FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 11, 2011

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court

JOSE LUIS ROSAS HERNANDEZ;

ALMA PATRICIA ROSAS,
Petitioners,
Nos. 09-9533 & 10-9514

v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
Attorney General,
Respondent.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

Jose Luis Rosas Hernandez and Alma Patricia Rosas (the Rosases) petition for
review of two decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The first decision
dismissed their appeal of the Immigration Judges (IJ) denial of their motion to reopen,

* At the parties request, the case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral

argument pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and
judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res
judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

in which they alleged that their prior counsels ineffectiveness denied them a hearing on
their applications for cancellation of removal. The second decision denied their motion
to reconsider, in which they argued there had been an intervening change of law and the
BIA failed to consider new evidence in the record. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
1252, we deny both petitions for review.
I
The Rosases, natives and citizens of Mexico with two sons who are United States
citizens, entered the United States without inspection in 1988. In 1999, they were
charged with violating 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). They applied for cancellation of
removal in October 1999. After various continuances, their case was heard in April
2005.
At the hearing, on the advice of their attorney, Ian Hardin, they asserted that they
wished to withdraw their applications and to apply for voluntary departure. The IJ
allowed the withdrawal and granted 120 days to voluntarily depart. In exchange, the
Rosases waived their right to appeal.
Soon thereafter, the Rosases hired new counsel, who informed them that he
believed attorney Hardin had misled them about their eligibility for cancellation of
removal, and misstated the consequences of accepting voluntary departure. The new
attorney appealed the IJs order. Citing the Rosases appeal waiver, the BIA dismissed
the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
In response, the Rosases filed a motion to reopen, alleging that attorney Hardins
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representation was ineffective. The IJ denied the motion to reopen because the Rosases
had failed to depart within the reinstated departure period, making them statutorily
ineligible for relief, see 8 U.S.C. 1229c(d)(1)(B), and the Rosases once again appealed
to the BIA.
There are two different BIA decisions on appeal. On May 29, 2009 (the 2009
decision), the BIA upheld the IJs denial of the Rosases motion to reopen,1 relying
heavily on In re Compean, 24 I.&N. Dec. 710 (A.G. 2009) (Compean I). The BIA
concluded that the Rosases had not alleged prejudice with the requisite particularity. To
demonstrate prejudice warranting reopening, the respondents must show that it is more
likely than not they would have been entitled to cancellation of removal had they pursued
such relief. (Emphasis added). Because they had not proffered any specific
circumstances or factors that would cause their qualifying relatives to suffer hardship
beyond that which typically results from the removal of a family member, they had not
met the requirement of showing exceptional and extremely unusual hardship necessary
for cancellation of removal.
But five days later, the Attorney General vacated Compean I in its entirety, In re
Compean, 25 I.&N. Dec. 1, 3 (A.G. 2009) (Compean II), and directed the BIA to apply
pre-Compean[ I] standards to all pending and future motions to reopen based upon
ineffective assistance of counsel. Under the pre-Compean I standards, ineffective

The appeal of the BIAs denial of the motion to reopen is case number 09-9533.
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assistance occurred if there was a reasonable likelihood that petitioners would have
obtained relief if their attorney had properly raised an issue or right to relief. United
States v. Aguirre-Tello, 353 F.3d 1199, 1209 (10th Cir. 2004). Consequently, the
Rosases filed a motion to reconsider based on a change of law. They further asserted
that, due to the ineffective assistance of their first counsel, they had been denied a
fundamentally fair hearing and the right to seek judicial review. They also requested
reopening, based on new evidence of hardship.
On February 1, 2010 (the 2010 decision), the BIA denied the motion,2
considering it both as a motion to reopen and a motion to reconsider. Viewed as a motion
to reopen, the BIA determined that most of the Rosases attached documentation was not
new, and the remaining documents were not material inasmuch as [the Rosases] have no
cancellation application on record and such new evidence does not support their
argument regarding the ineffective assistance of their prior counsel. Viewed as a motion
to reconsider, the BIA decline[d] to disturb [its] most recent assessment that the
respondents did not demonstrate that their first attorneys alleged poor representation
prejudiced their case. The BIA further noted the vacatur of Compean I, but stated, the
requirement that prejudice be shown has always been part of a showing of ineffective
assistance of counsel, and, however prejudice is assessed, it has not been shown in this
case.
2

The appeal of the BIAs denial of the motion to reconsider is case number 10-

9514.
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The Rosases petition this court for review of both decisions.

