is higher than the
national average. With 26.6 per cent of the population
residing in urban areas, the state has gained an urban
character, a fact that has significant implications for
the provisioning of water and sanitation in the urban
areas of the state.
This is a study launched by the Regional Office (West)
of WaterAid India to assess the urban context in the
state and provide an overall framework for long term
and short term programming for the Regional Office.
This study on Water and Sanitation status of MP was
essentially done to profile the State, Institutions and
Policy Environment, in 2005. This was carried out
in two phases A desk study, focused on reviewing
different approaches and methodologies adopted by
government/non government agencies, the financial
resources available for WATSAN activities along with
the institutional mechanism responsible for delivering
WATSAN services to the communities and households.
This was followed by a field study to deepen our
understanding of the sector and which validated
most of the findings of the desk review. The desk
study reiterated and underlined the need to look into
ground realities in urban areas independently so as
to initiate dialogue with the state and discussions
among the development professionals on issues in
water and sanitation that are specific to urban areas
in the state. The present field study generates field
data and articulates issues that are biased in favour
of the citizens and the poorer sections of the urban
community.
Three critical institutional issues identified by
the report are noteworthy: firstly, the multiplicity
of institutions that are responsible for ensuring
water and sanitation in the urban areas dilute the
administrative responsibility and is disempowering
to the citizens as they are unable to locate the focal
point to address their grievances. Secondly, the half
hearted decentralisation with constitution of Mohalla
Samitis and Zonal Committees without delegation
of substantive powers makes peoples participation
tokenistic. Thirdly, the delay in handing over the
colonies by the development authorities and private
developers to the urban local bodies leads to loss
of revenue for the local bodies and loss in ensured

services to the consumers. Similarly, the regime
of fixed water charges, supply of water through
community taps to the slum settlements and the
strategy of going farther and/or deeper for incremental
supplies of water identified in the present study has
dimensions that transgress issues of social justice and
environmental concerns.
One critical issue concerning slums was that most
of these had either private sources or community
taps, but given the high density of population in
slums, it is not the distance but the density of
households per connection that is important. And this
density per tap varies from 9 per tap to more than
350 households per tap leading to serious conflict
amongst communities. On the sanitation front, no
city is fully covered by a sewerage system. The larger
cities are partially covered by a sewerage network, but
the waste water gets released into the river system
without treatment. There is also case of multiplicity of
institutions and it is difficult to assess who ultimately
has the vision and the resources to draw up a
master plan for sanitation in urban areas. The study
recommends developing parameters and indicators for
assessing the performance of urban local bodies in
provisioning of services in water and sanitation and
that this will be empowering to both the citizens and
the service provider.
WaterAid India is implementing challenging urban
water and sanitation projects this year in the Western
India Programme Office for the 3 states of MP, UP and
Chhattisgarh. WaterAid recognises and appreciates
the vast financial and manpower resources with the
state government of Madhya Pradesh and the centrally
sponsored schemes of GoI. We hope the report
will provoke the policy makers and development
practitioners to take positions, generate debates that
bring more clarity to issues and enables development
of programmes with a clear focus on communitys
concerns and participation of the urban poor.
Released on the World Water Day 2006, we hope this
study will assist project implementers and lead to
improved, effective, sustainable and affordable water
and sanitation for all, specially the poor and marginal
city slum dwellers.
iv Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh: WaterAid India 2006
Mamita Bora Thakkar

Regional Manager
WaterAid India
Regional Office West
2006
Abbreviations
BHEL
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
CMO
Chief Municipal Officer
DUDA
District Urban Development Agency
GCF
Gun Carriage Factory
LPCD
Litres Per Capita Per Day
km
kilometre
MP
Madhya Pradesh
MGD
Million Gallons per Day
MPEB
Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board
NGO
Non Governmental Organisation
OHT
Overhead Tank
O&M
Operations and Maintenance
PHE
Public Health Engineering
SDM
Sub Divisional Magistrate
sq
square
SWM
Solid Waste Management
ULB
Urban Local Body
WAI
WaterAid India
WATSAN
Abbreviations
Executive Summary
1. Background
WaterAid India made a strategic shift in locating its
headquarter in India to Delhi and starting its regional
offices at Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Bangalore. This
shift is expected to enable the organisation to work
closely with the policy makers and to work closely with
the most vulnerable communities in Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar
and Jharkhand.
The regional office at Bhopal had commissioned a
study to profile the State, Institutions and Policy
Environment of Madhya Pradesh in 2005. The study
had highlighted the need for recognising urban
Madhya Pradesh as a critical and important sub-sector
for intervention within water and sanitation in the
state.
2. Field Study
The findings of the desk review identified issues that
were based on concerns expressed by the institutions
responsible for supplying services in water and
sanitation. The peoples issues and their expectations
from the service providers did not figure in the desk
review. Consequently the present field research was
undertaken as a primary level study with a purposive
sampling bias to initiate a detailed inquiry into issues
that have been identified during the desk review
and also to address concerns of communities and
individuals in water and sanitation in urban areas.
3. Research Question
The objectives of the present study were decided
mutually in consultation with WaterAid India regional
office. The main research question for the study will
be: What is the state & status of water and sanitation
in the urban areas selected for the study?
The term water includes water required for domestic
consumption; and sanitation refers to disposal of
human excreta, liquid waste and household solid
waste. The term state has been used to reflect the
present levels of demand and supply of water and
sanitation in the household and the term status is
used to make assessment of services in water and
sanitation with respect to their adequacy and quality.
The expression status has been interpreted to take
into account trends related to levels of services and
their demand and supply at the urban level.
The main research question has been broken down

to include Demand for water; Sources of water;
Accessibility of water; Adequacy of water; Water
Quality; Institutional Issues; and Sanitation
4. Sampling Plan
The current study adopted a purposive sampling plan
for the selection of urban areas in the state. In all
four Municipal Corporations, namely, Bhopal, Indore,
Ujjain and Jabalpur; two Municipal Councils Badnagar
and Panagar and two Nagar Panchayats Tarana and
Shahpura were selected for the study.
Sampling within the city was undertaken to ensure
adequate geographical coverage as well as coverage
of problem and good areas as defined by the local
body. Within the selected area the issues of water
and sanitation were intensively studied in terms of
all the users of water residential (high, middle, low
and slum settlements), commercial, and institutional
groups.
5. Method of Data Collection

The sources of information for the study included
domestic, institutional, industrial and commercial users
of water as well as different departments of the urban
local body, elected representatives, colonisers, real
estate developers and community based organisations.
The tools for data collection included individual
interviews, focus group discussions, semi-structured
observations, social mapping and historical
information.
The research associates were trained over a period
of two days on issues in water and sanitation and
in the ability to conduct interviews and focus group
discussions.
6. Findings of the Study

Water Sources
The private sources of water supply for the

commercial/industrial and institutional users are
mainly ground water through tubewell in all the
cities surveyed. The study did not find any of the
slum settlements in any of the city developing
their own (private) source of water. They rely
only and only on the community sources of water
either supplied through the community taps or
handpumps.
vi Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh: WaterAid India 2006
The critical factors that prompted growth in

private sources of water are the lack of faith in
the citizenry on the urban local body regarding
their ability and the capacity to supply regular and
sufficient quantities of water in all seasons.
Municipal bodies adopt a strategy for drawing
water from multiple sources surface water, subsurface water and ground water.
The availability of water in the sources used
by the municipal body and those in the private
domain report a strong seasonality factor that
affects the availability of water from the source.
The stored water sources used by the municipal
bodies are not within their jurisdictional control.
The ownership of these sources is either with the
state government or Water Resources Department
There does not seem to be a cost benefit
analysis at the local body level of the strategy to
secure water from sources that are outside the
jurisdictional control of the municipal body.
The conflict between the municipal body and the
Water Resource Department are frequent as the
department exercises control in the release of water.
It pays more to the municipal body to sell land
and/or earn through rental income than create a
water body and generate revenue through water
tax. Hence the focus of the municipal body is
on land use that can maximise its income rather
than think of land use that can improve its
environmental resources within its jurisdiction
The surface water reservoirs being accessed
by the municipal bodies are under competitive
uses: irrigation, domestic water requirement
for adjoining rural areas, fishing, national
park, recreational use and water sports. These
competitive uses of water represent potential
areas of conflict between the water that is drawn
by the municipal body and other demand for
water.
A perusal of the master plan of large cities reveals
that the plan does not devote more than a page
to the issue of water supply in the city. This
page documents the existing water sources and
estimates the water requirement for domestic
purpose during the planning period.
The master plans give elaborate maps and
possible alternative uses of land for different
sections of the city. Of the different land uses
considered in these plans, possibility of a water
body does not appear as one of the possible land
uses in any of the master plans.
Water Supply
The present study identified that the Census data

fails to provide the vital clues that are critical
to determine the nature of accessibility of the
households to the water source. For example,
Census methodology does not distinguish
between tap as a private connection and tap as
a community connection. Also, the data does not

provide number of taps so that population density
per tap is calculated and the pressure of accessing
water from tap can be assessed.
Filtration plants in the cities are now more than
50 years old that have outlived their lives and the
technology needs upgradation.
The colonisers develop their own source of water
(tubewell) and supply water to the residents.
The colonisers do not apply for connection from
the municipal source nor do they pay any royalty
charge to the municipal body for drawing ground
water and selling it to the residents.
The Corporations are able to recover only 20-30%
of the cost of water supply schemes and Councils
and Nagar Panchayats are able to recover 40-80%
of their costs.
Fixed water charges are levied on the residents
in cities. This system is iniquitous as it does
not collect charges on the basis of water
usage. Secondly, this system does not promote
conservation in water usage. Thirdly, low fixed
charges imply that a high quality of water (treated
and filtered) is being used for purpose that does
not require water of such quality watering of
plants, washing of vehicles, washing of floor etc.
Metering of water is critical to enable the
municipal authority to recover its cost and
establishing a system that collects charges based
on usage and has the inherent advantage of
promoting conservation.
If a pipeline passes through a slum or low income
colony and there are no sufficient community
taps within this colony then the chances of
pilferage of water either by breaking the pipeline
or by loosening its nuts at the service joints is a
common phenomenon.
In slums the issue of who takes water first and
how much water each person can take is reported
as the major issue by the households and also
the reason for frequent (and sometimes violent)
conflict amongst the dwellers.
Hotels and restaurants get municipal water and
have also developed their own source which in
most cases is tubewell in all the cities studied.
The hotels do not pay any extra amount for
drawing ground water and using it for commercial
purpose to the municipal body.
Government hospitals are provided free water by
the municipal authorities. The nursing homes,
clinics and private hospitals in private domain
take municipal connection and install their own
tubewells to supplement the water supply from
formal sources.
Hostels are predominantly dependent on borewell
to meet their water requirements.
Generally community tap connections are provided
by the urban local body to supply water to market
places.
Executive Summary
vii
Government schools get municipal water either

through tap connection or through the handpump.
Private schools pay for the connection at
subsidised rate and in some cases, mostly large
schools, have their own ground water source.
Water markets existed in all the cities studied
during the present exercise. Providing water
through the tanker is the most common form
through which these markets operate.
Sanitation toilets
Availability
The issues of frequency, duration and pressure of

water supplied by the local body are the major
sources of discontent in most of the residential
colonies and slum settlements of the city.
Any shortfall in frequency, duration and pressure
of water constituted the situation of water
insecurity for the households. The well-off sections
of the city resort to installation of tubewell,
accessing water from far away source, or pooling
resources and getting a tanker for a cluster of
houses. The poorer households and the persons
residing in slum would either loosen the nuts and
bolts of the pipeline near their settlement, access
water from pond, well or from another public
source (handpump, factory etc).
Water Quality
In middle and higher economic class colonies there

was awareness regarding the source of water supply
and a concern for quality. However the residents
are uninformed on standards of water quality and
how can they deal with the situation where they are
being given un-treated and raw water (by coloniser
and even by municipal authorities).
Colonies housed with low income residents are
generally not aware of the source of water and
their concern with quality is of lesser degree.
The study was unable to procure a test plan or list
of parameters to be tested from any PHE official in
any of the cities.
The PHE cell of the local body undertakes quality
surveillance but the information so collected does
not become part of the information fed into the
public domain.
Surveillance system that monitors quality of
water from all sources (supplied by local body,
colonisers, development authorities, housing
boards etc) is assessed by the study team as a felt
need of the citizens.
Demand for Water
The quantum of demand for water is dependent

on the degree of assurance that the consumer is
able to assess from the supplier. The degree of
assurance is assessed in terms of the time period
(days) for which the users need to store water
before the next supply of water will be released.
There is a wide variation in the data collected on

conversion of dry latrines into flush type toilets in
smaller cities from the field and the claims stated
by the urban local body.
The households that report no facility of private
or community toilets are resorting to open
defecation. The site for defecation depends on
the space available near the settlement nallah,
railway line, trees and mines, open ground and
dried up ponds.
The experiment with community toilets has not
been encouraging.
90% of the institutions covered under the study
had functional toilet facilities. These institutions
were well connected with water facility and had
also employed a person for cleaning toilets.
The level of information available to the citizens
regarding the proper and the existing method of
disposal of toilet waste were found to be quite
low in all the cities.
All the residential colonies covered during the
study had septic tanks, the size of which was
unknown to the residents.
In the old city area of larger cities the study
found that the private toilet from each house is
connected to a pit that is covered and is either
within the premise (aagan) or in the immediate
vicinity of the house. The responsibility for getting
the pit cleaned is that of the household and
they normally lodge their requirement with the
corporation and get the pit cleaned.
Liquid Waste Disposal
The officials of the urban local bodies claim

coverage of 50-70% of the city from drains. This
coverage is contested by residents and by the
councillors.
The maintenance of drains has been identified as
a problem both by the officials of the urban local
body and by the citizens.
A major issue that threatens to create an
ecological disaster in the cities is the gradual
process of converting natural drainage lines in to
drainage/sewage disposal lines of the city. The
erstwhile drainage lines that were feeding to the
major rivers have been converted into drainage
disposal lines by the administration and the
people.
Solid Waste Disposal
All the local bodies have dumping grounds for

solid waste disposal, but none of these bodies
have a system of segregation of solid waste either
at the point of collection or disposal.
The Nagar Panchayats and the Municipal Councils
have a system of solid waste being collected
in hand carts and then ferried by tractors to
viii Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh: WaterAid India 2006
the dumping ground. The Corporations have

infrastructure that includes garbage collectors
(from dustbins or open spots), designated
collection point at the ward level from where the
dumper carries the waste to the dumping ground.
Dustbins are a rarity. In all the cities the upper
class colonies have a better network of dustbins
and a better frequency of their disposal. The
remaining town is denser and generating more
waste, has less space to dispose it.
Hospital Waste Disposal
Hospital waste falls within the purview of the

