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Worked Examples to Eurocode 2

25 February 2010
Amended 18 January 2012
Revisions required to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2

due to Amendment 1 to NA to BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 dated Dec 2009.
Amended 18/1/2012 to illustrate 40K limit on l/d according to Table NA.5 Note 6
Page Where Old text

37/38 3.1.6
Allowable l/d = N u K u F1 u F2 u F3
where
N = 25.6 (U = 0.41%, fck = 30)
K = 1.0
(simply supported)
F1 = 1.0
(beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0
(span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
where
Vs = Vsn (As,req/As,prov) 1/G
where
Vsn | 242 MPa (From Concise
Figure 15.3 and
gk/qk = 1.79, \2 = 0.3, Jg =
1.25)
G = redistribution ratio = 1.0
? Vs | 242 u 594/645 = 222
? F3 = 310/222 = 1.40
? Allowable l/d = 25.6 u 1.40 = 35.8
Actual l/d = 4800/144 = 33.3 ? OK
Use H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
38
3.1.7
By inspection, OK
However, if considered critical:
V = 29.5 kN/m as before
VEd = 29.5 0.14 u 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
vEd = 27.8 u 103/144 u 103 = 0.19 MPa
vRd,c = 0.53 MPa
Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc
Revised text
where
N = 25.6 (U = 0.41%, fck = 30)
K = 1.0
(simply supported)
F1 = 1.0
(beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0
(span < 7.0 m)
F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.50
= 645/ 594 = 1.09
? Allowable l/d = 25.6 u 1.09 = 27.9
Actual l/d = 4800/144 = 33.3
? no good
Try 33.3/27.9 x 654 = 784 mm2/m
i.e. H12@140 (807 mm2/m)
F3 = 807/ 594 = 1.36
? Allowable l/d = 25.6 u 1.36 = 34.8

(which is < 40K = 40)
[Table NA.5 Note 6]
i.e. > 33.3? OK
Use H12 @ 140 B1 (807 mm2/m)
By inspection, OK
VEd = 29.5 0.14 u 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
vEd = 27.8 u 103/144 u 103 = 0.19 MPa
U = 804/1000 x 144 =0.56%
say 50% curtailed use 0.28%
vRd,c = 0.54 MPa
Page 1 of 13
42
3.2.6

F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
= 645/ 639 = 1.01
where
Vs = (fyk/JS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS
= 23.5 u 1.3 u 1.0 u 1.01
loads/ULS loads) (1/G)
=
30.8
= fyd u (As,req/As,prov) u (gk + \2
Max. span = 30.8 u 144 = 4435 mm,
qk)/(JGgk + JQqk) (1/G)
i.e. < 5795 mm
= (500/1.15) u (639/645) u [(5.9
? No good
+ 0.3 u 3.3)/12.3] u 1.081
= 434.8 u 0.99 u 0.56 u
1.08 = 260 MPa
F3 = 310/260 = 1.19
Note: As,prov/As,req d 1.50
= 23.5 u 1.3 u 1.0 u 1.19
= 36.4
Max. span = 36.4 u 144 = 5675 mm, i.e. <
5795 mm
? No good
Try H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm2/m)
Try H12 @ 125 B1 (904 mm2/m)
Vs = 434.8 u 639/754 u 0.56 u 1.08 =
223
F3 = 310/223 = 1.39
Allowable l/d = 23.5 u 1.3 u 1.0 u 1.39
F3 = 904/639 = 1.41
= 42.5
Allowable l/d = 23.5 u 1.3 u 1.0 u 1.41
Max. span = 42.5 u 144 = 6120 mm,
= 43.1
i.e. > 5795 mm
OK
Max.
span
=
43.1
u 144 = 6206 mm,
? H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm2/m) OK
i.e. > 5795 mm
OK
? H12 @ 125 B1 (904 mm2/m) OK
43
3.2.7
F3 = As,req/As,prov 1.5
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
= 502/ 465 = 1.08
where
Vs = fyd u (As,req/As,prov) u (gk + \2 qk)/(JGgk +
JQqk) (1/G)
= (500/1.15) u (465/502) u [ (5.9 + 0.3
u 3.3)/12.3] u 1.03
= 434.8 u 0.93 u 0.56 u 1.03 = 233 MPa
F3 = 310/233 = 1.33
= 35.8 u 1.5 u 1.0 u 1.33
= 71.4
= 35.8 u 1.5 u 1.0 u 1.08
Max. span = 71.4 u 144 = 10280 mm i.e. >
= 58.0
5795 mm OK
(which is < 40K = 40 x 1.5 =60)
[Table NA.5 Note 6]
Max. span = 58.0 u 144 = 8352 mm
i.e. > 5795 mm
OK
44
3.2.9
In Figure 3.4
H12@150
46
3.2.10a) Crack control

As slab < 200 mm, measures to control
cracking are unnecessary.
In Figure 3.4
H12@125
Crack control
As slab < 200 mm, measures to control
cracking are unnecessary.
The use of Table 15.2 from Concise Eurocode 2implies certain amounts of redistribution, which are defined in Concise
Eurocode 2 Table 15.14.
Page 2 of 13
However, as a check on end span:

Loading is the main cause of cracking,
? use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for wmax = 0.4 ? use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for wmax = 0.4
mm and V = 241 MPa (see deflection check). mm and V = 241 MPa (see deflection check).
Max. bar size = 20 mm
or max. spacing = 250 mm
? H12 @ 150 B1 OK.
? H12 @ 125 B1 OK
46
End supports: effects of partial fixity
Try H12 @ 450 (251 mm2/m) U-bars at

supports
Try H12 @ 500 (226 mm2/m) U-bars at

supports
3.2.10b) End span, bottom reinforcement

Try H12 @ 300 (376 mm2/m) at supports
49
51
End span, bottom reinforcement

3.2.10b) Supporrt B bottom steel at support

iii
For convenience use H12 @ 300 B1 (376
mm2/m)
Support B bottom steel at support
3.2.11
See A below
Figure 3.6
57/58 3.3.5b) Span AB: Deflection
For convenience use H12 @250 B1 (452