II
We review the BIAs denial of a motion to reopen or to reconsider for abuse of
discretion. See Infanzon v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1359, 1362 (10th Cir. 2004) (motion to
reopen); Belay-Gebru v. INS, 327 F.3d 998, 1000 n.5 (10th Cir. 2003) (motion to
reconsider). The BIA abuses its discretion when its decision provides no rational
explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or
contains only summary or conclusory statements. Infanzon, 386 F.3d at 1362.
We have no jurisdiction to review a denial of cancellation of removal on the
ground that petitioners did not establish the requisite hardship to their qualifying
relatives. See Arambula-Medina v. Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 828 (10th Cir. 2009).
Similarly, we are precluded from reviewing a denial of reopening that is based on a
finding that petitioners new evidence did not support a finding of hardship. See
Alzainati v. Holder, 568 F.3d 844, 849-50 (10th Cir. 2009). But we retain jurisdiction to
consider constitutional claims and questions of law, see 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(D),
including whether the BIA violated due process by ignoring new and pertinent evidence
or case law, see Alzainati, 568 F.3d at 850.
A
The Rosases first argue that the BIAs 2009 decision assessed their ineffective
assistance argument under an incorrect legal standard, by relying on Compean I to decide
their motion to reopen. Therefore, they contend, the BIAs 2010 decision should have
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granted their motion to reconsider, and reviewed their claims under pre-Compean I
standards.
Assuming the BIA was required to apply Compean II to their case,3 the 2010
decision did just that. The BIAs order recognized that parts of Compean I had been
reconsidered and rejected, but concluded that however prejudice is assessed, it has not
been shown in this case. Contrary to the Rosases assertions, the BIA acknowledged the
new, lower prejudice standard of Compean II, and determined that the Rosases claims
did not meet the new standard.
B
The Rosases also contend their prior counsels ineffective assistance denied them
a fundamentally fair proceeding because they were denied the opportunity to present their
applications at a hearing.
Aliens in removal proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment right to effective
assistance of counsel. Akinwunmi v. INS, 194 F.3d 1340, 1341 n.2 (10th Cir. 1999). But
they do have a right to effective representation grounded in the Fifth Amendments
guarantee of due process. Id. To prove the denial of this right, an alien must show that
his counsels ineffective assistance so prejudiced him that the proceeding was
fundamentally unfair. Id.