Pollution Control Board. The hospitals or any
other institutions generating biomedical waste
pay authorisation fees to the Board. The fee is
based on the number of beds in the hospital. For
annual renewal of this fee the hospitals have to
get a certification from the agencies responsible
that they are handling the waste in accordance the
legal framework.
The hospitals covered during the study at Bhopal,
Ujjain, Jabalpur did state that they hand over their
waste to the local body which disposes the waste
according to their norms. The local bodies burn
the waste in the incinerators. The study however
was unable to verify the claim of the hospitals and
the Corporation.
Institutional Issues
Private toilets and drainage are the responsibility

of the PHE cell of the urban local body, sewerage
network is the responsibility of the PHE
department and SWM is the responsibility of the
Health Department of the Municipal body. In this
scenario of multiplicity of institutions it is difficult
to assess the overall body that has the vision
and the resources to draw up a master plan for
sanitation in urban areas.
The team assessed that the elected
representatives did not have a vision or idea
regarding cleanliness and sanitation of the city
and the activities that are required for the same.
The Master Plan for development of the city does
not focus on developing the Master Plan for
sanitation of the city. It only details the norms that
are applicable but does not for example identify
possible sites for waste disposal of sites for
treatment plants etc.
The density of houses in slum settlements does
not indicate the possibility of private toilets
in all the houses. The potential for community
toilets is immense and the only reason for failure
encountered by the study has been disconnection
of water supply. Where the community toilets are
being used the users are paying for it or taking
extra initiative to secure water for the toilets.
The study found a high willingness to participate

in residential colonies comprising of middle and
lower middle class households. The residents of
these areas want to know about the rules related
to water and sanitation and are concerned as to
how their money is being spent by the coloniser
and the local body.
None of the urban local bodies in any of the
towns studied, reported that the poor sanitation
condition is on account of shortage of funds. The
main reason according to them is lack of proper
planning, inadequate emphasis given for the
implementation of rules and indifference of people
and the representatives in giving priority
to sanitation.
7. Recommendations
Replicating Good Practices
The systems for water supply and sanitation that exist
in township of BHEL and GCF are noteworthy. The
technological and the institutional system adopted by
these townships are worth replicating for small and
medium towns (at least). The study recommends that
the system in both these townships be studied in
their technical and economic feasibilities and use for
replication in other cities.
Developing Demonstrative Processes

The water and sanitation scenario in urban areas
suggest that it will be more meaningful and relevant to
develop demonstrative processes related to: Planning
for source development; Feasibility assessment;
Institutional processes; Cost recoveries; and
Performance appraisal
Advocacy
At a broader level two sets of issues are identified for
advocacy:
a) at the policy level that will affect all the areas of
Madhya Pradesh. This includes issues related to:
Setting minimum norms for water and
sanitation that each local body has to
ensure to qualify as an institution of good
governance.
Role of different institutions in ensuring
the provisioning of services in water and
sanitation. This should include the statement
on the role of parastatal organisations like
development authorities, housing boards etc.
Policy of urbanisation along with the policy
related to slums and their entitlements.
Debate on the advantages on having a
separate organisation like Jal Board for
supplying services in water and sanitation.
b) Issues related to specific city context
Level of awareness among the elected
representatives regarding procedures,
Executive Summary
ix
processes and practices related to water and

sanitation.
Building the capacity of officials of the PHE cell
and the elected representatives to be able to
address the issues of water and sanitation in
their respective areas.
Solid and liquid waste disposal mechanisms

that are context specific, locally relevant and
environment friendly.
Developing effective mechanisms for
interaction between citizens and governance
institutions.
x Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh: WaterAid India 2006
CHAPTER
Introduction
1.1 WaterAid India
WaterAid is an international NGO exclusively focused
to ensure the provision of safe domestic water,
sanitation and hygiene education to the worlds
poorest people. With its headquarters in United
Kingdom, WaterAid works in 15 countries, mostly in
Asia and Africa.
WaterAid India Programme started in 1986 with
a dominant presence in the southern states of
the country. With Country Programme office at
Tiruchirapalli, WaterAid worked with more than 70
partner organisations in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa and Karnataka.
A review of the India Programme in 2002 underlined
the commitment of WaterAid in developing
methodologies that were able to set standards of
good practice for water, sanitation and hygiene
projects in these states. The demonstrated impacts in
southern states gave confidence to WaterAid in India
to focus towards the poorer states in the northern part
of the country. As a strategic move the headquarters
of the country programme was shifted to New Delhi to
work closer with policy makers. Regional offices were
opened in Bhopal and Bhubaneswar in 2002 to work
closely with most vulnerable communities in Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and
Jharkhand.
1.2 WaterAid India (West)

The WaterAid India (West) office is located at Bhopal
and works in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
Uttar Pradesh. The regional office is expected to work
within the overall country strategic framework of
intervening through integrated projects that combine
water, sanitation and hygiene promotion to maximise
benefits to poor communities.
WaterAid recognises that each context presents its
own array of related issues that have to be addressed
through a matrix of programmes that strategise
interventions in terms of geographical and thematic
targeting to maximise impact on vulnerable groups.
Consequently each regional office is expected to identify
and develop its operational strategy for the states
where it is intervening. The WAI (West) in pursuance of
this requirement commissioned a study to profile the
State, Institutions and Policy Environment of Madhya
Pradesh in 2005. The study outlined the state of water
and sanitation in Madhya Pradesh and drew contours
of issues that seemed relevant at the state level. The
state level study is to be followed with a field study

in selected areas to deepen the understanding of the
issues identified and also to assess whether there
are other issues that are not reflected in the data
at the state level but are nevertheless critical at the
community level. The present study is the follow-up of
the desk review and draws its methodology from the
data presented in the earlier report.
1.3 Summary of Desk Review

The trends of urbanisation underline that:
Madhya Pradesh is the sixth most urbanised state
in the country.
It is rapidly gaining an urban character with 26.6
per cent of the population residing in urban areas.
The state is dominated by large number of small
and medium towns with four urban centres
with a heavy concentration of population. There
are 26 towns accounting for 55.8 per cent of
the population and the remaining 311 towns
accounting for the remaining 44.2 per cent of the
population.
Madhya Pradesh is experiencing a higher growth
rate of medium sized towns.
38.4 per cent of the urban population is below
the poverty line (1999-00).
The state has modified its municipal laws to conform
to the 74th constitutional amendment and the
municipal bodies have the legal responsibility for the
provision of water and sanitation in the state.
The data on management of water supply in urban
areas indicate that the 337 urban local bodies in the
state are primarily dependent on ground water to
fulfill their water requirement. The current policy of
the government is to go deeper or to go farther or
both to cater to the incremental demand for water in
urban areas. This not only increases the cost of water
supply for the urban local body but also affects the
water availability in the adjoining rural areas. The
factors of regional variations in availability of water,
location specific requirements of urban areas, growth
rates in population of urban centres do not figure in
either policy or plans of the state government. As a
result, the best that the local bodies and the district
administration are able to achieve is managing water
scarcity crisis during summer season every year. There
is no medium or long term strategy that addresses the
issue of source sustainability.
The state government has initiated measures
by modifying Land Development Rules to make
Introduction
construction of rain water harvesting structures

mandatory for plot size more than 250 sq m in the
state. Till March 2004, the local bodies had granted
building permission to 18,256 cases with provision of
rain water harvesting structures.
93 per cent of the towns in the state have less than
70 litres per capita per day (LPCD) water available.
The data related to supply of water indicates that 63
per cent of the urban centres receive water daily; 28
per cent towns receive water supply once in two days
and 9 per cent towns receive water supply once in two
or more days.
The water distribution system and water charges are
under the control of the urban local body. In all the local
bodies in the state the water charges are un-metered.
For slum settlements, there are no specific investments
made for water distribution by the PHE Department.
The local body connects the slums with the main
pipeline and creates a spot source or invests in
installing a hand pump in the vicinity. The water
supplied is free and no charges are collected from
people living in slums.
The census figures indicate a very poor coverage of
urban population through tapped water source and
inadequacies in proximity of source. Both these factors
point towards the insufficiency of water availability
and a high degree of dissatisfaction by the consumer.
These factors also account for poor recovery of water
charges by the urban local body.
The desk review looked at urban sanitation to include
disposal mechanisms for liquid and solid waste and
the prevalence of private latrines in the households.
With respect to liquid waste disposal the review
found that none of the cities in Madhya Pradesh are
fully covered by a sewerage system. Disposal through
septic tanks is the widely used system and these
tanks have been installed in most urban centres.
However, only 11-13 per cent of the septic tanks are
in working conditions. The larger cities are partially
covered by a sewerage network but the waste water is
not treated before being released in a river.
Despite state government claims there is wide
prevalence of manual scavenging in different cities of
the state.
76 per cent of the urban households in the state
have the facility of being connected to either
a closed or an open drain for waste water. The
districts in the Bundelkhand region, namely, Damoh,
Chhatarpur, Panna, Satna, and Rewa; and districts
in the southern tribal belt namely, Shahdol, Sidhi,
and Umaria have a high proportion (more than 35
per cent) of households who are not connected with

drains for waste water.
Solid waste management had gained priority in
urban areas consequent to the judgment of the
Supreme Court. The State Pollution Control Board is
the nodal agency for providing technical clearances
to the schemes for solid waste management formed
by respective local bodies. So far 116 bodies have
received authorisation and 65 bodies have either
land or have been allotted land for land-fill sites.
The remaining local bodies are in the process of
either identifying appropriate land or getting the land
identified, allotted to them.
68 per cent of urban households have private latrines
within the house. Among these 60 per cent of the
houses have water closet latrines. The districts with
higher proportion of households with private latrines
are districts that have a high degree of urbanisation
Bhopal, Indore, Ratlam, Ujjain and Gwalior. The
districts that have a poor coverage of any type of
latrines are in the Bundelkhand region Tikamgarh,
Chhatarpur, Damoh, Panna, Satna, Rewa and Sidhi.
The tribal districts in the southern part of the state
too have a poor coverage of households with private
latrines Dindori, Umaria and Balaghat.
The institutional framework for supplying water
and maintaining adequate standards of sanitation
in urban areas in the state are defined in the state
municipal act. The urban local bodies have been
entrusted with the responsibility for water and
sanitation. However, the services of functionaries of
the state PHE Department have not been transferred
to these bodies. The net result of this half-hearted
decentralisation is that there are in effect three
institutions the urban local body, the PHE
Department at the state level, and a section within
the local body responsible for water and sanitation.
The dual control over the PHE section within the local
body dilutes the responsibility and accountability
with respect to ensuring supply of water and
maintenance of water installations in the city. During
shortages the local body and PHE department trade
charges on their respective inefficiencies.
The desk review identified the following issues in
urban water and sanitation sector:
There is inadequate supply of water in urban
areas. All the urban centres face water crisis
during summer months in all urban centres.
The current strategy for providing incremental
supply of water in the urban areas is not
sustainable as it does not address the prime need
for source sustainability.
The regime of fixed charges for water is
inequitable and also does not promote
conservation from the side of the consumer.
2 Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh: WaterAid India 2006
Need of urban poor not addressed.

Lack of role clarity among different institutions
responsible for water and sanitation in the state.
Lack of institutional convergence in designing and
implementation of water related schemes in urban
areas.
Untreated waste is released in surface water
bodies due to absence of sewerage system in
urban areas.
Absence of system of segregating solid waste
from the point of generation to safe disposal.
Practice of manual scavenging still prevalent in
the state despite claims to the contrary by the
state government.
1.4 Field Study

The findings of the desk review identified issues based
on concerns expressed by institutions responsible
for supplying services in water and sanitation. The
peoples issues and their expectations from the

service providers did not figure in the desk review.
For example, given the state of water crisis in urban
areas what is the coping mechanism of the residents
did not form part of the desk review. The desk review
could identify issues that are systemic in nature and
emphasised the need for looking in to urban WATSAN
as a separate sub-sector.
The field research that forms the basis of the
current exercise was conceived of as a primary level
study with a purposive sampling bias. It aims to
initiate a detailed inquiry into issues that have been
identified during the desk review. It also addresses
concerns of communities and individuals in water
and sanitation in urban areas. The primary user of
the file study research will be WaterAid India
and the regional office will use the results of the
study to develop programme interventions in
Madhya Pradesh.
Introduction
CHAPTER
Methodology
2.1 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the present study were decided
mutually in consultation with WaterAid India
regional office. The study was conducted with the
objective to:
(i) identify and assess the state of demand for
and supply of water in towns and the strategies
adopted by urban local bodies, in fulfilling these
demands;
(ii) identify and assess the state of demand for and
supply of water in the slum areas of the towns
and the systems adopted by urban local bodies in
fulfilling this demand for water;
(iii) assess the measures undertaken by the
community/government for ensuring source
sustainability for drinking water;
(iv) identify the systems used by the service providers
and service receivers for ensuring the quality of water;
(v) identify the hygiene and sanitation system (private/
community latrine, liquid waste disposal and solid
waste management) of the town including the role
of the local body and/or government department in
operationalising the system;
(vi) identify the systems of O&M, grievance handling
on subjects of water and sanitation; and
(vii) analyse the findings in the light of current policies
and programmes of the government and non
government agencies (if any).
The study is thus comprehensive in nature. It treats
the issue of water from the point of view of source
and the measures taken to ensure its sustainability,
the demand and the supply system that have been
established for water within the city. There is an
inherent bias of the study in favour of the urban poor
as it seeks to place special emphasis on whether the
water requirements of the poor are being met as far
as water and sanitation needs are concerned. The
study takes the position where the urban consumer
is treated as a client and his satisfaction in terms of
availability, adequacy and quality of water forms the
basis of inquiry to assess the ability of the urban
local body to satisfy these needs. The term sanitation
is used in the wider sense to include place for
defecation, system for liquid and solid waste disposal
in the city.
2.2 Research Question

The main research question for the study will be:
What is the state & status of water and sanitation in
the urban areas selected for the study?
The term water includes water required for domestic

consumption; and sanitation refers to disposal of
human excreta, liquid waste and household solid
waste. The term state has been used to reflect the
present levels of demand and supply of water and
sanitation in the household and the term status is
used to make assessment of services in water and
sanitation with respect to their adequacy and quality.
The expression status has also been interpreted to
take into account trends related to levels of and
services for demand and supply at the village level.
The main research question has been broken down to
include the following:
(i) Demand for water (different types and purposes
of demand; different sources of demand; quality
of water demanded);
(ii) Sources of water (where does the city gets it
water from and what is the sustainability of this
source, how is source related to demand and the
water supply system);
(iii) Accessibility of water (how does the household
fulfill its water requirement especially for the
people living in slums and colonies not yet
handed over to municipal body);
(iv) Adequacy of water (quantity of water available to
the household and the seasonal variations in this
availability);
(v) Water Quality (notions of water quality and the
ability of the people to deal with issues of quality
of water supplied to them);
(vi) Institutional Issues (the institutions ability to cater
to the needs for demand and quality for water and
sanitation for people in cities; emergence and role
of water markets; ability of institutions to recover
the cost of water supply and the preparedness of
the client to pay for cost of water); and
(vii) Sanitation (prevalence of open defecation in
cities, scope for community latrines; system for
liquid and solid waste disposal in residential
areas; system of collection and disposal of
domestic, industrial and commercial garbage; and
state of environmental sanitation in the city).
2.3 Scope of Study

The scope of the study is defined as follows:
the theme that the study seeks to address is
water and sanitation. Water including water
demanded by different user groups in the city and
sanitation including disposal of human excreta,
liquid and solid waste disposal;
the study area will be limited to the cities
selected as per the sampling plan of the study
Table 2.1: Districts with Urban Population higher than the State Average
District
Percentage Urban
Population
Nagar Panchayat
Municipal Council
Municipal Corporation
Bhopal
80.53
Indore
71.57
Gwalior
60.33
Jabalpur
57.51
Ujjain
38.74
Hoshangabad
30.95
Ratlam
30.25
Sagar
29.25
Neemuch
27.88
Dewas
27.35
10
East-Nimar
26.95
towns. A district will have a town with more than 10

lakh population as well as a town with population
less than 50 thousand. However the problems related
to water and sanitation in the towns in the same
district will vary considerably on account of its size.
Thus it was decided to select those districts that have
all the three types of urban local bodies within their
area. This would facilitate the understanding of the
systems and issues at each level of the Urban Local
Body and the approach of the government towards it.
To corroborate the findings it was necessary that the
study is done in at least two districts. On this basis
the following districts were short listed. (Table 2.2)
the assessment and the analysis will be guided

by the needs of the primary audience of the study
WaterAid India regional office; and
the study will generate primary level information
through interviews and focus group discussions
with identified groups and persons.
2.4 Sampling Plan