mm2/m)
Span A
B: Deflection
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
where
where
= 434.8(523/628) [ (4.30 +
= 434.8(523/628) [ (4.30 + 0.3 u
5.0)/13.38] (65.3/61.7$)
5.0)/13.38] (65.3/61.7$)
= 434.8 u 0.83 u 0.70 u 1.06
= 434.8 u 0.83 u 0.43 u 1.06
= 267 MPa
= 164 MPa
F3 = 310/Vs
F3 = 310/Vs
= 310/267 = 1.16
= 310/164 = 1.89# but 1.50 therefore say
1.50
? Permissible l/d = 22.8 u 1.3 u 0.8 u 0.93 u ? Permissible l/d = 22.8 u 1.3 u 0.8 u 0.93 u
1.16 = 25.6
1.50 = 33.0
Actual
l/d
= 7500/257 = 29.2
Actual l/d = 7500/257 = 29.2
?no good
? OK
Use 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib) Try 1H25 + 1H20/rib (805 mm2/rib)
d = 254 mm; K = 0.028;
z = 241 mm Asreq = 529 mm2
? Vs = 434.8(529/805) [ (4.30 +
5.0)/13.38] (65.3/61.7$)
= 434.8 u 0.66 u 0.70 u 1.06
= 213 MPa
F3 = 310/213 = 1.45
Permissible l/d
= 22.8 u 1.3 u 0.8 u 0.93 u 1.45
= 32.0
Actual l/d = 7500/254 = 29.5 ? OK
Use 1H25 + 1H20/rib (805 mm2/rib)
Page 3 of 13
61
3.3.6b) Span BC
C : Deflection
Span BC
C : Deflection
F3 = 310/VS 1.5
F3 = 310/VS 1.5
where
where
Vs = (fyk/Js) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS
Vs = (fyk/Js) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS
loads) (1/G)
loads) (1/G)
= 434.8 u (474/628) [(4.30 + 0.3 u
= 434.8 u (474/628) [(4.30 + 5.0)
5.0)/13.38](61.1/55.9)
/13.38](61.1/55.9)
= 434.8 u 0.75 u 0.43 u 1.09
= 434.8 u 0.75 u 0.70 u 1.09
= 153 MPa
= 249 MPa
F3 = 310/Vs
F3 = 310/Vs
= 310/153 = 2.03, say = 1.502
= 310/249 = 1.24
? Permissible l/d = 26.8 u 1.5 u 0.8 u 0.77 ? Permissible l/d = 26.8 u 1.5 u 0.8 u 0.77
u 1.50 = 37.1
u 1.24 = 30.7
Actual
l/d
= 9000/257 = 35
Actual l/d = 9000/257 = 35
?
? no good
OK
?Use 2 H20/rib (628 mm2/rib) Try 1H25 + 1H20/rib (805 mm2/rib)
d = 254 mm; K = 0.025;
z = 241 mm Asreq = 480 mm2
? Vs = 434.8(480/805) [ (4.30 +
5.0)/13.38] (61.1/55.9)
= 434.8 u 0.60 u 0.70 u 1.09
= 199 MPa
F3 = 310/199 = 1.56 but 1.50
Permissible l/d
= 26.8 u 1.5 u 0.8 u 0.77 u 1.50
= 37.1
Actual l/d = 9000/254 = 35.4 ? OK
Use 1H25 + 1H20/rib (805 mm2/rib)
65
3.3.10
69
3.3.10b) Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment

viii
BA and BC To suit prefabrication 2 no.
H20/rib will be curtailed at solid/rib interface,
1000 mm from BA (B towards A) and BC.
Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment

BA and BC To suit prefabrication 1 H20 +
1H25 /rib will be curtailed at solid/rib
interface, 1000 mm from BA (B towards A)
and BC.
69
3.3.10c) Laps
At AB, check lap 1 no. H20 B to 2 no. H20 B in
rib full tension lap:
l0 = D1 D6 lb,rqd > l0,min
where
D1 = 1.0 (cd = 45 mm, i.e. < 3M)
D6 = 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
lb,rqd = (M/4) (Vsd/fbd)
where
M = 20
Vsd = 434.8
= 3.0 MPa as before
fbd
Laps
At AB, check lap 1 no. H20 B to 1 H20 B +
1H25 B in rib full tension lap:
l0 = D1 D6 lb,rqd > l0,min
where
D1 = 1.0 (cd = 45 mm, i.e. < 3M)
D6 = 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
lb,rqd = (M/4) (Vsd/fbd)
where
M = 20
Vsd = 434.8 (bar assumed to be fully
stressed)
fbd = 3.0 MPa as before
65
3.3.10d) Figure 3.17
See C below
74
3.4.5b) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

where
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
where
Figure 3.15
See B below
Both As,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Expression (7.16a) or Expression (7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by
Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
Page 4 of 13

where
where
Vsn = (500/1.15) u (8.5 + 0.3 u 4.0)
Vsn = (500/1.15) u (8.5 + 4.0) /16.6 =
/16.6 = 254 MPa
327 MPa
(or | 253 MPa (From Concise
Figure 15.3 for Gk/Qk = 2.1, \2 = 0.3
and Jg = 1.25)
Vs | 327 u (1324/1570)/1.03 = 267
?
? Vs | 253 u (1324/1570)/1.03 = 207
?
F3
= 310/267 = 1.16
? F3 = 310/207 = 1.50
? Allowable l/d = 20.3 u 1.2 u 1.16 = 28.2
? Allowable l/d = 20.3 u 1.2 u 1.50 = 36.5
Actual l/d = 9500/260 = 36.5 ?no good
Actual l/d = 9500/260 = 36.5 ? OK
Try
H16 @100 (2010 mm2/m) and
Use H20 @ 200 B1 (1570)
= 2010/ 1340 = 1.50 1.50
? Allowable l/d = 20.3 u 1.2 u 1.50 = 36.5
Actual l/d = 36.5 ? OK
Use H16@100B1 (2093 mm2/m)
78
3.4.7b) Allowable l/d = N u K u F1 u F2 u F3

where
where
N = 26.2 (U = 0.40%, fck = 30)
N = 26.2 (U = 0.40%, fck = 30)
K = 1.2
(flat slab)
K = 1.2
(flat slab)
F1 = 1.0
(beff/bw = 1.0)
F1 = 1.0
(beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0
(no brittle partitions)
F2 = 1.0
F3 = 310/Vs
= 1005/ 959 = 1.05 1.50
where
where
Vsn | 283 MPa (from Concise
Figure 15.3 and Gk/Qk = 3.6,
\2 = 0.3, Jg = 1.25)
? Vs | 283 u (959/1005)/1.08 = 250
? F3 = 310/250 = 1.24
?Allowable l/d = 26.2 u 1.2 u 1.24 = 39.0
?Allowable l/d = 26.2 u 1.2 u 1.05 = 33.0
Actual l/d = 5900/240 = 24.5 ? OK
Actual l/d = 5900/240 = 24.5 ? OK
Use H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm2/m)
Use H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm2/m)
90
3.4.13
Spans 12 and 23:

Column strip and middle strip: H20 @ 200 B
Spans 12 and 23:

Column strip and middle strip: H16 @ 100 B1
92
3.4.13
Figure 3.26
See D below
112
4.2.6
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
where

= 4824/4158 = 1.16
Vs in simple situations = (fyk/JS)