Compean II directed the BIA to apply pre-Compean I standards to all pending

and future motions to reopen based upon ineffective assistance of counsel; it said
nothing about decisions already issued. 25 I.&N. Dec. at 3 (emphasis added).
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A review of the record reveals that the Rosases did not show prejudice in either
appeal to the BIA. They argue that they have shown the proceeding was fundamentally
unfair because they were prevented from reasonably presenting their case. See In re NK-, 21 I.&N. Dec. 879, 880 (BIA 1997) (allowing reopening when counsels
incompetence prevented the alien from presenting his case) (cited in Osei v. INS, 305
F.3d 1205, 1208 (10th Cir. 2002)). But, unlike the petitioners in N-K-, whose counsel
did not inform them of their hearing date, and appeared without them and without their
permission at the hearing, id. at 880-81, the Rosases had notice of their hearing and
appeared before an IJ, who confirmed with them their desire to withdraw their
applications for cancellation of removal. Attorney Hardins allegedly deficient
representation notwithstanding, they had an opportunity to present their case.
As discussed above, this court has defined prejudice as a showing of a reasonable
likelihood that the [alien] would have obtained relief had he been advised differently.
Aguirre-Tello, 353 F.3d at 1209. This test focuses on the petitioners showing of
entitlement to the relief sought. To prove eligibility for cancellation of removal, the
Rosases had to establish, among other things, that removal would result in exceptional
and extremely unusual hardship to a qualifying relative. See 8 U.S.C. 1229b(b)(1)(D).
As the BIA noted in its 2009 decision, [t]he only information in the record relating to
hardship is the [Rosases citizen] childrens ages . . . and evidence that [Mrs. Rosas]
father is a lawful permanent resident. Similarly, the BIAs 2010 decision discounts
additional evidence the Rosases submittedan updated declaration from Mrs. Rosas, a
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declaration from her elderly father, and a letter from the Rosases oldest sonbecause it
does not prove hardship. In both decisions, the BIA correctly held that the Rosases
failure to adequately allege hardship meant that, even if attorney Hardins performance
were deficient, they had not shown prejudice. The BIA did not abuse its decision by
declining to reopen the proceedings.
C
In their final claim, the Rosases return to the same hardship evidence,
contending that the BIA failed to consider the evidence of record in the 2010 decision
denying the motion to reopen and reconsider. See Alzainati, 568 F.3d at 850 ([I]f, in
deciding a motion to reopen, the BIA refuses, contrary to established procedures, to
consider new and pertinent evidence, due process rights are implicated.).
In denying the motion to reopen, the BIA stated that the only evidence of
hardship in the record was the childrens ages and Mrs. Rosas fathers residency status.
Criticizing this summary, the Rosases point to the following evidence in the record: (1) a
declaration by Mrs. Rosas father concerning his medical conditions, (2) evidence that the
Rosases son suffered kidney problems, (3) Mrs. Rosas statement in her declaration that
she was afraid to take her children to Mexico, (4) her statement that the Rosases might
leave their children in the United States, and (5) evidence that the uncle with whom the
children would have to reside in the United States is violent.
The record does not support an inference that the BIA improperly failed to
consider the evidence in denying the motion to reopen. Mrs. Rosas fathers declaration,
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which set forth his medical conditions and included the information about the childrens
uncle, postdated the BIAs denial of the motion to reopen. The assertion that the
Rosases son suffered kidney problems is supported only by the Rosases comments in a
transcript of preliminary proceedings, in which the IJ set the deadline for the merits
hearing and told the Rosases that they would have to provide evidence to prove their case
at that hearing. There is no indication that the Rosases were sworn in to testify at this
proceeding, and the motion to reopen did not include any supporting materials
documenting the existence of the condition, the sons medical prognosis, or the
unavailability of treatment for the condition in Mexico. Accordingly there does not
appear to have been any record evidence of the condition for the BIA to consider. Mrs.
Rosas statements that the children would be left in the United States, with a specific
relative, describe the Rosases plans when they believed they might be out of the country
for only a few months, which was not the Rosases situation when they filed their motion
to reopen. And her unelaborated statement that she was afraid to take her children to
Mexico is insufficient to establish exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.
Mrs. Rosas fathers declaration, as well as Mrs. Rosas updated declaration and a
letter from the Rosases older son, were all submitted in support of the motion to
reconsider. Thus, this evidence was before the BIA when it denied reopening and
reconsideration in the 2010 decision. And in that order, the BIA stated that the Rosases
had submitted new evidence with the motion for reconsideration in addition to the same
materials they originally submitted with the motion to reopen. Instead of showing that
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the BIA ignored the new evidence, the order proves the BIA actively considered the new
evidence before it.4
III
The BIA did not abuse its discretion by denying the motions to reopen and to
reconsider. The petitions for review of both decisions are DENIED.

Entered for the Court

Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge

In denying reconsideration, the BIA also stated that the Rosases have no
cancellation application on record. While this statement is confusing, we cannot
conclude that it establishes that the BIA ignored the Rosases 1999 applications for
cancellation of removal, which are part of the administrative record. Rather, the
statement is most rationally read as a description of the current state of the proceedings
that having previously withdrawn their applications for cancellation of removal, the
Rosases did not then have current applications.
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