The current study adopted a purposive sampling plan
for the selection of urban areas in the state.
Step 1: Selection of District

Madhya Pradesh has 26.4 per cent population living in
urban areas. It was decided to take up districts where
the proportion of urban population is more than the
state average. This would ensure that the districts
with large urban population would be selected for the
study. Consequently a list of districts with per cent
urban population higher than the state average and
the type of urban local bodies is given in Table 2.1.
(b) Selection of Districts
(a) Short listing of Districts
Ujjain district was selected as the second district

for the study. The selection primarily had to make a
Among the six districts short listed the selection of the

two districts was as follows:
Jabalpur district was selected as it has the highest
urban population and highest growth rate among the
districts short listed. Jabalpur Corporation has a slum
population of 10.05 per cent (Census 2001)
Urbanisation in MP has led to different class size of
Table 2.2 List of Districts with all the three types of Urban Local Bodies and the Urban Population in
the District and its Growth Rate
District
Nagar Panchayat
Municipal
Council
Municipal
Corporation
Urban Population
(in lakhs)
Urban Growth Rate

(1991-01)
Gwalior
9.83
20.80%
Jabalpur
12.46
23.54%
Ujjain
6.62
21.15%
Ratlam
3.67
18.62%
Sagar
5.91
22.85%
Khandwa
4.60
16.78%
Methodology
choice between Gwalior and Ujjain. In case of former

it had a higher urban population whereas in case of
the latter it had a higher growth rate. Preference was
given to growth rate as it also exemplifies the pressure
on provision of services in water and sanitation to
the citizens. Moreover with 4 Municipal Councils and
2 Nagar Panchayats in Ujjain district as against 1
Municipal Council and 4 Nagar Panchayats in Gwalior,
the former indicates a higher degree of urbanisation.
Hence district Ujjain was preferred over Gwalior as the
second district for the study.
Step 2: Selection of Cities

The selection of specific urban local body to
be covered in the district was conducted in
consultation with Department of Urban Development,
Government of Madhya Pradesh. The criterion used
by the department was the level of urbanisation
in the Nagar Panchayat and Municipal Councils in
the selected districts. The discussions with the
department led to the selection of the following
cities for the study:
Table 2.3
District
Cities selected after consultation with

Urban Department in the Districts
Selected for the Study
Municipal
Corporation
Municipal
Council
Nagar
Panchayat
Ujjain
Ujjain
Badnagar
Tarana
Jabalpur
Jabalpur
Panagar
Shahpura
Step 3: Selection of Specific Areas for

Specific Focus
Bhopal and Indore are two million plus cities of the
state. Indore Municipal Corporation has implemented
innovative programmes like Slum Networking, Water
Harvesting etc. Hence during discussions at the WAI
Bhopal Office, it was decided to take up the study
of these programmes undertaken up by the Indore
Municipal
Corporation.
The city of Bhopal was selected as it would represent
the problems faced by large cities in the provision of
water and sanitation services.
Thus, the following have been selected for the Phase
III study:
Table 2.4 List of Cities Selected for the Study

Municipal Corporation
Bhopal, Jabalpur, Ujjain and Indore
Municipal Council
Badnagar and Panagar
Nagar Panchayat
Tarana and Shahpura
Step 4: Sampling within the City

Geographical: A map of the city was collected from
the urban local body to (a) define the city limit and
(b) to select the area for the field study. The latter was
accomplished by selecting all the four geographical
corners of the city as well as the central portion. The
central portion of the city was defined as the original
city settlement so that the old city also gets covered
during the survey.
The area that was selected through the above process
was intensively studied in terms of all the users
of water residential (high, middle, low and slum
settlements), commercial, and institutional groups.
The elected representatives of the wards that were
selected for the study were interviewed.
Problem and Good Area: The Urban Local Body was
consulted to identify the areas within the city that
are problem or good areas with respect to (a) water
and (b) sanitation. If the suggested areas were not
included in the sample drawn through geographical
coverage then they were included as part of the
sample.
Industrial: The study did not cover the small industrial
units that are spread within the city. It relied on the
demarcated industrial areas in the city selected for the
survey.
Urban Villages: In case of Municipal Corporations,
villages that have come within municipal limits have
been selected for the study. This category has been
classified as urban village in the present study.
For example at Jabalpur the following areas were
selected for the study. (Table 2.5)
2.5 Method of Data Collection

2.5.1 Sources of Information
The study collected information from the respondents
that either belonged to a government agency or were
non governmental persons.
Primary Source Non Government
The sources of information were grouped in terms
of major users of water in the city. This led to the
following major groups:
(a) Domestic Users: This group included the
residents of residential colonies (including slum
settlements), the office bearers of residential
societies, colonisers and real estate developers,
and NGO representatives in the area.
(b) Institutional Users: This group included
educational institutions (schools and colleges),
hostels, hotels and hospitals.
Table 2.5 Selection of Study Area for Jabalpur City

Ward
Residential
Institutional
Naya Bazaar
George Town Market
Deendayal Slum
Sanchar Nagar Slum
Behind Bhola Nagar Slum
Chandal Bhata
(Transport Nagar)
Sai Colony (HB)
Krishna Nagar (PB)
Green City (PB)
Manmohan Nagar (MC)
ITI Colony (GC)
PNB Colony (GC)
Tri Murti Nagar (PB)
Mado Taal (OC)
Garha (49)
(Fluoride)
Bank Colony
Koshta Mohalla (OC)
Jhariya Mohalla
Garha Bauli (OC)
Garha Bazaar (OC)
Garha Bazaar
Tripuri (57)
(Fluoride)
Jain Temple Mohalla

Devlal Pahari Colony
Tripuri Basti
Tripuri Bazaar
Medical College
Cherital (12)
Vijay Nagar (PB)

Shri Vihaar (PB)
Survey of India Colony (GC)
Kanchan Vihaar (PB)
Rajiv Nagar Slum
90 Quarters (GC)
Privident Colony
State Bank Colony (GC)
JDA Colony (MC)
Cheri taal market
Cheri taal Campus

(school and hospital)
Hotel in front of Cheri
taal Campus
Arhant Hostel
Surya Hotel
Gwari Ghat (59)
Avadh Puri Colony (PB)

Purani Basti
Bhim Nagar (AB)
Poli Pathar (AB)
Gwari Ghat (market,

ashram and hotel)
Bus Stand
Rani Laxmi Bai (60)

(Urban Village)
Temar village (6 mohallas) (Ayodhya Basti)

Bita village (10 mohallas) (Ayodhya Basti)
Rajiv Gandhi ward

(24)
(Poor Sanitation)
Muslim Mohalla (slum)

Ganj Badhaiyya mohalla (slum)
Shiv Mandir
Adhar Taal (40)
Ekta Colony (ex govt)

Gayatri Colony (Harijan)
Gujrati Mohalla (old residents)
Jai Prakash Colony
Ashirwad market
Shivalaya Lodge
Satyam Shivam
Restaurant
Industrial Area
Rijhai Industrial Area

Ranjhi Area Colonies
Tea stalls, hawkers
Sakshi Bhojnalaya
Pal Restaurant
Sonali Sweets
Hotels
Rishi Regency
Railway Station
Jabalpur Railway Station
Deen Dayal
(23)
Commercial
Anjuman Islamia
Mayur Hotel
Mahakaushal College
Bus Stand
Note: The figures in bracket in column one are the ward numbers; PB= Private Builder; HB= Housing Board Colony; GC= Government Colony; MC= Municipal
Corporation Colony; OC= Old City; AB= Ayodhya Basti
Methodology
(c) Commercial Users: The main markets of the city,

the traders association, bus stand and railway
station.
(d) Industry: Industrial areas, industrial units, service
providers of the industry constituted this group.
Primary Source Government
The persons in government that were interviewed
belonged to the following departments/agencies:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )
Urban Local Body (Elected Representatives)

Members of Mohalla samiti/ Ward samiti
Personnel in PHE department at the ULB
Personnel in PHE department at the district level
Personnel in Health department at the ULB
Representatives of Development Authorities and
Housing Board
(g) ULB officials at the zonal and ward office
(h) Retired PHE officials
(v) Councillors:
Elected representatives of the

local body
(vi) Urban Local Body: Commissioner, PHE
department, Zonal Office,
Ward Office, DUDA
representative
(b) Focus Group Discussions
Focus group discussions were held with residents of
the colony and the slum settlement as well as with
shopkeepers in the market.
(c) Observation
Semi-structured observation was carried out in all the
areas that were selected for the study.
(d) Social Mapping
Colonies and markets were mapped to assess the
spread of the area and location of water sources and
community toilets.
Secondary Sources
(i) Documents of ULBs
(ii) Relevant government reports and documents
(iii) Study reports and other similar documents
(e) Historical Information

The history of the city was taken in discussion with
older residents in all the cities selected for the study.
2.5.2 Tools for Data Collection
2.6 Training of Research Associates
(a) Individual Interviews

Interview schedules for the each of the groups
identified above were developed to collect
information. The following schedules were developed:
(i) Domestic Users:
(ii) Institutions:
(iii) Commercial:
(iv) Industry:
Residential colony, Slum

settlements
Hostels, Schools, Colleges,
Hotels, Hospitals
Shopkeepers and Members of
the Association
Owner of the industry and
office bearers of the Industrial
Association
Training of Research Associates for Bhopal, Jabalpur

and Ujjain districts was conducted over two days.
The training involved briefing the team about the
institutional set up in urban areas, the issues related
to water and sanitation in urban areas.
The second stage of training involved getting the
team familiar with the schedules and their ability
to undertake the survey. A gradual introduction to
the schedules and their conduct in the field was
undertaken followed by debriefing sessions to make
the team competent to conduct individual interviews
and focus group discussions.
CHAPTER
Profile of Cities Selected for the Study

3.1 Demography
The demographic information of the cities selected
for the study is given in Table 3.1. The table indicates
that Bhopal has already achieved the status of million
plus city and Jabalpur is fast achieving that distinction.
These two cities also have a high growth rate and
there is likelihood of their population increasing
further in the next decade. Ujjain on the other hand
has yet to cross the 5 lakh mark and has a low
decadal growth rate.
(which now lies to the north of modern Bhopal). After

the death of the last Gond queen, Dost Mohammed
Khan seized the little Gond Kingdom and established
his capital 10 km away from modern Bhopal, at
Jagdishpur (called Islamnagar). He built a small fort
and some palaces at Islamnagar and later built a
bigger fort situated on the northern bank of the Upper
Lake. He named this new fort as Fatehgarh. Later the
capital was shifted to the current city of Bhopal. Since
then the city of Bhopal has grown with Upper Lake as
its centre of gravity.
As a region it is Jabalpur district that is revealing

trends in higher urban growth rate than that of Ujjain.
The smaller cities of Shahpura and Panagar in the
district have a higher growth rate than the cities of
Ujjain district.
Bhopal was able to retain its independence during

the expanding phase of Marathas and later became a
princely state under the British rule as part of Central
India Agency. It was administered by an agent of the
British Governor-General of India.
The slum population of the Census pertains to cities

with more than 50 thousand population. As a result
the slum population of only Municipal Corporations is
available. Among the corporations Bhopal indicates a
low proportion of population living in slums as against
Ujjain and Jabalpur that have more than one-fourth of
their population living in slums.
Majlis-e-Intezamia was the name of the first

municipal body, which came into being in 1907 in
the erstwhile Bhopal estate. The first city survey was
conducted in 1916 after the enactment of Municipal
Act. The Municipal Board was constituted for the
first time in 1952. Later on, the status of Municipal
Board was upgraded to Municipal Council. In 1983,
Bhopal Municipal Council got the status of Municipal
Corporation, with total 56 wards (now 69). Upto 1956
the area under Bhopal municipal limit was very small,
but after that a few more surrounding villages were
added to it. The total area under Bhopal municipal
limit reached 71.23 sq kms by 1975. At present the
total area under Bhopal Municipal Corporation is 285
sq kms.
3.2 Brief History

Bhopal: Bhopal was founded by the Parmara King Bhoj
(10001055), who had his capital at Dhar. The city was
originally known as Bhojpal after him. Bhoj is said to
have constructed the Upper Lake of Bhopal.
The state of Bhopal was established in 1724 by the
Afghan Sardar Dost Mohammed Khan, who was a
commander in the Mughal army posted at Mangalgarh
Jabalpur: Jabalpur was part of the Gond kingdom until

it fell to Maratha rule in 1780. To commemorate their
Table 3.1 Demographic Profile of Cities Selected for the Survey

City
Total
Population
(2001)*
Bhopal
14,33,875
Jabalpur
Ujjain
No. of Wards
Population Per
Ward
Gandi Basti#
(No.)
Per cent Slum

Population*
34.92
69
20780
209
8.81
9,51,469
28.24
60
15857
117
28.95
4,30,427
18.68
54
7970
113
28.15
Badnagar
34,065
7.97
18
1892
61
NE
Panagar
25,143
17.16
15
1676
NA
NE
Tarana
25,000
8.28
15
1666
NA
NE
11,961
20.71
15
797
NA
NE
Shahpura
Per cent Decadal

Growth
(1991-01)*
* Source= Census 2001; # Source= Urban Local Body; NA = Not Available; NE = Not Enumerated
Profile of Cities Selected for the Study
rule the Gond rulers used to get a pond constructed in

their name, for example Rani Tal (by Rani Durgawati),
Sangram Sagar (by Sangram Shah), Cheri Tal (by maid
of Durgawati) etc. At the time of independence 52
such ponds were reported in and around the present
city of Jabalpur. At present however only 13 such
ponds are active.
passed into the hands of the Muslims. The tide of

destruction triggered by Iltutmishs invasion was
first stemmed by Baz Bahadur of Mandu and later
by Akbar. Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh was made the
Governor of Malwa, a great scholar of astronomy who
had the observatory at Ujjain reconstructed and built
several temples.
Jabalpur came under British rule in 1817 with the

collapse of Maratha administration. The British
established a cantonment over an area of 445 acres
that was later increased to 524 acres with the addition
of second regiment in 1831 and shifting of the capital
of CP and Berar from Sagar to Jabalpur in 1861. The
administration of the town was the responsibility
of a provisional government that was headed by a
Maratha in 1818. The town faced Bundela revolt in
1842 and later in the Sepoy mutiny 1857. In 1863
Royal Commission suggested measures for health,
sanitation, civic amenities and improvements in
educational facilities. The Municipal Body of Jabalpur
was established in 1864 and the Lucknow Municipal
Committee Act was brought into force. Later the
Punjab Municipal Committee Act was brought into
force in the city. As the concept and mechanisms for
local self government evolved during the British rule
different acts were applied and continued to be in
force till India gained its independence. The Jabalpur
Municipal Corporation came into existence in June
1950.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Ujjain and Malwa

went through another period of siege and invasion at
the hands of the Marathas, who gradually captured
the entire region. Ujjain finally passed into the hands
of the Scindias in 1750 and until 1810, when Daulat
Rao Scindia founded his new capital at Gwalior, it was
the chief town of his dominions. The shifting of the
capital led to a decline in the commercial importance
of Ujjain. A considerable volume of trade mainly with
Bombay existed in cotton, grain and opium during the
British Indian period.
Ujjain: The early history of Ujjain is lost in the

midst of antiquity. As early as the time of the Aryan
settlers, Ujjain seems to have acquired importance.
By the 6th century B.C. Avanti with its capital at
Ujjaini, is mentioned in Buddhist literature as one of
the four great powers along with Vatsa, Kosala and
Magadha.
Ujjain lay on the main trade route between North
India and Deccan going from Mathura via Ujjain to
Mahismati (Maheshwar) on the Narmada, and on to
Paithan on the Godavari. An account of an unknown
Greek merchant who made a voyage to India in the
second half of the first century AD talks of a city called
Ozene to the east of Barygaza (Broach) which fed
commodities of trade like onyx, porcelain, fine muslin
and quantities of ordinary cottons, spikenard etc to
this important port and to other parts of India.
During the 9th to 12th centuries, the Paramaras were
identified with Ujjain. The last Paramara ruler was
captured alive by the Sultans of Mandu, and Ujjain
There is much to demonstrate that in the perspective

of Indias long history, Ujjain enjoyed great importance
in the battle for the empire and the constant struggle
for supremacy. Political importance was compounded
by the economic factor of Ujjain being situated on the
main artery of trade between the North, the South and
the West.
3.3 Master Plan