(As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS
loads) (1/G). However in this case
separate analysis at SLS would be
required to determine Vs.
Therefore as a simplification use
the conservative assumption:
310/Vs = (500/fyk) (As,req/As,prov)
= (500/500)u(4824/4158) = 1.16
Page 5 of 13
123
4.3.5b) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

where
Vs=(fyk/JS)(As,req/As,prov)(SLS loads/ULS loads)(1/G)
=434.8u(5835/5892) [(47.8+0.3u45.8)/(1.25 u
47.8 + 1.5 u 45.8)] u (1/0.945)
= 434.8 u 0.99 u 0.48 u 1.06
= 219 MPa
124
4.3.5b)

= 5892/5835= 1.01
F3 = 310/Vs 1.5
= 310/219 = 1.41
? Permissible l/d= 17.8u1.3 u0.90u0.95 u1.41 = 27.9 ?Permissible l/d= 17.8u1.3 u0.90u0.95 u1.01 = 20.0
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 ? no good Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 ? no good
Try 12 no. H32 B (9648 mm2)
Try 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2)
F3 = 310/Vs
3
= 9648 /5835 = 1.654 = say 1.50
= 310/219 u 13/12 = 1.53 = say 1.50
? Permissible l/d = 17.8u1.3u0.90u0.95u1.50 = 29.7
? Permissible l/d = 17.8u1.3u0.90u0.95u1.50 = 29.7
Actual leff/d = 7400/252 = 29.8
Actual leff/d = 7400/252 = 29.8
Say OK
Say OK
2
Use 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2) Use 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm )
124
4.3.6
127
4.3.7d) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

= 3828/3783= 1.01
where
Vs=(fyk/JS)(As,req/As,prov)(SLS loads/ULS loads)(1/G)
=434.8u (3783/3828)[(47.8+0.3u 45.8)/(1.25
u 47.8 + 1.5 u 45.8)] u (1/0.908)
= 434.8 u 0.99 u 0.48 u 1.10
= 227 MPa
F3 = 310/Vs
= 310/227 = 1.37
? Permissible l/d = 44.7 u 1.37 u 0.88 u 0.95
? Permissible l/d
u 1.37 = 70.1
= 44.7 u 1.50 u 0.88 u 0.95 u 1.01 = 56.6
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 ? OK
Use 8 no. H25 B (3928 mm2) (which is < 40K = 40 x 1.5 =60)
[Table NA.5 Note 6]
Figure 4.20
See E below
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 ? OK

Use 8 no. H25 B (3928 mm2
133
4.3.10
Figures 4.22 and 4.23
See F below
146
5.3
Figure 5.6
300 mm flat slabs All columns 400 mm sq
300 mm flat slabs All columns 500 mm sq
153
5.3.8
2WP]VTa`TS
183
References
183
References
1a National Annex to Eurocode 2- Part 1- 1a National Annex to Eurocode 2- Part 11. BSI 2005
1. Incorporating Amendment No.1 BSI
2009
5 R S NARAYANAN & C H GOODCHILD. 5 R S NARAYANAN & C H GOODCHILD.
The Concrete Centre. Concise Eurocode The Concrete Centre. Concise Eurocode
2, CCIP-005. TCC 2006
2, CCIP-005. TCC 2006 As Amended
4
Page 6 of 13
190
B1.1
Delete existing text. See G below
2010
New text:
According to Note 5 of Table NA.5 the NA
[1a]
to BS EN 1992-1-1 the modification
factor for service stress used with the l/d
method of checking the SLS state of
deformation (designated factor F3 in TCC
publications) may be determined as either
310/Vs using characteristic load

combinations to determine the
service stress, Vs
or
x
(500/fyk)(As,prov /As,req)
In either case the modification factor is

restricted to a maximum of 1.50. In the
UK
fyk = 500 MPa.
Assuming Vs is proportional to Vu, and
using characteristic load combinations to
determine Vs produces values of 310/Vs =
1.00 +3% - 6%. and so is not as attractive
to using As,prov /As,req.
The use of F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.5 is
therefore advocated in checking
deformation using the l/d method.
190
191
191
201
204
B1.2
B1.4
B1.5
C7
C8
See H below
See J below
See K below
See L below
See M below
Page 7 of 13
A Amends to p 51 Figure 3.7
300
250
150
125
300
250
B Amends to p 65 Figure 3.15
2H20/rib
1H25 + 1H20/rib
x3
C Amends to p 70 Figure 3.17
2H20/rib
1H25 + 1H20/rib
x2
Note curtailed bat
Page 8 of 13
D Amends to p 92 Figure 3.26
H20@200
H16@100
E Amends to p 124 Figure 4.20
25 bar
32 bar
20 bar
20/25 bar
Page 9 of 13
F Amends to p133 Figures 4.22 and 4.23
13H25
12H32
x2
T25 in
section
x2
G Amends to p190 B1.1

NewText
According to Note 5 of Table NA.5 the NA to BS EN
1992-1-1[1a] the modification factor for service stress
used with the l/d method of checking the SLS state of
deformation (designated factor F3 in TCC
publications) may be determined as either
x
310/Vs using characteristic load combinations

to determine the service stress, Vs
or
In either case the modification factor is restricted to a

maximum of 1.50. In the UK
fyk = 500 MPa.
Assuming Vs is simply proportional to the ultimate
stress, Vu, produces values of 310/Vs = 1.00 +/- 5%
and so for hand calculations is not as attractive as
using As,prov /As,req.
The use of F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.5 is therefore
advocated in checking deformation using the l/d
method by hand.
Page 10 of 13
H Amends to p190 B1.2

combination values
of actions
combination values of actions

taking account of SLS moments,
compression reinforcement,
As,prov /As,req, etc.
[1]
310/Vs
NewText
[1a]
an accurate
J Amends to p191 B1.4
were
Add new text
using the quasi

permanent values of
actions (see B.4)
New para
In the light of the

above disparity and
pending clarification,
the UK NA was revised
and published in
December 2009 as
detailed in B1.1 above.
Page 11 of 13
K Amends to p191 B1.4
New paras
Prior to the publication of the

revised UK NA[1a] it was allowable
to calculate the moderation factor
using in l/d verifications of
deformation(F3) by using quasi
permanent loads.
Assuming Vs due to quasi
permanent actions is proportional
to Vu, the method as outlined in C8
may be used to determine Vs in
verifications of crack widths, etc.
L Amends to p201 C7
New text:
either
x
310/Vs using characteristic load

combinations to determine the
service stress, Vs
or
In either case the modification factor is