Bhopal: The Master Plan for Bhopal was approved in
August 1975 and the Bhopal Development Authority
was designated as the implementing agency for the
Plan. The Plan was in operation till 1991 and since
then it has been reviewed and approved in 1995 and
was in force till 2005.
Jabalpur: The first Master Plan for Jabalpur was
approved in October 1977 and was in operation till
1991. This Master Plan for the city was reviewed
and has been approved in 1998 was operational till
2005. The Jabalpur Development Authority has been
designated as the implementing agency of the Master
Plan by the state government.
Ujjain: Ujjains Master Plan was approved in October
1975 and was in force till 1991. At present the Master
Plan in under review.
The Master Plans for the remaining selected cities,
namely Badnagar and Tarana in Ujjain district and
Panagar and Shahpura in Jabalpur district have not
been prepared so far.
CHAPTER
Water
4.1 Water Source
The issue of water source for the city covered by the
study includes:
the water source used by the municipal body to
provide water to the households for domestic use,
commercial and industrial use; and
the water source that each user of water develops
for itself as a private source of water.
Municipal Body
The historical water sources for the city and the
current sources of water used by the municipal body
are given in Table 4.1.
The cities historically have been dependent on surface
water either through rivers or through storage of
surface water through ponds.
Table 4.1 Sources of Water in Cities Selected for

the Study
City
Historical
Sources of Water
for the city
Sources of Water
currently used by
Municipal Body
Bhopal
Upper Lake
Dugwells
Upper Lake
Kolar Dam
Tubewell
Handpump
Ujjain
Kshipra River
Dugwells
Gambhir Dam
Undasa Dam
Sahebkhedi Dam
Tubewell
Handpump
Jabalpur
Local Ponds
Dugwells
Pariyat (and Phagua) Tank

Narmada River
Khandari (and Gaur) Tank
Tubewell
Handpump
Badnagar
(Ujjain)
Chamla River
Dugwells
Dam
Tubewell
Handpump
Panagar
(Jabalpur)
Local Ponds
Dugwells
Tubewell
Handpump
Tarana
(Ujjain)
Kali Sindh river

Pond built by
Hollkars
Seasonal river
Dugwells
Dam
Tubewell
Handpump
Shahpura
(Jabalpur)
Local Ponds
Dugwells
Tubewell
Handpump
Jabalpur: Different rulers constructed ponds

at different places within their kingdom to
commemorate their regime. As a result, the human
settlements in the region had been dependent
on water from ponds to fulfill their different
water requirements. As the settlements grew in
size additional ponds were constructed to fulfill
incremental needs of water for these habitations.
The trend at present in the region is to exploit more
of ground water source in case of big as well as
smaller cities. The erstwhile ponds are now getting
land-filled and their land use is gradually changing to
commercial or residential purpose. For example, there
were 52 ponds in and around Jabalpur city. At present
only 13 are active and another 13 are in the process
of getting dry. The remaining have already been
filled and different construction activity has been
undertaken on the area (colony, stadium, market
etc). Similar situation was also observed at Panagar
and Shahpura cities in the district. On inquiring it
was found out that the reason lies in the haphazard
way in which the law relating to transfer of ponds
to the state was implemented. As the Mahakaushal
region was merged in the state of Madhya Pradesh,
the water bodies were to be transferred to the
state. The owners were to be compensated for the
transfer of the resource. However, due to corruption
and inadequacies in compensation the water bodies
remained in the private domain and as the shortage
of land occurred the land prices shot up and the
owners of the water bodies realised that it would pay
them more to change the land use and consequently
resorted to measures that led to the drying up of the
water bodies in the region.
Ujjain: Ujjain city had always been drawing its water
from Kshipra river and till recent past (1984) the citys
water requirements were entirely met by the river. The
main tributary of Kshipra is river Khan that flows from
Indore. The pollution level in Khan river increased
with increase in population and industrial activity in
Indore. This adversely affected the quality of water of
Kshipra. In early 80s the decision was taken to shift
the water source for Ujjain from Kshipra to Gambhir
dam. Secondly, the water requirement of one of the
industries Shri Synthetics at Ujjain was met from river
Undasa. The same source was used to supply water to
a portion of the city that has been connected to the
pipeline from Undasa.
The other cities in Ujjain district, Badnagar and Tarana,
used to fulfill their water requirements from the river
near which the settlements grew. Over a period the
Water
11
water available in these rivers decreased as a result of

which these cities have increased their dependence on
ground water sources.
Bhopal: At Bhopal the Upper Lake has been the centre
of gravity around which the settlements grew over
a period of time. The lake was and still is the major
source of water supply for the city. However of late a
portion of the city is getting its water from the Kolar
Dam and plans are underway to get water from river
Narmada that is 40 kms away from the city.
Private Sources
In addition to the sources of water tapped by
municipal bodies the water users in the city have also
developed their own sources. The water sources in the
private domain largely relate to exploitation of ground
water sources and sub-surface sources through the
dug wells (Table 4.2)
The private sources of water supply for the
commercial/industrial and institutional users are
mainly ground water through tubewells in all the cities
surveyed.
The table underlines the fact that exploitation of
ground water through tubewells has become the major
source of water for most of the users in the domestic
sector. The number of tubewells in residential colonies
varies, based on the economic capacity of the
residents. In some cases the study found 54 tubewells
in an area of one sq km in Bhopal (Laxman Nagar).
At the same time it needs to be pointed out that the
Table 4.2
Sources of Water in Private Domain

in Cities Selected for the Study
City
Domestic
Users
Commercial and
Industrial Users
Institutional
Users
Bhopal
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tubewell
Tubewell
Ujjain
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tubewell
Jabalpur
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tubewell
Tubewell
Badnagar
(Ujjain)
Tubewell
Dugwell
Panagar
(Jabalpur)
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tarana
(Ujjain)
Tubewell
Dugwell
Shahpura
(Jabalpur)
Tubewell
Dugwell
Tubewell
Handpump
Tubewell
Tubewell
Tubewell
Tubewell
study did not find any of the slum settlements in any

of the cities developing their own (private) source
of water. They rely only and only on the community
sources of water either supplied through the
community taps or handpumps.
The discussions in the domestic sector with
households that have installed their own tubewells
revealed the following reasons that prompted them to
develop their own source of water:
the water available from the municipal source is
not regular, especially during summer season;
adequate quantity of water is not available from
the municipal source;
the house is not connected with municipal source,
because the colony developed by the coloniser/
housing board has not been handed over to the
municipal body; and
having a private source of water provides a sense
of security to the household.
The critical factors that prompted growth in private
sources of water are the lack of faith of the citizens
in the urban local body regarding their ability and the
capacity to supply regular and sufficient quantities of
water in all seasons. This is reinforced by the fact that
people use pumps in the pipeline to draw more water
within the stipulated time.
Issues in Sources of Water

Seasonality
The availability of water in the sources used by the
municipal body and those in the private domain
have reported a strong seasonality factor that
affects in the availability of water from the source.
In all the cities the water source was either dry or
came under severe stress during the drought years
of 2002-03. The seasonality factor underlines the
need for a comprehensive planning process that
takes into account drought years and develops
buffers of water stock that can be used during times
of water stress.
Jurisdiction
The stored water sources used by the municipal
bodies are not within their jurisdictional control.
The ownership of these sources is either with the
state government (Upper Lake) or Water Resources
Department (Gambhir, Kolar, Pariyat, Khandari,
Undasa and Sahebkhedi Dam). The rivers are within
the jurisdictional control of state government. There
does not seem to be a cost benefit analysis at the
local body level of the strategy to secure water from
sources that are outside the jurisdictional control
of the municipal body. The conflicts between the
municipal body and the Water Resource Department
are frequent as the department exercises control in
the release of water. During times of water stress
municipal bodies have to often make representations
to the state government to intervene and release their

quota or additional water from these dams.
municipal body that can affect its ability to tap water

from these sources.
This issue of jurisdictional control of the municipal

bodies was addressed to the municipal officials of
the three Corporations. In their opinion the need to
access water sources outside the jurisdictional area of
the city is an inevitability that cannot be questioned
at present. However a series of articles carried out
by The Hindustan Times (Bhopal Edition) dated 8, 9
and 10 June 2005 questioned the feasibility of getting
Narmada water for Bhopal. According to these articles
Bhopal Municipal Corporation has adequate resources
to supply more than 65 MGD of water in case there is
sufficient water stored in the city reservoirs. If equally
distributed 20 lakh people could get 30 gallons of
water per day from these reservoirs. Quoting the
statistics released by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation
the article stresses that there is no need of supply of
water from Narmada.
Competitive Uses of Water
The study team discussed the issue of the trend

of going farther for water sources by the municipal
bodies with a number of informed persons to assess
the reasons for this strategy. The reasons given were:
If the water source is outside the jurisdictional
control of the municipal body it will not be
responsible for nor will it have to spend funds
for its maintenance. The local body comes to the
agency as a client and makes payment for the
water that it lifts for the city.
The initial identification and feasibilities are made
by the engineers of the PHE department and not
by the engineers of the municipal body. The PHE
department is not a stakeholder for water in the
city. It comes as a technical agency to solve a given
problem and the issue of jurisdictional control of
the municipal body is not important for them.
There is shortage of technical and trained staff at
the municipal body level to prepare schemes that
are within the control of the urban local body.
The schemes prepared by PHE department focus
more on the distribution aspect than on the
source development and its sustainability.
It will pay more to the municipal body to sell
the land and/or earn through rental income
than create a water body and generate revenue
through water tax. Hence the focus of the
municipal body is on land use that can maximise
its income rather than think of land use that
can improve environmental resources within its
jurisdiction.
Nevertheless the issue of jurisdictional control of
the municipal body has been recognised by
informed citizens and they did express their
concern over the fact that drawing water from far off
sources will have long term consequences for the
The surface water reservoirs that are being accessed

by the municipal bodies are under competitive uses:
irrigation, domestic water requirement for adjoining
rural areas, fishing (in all cases); and national park,
recreational use and water sports in case of Upper
Lake of Bhopal. These competitive uses of water
represent potential areas of conflict between the
water that is drawn by the municipal body and other
demands for water. Cases of conflict have been
reported at:
Badnagar: irrigation vs water for city
Tarana: irrigation vs water for city
Bhopal: irrigation vs water for city; recreational vs
water for city
Jabalpur: irrigation vs water for city
The main conflict thus is between need of water for
livelihood (irrigation) and the demand of water for
the city. The decreasing trend of water availability in
reservoirs indicates that there is likelihood of rise in
conflicts between the water requirement for city and
water for livelihood purposes.
Badnagar
Badnagar draws it water from Chamla reservoir
throughout the year. The farmers near the reservoir also
draw water for irrigation from the dam. Every year by
January the farmers are asked not to draw any more
water or else the water for the city will not be available
during the summer months. However farmers do draw
water from the dam that often leads to conflict between
the Municipal Council and the farmers.
In 2005 one diesel pump was confiscated and an FIR
was lodged against the farmers who were found to be
drawing water from the dam. Since the Council does
not have the power to stop the farmers from using
the water they have to depend on the Sub Divisional
Magistrate to enforce the prohibition. According to the
SDM this role is to be played by the Municipal Council
of Badnagar. The issue is snowballing and might lead
to a higher level of conflict between the Municipal
Council and the farmers.
The issue is the need for a comprehensive approach to

planning for the development and use of water source
that is able to take competing demands for water
into account. This will involve use of sophisticated
tools related to developing budgets for different uses
of water and also creating institutional mechanisms
where competing stakeholders are able to negotiate
quantum of water use at common platforms.
Water
13
Strategy for Source Development

As is evident from Table 4.1 municipal bodies adopt
a strategy for drawing water from multiple sources
surface water, sub-surface water and ground water.
However the location of development of ground
water sources by the local body indicates lack of a
coherent strategy in developing these sources for
the city:
the tubewells have been installed in the low lying
as well as upper regions of the city (all cities);
tubewells have been installed in and around
colonies that are getting water supply from
municipal network (all cities);
tubewells are providing water directly to the
pipelines that provided water to households
without treatment (all cities);
as the tubewells get dry a new one is installed
within the vicinity without giving cognisance to
their recharging structures (all cities);
colonisers (including Development Authorities
and Housing Board) provide water from tubewells
to the residents of the colony until the colony
is handed over to the municipal body (this has
happened for 30 years in some cases) (all cities);
even after the colonies have been handed over to
the municipal body the residents continue to get
water from the tubewell (all cities);
industries are allowed to exploit ground water
only on payment of royalty but it was reported
to the study that there is rampant exploitation
of ground water in industrial areas and in most
cases the units are not paying any royalty
(Govindpura, Bhopal); and
ability to draw water from tubewells is directly
dependent on the quantity and quality of
electricity available to the municipal body. The
ability of the body to pay electricity bills also
Badnagar
Badnagar Municipal Council gets its water from the
reservoir from the dam of Chamla river. Till 1984-85 this
river used to have a perennial flow of water. However,
of late the water in the reservoir is not sufficient
to cater to the water requirements of the city. The
proposal to increase the height of the dam has been
rejected as it had been increased once in 1971. During
the summer months the municipal council takes over
the borewells in the vicinity of the dam and lifts water
directly from these wells to the filtration plant by
using the generator. The water supplied is not properly
treated as a result of which there is a peculiar odour in
the water during these months. This is despite the fact
that there are 33 tubewells and 42 handpumps
(32 functioning well) that are also used to supply water
to a population of 34065 persons. In addition the
Council has a pending bill of Rs 30 lakh on account
of electricity charges that they have incurred to supply
water to the city.
affect its ability to get electricity at the right time

to use tubewell (Badnagar, Ujjain).
Using natural topography and natural drainage lines
for locating tubewells and making the best use of
ground water with minimum cost of energy should
form some of the basic factors for developing a
strategy for ground water exploitation in cities.
Moreover, the municipal body should also plan for
and promote use of water harvesting structures, both
in public and private domain given the number of
tubewells owned by private persons, so that a regular
stream of recharging of tubewells is installed in the
cities.
Master Plan
The three big cities covered by the study have had
Master Plans for the past 30 years now. The first
Master Plan of these cities have been reviewed and
updated. A perusal of the Master Plan of these cities
reveals that the plan does not devote more than a
page to the issue of water supply in the city. This
page documents the existing water sources and
estimates the water requirement for domestic purpose
during the planning period. The Master Plans give in
quite detail the land use of different sections of the
city. Of the different land uses a water body does not
appear as one of the possible land uses in any of the
Master Plans.
It needs to be pointed out that the Master Plan is
titled as the Development Plan of the city. It is indeed
sad that a Master Plan for water does not form part
of this plan. Since the growth of the city is expected
to be governed by the land use defined in the plan it
would only be logical that this plan also reflects on
the possible sources of water that the municipal body
can access to fulfill its incremental demand for water
as the city grows over a period of time.
4.2 Water Supply and Accessibility

The issue of water supply and accessibility in urban
areas relate to the water distribution systems that have
been installed in the city and the ability of different
persons to access water through this system. There are
two sets of data that have been used to assess the
situation in urban areas selected for the study. The first
set of data relates to the Census 2001 that provides
information on different sources of water that are used
by the households. The second set of data has been
generated from the field study. This section will first
analyse these two sets of data and then address the
issues related to water supply and accessibility.
Census Data
The Census data for water sources is at two levels:
one, the source from where the households procure
water for a greater part of the year and second, the
In Jabalpur almost three-fourth of households get

water from taps where as at Shahpura the number
of households having access to tap water are 70 per
cent and at Tarana such households are 45 per cent.
distance at which this source is located. The latter is

classified as within the premises, near the premises
(within 100 m) and away from the premises (more
than 100 m). Based on these parameters the data for
the cities selected for the study is given in Table 4.3,
4.4 and 4.5 below.
Access to tap water implies coverage of households

to the formal supply line of water in the city. The
census data for the selected cities thus indicates an
impressive coverage of households to the formal
water supply system of the city.
Table 4.3 reveals that more than four-fifth of

households in Bhopal, Ujjain, Panagar and Badnagar
are getting tapped water for a greater part of the year.
Table 4.3 Sources of Water for the Households in the Cities Selected for the Study
Sources of Water
Cities Selected for the Study
Tap
Handpump
Bhopal
Jabalpur
Ujjain
Panagar
Badnagar
Tarana
Shahpura
No
222064
124412
64304
3792
4477
1560
1306
83
73
87
83
82
45
60
21069
23732
4359
529
313
1516
643
14
12
44
29
19040
10672
1695
23
606
270
199
11
3130
8318
2691
196
51
47
25
No
3468
2219
548
31
47
268771
169353
73597
4543
5478
3440
2182
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
No
%
Tubewell
No
%
Dugwell
No
Others
Total Households
%
Table 4.4 Location of Water Source for the Households in the Cities Selected for the Study
City
Total Households
Location
Within Premises
268,771
Bhopal
%
Jabalpur
%
Ujjain
%
Panagar
%
Badnagar
%
Tarana
%
Shahpura
%
155,230
Near Premises
80,279
Away
33,262
100
58
30
12
169,353
86,609
52,560
30,184
100
51
31
18
73,597
52,837
15,348
5,412
100
72
21
4,543
1,962
2,039
542
100
43
45
12
5,478
3,602
1,129
747
100
66
21
14
3,440
1,343
1,407
690
100
39
41
20
2,182
985
943
254
100
45
43
12
Water
15
The other important source of water for the

households not connected by tap water supply is
the handpump. At Tarana and Shahpura where the
tap water coverage is low, 44 and 29 per cent of the
households get their water from the handpumps,
respectively. Tubewells and dugwells appear as
sources of water that supplement the tap water and
handpumps for the remaining part of the city. The
other sources of water include water from ponds,
tanks or rivers and forms a small proportion of
households in the selected cities.
With respect to the distance, that the persons drawing

water for the household has to travel to access the water
source, the Census data reveals that less than one-fifth
of the households have to travel a distance of more than
100 m to access the water source. For the remaining
persons drawing water for the household, the water is
available either within the premises or is located at a
distance that is less than 100 meters from the house.
The households that do not have the water source
within their premises imply that these households
Table 4.5 Location of Water Source with respect to Source of Water

City
Location
Tap
Handpump
Tubewell
Well
Others
222,064
21,069
19,040
3,130
3,468
% Within Premises
61
20
76
28
% Near Premises
30
42
12
32
27
% Away
38
12
39
66
124,412
23,732
10,672
8,318
2,219
% Within Premises
52
36
73
59
11
% Near Premises
32
36
17
26
19
% Away
16
28
10
15
69
64,304
4,359
1,695
2,691
548
% Within Premises
77
10
71
61
% Near Premises
18
61
20
22
34
% Away
30
16
63
3,792
529
23
196
% Within Premises
42
53
39
51
33
% Near Premises
46
41
26
39
67
% Away
13
35
10
4,477
313
606
51
31
% Within Premises
73
10
48
14
10
% Near Premises
18
46
24
47
23
% Away
44
28
39
68
1,560
1,516
270
47
47
% Within Premises
35
44
39
53
% Near Premises
47
38
14
45
57
% Away
18
17
47
43
1,306
643
199
25
% Within Premises
47
40
57
20
11
% Near Premises
47
45
17
20
44
% Away
16
26
60
44
Total Households
Bhopal
Total Households
Jabalpur
Total Households
Ujjain
Total Households
Panagar
Total Households
Badnagar
Total Households
Tarana
Total Households
Shahpura
Sources of Water
have to procure water from a community source.

From this perspective all the cities show an average
coverage of households (maximum Ujjain 72 per
cent followed by Badnagar 66 per cent) that have
an assured supply of water as the source is located
within their premises. These are the households that
represent assured accessibility to the water source.
The sources of water that are located within the
premises or outside the premises are given in Table
4.5. The table reveals an interesting picture. In the
larger cities of Bhopal, Jabalpur and Ujjain taps,
tubewells and dugwells are generally located within
the premises where as handpumps and other sources
of water are located outside the premises. In case
of small and medium cities larger proportion of
households access water from taps that are located
outside their premises (except Badnagar). The major
sources of water that are located within the premises
of households in the cities are handpump and dugwell
(Panagar and Tarana), handpump and tubewell
(Shahpura) and tubewell (Badnagar).
The Census data fails to provide the vital clues that
are critical to determine the nature of accessibility
of the households to the water source. Census
methodology does not distinguish between tap
as a private connection and tap as a community
connection. Secondly, the data also does not provide
the number of taps so that population density per
tap can be calculated and the pressure of accessing
water from tap can be assessed. Thirdly, the tendency
to assume that households get water from one major
source throughout the year does not conform to
the field observation. Even during the course of the
year households depend on more than one source
of water. This fact is missed out in the Census as
it defines and assumes one water source for the
household.
Field Data
The water supply system in a city includes the pipes
to draw water from the source, process of treatment
of water, supplying water to the users through
network of main and subsidiary pipelines to the
point where the user is located (see Diagram of
Bhopal). The user is then responsible to connect his
private pipe line from the municipal line after making
payment to the municipal body. The payment for the
connection is based on the diameter of the pipe that
the user chooses to install and on the type of user
(see Box).
(a) Filtration Plant
Filtration plants have been installed where the water
is drawn from a surface source dams, ponds or
reservoir. In cases where the ground water is drawn
it is directly put into the pipeline for supply. This
water does not go through the process of filtration/
treatment. On inquiring from the PHE personnel in the

urban local body the team was told that the ground
water is of good quality and need not be treated
(yeh to ground water hai isme contamination nahin
hota hai).
Filtration plants in the cities are now more than 50 years
old (Jabalpur has a system designed by the British that
is more than 100 years old). These plants have outlived
their lives and the technology needs upgradation.
(b) Valve System
The water supply lines are manually operated and
require a Valve Man to open/close the supply to a
particular area. This involves a person going through
a route at a particular time of the day to provide
water to the colonies. What is commendable is
that the valve men keep to their daily schedule
and operate the lines on a defined time of the day.
However, the current technology has reached levels
where manual operation of valves is not required.
The valves can be centrally controlled and operated
through electronic medium. This would ensure equity
and enable the operator to control the pressure of
distribution.
The Valve Man is appointed at the zonal office level in
the corporation and at the council level in other local
bodies. For example in Bhopal there are seven posts
of Valve Man sanctioned for each zonal office that
looks after seven wards of the corporation. In case
citizens have any grievance related to water pipelines
they have to register their complaint at the zonal
office level even though there is a ward office of the
corporation.
Water Connection Charges in Bhopal

In addition to the charges for application (Rs 20) that is
paid by all categories of users the connection charges
for domestic users is based on the diameter of the
pipe: half-inch (Rs 3000); three-fourth inch (Rs 5000);
one inch (Rs 12000); one and a half inch (Rs 25000)
and two inch (Rs 50000). Based on the diameter the
domestic users also pay connection/pit charge that
varies between Rs 300 to Rs 2000 (based on diameter).
The non-domestic users are divided into three
categories:
(a) small hotels, restaurants, ice cream parlours,
beauty parlors etc (only half inch diameter allowed
for
Rs 8000)
(b) shopping complexes and builders, offices etc (only
half inch diameter allowed for Rs 15000)
(c) nursing homes, clinics, commercial and industrial
units (charge that varies between Rs 10000 to Rs
50000 based on diameter of the pipe)
Water
17
(c) Distribution with and without OHT

The water supply systems of the cities selected under
the study were of two types:
Water supply system through the overhead tank
Water supply system without the overhead tank
Both the systems exist within the same city and are
followed for supplying water to different areas of the
city (see Box on Ujjain and Shahpura).
(d) Colonies
The colonies here refer to the colonies that have been
developed by the Development Authority, Housing
Board and the private builders.
The study found out that the colonisers develop
their own source of water (tubewell) and supply
water to the residents. They normally do not apply
for connection from the municipal source. Neither
do they pay any royalty charge to the municipal
body for drawing ground water and selling it to the
residents. The charges paid by the residents are the
same as that charged by the municipal authorities (if
Bhopal Municipal Corporation is charging Rs 150 per
household the developers also charged Rs 150. When
the Corporation decreased its charges to Rs 60 the
developers also decreased their charges). The money
thus collected by the colonisers are appropriated and
Ujjain
Ujjain has 73597 households with 25851 tap
connections. There are 364 borewells and 19 overhead
tanks and the 20th one is under construction with
64.5 lakh gallon capacity that cater to the water
consumption of 17978 lakh litres per day.
Each of the overhead tanks houses a PHE office of the
Corporation below the tank. During interviews with the
PHE officials the study found out that they were not
aware of the housing colonies that are being serviced
by their tank. Their sole concern was to ensure that
water is pumped into these tanks and released at
the appropriate time. The second concern was with
respect to ensuring regular cleaning of the tank. The
information related to service area of the tank is
available only at the Corporation level.
Shahpura
There are two overhead tanks at Shahpura with
installed capacity of 2.86 and 3.20 lakh litres
respectively. Together these tanks serve water to
9 wards and to two wards partially. There are two
tubewells attached with each of the tank that take 8
and 10 hours of continuous running for the tank to be
filled completely. The remaining three wards are served
by drawing water from three tubewells and supplying
directly to the households. The electricity bill of the
Nagar Panchayat is Rs 35,000 per month.
used by them. According to the colonisers the profits

will be deposited to the municipal body at the time
the colony is handed over to them.
The second issue is that of the distance between
the water pipeline and the sewage pipeline. The
colonisers have no defined standards for the distance
of separation between the two. In the year 2002 there
was a leakage between the sewage and water pipeline
from the borewell in Ayodhya nagar colony in Bhopal.
It resulted in spread of cholera leading to deaths. The
Government medical team then stayed there
for a month.
(e) Operation & Maintenance

The water supply schemes in all cases are designed
and implemented by the PHE department of the
state government. Once the scheme is complete it is
handed over to the municipal authority which is then
responsible for its operation and maintenance (O&M).
The Corporations are able to recover only 20-30 per
cent of the cost and Councils and Nagar Panchayat
are able to recover 40-80 per cent of their costs so
it becomes difficult for the municipal bodies to take
comprehensive and annual maintenance of the supply
pipelines. The O&M at present is a trouble shooting
exercise and is undertaken to avert a crisis. As a
result the pipelines in all the three big cities are old
and need replacement. Inadequacy of funds restricts
the ability of the municipal authority to replace the
existing pipe network.
(f) Pipe Breakages

A common observation of the study team and also
confirmed by municipal authorities was that if a pipe
line passes through a slum or low income colony and
there are no sufficient community taps within this
colony then the chances of pilferage of water either
by breaking the pipeline or by loosening its nuts at
the service joints is a common phenomena. This was
observed by the study team at Arjun Nagar and Kolar
Colony, Pul Bogda and Chola Road at Bhopal, and
Central market at Jabalpur.
(g) Cost of Supply

Ujjain has an outstanding payment of Rs.30 crores to
MPEB on account of the energy consumption in the
water supply systems. Badnagar has an outstanding
of Rs. 30 lakhs. Shahpura in Jabalpur district gets
a monthly bill of Rs.35000 from the electricity
authorities. In Panagar an overhead tank is not being
used because the council is unable to recover the
expenses, main component being electricity charges.
The PHE staff is paid by the state Government but
the local body has to bear the payment of the daily
wagers employed by the PHE personnel.
Despite high energy costs Tarana is planning three
OHT of 15 lakh litres each and drawing water from
the Kali Sindh river which is 6-8 km from the town.