restricted to a maximum of 1.50.
Page 12 of 13
M Amends to p204 C8
below
New text ex p 201:
chg 25 Feb 2010
Page 13 of 13
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The introduction of European standards to UK construction is a signicant event as, for the
rst time, all design and construction codes within the EU will be harmonised. The ten design
standards, known as the Eurocodes, will affect all design and construction activities as all current
British Standards for structural design are due to be withdrawn in 2010.
The cement and concrete industry recognised the need to enable UK design professionals to use
Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, quickly, effectively, efciently and with condence.
Supported by government, consultants and relevant industry bodies, the Concrete Industry
Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG) was formed in 1999 and this Group has provided the guidance for a
coordinated and collaborative approach to the introduction of Eurocode 2.
As a result, a range of resources are being delivered by the concrete sector (see www.eurocode2.info).
The aim of this publication, Worked Examples to Eurocode 2: Volume 1 is to distil from Eurocode 2,
other Eurocodes and other sources the material that is commonly used in the design of concrete
framed buildings.
These worked examples are published in two parts. Volume 2 will include chapters on Foundations,
Serviceability, Fire and Retaining walls.
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The original ideas for this publication emanates from the research project Èurocode 2: Transition
from UK to European concrete design standards, which was led by the BCA and part funded by
the DTI under their PII scheme and was overseen by a Steering Group and the CIEG. The work has
been brought to fruition by The Concrete Centre from early initial drafts by various authors listed
on the inside back cover. The concrete industry acknowledges and appreciates the support given
by many individuals, companies and organisations in the preparation of this document. These are
listed on the inside back cover.
We gratefully acknowledge the authors of the initial drafts and the help and advice given by Robin
Whittle in checking the text. Thanks are also due to Gillian Bond, Kevin Smith, Sally Huish and the
design team at Michael Burbridge Ltd for their work on the production.
The copyright of British Standards extracts reproduced in this document is held by the British Standards Institution (BSI).
Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is granted by BSI under the terms of Licence No: 2009RM010. No other
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signicance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for
negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA - The Concrete Centre or its subcontractors,
suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that the publications from MPA - The Concrete Centre are subject to revision from time
to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.
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Symbol
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a
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a:
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a^
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b
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e\n
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vii
Symbol
Definition
r*
I^k\^gmZ`^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmeZii^]pbmabg)'/.e)_khfma^\^gmkêbg^h_maêZi[^bg`\hglb]^k^]
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K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
rer%res
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sl
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sl\!slm"
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sl]
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h!e%m)"
?bgZeoZen^h_\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
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c)
<hf[bgZmbhgoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`NEL"
c*
?k^jn^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`pa^ma^kl^\mbhgpbeeaZo^\kZ\d^]hkghm"
c+
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`]^_hkfZmbhg"
w
F^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh6:l_r] (:\_\]*
viii
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
* Introduction
*'* Aim
Ma^Zbfh_mablin[eb\ZmbhgblmhbeenlmkZm^makhnàphkd^]^qZfie^lahp;L>G*22+**T*V
!>nkh\h]^+"fZr[^nl^]bgikZ\mb\^mh]^lb`gbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'Bmblbgm^g]^]
maZm ma^l^ phkd^] ^qZfie^l pbee ^qieZbg ahp \Ze\neZmbhgl mh >nkh\h]^ + fZr [^ i^k_hkf^]'
>nkh\h]^+lmkb\mer\hglblmlh__hnkiZkml!IZkml**%*+%+Zg],"T*&-V[nm_hkmaînkihl^lh_
mablin[eb\Zmbhg%>nkh\h]^+k^_^klmhiZkm**hger%nge^lljnZeb^]'Ma^phkd^]^qZfie^lpbee
[^\Zkkb^]hnmpbmabgma^^gobkhgf^gmh_hma^kkêôZgmin[eb\Zmbhgleblm^][êhp%Zg]beenlmkZm^]
bg?b`nk^*'*3
N Ma^hma^kmak^îZkmlh_>nkh\h]^+'
N Hma^k>nkh\h]^l'
N FZm^kbZeZg]^q^\nmbhglmZg]Zk]l'
N In[eb\Zmbhgl[rma^\hg\k^m^bg]nlmkrZg]hma^kl'
Ma^k^ Zk^% ma^k^_hk^% fZgr k^_^k^g\^l mh hma^k ]h\nf^gml Zg] pabe^ bm bl bgm^g]^] maZm mabl
in[eb\Zmbhg%k^_^kk^]mhZlPhkd^]^qZfie^l%\ZglmZg]Zehg^%bmblZgmb\biZm^]maZmnl^klfZr
k^jnbk^ lô^kZe h_ ma^ hma^k k^_^k^g\^l mh aZg]% bg iZkmb\neZk% <hg\bl^ >nkh\h]^ +T.V% pab\a
lnffZkbl^l ma^ kne^l Zg] ikbg\bie^l maZm pbee [^ \hffhger nl^] bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ k^bg_hk\^]
\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`lmh>nkh\h]^+'
WORKED
EXAMPLES
STANDARDS
CONCRETE INDUSTRY
PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
BY OTHERS
NA
CONCISE
EUROCODE
2
BS EN 1990
BASIS OF
DESIGN
MANUALS
VOL 2
NA
BS EN 19912
NA
BS EN 199111
2 NA
NA
3
NA
ACTIONS
4
NA
6
WORKED EXAMPLES
TO EUROCODE 2
VOL 1
HOW TO
DESIGN
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
DETAILERS
HANDBOOK
Densities and
imposed loads
Fire
Snow
Wind
Execution
www.
Eurocode2
.info
DESIGN
GUIDES
PD6687
NA
NA
BS EN 199211 12 NA
NA
DESIGN OF
2
CONCRETE
3
STRUCTURES
General
Fire
Bridges
Liquid retaining
RC SPREAD
SHEETS
BS EN 13670
EXECUTION
OF
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
PRECAST
DESIGN
MANUAL
PRECAST
WORKED
EXAMPLES
Ghm^
Ma^m^kfLmZg]Zk]l^g\hfiZll^l;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]l%>nkh\h]^l%GZmbhgZe:gg^q^l!G:"Zg]In[ebla^]=h\nf^gml
?b`nk^*'*
Phkd^]^qZfie^lbg\hgm^qm
Ma^]^lb`glZk^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L>G*22+**T*V%Zlfh]b^][rma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT*ZV
Zg]^qieZbg^]bgI=//10T/V'
1
@^g^kZeer% ma^ \Ze\neZmbhgl Zk^ \khll&k^_^k^g\^] mh ma^ kêôZgm \eZnl^l bg Zee _hnk iZkml h_
>nkh\h]^ +T*-V Zg]% pa^k^ ZiikhikbZm^% mh hma^k ]h\nf^gml' L^^ ?b`nk^ *'+ _hk Z `nb]^ mh
ik^l^gmZmbhg'K^_^k^g\^lmh;L1**)T0Vk^_^kmhIZkm*nge^llhma^kpbl^lmZm^]'
@^g^kZeer%ma^lbfie^^qZfie^l]î^g]hg^jnZmbhglZg]]^lb`gZb]l]^kbo^]_khf>nkh\h]^+'
Ma^]^kbo^]^jnZmbhglZk^`bo^gbg:ii^g]bq:Zg]ma^]^lb`gZb]l_khfL^\mbhg*.h_<hg\bl^
>nkh\h]^+T.VZk^kî^Zm^]bg:ii^g]bq;'
Ma^^qZfie^lZk^bgm^g]^]mh[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkma^bkinkihl^%pab\ablmhbeenlmkZm^ma^nl^h_
>nkh\h]^+_hkbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^k^Zk^lbfie^^qZfie^lmhbeenlmkZmâhp
mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhglfbàm[^]hg^nlbg`ZoZbeZ[e^\aZkmlZg]mZ[e^l]^kbo^]_khfma^<h]^'
Ma^l^Zk^_heehp^][rfhk^]^mZbe^]^qZfie^lbeenlmkZmbg`ma^]^mZbe^]phkdbg`lh_ma^<h]^l'
Bghk]^kmh^qieZbgma^nl^h_>nkh\h]^+%lô^kZeh_ma^\Ze\neZmbhglZkîk^l^gm^]bg]^mZbe_Zk
bg^q\^llh_maZmg^\^llZkrbg]^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhglhg\^nl^klZk^_ZfbebZkpbmama^<h]^'MhZg
^qm^gm%ma^]^lb`glZk^\hgmkbo^]mhlahpoZeb]f^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`ê^f^gml%mh`bo^bglbàm
Zg]mhaêibgoZeb]Zmbg`\hfinm^kf^mah]l'Ma^rZk^ghmg^\^llZkberma^fhlmZiikhikbZm^%ma^
fhlm^\hghfb\hkma^hgerf^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`ma^f^f[^klbeenlmkZm^]'
Sections 1 and 2
Worked examples
Cl. 6.4.4
KêôZgm\eZnl^lhk_b`nk^gnf[^kl_khf;L>G
*22+**!b_ma^k^_^k^g\^blmhhma^kiZkml%hma^k
>nkh\h]^lhkhma^k]h\nf^gmlmablpbee[^bg]b\Zm^]"
Cl. 6.4.4
NA
?khfma^kêôZgmNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q!`^g^kZeermh
;L>G*22+**"
NA
Cl. 6.4.4 & NA
?khf[hma;L>G*22+**Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Cl. 6.4.4 & NA
Fig. 2.1
Section 5.2
KêôZgmiZkmlh_mablin[eb\Zmbhg
Fig. 2.1
Section 5.2
EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
?khfhma^k>nkh\h]^l3;L>G*22)%;L>G*22*%
;L>G*22+*+%^m\
EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
PD 6687[6]
;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
;L>G*22+*
PD 6687[6]
Concise
<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+T.V
Concise
How to: Floors [8]
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`
>nkh\h]^+T1V3?ehhkl
How to:
Floors[8]
Grey shaded tables
Bg:ii^g]b\^l%]^kbo^]\hgm^gmbgmZ[e^lghm_khf
>nkh\h]^+
?b`nk^*'+
@nb]^mhik^l^gmZmbhg
:llhf^h_ma^]^mZbebg`kne^lbg>nkh\h]^+Zk^`^g^kZeerfhk^bgoheo^]maZgmahl^mh;L1**)%
lhf^ h_ ma^ ]^lb`gl ik^l^gm^] bg mabl in[eb\Zmbhg aZo^ [^^g ^qm^g]^] bgmh Zk^Zl maZm aZo^
mkZ]bmbhgZeer[^^gma^k^lihglb[bebmrh_]^mZbe^kl'Ma^l^^qm^g]^]\Ze\neZmbhglZk^ghmg^\^llZkber
iZkm h_ghkfZe ]^lb`g [nm Zk^ bg\en]^] Zm ma^ ^g] h_ lhf^ \Ze\neZmbhgl' Bm bl Zllnf^] maZm
ma^]^lb`g^kpbee]bl\nllZg]Z`k^^pbmama^]^mZbe^kZk^Zlh_k^lihglb[bebmrZg]ma^]^`k^^h_
kZmbhgZeblZmbhg% ma^ ^qm^gm h_ ]^lb`gbg` ]^mZbel% Zll^llf^gm h_ \nkmZbef^gm Zg] hma^k Zli^\ml
maZmma^]^mZbe^klahne]ng]^kmZd^'Bmblk^\h`gbl^]maZmbgmaôZlmfZchkbmrh_\Zl^l%ma^kne^l
`bo^gbg]^mZbebg`fZgnZelT1%2Vpbee[^nl^]'Ahpô^k%ma^^qZfie^lZk^bgm^g]^]mhaêipa^g
\nkmZbef^gm%Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`malg^^]mh[^]^m^kfbg^]'
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
*'+ Eurocode: Basis of structural design
Bg ma^ >nkh\h]^ lrlm^f ;L >G *22)% >nkh\h]^3 ;Zlbl h_ lmkn\mnkZe ]^lb`gT*)V ho^kZk\a^l Zee ma^
hma^k>nkh\h]^l%;L>G*22*mh;L>G*222';L>G*22)]^g^lma^^__^\mlh_Z\mbhgl%bg\en]bg`
`^hm^\agb\Ze Zg] l^blfb\ Z\mbhgl% Zg] Ziieb^l mh Zee lmkn\mnk^l bkk^li^\mbo^ h_ ma^ fZm^kbZe h_
\hglmkn\mbhg'Ma^fZm^kbZe>nkh\h]^l]^gâhpma^^__^\mlh_Z\mbhglZk^k^lblm^][r`bobg`kne^l_hk
]^lb`gZg]]^mZbebg`h_\hg\k^m^%lm^ê%\hfihlbm^%mbf[^k%fZlhgkrZg]Zenfbgbnf'!l^^?b`nk^*',"'
BS EN 1990, Eurocode:
Basis of structural design
Structural safety,
serviceability and durability
BS EN 1991, Eurocode 1:
Actions on structures
Actions on structures
BS EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Concrete