Similar plans are underway in other towns as well.
The helplessness of the local body lies in the fact
that it is not the agency that designs or takes
decisions on the water supply scheme for the city.
The cost estimates etc are undertaken by the PHE
department. The local body is given a scheme that
it is unable to afford and given the low water tax
collection most of the time it is in deficit and unable
to maintain the cost of supply.
(h) Supplies to Institutional Users Industry

When the municipal body supplies water to the
industrial area it charges a different rate to the user.
The municipal body also has to pay commercial rate
to the agency supplying water. For example at Bhopal
the industrial area at Govindpura was getting its
water from Hataikheda dam. The irrigation department
decides on the charge every year: the charges from
the Corporation increased from Rs 1.19 lakh to Rs
3.65 lakh in three years. Water is not being drawn
from this source for the last 3-4 years as the expenses
cannot be covered. Similar charges are paid by Ujjain
Corporation to Water Resource Department for drawing
water from Undasa Dam.
The charges for industry are difficult to maintain in
case units are established outside the industrial area
in the informal sector.
Selling Water (BHEL and GCF)
Large industrial areas for BHEL and GCF at Bhopal and
Jabalpur which have their own residential areas as well
the industries have installed their own filtration plants.
They draw and pay for raw water to the municipal
body.
Hotels and Restaurants
Hotels and restaurants get municipal water as well.
They have also developed their own source, that is
tubewells in all the cities. The hotels do not pay any
extra amount for drawing ground water and using it
for commercial purpose to the municipal body.
Hospitals
Government hospitals are provided free water by the
municipal authorities. The nursing homes, clinics and
private hospitals in private domain take municipal
connection as well install their own tubewells to
supplement the water supply from formal sources.
Hostels
Hostels are predominantly dependent on borewell to
meet their water requirements.
Markets
Generally community tap connections are provided by
the urban local body to supply water to market places.
In Ujjain it was seen that some of the shopkeepers
have taken municipal connections. The adjacent

shopkeepers also use the water.
Schools and Colleges
Government schools get municipal water either
through tap connection or through the handpump.
Private schools pay for the connection at subsidised
rate and some cases (large schools) also have their
own ground water source.
(i) Supplies to Slums

The study specifically focused on the water supply
system in slum areas of the selected cities. There
were very few private connections in slums (and that
too to households that were early settlers and were
politically powerful). Most slums have community taps
and handpumps as formal sources of supply. Given
the high density of population in slums it is not the
distance but the density of households per connection
that is important. This data is being given in Table 4.6
Table 4.6 indicates that the density of population per
tap in slums vary between 9 per tap to more than
350 households per tap. In all the slums the issue
of who takes water first and how much water each
person can take was reported as the major issue by
the households and also the reason for frequent (and
sometimes violent) conflict amongst the dwellers.
Data in Table 4.6 indicates the lacunae in the data
provided by Census 2001. It also underlines the need
to get a disaggregated picture of the city if the data is
to be used for policy purposes. The municipal bodies
also do not collect similar data and often assume that
since a community tap has been provided in the area
it will serve the purpose of providing water to the
slum dwellers.
(i) Water Markets

Water markets existed in all the cities studied during
the present exercise. Providing water through the
tanker is the most common form through which these
markets operate. In Bhopal a typical water market
supplies water to vegetable sellers on the day of the
Haat at TT Nagar and Bitton market. In these markets
water is sold in cans worth Rs 2 and 5 depending on
the size to the seller.
Private tanker service is available in all the towns
at rates varying between Rs 150 to Rs 250 for 2500
litres and up to Rs 350 for 3500 litres. The rates for
the tanker increases in case it is called for events like
marriage and birthday parties. In the event of death
ceremony the charges are reduced given the gravity of
the situation.
There does not seem to be any license fees or
regulation for the supply of water through the tanker. In
most cases the tanker owner has his own water source
Water
19
Table 4.6
Per Tap Density of Households in

Selected Slums in Cities Selected for
the Study
Slum
No. of
Houses
No. of Tap
No. of
connections Households per
tap connection
BHOPAL
Banganga*
2820
1315 private
Shiv Nagar
500
2000 litre
tank
Ayodhya Nagar
750
250
Fatma Nagar
150
75
Kolar Colony
700
175
JABALPUR
Deendayal Nagar
700
2
connections
350
Bhola Nagar
150
2
connections
75
Rajeev Nagar
700
70 private
10
Temar
300
30 private
3
community
UJJAIN
Nagjhiri
150
No
connection
2.144
Note: * refers to a colony comprising of Class III and IV employees of the

government. There is an adjoining slum with 2000 households that also
comes and draws water from this area.
(tubewell) though there are cases where the tanker

owner is purchasing water from a private source and
selling it through the tanker (e.g. Badnagar).
Issues: Water Supply and Accessibility

Water Supply System
The water supply system in its technical details seems
to be running on an outdated technology and with
equipment that is worn out and old. The need is
for a system of annual maintenance that is backed
by adequate funds and a system that adheres to
maintenance schedule. This not only requires prudent
financial planning but also establishment of systems
within the municipal body staffed by technically
qualified staff. The geographical location of people
living uphill and not getting water, while people in
some downhill areas getting water 24/365 is an issue
asking for cost effective technology savvy systems,
perhaps not finding a place in the planning by the
PHE or the corporation.
Domestic Water User

Paraspar Housing Colony, Bhopal
Residents of the colony were concerned about the
quality of raw water that was coming through their
pipes. They got the water tested from the government
laboratory. The water contained excessive calcium
carbonate, magnesium and bacteria. This prompted at

least 10 households to install a water filtration unit in
their house (worth Rs 10,000).
In middle and higher economic class colonies there
was awareness regarding the source of water supply
and a concern for quality (see Box). However the
residents found themselves uninformed on standards
of water quality and how they can deal with the
situation where they are being given un-treated
and raw water (by coloniser and even by municipal
authorities). These residents do not know the
implication of consuming raw water.
In colonies with low income, residents are generally
not aware of the source of water and their concern
with quality is of lesser degree.
There does seem to be any need for providing correct
information to the domestic water users on the quality
of water being supplied through the pipes and the
way municipal authorities and the colonisers are
extracting ground water and supplying it in un-treated
form. The use of Aquaguard in towns is also an
indicator of communities responding to the quality of
water received by them.
Equity
Fixed water charges are levied on the residents in
cities. This system is iniquitous as it does not collect
charges on the basis of water usage. Secondly, this
system does not promote conservation in water
usage. Thirdly, low fixed charges imply that a high
quality of water (treated and filtered) is being used
for purpose that does not require water of such
quality watering of plants, washing of vehicles,
washing of floor etc.
Metering of water is critical to enable the municipal
authority to recover its cost and establish a system
that collects charges based on usage and has the
inherent advantage of promoting conservation.
Role of Colonisers
The mechanism adopted by the colonisers of
collecting water charges at the municipal rate and
later handing over the surplus when the colony
is taken over by the municipal body needs to be
questioned. The water charge of the municipal
body is related to treated water, whereas the water
supplied by the coloniser is raw water. Secondly,
the water provided by the municipal body is subject
to periodic quality check. Thirdly, colonisers are
not paying any royalty for supplying water to the
municipal body even though they are using water for
commercial purposes.
There is ambiguity regarding the role and
responsibility of the colonisers and the developers
in supplying water to the residents. Moreover, in the

absence of a time frame within which the developer
has to complete and hand over the colony to the
municipal authority, the issue of municipal water
supply tends to linger on for years.
Coverage of Supply System

The data on the actual coverage of population in the
city through the formal water supply system is not
available with the municipal authorities. The data
provided by the Census has its own shortcomings
as its assumptions are not valid at the ground level.
The parameters for assessment of coverage by the
Census and the municipal body do not present the
data from the point of view of water entitlement. In
such a situation it is difficult to assess the efficiency
and effectiveness of the water supply system in terms
of its ability to ensure water security for the residents
of the city. The need is for identifying relevant
parameters and developing indicators that can reflect
the extent of fulfillment of water entitlements of all
the residents.
Accessibility
The issue of distance of water source in the context
of urban areas is not as important as the issue of
number of households served by each water outlet.
The high density of population makes it imperative
that per capita density of water outlet be used as a
measure of accessibility rather than the parameter of
distance.
Economic capacity does play a major role in
improving accessibility to assured sources of water.
The higher income groups have chosen to develop
their own source of water, resort to purchase of
water, employ persons who will get water to their
house and have large storage capacities. The poor
do not have the economic manoeuvrability to
accomplish any of these and therefore find that they
have to share water with a large number of similar
users. This decreases their accessibility as the water
supplied through the formal sources is not a 24/365
affair.
4.3 Availability
Availability in case of urban areas implies, frequency
of supply, duration of supply, supply pressure and the
issue of water reaching the tail end of the pipeline.
Frequency of Supply
The frequency of water supply was an issue in all the
towns. In the cities studied it was reported that there
is at least one part of the town that did not receive
water supply for a day.
In Badnagar water is supplied on alternate days till
the month of February. During March and April the
water supply is on every third day. During the peak of

summers (May and June) the situation reaches a stage
that water is supplied once in four days.
Mohanpura the residential area of the old city in
Ujjain receives water once in four-five days as the
pipeline in their area has been damaged and not
been repaired. On the other hand there is another
area of the city that is known as gali number one in
ward 22 that gets water 24/365 as it is located on a
slope (dhalan par hai).
Tarana supplies water to the residents once in 3 days
in the months of May and June.
At Bhopal in Gandhi Nagar water is supplied through
tankers by the Corporation every third day throughout
the year.
This highlights the fact that when the local body
claims to be supplying so much LPCD, it also needs
to specify whether it is able to achieve that for all 365
days in a year.
Duration of Supply
Shahpura is able to supply water two times a day for
one hour each. But it faces a problem of maintaining
fixed timings as the water is supplied directly from the
tubewells, the functioning of which is dependent on
the availability of electricity.
Shahjanabad colony in Bhopal gets water for 10-15
minutes. Ayodhya Nagar in Bhopal gets water for one
hour as per the contractor, but the residents say that
the water comes for 15-20 minutes from March to June
and from July to December the supply is for one hour.
The Sai Housing Board Colony gets water for four
hours though the houses on upper slope in the colony
get water for two hours only.
Nehru Nagar in Ujjain gets water for 30 minutes on
alternate days. Mahananda, Mahashakti and Police
Line areas are given water for three hours every day.
Indira Nagar gets water for two hours, Chhatri Chowk
for one hour and Gopal Mandir Hospital area get for
half an hour.
The above examples highlight the fact that there is
difference in supply of water to different parts of the
city and also to different parts of the same colony.
However it seems that the better off colonies get
water for a longer duration than the colonies that
are not economically prosperous including the
slums. The government policy defined on the
basis of lpcpd does not differentiate between the
economic classes. The supply agencies seem to
have a different notion as duration of water supply
is directly correlated to level of economic prosperity
of the residential area.
Water
21
Ujjain Corporation
Ujjain Municipal Corporation takes pride in the fact
that they have highest LPCD in the state. The ground
reality is that there are large pockets in the city that
do not get water every day. Moreover when they get
water it is less than the minimum LPCD defined by the
government.
Pressure
In Shahjanabad, Bhopal the water supplied by the
pipes does not reach the houses on the upper slopes.
These households have to bring their vessels in the
lower regions and fill water from the pipeline by
making a pit below the outlet without a tap to fill
the water. A housing board colony near Berasia is
adopting the same practice of coming downhill and
filling water.
Madotal, Jabalpur
The water in pipes in secured from the tubewells
located on the circumference of the pond. The old
residents (approx.200 houses) near the lake, few (3-4)
houses in Kasondha Nagar and ITI colony (50 houses)
get water from this source. But all the three pumps
have to be working at the same time, so that pressure
is built and ITI Colony gets water.
In Jabalpur, the Tripuri area is housed by middle
income group houses. The houses are located on
the hill. The houses located on the lower side of
the hill have been provided pipe connections by
the Corporation. The residents uphill are not given
connections as the water pressure was likely to be
insufficient. Similar situation exists in Madan Mahal.
The Chief Engineer of the PHE department disclosed
that in some colonies in the city the water from
borewell is added to the water in the pipeline to
increase the pressure so that water reaches the tail
end of the pipeline.
Issues in Availability
Water Security
The issue of frequency, duration and pressure of
water supplied by the local body was a major source
of discontent in most of the residential colonies and
slum settlements of the city. From the users point
of view these are the three factors that define the
assurance of regular and sufficient water supply to the
household. According to most of the households these
three factors constitute the basis of assessing the
performance of the local body in their ability to supply
water to the city.
Any shortfall in frequency, duration and pressure of
water constituted the situation of water insecurity
for the households. The households in such cases
would undertake their own measures depending on
their affordability. For example the well-off sections
of the city would resort to installation of tubewells,
accessing water from far away sources, or pooling

resources and getting a tanker for a cluster of
houses. The poorer households and persons residing
in slums would either loosen the nuts and bolts
of the pipeline near their settlement, access water
from ponds, wells or from another public source
(handpump, factory etc).
People find their own ways to fulfill their water
requirement as it is an issue of survival for them. If
the water requirement of the people is not getting
fulfilled through formal means it implies failure of
the local body in fulfilling its responsibility for good
governance and a situation of water insecurity for the
households.
4.4 Quality
The System: The PHE department in all the towns
specified that the water is checked regularly. However
on deeper inquiry it was revealed that it is the water
from the surface source that is checked regularly. The
testing of water from the tubewells is done only when
a problem is reported as happened at Shahpura in July
2003, when water from all the tubewells was tested
after there was a report of illness. Since then no such
test has been undertaken.
The study was unable to procure a test plan or list of
parameters to be tested from any PHE official in any
of the cities. One of the reasons for lack of regular
testing of water reported by the department was
lack of resources to undertake this task regularly.
In contrast, the BHEL personnel in Bhopal gave a
detailed plan of the tests to be carried out daily,
weekly, monthly and annually.
Fluoride: Tripuri and the stretch from Dev Tal to
medical college in Garha zone of Jabalpur have
fluoride. Many of the handpumps have been closed
and/or marked, though some are still in operation.
Water from these handpumps is being used for
washing utensils and for other domestic work. People
use drinking water from the wells, bawadis or tankers
supplied by the corporation. Dental fluorosis seems
have set in amongst the population in the area as
yellowing of teeth has become visible in disturbing
levels. The officials at the zonal office reported that
though the people know that water is contaminated
by fluoride and its adverse effects, they still consume
it. Information about fluoride has been displayed
on boards. The study team found out that though
people are not taking contaminated water for drinking
purposes they are consuming it for other domestic
purposes.
Other Contaminations: In Moti Nagar at Ujjain
handpumps with saline water were reported to the
study team. In fact according to the residents salinity
has reached a level that it has led to damage to the

iron water tank making it unsuitable for storing water.
The people in the Gandhi Nagar area shared that water
in the wells and one handpump has a strange taste
dal nahin galti aur sabun phatta hai.
In Bhopal, the people in Chuna Bhatti area got the
water tested and found high contents of calcium
carbonate, magnesium and bacteria. These tests
were from different tubewells in the area. Windsor
Colony also reported having red water in their
borewells. The redness in water is attributed to clay
mixing in some of the tubewells in Bag Mughalia
colonies by the housing board officials. Residents of
some other colonies shared that their clothes tear
off faster and there is yellowness in the clothes after
being washed.
Salinity has also been reported from Shahpura. Ward
3, 4 and 5 have 4-5 handpumps with saline water.
The people and the officials say that it is a very old
problem, though nothing has been done to address
this issue so far.
At Badnagar the water from tubewells is mixed with
water supplied through supply scheme. According to
people there is a strange odour that is attributed to
the mixing. According to a chemist in the area there is
no solution to this and since the test reports are fine
there is no cause for alarm.
Issues in Quality
Disclosure of information
The PHE cell of the local body undertakes quality
surveillance but the information so collected does
not become part of the information fed to the public.
Discussions with citizens revealed that they did not
have any information regarding the quality of water
being supplied to them. In case of Jabalpur where
water has been found to be contaminated with
fluoride the citizens did not have information on
the extent of contamination and the implications of
consuming such water. The information with respect to
quality of water does not form part of the report that
is tabled during the meeting of the general body of
the urban local body.
Peoples Concern
The consumer is concerned about the quality of
water she/he is consuming. Where the people can
afford they have spent money in getting their water
tested. In fact, during the course of study the
households that had installed tubewells reported
that they had got their water tested to assess its
quality. Similar concern was also observed in slum
settlements where people did distinguish between
sources with better quality.
Surveillance System
Surveillance system that monitors quality of water
from all sources (supplied by local body, colonisers,
development authorities, housing boards etc) is
assessed by the study team as a need of the citizens.
The reports of such a system need to be fed at the
public and organisational domain in a manner that
is understood by the lay man. The excuse for lack of
resources, as stated by the officials of the urban local
body, cannot be taken as either valid or tenable.
4.5 Demands for Water

The study sought to estimate the quantity of demand
for water by residents in the selected study. The
process of estimation was difficult because:
The households that were getting piped water
supply were unable to estimate the water
requirement in terms of litres. They however
expressed their requirement in terms of storage
facility that was sufficient for their family for a
day. This was an overestimation since the water
stored is always more than actual demand for
water given the lack of assurance of regularity of
water supply. The study found out that in houses
with piped water supply that form part of the
middle and upper middle class families have an
average storage facility of 1000 litres even if these
households have developed their own source of
water (tubewell). However, in towns that have
water supply twice a day, the average storage
capacity was found to be 500 litres (Panagar and
Shahpura).
The households in lower middle class living in
colonies and securing water through piped water
supply had storage capacity that ranged from 50
to 100 litres. The problem of estimation for these
families was the same as in case of families in
middle income groups.
The slum population of the city is fulfilling its
water requirement based on the supply of water
from community sources. Again the problem of
estimating demand for water was faced as the
households in all slums reported that their water
use is dependent on the amount of water that
they are able to collect for the day. In case the
household is unable to collect sufficient water the
members would not take bath that day or would
go to a different water source for bathing. In such
a case the actual quantity of demand for water
was difficult to estimate. However the households
in slums were storing water in buckets or plastic
cans. In some cases steel containers were also
being used to store water.
The study instead of estimating quantity of demand
for water focused on the nature of demand. This
showed variations across economic classes:
Water
23
Nature of demand
Middle
and upper
middle
class
Lower
income
group
Slum
dwellers
Drinking water
Bathing & personal

hygiene
Washing clothes
Cleaning of utensils
Cleaning of house
Washing of vehicles
Watering of plants
Coolers during summers
School and colleges emerged as major users of water

in the study. On an average each high school has
a storage capacity of not less than 4000 litres. The
storage facility is distributed in different locations
within the premises drinking water tanks at defined
locations, toilets, watchmans residence and a main
storage tank. Similarly hostels accommodating
outstation students had a storage capacity ranging
from 4000-8000 litres. This was a common feature in
all the towns.
Small restaurants serving food stuff /snacks, including

the sweet makers have a storage capacity of 10001500 litres. The hotels with facility to stay have a
storage capacity of 4000-6000 litres. All of them have
a private source besides the corporation connection.
The storage capacity in hospitals depends on the
size of the hospital i.e. number of beds. In residential
colonies the hospitals have a storage capacity of
1500-2000 litres. The private hospitals have their own
source of water and higher storage capacity.
Issues Demand for Water

Assured Supply of Water
The quantum of demand for water is dependent on
the degree of assurance that the consumer is able to
assess from the supplier. The degree of assurance is
assessed in terms of the time period (days) for which
the user needs to store water before the next supply
of water will be released.
Water and Nature of Demand
The study strongly feels that the consumption of
water meant for drinking being used for purposes
like washing of clothes, cleaning of vehicles, watering
plants and using for coolers indicates inefficient
water usage. The fact that this water is supplied at a
subsidised rate further indicates economic inefficiency
in water supply.
CHAPTER
Sanitation
5.1 Preamble
Scene I
Researcher
Sir, what is the state of sewerage network in the city?
Commissioner
There is no sewerage network in the city. You should talk to the Health Officer. He will
give you information in detail.
Health Officer
Giving details of the cleaning zones of the city and number of staff employed he said,
there are sufficient toilets in the city.
Researcher
What about slum settlements?
Health Officer
There are 117 slum settlements and 5 Ayodhya Bastis. We are

putting community toilets in these Bastis. There has been no
complaint of any disease. So there is no problem.
Researcher
What about the sewerage network in the city?
Health Officer
Sewerage is the responsibility of the PHE department.
PHE department
The sewerage was handled under a specific project and the project is now over. Mr. X
was deputed in the project. Only he can give you the details.
Scene II
Scene III
Mr X:
The project was to prevent waste water from entering the river. The project has been
implemented but not functional as the Municipal Corporation is not taking over. They
have put the project in cold storage (thande baste mein).
Some random responses

We have done lot of work in sanitation. Y number of dry latrines changed to flush
type.
There is sufficient drainage in the city. The people here do not have civic sense. They
keep throwing all sorts of garbage into these drains.
People in the city mein abhi bhi rural mentality hai.
While buying a house people see the interiors, no one looks at the sewage system of
the place. So it is people who are not interested.
ADB project is going to deal with this (sanitation).
Researcher
Can you tell us how is the local body geared up for the project and what are your
preparations after the project is over?
The project is going to take 5 years, we will see then. Right now the officials are being
nominated from the PHE.
about the study?
There is no need for any more study.
Sanitation
25
5.2 Sanitation Status

The issue of sanitation in the context of urban areas
includes: prevalence of private toilets in houses;
disposal mechanism of human excreta; liquid waste
and solid waste generated in the cities.
5.2.1 Toilets
The issue of toilets in the cities selected for the study
was essentially at three levels:
Conversion of dry latrines into flush type toilets in
smaller cities.
Toilets in slum settlements in larger cities.
Toilet facilities in institutions.
Conversion of Toilets
The Nagar Panchayats and Municipal Councils covered
under the study received funds for creation of basic
infrastructure to convert the dry type toilets to flush
type. The coverage as stated by the urban local body
and as found during the field survey are being given
in Table 5.1.
There is a wide variation in the data collected from
the field and the claims stated by the urban local
body. The officials from the urban local body expect
the elected representatives to play a proactive role
whereas the elected representatives were either
unaware of the process of procuring funds or were
indifferent towards this issue. The team assessed
that the elected representatives did not have a
vision or idea regarding cleanliness and sanitation
of the city and the activities that are required for
the same.
Slum Settlements
The slums in all the towns have a small percentage
of houses having private latrines. The number of
community toilets in the slum does not commensurate
with the population of the slums. The data collected
for larger cities is given in Table 5.2.
The households that report no facility of private or
community toilets are resorting to open defecation.
The site for defecation depends on the space available
near the settlement nallah, railway line, trees, mines,
open ground, dried up ponds.
The experiment with community toilets has not been
encouraging. The present study found that community
toilets have been made at six slum settlements.
Amongst these three are being used. The main reason
for non-use of the community toilets is the nonavailability of water (the local body has not installed
water connection).
At three places where the community toilets are being
used their coverage is very small given the size of the
settlement. However what is significant is that the
users are paying for the use of these toilets at Idgah
and Shiv Nagar (see Box) the family is paying Rs 10
per month whereas at Arjun Nagar the user-families
are making efforts to secure water and maintaining the
facility.
Toilets in Institutions
90 per cent of the institutions covered under the
study had functional toilet facilities. These institutions
were well connected with water facility and had
Table 5.1 Status of Conversion of Dry to Flush Type Toilets in Cities Selected for the Study
City
Response of the Urban Local

body
Findings during Field Visits
Panagar
Coverage 95% toilets

2 community toilets
1 Sulabh at Bus Stand
Ward 10 50% of the houses have toilets

Ward 4 No toilets there
800 toilets converted to flush type
Open defecation prevalent
Shahpura
Coverage 80% toilets
Ward 13 80% houses have toilets

Ward 2 60% houses with toilets
Ayodhya Basti 15% houses have toilets
Open defecation prevalent
Badnagar
80% toilets
9 community toilets
1 Sulabh 15 seater at the
Bus Stand
Open defecation in Wards 5,6,17,18

Sulabh Complex almost closed as the tubewell has gone dry and
council gives supply once in 4 days
No community toilets seen in 6 wards visited during the field study
Ward 12 has toilet outlets in the drainage line, excessive number of
pigs in the area
450 toilets converted to

flush type
Tarana
Ward number 2, 3, 7 do not have any toilets

Details of where the toilet conversion has taken place not known to
people and the councillor
In the old part of the city, houses are small and hence no place for
toilets
Community toilets not seen
Table 5.2 Private and Community Toilets in Slum Settlements in Cities Selected for the Survey
Name of the Slum
No. Of Houses
Toilets
Jabalpur
Deen Dayal Nagar
600-700
No Toilets
Near Sanchar Colony
500-600
No Toilets
Behind Bhola Nagar
150
No Toilets
Rajeev Nagar
600
10% Toilets
Muslim Mohalla
100-125
30% Toilets (Opening in Nallah)
Ganj Badhaiyya Mohalla
200-250
40% Toilets (Opening in Nallah)
Sai baba Nagar
1600
No Toilets
Community Toilet under construction
Ayodhya Nagar Slums
750
No Toilets
Slums near Idgah Hills
600
4 Community Women Toilets

4 Community Men Toilets
Arjun Nagar
1000
6-8 houses may have toilets

Sulabh Complex closed as no Nagar Nigam connection. 20-25
families use it and bring their own water.
Rahul Nagar
100-125
No Toilets
One tree Hills slum
200-250
15-20 houses have private toilets
Indira Nagar
250
10 seat community toilet

No water, gets very dirty and is not being cleaned, not being
used at the present
Rajeev Nagar
200-250
40% houses have toilets

Community toilets with contribution of Rs.120 were made in 200
houses but not used as kachhe bane the, diwar nahin
Mulla pura + Raghupura

( Ayodhya basti )
247
Survey completed for making toilets with Rs. 200 contribution.

At present no toilets
Bhopal
Ujjain
also employed a person for cleaning toilets. In the

remaining 10 per cent of the institutions the toilet
facility was created but was not being used as there
is still problem with regular supply of water. All these
institutions were schools.
Shiv Nagar (near Anand Nagar), Bhopal

The settlement had around 300 houses. Households
from Piplani and Lal Tanki were shifted and resettled in
this slum. This increased the slum population to about
500 houses. There are separate community toilets for
men and women (7 for women and 12 for men). There
are 2 bathrooms each for men and women.
Every regular user-household pays Rs.10 per month
for the use of bathroom and toilet facility. Occasional
user pays Rs.2/- per visit. A person from within the
slum is employed for maintenance. The complex has
a 1000 litre tank filled daily by tanker service from the
Municipal Corporation.
5.2.2 Disposal of Human Excreta

The norm for disposal of human excreta in residential
colonies is to connect toilets with the gate sewer.
This is then connected to the street sewer and then
on to the trunk sewer. The trunk sewer off loads
itself into the septic tank. The sewage in septic tank
is subjected to anaerobic treatment for separation
of effluents and is then disposed off to a safe place
mostly some nallah or soak pits. Plantation of water
absorbing plants like eucalyptus is undertaken near
the disposal site.
However during the course of this study the team
did not find the entire system in any of the colonies
covered in the selected cities, except BHEL in Bhopal
(see Box). In addition, the waste water from kitchen
and bathroom is also connected to and disposed off
along with the sewage line that restricts the possibility
for its re-use.
Sanitation
27
Sewerage Disposal System, BHEL Township,

Bhopal
There are two sewage treatment plants in BHEL
township located at Piplani (0.5mgd) and at Barkheda
(2 mgd). The effluents from the township are converted
to biogas (functional since 1964) and manure.
The biogas is supplied and used by the chappati
centre and to the kitchen of Kasturba Hospital. The
manure is distributed to the farmers nearby and to
the horticulture department. Extensive plantation of
eucalyptus trees has been undertaken at the waste
water outlet.
In larger cities, Bhopal had a sewerage network for a

part of the city. Ujjain and Jabalpur cities did not have
any sewerage network. In these cities the sewerage
from the toilets flows to the pits (dry and flush type),
septic tanks or the open nallahs.
Catch 22 for Residents of Deepak,

Bhopal
The sewerage of Amaltas Colony opens in to Deepak
Colony in the neighbourhood. The residents of Deepak
Colony complained about it to the residents of
Amaltas. The latter informed them that the sewerage is
maintained by the builder hence the complaint should
be lodged with the builder. On calling up the builder
of Amaltas Colony, they asked about the name and
address of the complainant. They cut off the connection
saying that they cannot entertain the complaint as the
complainant is not a resident of their colony.
The level of information available to the citizens

regarding the proper and the existing method of
disposal of toilet waste was found to be quite low in
all the cities. One professor puts it in a lighter vein it
finds its own way. All the residential colonies covered
during the study had septic tanks, the size of which
was unknown to the residents. The outlet from tanks
opened up into open space nearby that was in gross
violation of the norm. Generally the residents were
unaware of the outlet and on being informed of the
outlet they did realise that it is violation of the norm
but did not know how to rectify the situation.
In the old city area of larger cities the study found
that the private toilet from each house is connected
to a pit that is covered and is either within the
premises (aangan) or in the immediate vicinity of the
house. The responsibility for getting the pit cleaned
is that of the household and they normally lodge
their requirement to the corporation and get the pit
cleaned. The sweeper is paid for his services. This
system was found in all the three cities except for
a small portion of Bhopal old city that has been
now connected with a sewerage network after the
implementation of Bhoj Wetland project.
5.2.3 Liquid Waste Disposal

The waste water disposal system in the cities is
through the network of drainage. Earlier the drain
lines were V shaped in most of the smaller and
medium sized cities. According to the CMO of Panagar,
with increase in population these drains were found
to be inappropriate as they were not able to handle
the additional flow of water. Consequently, the shape
of these drains was changed to U shape in later
constructions.
The officials of the urban local bodies claim
coverage of 50-70 per cent of the city from drains.
This coverage is contested by residents and by the
councillors. The reason for the low level of coverage
given by them is extent of slum settlements and urban
villages in the towns. These are the areas that are
deficient in drainage system. The area under these
settlements is more than the area claimed to have
been covered by the urban local body.
The maintenance of drains has been identified as a
problem both by the officials of the urban local body
and by the citizens. According to the former there is
lack of civic sense among the residents (Tarana and
Panagar) and in many colonies the residents dispose
off their solid waste (broken pots by Kumhar, or bidi
leaves remains) in the drains leading to its choking.
The CMO of Badnagar felt that maintenance of drains
is a problem area as the local body does not have
enough manpower to cover the entire town.
The corporations had drainage nallis made in the
higher and/or middle, upper middle class colonies.
But these too were found to be choked and/or
opening at the wrong place. The study team found
the underground drainage was choked in Kanchen
Vihar, Jabalpur a well laid out colony. In Ujjain the
residents of Revenue Colony contribute towards the
salary of one person responsible for keeping the area
clean. The problem of drainage lines opening up in
a neighbouring empty plot were observed in all the
cities.
A major issue that threatens to create an ecological
disaster in the cities is the gradual process of
converting natural drainage lines into drainage/sewage
disposal lines of the city. The erstwhile drainage
lines that were feeding into the major rivers have
been converted into drainage disposal lines by the
administration and the people. Omti Nallah of Jabalpur
is a prime example of this process. The nallah was
a natural and active drainage that used to feed into
Narmada river. With the change in the quality of
water flowing from the nallah the quality of water in
Narmada river has been adversely affected. A part of
the sewage line of Bhopal opens up in a nallah near
Hoshangabad Road. Even the small towns show the
same trend where the nallahs feed into rivers without
treatment, e.g. natural nallahs of Tarana that used to

feed into the Kalisindh river today carries the waste
water of the entire town to the river.
In Ujjain a special project for Shipra cleansing was
undertaken from 1999 and completed in 2003. The
objective was to treat the waste water before it flows
into Shipra. The project was implemented but it has
not been accepted by the corporation as it involved
electricity charges of Rs.14 lakhs per month.
5.2.4 Solid Waste Disposal