BS EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Steel
BS EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Composite
BS EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Timber
BS EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Masonry
BS EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Aluminium
Geotechnical design
Design and detailing
Seismic design
Geotechnical
and seismic
design
?b`nk^*',
Ma^>nkh\h]âb^kZk\ar
;L>G*22)ikhob]^lma^g^\^llZkrbg_hkfZmbhg_hkma^ZgZerlblh_lmkn\mnk^lbg\en]bgìZkmbZe
Zg]hma^k_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhgl_khf>nkh\h]^*'Bm^lmZ[ebla^lmaîkbg\bie^lZg]
k^jnbk^f^gml_hkma^lZ_^mr%l^kob\^Z[bebmrZg]]nkZ[bebmrh_lmkn\mnk^l'Bm]^l\kb[^lma^[Zlbl_hk
]^lb`gZl_heehpl3
EC0: 2.1
:lmkn\mnk^laZee[^]^lb`g^]Zg]^q^\nm^]!\hglmkn\m^]"bgln\aZpZrmaZmbmpbee%]nkbg`bml
bgm^g]^]eb_^%pbmaZiikhikbZm^]^`k^^lh_kêbZ[bebmrZg]bgZg^\hghfb\ZepZr3
N LnlmZbgZeeZ\mbhglZg]bg_en^g\^lebdêrmhh\\nk]nkbg`^q^\nmbhgZg]nl^'
N K^fZbg_bm_hkma^nl^_hkpab\abmblk^jnbk^]'
Bghma^kphk]l%bmlaZee[^]^lb`g^]nlbgèbfbmlmZm^likbg\bie^lmhaZo^Z]^jnZm^3
N LmZ[bebmr'
N Lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^!bg\en]bg`lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^bg_bk^"'
N L^kob\^Z[bebmr'
N =nkZ[bebmr'
?hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l%Z]^lb`gphkdbgèb_^h_.)r^Zklblbfieb^]'
;L>G*22)lmZm^lmaZmebfbmlmZm^llahne][ô^kb^]bgZeekêôZgm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl3i^klblm^gm%
mkZglb^gmhkZ\\b]^gmZe'GhkêôZgmebfbmlmZm^laZee[^^q\^^]^]pa^g]^lb`goZen^l_hkZ\mbhgl
Zg]k^lblmZg\^lZk^nl^]bg]^lb`g'MaêbfbmlmZm^lZk^3
N NembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l!NEL"%pab\aZk^Zllh\bZm^]pbma\heeZil^hkhma^k_hkflh_lmkn\mnkZe
_Zbenk^'
N L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l!LEL"%pab\a\hkk^lihg]mh\hg]bmbhgl[^rhg]pab\ali^\b_b^]
l^kob\^k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^ghehg`^kf^m'
:eeZ\mbhglZk^Zllnf^]mhoZkrbgmbf^Zg]liZ\^'LmZmblmb\Zeikbg\bie^lZk^Ziieb^]mhZkkbo^Zmma^
fZ`gbmn]^h_maîZkmbZeehZ]_Z\mhklmh[^nl^]bg]^lb`gmhZ\abô^ma^k^jnbk^]kêbZ[bebmrbg]^q
!eôêh_lZ_^mr"'Ma^k^blZgng]^kerbg`ZllnfimbhgmaZmma^Z\mbhglma^flêo^lZk^]^l\kb[^]bg
lmZmblmb\Zem^kfl'
3
*', Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
:\mbhglZk^]^g^]bgma^*)iZkmlh_;L>G*22*>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^lT**V3
;L>G*22***3+))+3=^glbmb^l%lê_&p^bàm%bfihl^]ehZ]l_hk[nbe]bg`l
;L>G*22**+3+))+3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mhk^
;L>G*22**,3+)),3LghpehZ]l
;L>G*22**-3+)).3Pbg]Z\mbhgl
;L>G*22**.3+)),3Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl
;L>G*22**/3+)).3:\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg
;L>G*22**03+))/3:\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl
;L>G*22*+3+)),3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'MkZ_\ehZ]lhg[kb]`^l
;L>G*22*,3+))/3<kZg^lZg]fZ\abg^kr
;L>G*22*-3+))/3LbehlZg]mZgdl
Mabl in[eb\Zmbhg bl fZbger \hg\^kg^] pbma ]^lb`gbg` _hk ma^ Z\mbhgl ]^g^] [r IZkm**3
=^glbmb^l%lê_&p^bàm%bfihl^]ehZ]l_hk[nbe]bg`l'
=^lb`goZen^lh_Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gmlZk^\ho^k^]bgL^\mbhg+'
*'- Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures

>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lT*-Vhi^kZm^lpbmabgZg^gobkhgf^gmh_hma^k>nkhi^Zg
Zg];kbmblalmZg]Zk]l!l^^?b`nk^*',"'Bmbl`ho^kg^][r;L>G*22)T*)VZg]ln[c^\mmhma^Z\mbhgl
]^g^]bg>nkh\h]^l*T**V%0T*+VZg]1T*,V'Bm]î^g]lhgoZkbhnlfZm^kbZelZg]^q^\nmbhglmZg]Zk]l
Zg] bl nl^] Zl ma^ [Zlbl h_ hma^k lmZg]Zk]l' IZkm +% ;kb]`^lT,V% Zg] IZkm ,% Ebjnb]k^mZbgbg`Zg]
\hgmZbgf^gmlmkn\mnk^lT-V%phkd[r^q\îmbhgmhIZkm**Zg]*+%maZmbl%\eZnl^lbgIZkml+Zg],
\hgkf%fh]b_rhkkîeZ\^\eZnl^lbgIZkm**'
BS EN 1990
EUROCODE
Basis of Structural Design
BS EN 1997
EUROCODE 7
Geotechnical Design
BS EN 1998
EUROCODE 8
Seismic Design
BS EN 1991
EUROCODE 1
Basis of Structural Design
BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete
BS EN 206
Concrete
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures
BS EN 1995
EUROCODE 5
Design of
Composite
Structures
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Design of concrete structures
Part 11: General Rules for
Structures
Part 12: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Part 2:
Bridges
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Part 3:
Liquid Retaining
Structures
Ghm^
?hk\eZkbmrGZmbhgZe:gg^q^lZg]^qieZgZmhkr]h\nf^gml!^'`'I=//10%Zg]
Ghg&<hgmkZ]b\mhkr<hfie^f^gmZkrBg_hkfZmbhgG<<B"Zk^ghmlahpg'
?b`nk^*'>nkh\h]^+bg\hgm^qm
BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 13369
Precast
Concrete
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
*'. National Annexes

Bmblmaîk^kh`Zmbo^h_^Z\a<>GF^f[^kLmZm^mh\hgmkheeôêlh_lZ_^mrbgmaZm\hngmkr':lZ
k^lnem%lhf^lZ_^mr_Z\mhklZg]hma^kiZkZf^m^klbgma^>nkh\h]^l%ln\aZl\ebfZmb\\hg]bmbhgl%
]nkZ[bebmr\eZll^lZg]]^lb`gf^mah]l%Zk^ln[c^\mmh\hgkfZmbhghklê^\mbhgZmZgZmbhgZeeôê'
Ma^]^\blbhglfZ]^[rma^gZmbhgZe[h]b^l[^\hf^GZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^kl!G=Il"
pab\a Zk^ in[ebla^] bg Z GZmbhgZe:gg^q !G:" _hk ^Z\a iZkm h_ ^Z\a >nkh\h]^'Ma^ GZmbhgZe
:gg^q fZr Zelh bg\en]^ k^_^k^g\^ mh ghg&\hgmkZ]b\mhkr \hfie^f^gmZkr bg_hkfZmbhg !G<<B"%
ln\aZlgZmbhgZelmZg]Zk]lhk`nb]Zg\^]h\nf^gml'
Mablin[eb\Zmbhgbg\en]^lk^_^k^g\^lmhma^kêôZgmGZmbhgZe:gg^q^lZlZiikhikbZm^'
*'/ Basis of the worked examples in this publication