All the local bodies have dumping grounds for solid
waste disposal, but none of these bodies have a
system of segregation of solid waste either at the
point of collection or disposal. The Nagar Panchayats
and the Municipal Councils have a system of solid
waste being collected in hand carts and then ferried
by tractors to the dumping ground. The Corporations
have a infrastructure that includes garbage collectors
(from dustbins or open spots), designated collection
point at the ward level from where the dumper carries
the waste to the dumping ground.
Ujjain city is divided into seven zones for cleaning
with collection centres clearly demarcated. The
system is developed and reviewed every 12 years
when Simhastha is held. There are 1060 labourers,
100 hand carts and 54 dumpers vehicles. The Health
Officer admitted that only 70 per cent of the waste
at dumping ground at Gau Ghat can be ferried to the
trenching ground. Thus 30 per cent of the solid waste
remains at the dumping ground. The total cost of
sweeping, collection, dumping and transportation is Rs.
840 per tonne. Every day the city generates solid waste
of 150 tonnes which requires an expenditure of Rs 1.26
lakhs per day, at an efficiency level of 70 per cent.
Dustbins are a rarity. In all the cities the upper class
colonies have a better network of dustbins and a
better frequency of their disposal. The remaining town
is denser, generates more waste and has less space
to dispose it. The dominant attitude in the middle and
lower middle class residents is that their own house
is clean but the disposal is either in front of their own
house or in an open space near the house. The state
of solid waste in the urban areas is best described by
the CMO of Panagar, All around the dustbin, you find
waste, as going near the dustbin to throw the waste
gives a dirty feeling.
The ruling of Supreme Court regarding SWM and the
action thereof has resulted in all the local bodies
submitting proposals for identification of trenching
ground, vehicles, provisions for segregation, etc.
Badnagar has put in a proposal of 166 lakhs,
Shahpura has put in a proposal of 70 lakhs and so on.
The trenching grounds are 3-4 km away from the town
but either behind a Ayodhya Basti (in Badnagar) or

near a village (in Panagar). Cases of solid waste being
put in the ponds, behind the walls of an old building
as open dumping space (urban villages) and on the
streets was observed everywhere.
5.2.5 Hospital Waste Disposal

Hospital waste falls within the purview of the Pollution
Control Board. The hospitals or any other institutions
generating biomedical waste have to pay authorisation
fees to the Board. The fee is based on the number
of beds in the hospital. For annual renewal of this
fee the hospitals have to get a certification from the
agencies responsible that they are handling the waste
in accordance with the legal framework.
Waste: Hospital waste is classified as toxic waste and
non toxic waste. Toxic waste comprises of sharps,
anatomical waste and blood contaminated items.
The cutting edges of sharp instruments (knife, needle
etc) have to be cut with cutters and disinfected
with sodium hypochloride 1 per cent solution before
disposal. Non toxic waste comprises of bandages,
plasters, drip bottles, u/v tubes, discarded medicines,
liquid waste, laboratory testing specimens. It is
necessary to shred plastic bottles to prevent their
reuse. The waste is segregated and kept in colour
coded containers.
Disposal: The norms stipulate that disposal site of
bio-medical waste should be 2-3 km away from human
settlement. There should not be any drinking water
source near the site nor the site be in the catchment
area of a river. The waste disposal mechanism should
be such that it does not lead to the contamination
of ground water. The disposal rules state that there
should be deep burial of the waste excluding plastic
which can take place in towns with population less
than 5 lakhs. Layers of lime, bleaching powder, soil
are put in the pits to accelerate degradation. This can
be used as good manure, but so far no testing of the
same has been done hence it is not permitted to be
used. The placenta is about half kg per delivery which
gives an idea of the volume of usable waste.
For towns with population more than 5 lakhs, there
is a need to incinerate the waste. The incineration
process is in two phases. The first chamber burns
the waste at 550C and the second chamber burns at
1050-1100C.
For transportation of the bio-medical waste there are
specific norms. The agency undertaking transportation
has to be registered with the Pollution Control Board
and has to pay fees (annual Rs.17500) to the Board to
undertake this activity. Hospitals pay collection charges
as per number of beds to the agency collecting and
transporting waste (Rs.3 per bed per day).
Sanitation
29
Map of Gwari Ghat
Gwari Ghat Facing Pressures of

Urbanisation
Gwari Ghat a rural settlement within limits of Jabalpur
Municipal Corporation is located on the banks of
Narmada. It has temples, ashrams, hotels, residential
populace etc. Part of the area is now covered under the
Ayodhya Basti programme.
The area had 10-12 wells of which only 2 remain now.
The area had 5-6 bawdis all of which are closed now.
They earlier had a system of ghooras that has now
been replaced by dustbins. The Corporation started
a Narmada Water Scheme in which Gwari Ghat was
not covered. The residents of the area protested by
breaking the pipeline resulting in contamination of
water and subsequent outbreak of cholera. The protest
led to the area getting a new pipeline linked to the
Scheme.
The area has three community toilet complexes which
are supplied water by the Corporation. However the
waste of the hotels and the residential area first flows
in this well. The well is not cleaned and contaminated
water seeps into the river. Earlier this entire waste was
going into Narmada. The people do not have control
over this system and they are at odds as to how to
maintain and take benefit from this system.
The hospitals covered during the study at Bhopal,

Ujjain, Jabalpur did state that they hand over their
waste to the local body which disposes the waste
according to their norms. The local bodies burn the
waste in the incinerators. The study however was
unable to verify the claim of the hospitals and the
Corporation. At Badnagar the Civil Hospital doctors
reported the hospital waste is collected by the
Municipal Council and disposed off alongwith the
other solid waste of the city.
Issues in Sanitation
Whose Concern is Sanitation
Private toilets and drainage are the responsibility of
the PHE cell of the urban local body, sewerage network
is the responsibility of the PHE department and SWM
is the responsibility of the Health Department of the
municipal body. In this scenario of multiplicity of
institutions it is difficult to assess the overall body that
has the vision and the resources to draw up a master
plan for sanitation in urban areas. The two primary
questions that need to be addressed are:
(a) How can the agencies come together and develop
a coordinated plan of action?
(b) What are the minimum norms that apply for
sanitation that can be followed by the agencies
responsible for different aspects of sanitation?
Role of Elected Representatives
The interviews with elected representatives in all
the local bodies covered under the study indicated
that they were not aware:

of the quantum of the problem (how much)
of the nature of the problem (what are the
different dimensions)
of the steps or activities that are required for
complete sanitation (what needs to be done)
of the impact of unsanitary conditions in the city
(what will happen)
the role of the local body (who does what)
At Shahpura the councillor sent his representative
alongwith the team for visit to the ward. He excused
himself on grounds that people would make
complaints about the dirty environment as the ward
was not being cleaned for the past two months. The
corporator at Ujjain was able to identify pockets
where there was problem within his ward but they was
unable to give a composite view of the ward and what
needs to be done to ameliorate the situation.
The only role that the elected representative saw for
themselves was to go and reiterate the complaint
made by the citizens. They were not concerned with
the review of the system and to seek a long term
solution to the problem. In certain cases they also
blamed the citizens for dirtying up the city by throwing
garbage indiscriminately (at Jabalpur).
Colonisers
The current trend of growth of cities is through the
colonisers within the public or the private sector.
The building permission is given by the urban local
body. The norms applicable for these permissions
need to be strictly adhered to and the development of
basic infrastructure (sewerage network, drainage etc)
should be in place before the permission for building
is granted. Laxity in this process not only deprives the
residents of the facility that they have already paid
to the coloniser and the local body as development
charges, it also implies augmentation of the problem
for future remedial options as these get restricted with
decrease in availability of space and resources.
Master Plan for Sanitation

The Master Plan for Development of the city does not
focus on developing the Master Plan for sanitation of
the city. It only details the norms that are applicable
but does not for example identify possible sites
for waste disposal of sites for treatment plants etc.
Despite the fact that the growth trend of the town
is known and the pressure for sanitation is likely
to increase in future, the Plan does not detail the
technological options available to the local body and
the institutional mechanism available to it.
Drainage and Ecology
The practice of using the natural drainage line as the
main artery for draining waste water from the city
needs to be challenged. In addition to the fact that it
is an imminent natural disaster, the drainage line also
traces the path along which most of slum settlements
of the city are located (as they are marginal low
lying lands in the city). The discussions with the PHE
department and the urban local bodies did not reveal
this as a concern in their plans. They have started
taking the natural drainage as given and talk of city
drainage as the natural extension of the natural
drainage in these water outlets.
Sanitation and Slum Settlements
The density of houses in slum settlements does
not indicate the possibility of private toilets in all
the houses. The potential for community toilets is
immense and the only reason for failure encountered
by the study has been disconnection of water supply.
Where the community toilets are being used the users
are paying for it or taking extra initiative to secure
water for the toilets. The users were also satisfied,
especially as separate toilets have been made for men
and women. The latter were categorical that they find
the facility useful as it allows them to go to work on
time, can use at any time of the day and provides

them privacy.
Peoples Participation
In none of the programmes of sanitation promotion
of private toilets, conversion of dry to flush toilets,
laying of drainage lines, construction of sewer
network, disposal of solid waste from houses are
people involved in the decision-making process. The
schemes are designed and implemented by the agency
without consulting the residents of the area.
The opportunities for participation exist in residential
colonies developed by colonisers in the public
and private sector as the colonisers are expected
to form a Development Committee of the colony.
This committee has the responsibility for all the
maintenance issues including water and sanitation.
Moreover the development fund collected by
the coloniser is also to be handed over to this
committee. The study found a high willingness
to participate in residential colonies comprising
of middle and lower middle class households.
The residents of these areas want to know about
the rules related to water and sanitation and are
concerned as to how their money is being spent by
the coloniser and the local body.
Is there a Resource Crunch?
None of the urban local bodies in any of the
towns studied, reported that the poor sanitation,
condition is on account of shortage of funds. The
main reason according to them is lack of proper
planning, inadequate emphasis given for the
implementation of rules and indifference of people
and the representatives in giving priority to sanitation.
According to them the people come to the local body
only if there is a serious complaint or a grievance.
Sanitation
31
CHAPTER
Recommendations
The recommendations for the current exercise are
related to the programming interventions for WaterAid
India for urban areas in Madhya Pradesh. There are
two broad set of recommendations: one, that are
city specific interventions; and second, interventions
that relate to WATSAN sector for the urban areas.
The former would include direct interventions for the
city to develop demonstrative models under Water
and Sanitation and the latter would include advocacy
based interventions that seek to have an impact on
the system and its procedures as well as on the policy
related to the sector.
d)
e)
6.1 Replication of Existing Models

The system of water supply and sanitation that exist
in townships of BHEL and GCF are noteworthy. Each
of these townships caters to a population of more
than 50000. The technological and institutional system
adopted by these townships are worth replicating for
small and medium towns (at least). The need is to
develop these systems as a model with cost, design,
quality assurances and O&M dimensions for replication.
The study recommends that the system in both these
townships be studied in their technical and economic
feasibilities and use for replication in other cities.
6.2 Developing Demonstrative Processes

The water and sanitation scenario in urban areas
suggest that it will be more meaningful and relevant
to develop demonstrative processes related to:
a) Planning for source development The macro
/regional aspect of assessment of water, its
competing use and technological options
available to maintain its sustainability need to be
linked into a comprehensive plan for water usage.
In many cases it is likely that this process will be
beyond the limits of urban local body and hence
might require constitution of a body that has a
wider perspective on the issue.
b) Feasibility assessment The process of assessing
various technological options and their suitability
in the context is another area where substantial
inputs are required. An important aspect of
feasibility that is often overlooked is the cost of
energy required in accessing and supplying water.
c) Institutional processes The multiplicity
of institutions in the supply side and non
involvement of forums from the demand side
indicates a gap in the process of institutional
participation in decision-making process. The
critical institution of the urban local body which
has a legal mandate to provide services in
WATSAN needs to be brought in the centre of the

existing institutional space.
Cost recoveries The current level of cost
recoveries by the local body indicate laxity in
enforcement and fixed water rate regimes indicate
inequity in supply. Developing an intervention that
is able to initiate a process of dialogue between
the supplier and the consumer will be able to
address both these issues.
Performance appraisal Developing parameters
and indicators in assessing the performance of
urban local bodies in provisioning of services
in water and sanitation will be empowering to
both the consumer and the supplier. Developing
an assessment at a decentralised level (zone
or ward) will strengthen the institution and will
create opportunities for meaningful peoples
participation.
6.3 Issues in Advocacy

At a broader level two sets of issues can be identified
for advocacy:
a) at the policy level that will affect all the areas of
Madhya Pradesh
This will include issues related to
Setting minimum norms for water and sanitation
that each local body has to ensure to qualify as
an institution of good governance.
Role of different institutions in ensuring the
provisioning of services in water and sanitation.
This should include the statement on the role
of parastatal organisations like development
authorities, housing boards etc.
Policy of urbanisation.
Policy related to slums and their entitlements.
Debate on the advantages of having a separate
organisation like Jal Board for supplying services
in water and sanitation.
b)
Issues related to specific city context

Level of awareness among the elected
representatives regarding procedures, processes
and practices related to water and sanitation
Building the capacity of officials of the PHE cell
and the elected representatives to be able to
address the issues of water and sanitation in their
respective areas
Solid and liquid waste disposal mechanisms
that are context specific, locally relevant and
environment friendly.
Developing effective mechanisms for interaction
between citizens and governance institutions.
The research/views contained in the publication are the sole responsibility of WaterAid India and can
under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of European Union
WaterAid Water for All

WaterAid is an International NGO, established in 1981, in response to the United Nations declaration of the
Water and Sanitation Decade, 198090, to enable better access of poor communities to adequate, safe water.
WaterAid remains the UKs only major charity dedicated exclusively to the provision of safe domestic water,
sanitation and hygiene education to the worlds poorest people. WaterAid works in 15 countries across Asia
and Africa, through local organisations and communities, helping them set up low cost, sustainable projects
using appropriate technology that can be managed by the community itself. WaterAid also seeks to influence
the water and sanitation policies of other key organisations, such as governments, to secure and protect the
right of poor people to safe, affordable water and sanitation services.
WaterAid in India
WaterAid began working in India in the latter part of the 1980s with a few small projects and has since
grown in strength and coverage. Today, WaterAid works in more than 10 states with three regional offices
in Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar and Bangalore, in partnership with local NGOs and government departments
and ministries that seek assistance in the specific areas of rural and urban water supply, sanitation
and hygiene promotion. Community sustained improvement in drinking water and sanitation has been
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Water Sanitation Urban Madhya Pradesh

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Water Sanitation Urban Madhya Pradesh

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Water and Sanitation

WaterAid India is thankful to all the different donors/agencies

Water and Sanitation

WaterAid India, 2006

Design and Printing

PROFILE OF THE CITY SELECTED FOR THE STUDY

of revenue for the local bodies and loss in ensured

Mamita Bora Thakkar

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

Chief Municipal Officer

District Urban Development Agency

Gun Carriage Factory

Litres Per Capita Per Day

Million Gallons per Day

Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board

Non Governmental Organisation

Operations and Maintenance

Public Health Engineering

Sub Divisional Magistrate

Solid Waste Management

Urban Local Body

Water and Sanitation

The main research question has been broken down

5. Method of Data Collection

6. Findings of the Study

The private sources of water supply for the

The critical factors that prompted growth in

The present study identified that the Census data

a community connection. Also, the data does not

Government schools get municipal water either

The issues of frequency, duration and pressure of

In middle and higher economic class colonies there

Demand for Water

The quantum of demand for water is dependent

There is a wide variation in the data collected on

Liquid Waste Disposal

The officials of the urban local bodies claim

Solid Waste Disposal

All the local bodies have dumping grounds for

the dumping ground. The Corporations have

Hospital Waste Disposal

Hospital waste falls within the purview of the

Private toilets and drainage are the responsibility

The study found a high willingness to participate

Developing Demonstrative Processes

processes and practices related to water and

Solid and liquid waste disposal mechanisms

1.2 WaterAid India (West)

state level study is to be followed with a field study

1.3 Summary of Desk Review

construction of rain water harvesting structures

per cent) of households who are not connected with

Need of urban poor not addressed.

1.4 Field Study

peoples issues and their expectations from the

2.2 Research Question

The term water includes water required for domestic

2.3 Scope of Study

towns. A district will have a town with more than 10