Ma^]^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZk^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma3
N ;L>G*22)%>nkh\h]^3;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`gT*)VZg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT*)ZV'
N ;L>G*22*%>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^lbg*)iZkmlT**VZg]ma^bkNDGZmbhgZe
:gg^q^lT**ZV'
N ;L>G*22+**%>nkh\h]^+IZkm**3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l@^g^kZekne^lZg]
kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`lT*VZg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT*ZV'
N ;L>G*22+*+%>nkh\h]^+IZkm*+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l@^g^kZekne^l
Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`gT+VZg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT+ZV'
N I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^lT/V'
N ;L>G*220%>nkh\h]^03@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gIZkm*'@^g^kZekne^lT*+VZg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe
:gg^qT*+ZV'
Ma^rnl^fZm^kbZel\hg_hkfbg`mh3
N ;L1.))*3<hg\k^m^<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/*3F^mah]h_li^\b_rbg`
Zg]`nb]Zg\^mhma^li^\b_b^kT*-V'
N ;L---23Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^Pê]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê;Zk%\hbeZg]
]^\hbe^]ikh]n\mLi^\b_b\ZmbhgT*.V'
Ma^rfZd^k^_^k^g\^mhlô^kZein[eb\Zmbhgl%fhlmghmZ[er3

N <hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+_hkma^]^lb`gh_bg&lbmn\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`lmh;L>G*22+**3
+))-Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q3+)).T.V'
T1V'

N Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Ma^^q^\nmbhgh_ma^phkdlblZllnf^]mh\hg_hkfmh3
N I=//10;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l;L>G*22+*'T/V
N GL<L%GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg%,k]^]bmbhgT*/VFZr
+))-'
Hk%pa^gZoZbeZ[e^
N ;L>G*,/0)3>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'=n^+)*)T*0V':lbfie^f^gm^][r
li^\b_b\Zmbhglln\aZl3
N GL<L%GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg%-ma^]bmbhgT*1V
<<BI&).)%]n^+)*)'
*'0 Assumptions
*'0'* Eurocode 2
Cl. 1.3
PD 6687[6]
>nkh\h]^+Zllnf^lmaZm3
N =^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgpbee[^ng]^kmZd^g[rZiikhikbZmêrjnZeb_b^]Zg]^qi^kb^g\^]i^klhggê'
N :]^jnZm^lni^koblbhgZg]jnZebmr\hgmkhepbee[îkhob]^]'
N FZm^kbZelZg]ikh]n\mlpbee[^nl^]Zlli^\b_b^]'

N Ma^lmkn\mnk^pbee[^Z]^jnZmêrfZbgmZbg^]Zg]pbee[^nl^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^]^lb`g[kb^_'
N Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk^q^\nmbhgZg]phkdfZglabi`bo^gbg>G*,/0)Zk^\hfieb^]pbma'

*'0'+ The worked examples
Nge^llghm^]hma^kpbl^%ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZllnf^3
EC0: Table 2.1
N :]^lb`geb_^h_.)r^Zkl'
Table 3.1
N Ma^nl^h_<,)(,0\hg\k^m^'
BS 4449
N Ma^nl^h_@kZ]^:%;hk<k^bg_hk\^f^gm%]^lb`gZm^]AbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L1///T*2V'
Table 4.1,
BS 8500: Table A.1
N >qihlnk^\eZllQ<*'
Building Regs[20,21]
N *ahnk_bk^k^lblmZg\^'
@^g^kZeer^Z\a\Ze\neZmbhgblkhng]^]Zg]bmblma^khng]^]oZen^maZmblnl^]bgZgr_nkma^k\Ze\neZmbhg'
*'1 Material properties

FZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^lZk^li^\b^]bgm^kflh_ma^bk\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l'MablnlnZeer\hkk^lihg]l
mhmaêhp^k._kZ\mbe^h_ZgZllnf^]lmZmblmb\Ze]blmkb[nmbhgh_maîkhi^kmr\hglb]^k^]'
MaôZen^lh_g<Zg]gL%iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkfZm^kbZel%Zk^bg]b\Zm^]bgMZ[e^*'*'
Table 2.1 & NA
MZ[e^*'*
IZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkfZm^kbZel
=^lb`glbmnZmbhg
g<\hg\k^m^
gLk^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
ULS persistent and transient
*'.)
*'*.
Accidental non-fire
*'+)
*'))
Accidental fire
*'))
*'))
SLS
*'))
*'))
*'2 Execution
Bgma^ND%==>GO*,/0)T++Vbl\nkk^gmerZoZbeZ[e^[nmpbmahnmbmlGZmbhgZe:iieb\Zmbhg=h\nf^gm'
?hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lbgma^ND%ma^[Z\d`khng]]h\nf^gmI=//10T/V\hglb]^klmaîkhoblbhglh_
ma^GZmbhgZeLmkn\mnkZe<hg\k^m^Li^\b\Zmbhg!GL<L"T*/Vmh[^^jnboZe^gmmhmahl^bg>G*,/0)_hk
mhe^kZg\^\eZll*'Pa^gin[ebla^]%;L>G*,/0)T*0VZg]%b_ZiikhikbZm^%ma^\hkk^lihg]bg`GZmbhgZe
:iieb\Zmbhg=h\nf^gmpbeemZdîk^\^]^g\^'
+ Analysis, actions and load arrangements

+'* Methods of analysis
+'*'* ULS
:mma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^!NEL"ma^mri^h_ZgZerlbllahne][^ZiikhikbZm^mhmaîkh[e^f[^bg`
\hglb]^k^]'Ma^_heehpbg`Zk^\hffhgernl^]3
N Ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlbl'
Cl. 5.1.1(7)
N Ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblpbmaebfbm^]k^]blmkb[nmbhg'
N IeZlmb\ZgZerlbl'
?hk NEL% ma^ fhf^gml ]^kbo^] _khf êZlmb\ ZgZerlbl fZr [^ k^]blmkb[nm^] ikhob]^] maZm ma^
k^lnembg`]blmkb[nmbhgh_fhf^gmlk^fZbglbg^jnbeb[kbnfpbmama^Ziieb^]Z\mbhgl'Bg\hgmbgnhnl
[^ZflhkleZ[lpbma_\d.)FIZma^fbgbfnfZeehpZ[e^kZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmh
ma^fhf^gmbgmaêbg^ZkZgZerlbl%d%bl)'0)pa^k^<eZll;hk<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]hk
)'1)pa^k^<eZll:k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]'
Pbmabgmaêbfbmll^m%\h^_\b^gml_hkfhf^gmZg]la^Zk]^kbo^]_khfêZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^
nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^_hk\^lbgk^`neZklmkn\mnk^l!l^^:ii^g]bq;"'Ma^]^lb`gh_\henfgllahne][^
[Zl^]hgêZlmb\fhf^gmlpbmahnmk^]blmkb[nmbhg'
IeZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^nl^]_hk]^lb`gZmNELikhob]^]maZmma^k^jnbk^]]n\mbebmr\Zg[^Zllnk^]%
_hk^qZfie^3[rebfbmbg`qn (]!mh)'+._hk\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma\eZll^l<.)(/)"4nlbg`<eZll;
hk<k^bg_hk\^f^gm4hk^glnkbg`ma^kZmbhh_fhf^gmlZmbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmlmhfhf^gmlbg
liZglbl[^mp^^g)'.Zg]+')'
Cl. 5.5.4 & NA
Cl. 5.1.1
Cl. 5.6.2
+'*'+ SLS
:mma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^!LEL"ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^nl^]'Ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlbl
fZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmZllnfbg`3
N <khll&l^\mbhglZk^ng\kZ\d^]Zg]k^fZbgieZg^!b'^'ZgZerlblfZr[^[Zl^]hg\hg\k^m^
`khlll^\mbhgl"'
Cl. 5.4(1)
N Ebg^Zklmk^lllmkZbgkêZmbhglabil'
N Ma^nl^h_f^ZgoZen^lh_êZlmb\fh]nenl'
+'+ Actions

:\mbhglk^_^kmhehZ]lZiieb^]mhma^lmkn\mnk^Zl]^g^][êhp3
N I^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZk^Z\mbhgl_hkpab\amaôZkbZmbhgbgfZ`gbmn]^pbmambf^blg^èb`b[e^'
EC1-1-1: 2.1
N OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglZk^Z\mbhgl_hkpab\amaôZkbZmbhgbgfZ`gbmn]^pbmambf^blghmg^èb`b[e^'
EC1-1-1:
2.2, 3.3.1(2)
N :\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhglZk^Z\mbhglh_lahkm]nkZmbhg[nmh_lb`gb_b\ZgmfZ`gbmn]^maZmZk^
ngebdêrmhh\\nkhgZ`bo^glmkn\mnk^]nkbg`ma^]^lb`gphkdbgèb_^'

Bfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhglZk^ghm\hglb]^k^]bgmablin[eb\Zmbhg'
EC1-1-7
+', Characteristic values of actions

MaôZen^lh_Z\mbhgl`bo^gbgmaôZkbhnliZkmlh_>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^lT**VZk^mZd^g
Zl\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l'Ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZgZ\mbhgbl]^g^][rhg^h_ma^_heehpbg`
mak^^Zem^kgZmbo^l3
N Bmlf^ZgoZen^`^g^kZeernl^]_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl'
EC0: 4.1.2

N :gnii^koZen^pbmaZgbgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_ghm[^bg`^q\^^]^]hkehp^koZen^pbmaZg
bgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_[^bg`Z\abô^]ghkfZeernl^]_hkoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglpbmadghpg
lmZmblmb\Ze]blmkb[nmbhgl%ln\aZlpbg]hklghp'
N :ghfbgZeoZen^nl^]_hklhfôZkbZ[e^Zg]Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl'
+'- Variable actions: imposed loads

+'-'* General
Bfihl^]ehZ]lhg[nbe]bg`lZk^]bob]^]bgmh\Zm^`hkb^l'Mahl^fhlm_k^jn^gmernl^]bg\hg\k^m^
]^lb`gZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^+'*'
<Zm^`hkr =^l\kbimbhg
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.7, 6.9
& NA
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
MZ[e^+'*
<Zm^`hkb^lh_
bfihl^]ehZ]l
:k^Zl_hk]hf^lmb\Zg]k^lb]^gmbZeZ\mbobmb^l
H__b\^Zk^Zl
:k^Zlh_\hg`k^`Zmbhg
Lahiibg`Zk^Zl
LmhkZ`^Zk^ZlZg]bg]nlmkbZenl^!bg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl"
MkZ__b\Zg]iZkdbg`Zk^Zl!oâb\e^l5,)dG"
Khh_l!bgZ\\^llb[e^^q\îm_hkfZbgm^gZg\^Zg]kîZbk"
Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^pbmah\\niZg\r\Zm^`hkb^l:="
Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^_hkli^\bZel^kob\^l%^'`'_hkaêb\him^keZg]bg`Zk^Zl"
Ghm^l
1<Zm^`hkrCblghmnl^]'
2?hk_hkdeb_mehZ]bg`k^_^kmh;L>G*22***<e'/'+','
+'-'+ Characteristic values of imposed loads

<aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l_hk\hffhgernl^]bfihl^]ehZ]lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'+mh+'1'
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
MZ[e^+'+
:3]hf^lmb\Zg]k^lb]^gmbZe
Ln[&
\Zm^`hkr
>qZfie^
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
A1
:eenlZ`^lpbmabglê_&\hgmZbg^]]pêebg`ngbml'<hffngZe
Zk^Zl!bg\en]bg`dbm\a^gl"bglfZeeZ[eh\dlh__eZml
*'.
+')
A2
;^]khhflZg]]hkfbmhkb^l%^q\îmmahl^bglê_&\hgmZbg^]
lbgè^_Zfber]pêebg`ngbmlZg]bgahmêlZg]fhmêl
*'.
+')
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
A3
;^]khhflbgahmêlZg]fhmêl4ahlibmZepZk]l4mhbe^mZk^Zl
+')
+')
A4
;beebZk](lghhd^kkhhfl
+')
+'0
A5
;Ze\hgb^lbglbgè^&_Zfber]pêebg`ngbmlZg]\hffngZeZk^Zl
bglfZeeZ[eh\dlh__eZml
+'.
+')
A6
;Ze\hgb^lbgahlmêl%`n^lmahnl^l%k^lb]^gmbZe\en[l'<hffngZe
Zk^ZlbgeZk`^kZ[eh\dlh__eZml
Fbg',')[
Fbg'+')\
A7
;Ze\hgb^lbgahmêlZg]fhmêl
Fbg'-')[
Fbg'+')\
Ghm^l
aLfZee[eh\dlh__eZmlZk^mahl^pbma,lmhk^rlZg]-_eZmli^k_ehhk(lmZbk\Zl^'Hma^kpbl^ma^rZk^
\hglb]^k^]mh[êZk`^k[eh\dlh__eZml
bLZf^Zlma^khhflmhpab\ama^r`bo^Z\\^ll%[nmpbmaZfbgbfnfh_,')dG(f+hk-')dG(f+
c<hg\^gmkZm^]Zmma^hnm^k^]`^
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
MZ[e^+',
;3h__b\^l
Ln[&
\Zm^`hkr
>qZfie^
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
B1
@^g^kZenl^hma^kmaZgbg;+
+'.
+'0
B2
:mhk[êhp`khng]_ehhkeôê
,')
+'0
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
MZ[e^+'-
<3Zk^Zlh_\hg`k^`Zmbhg
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
Ln[&
\Zm^`hkr
>qZfie^
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
<*
:k^ZlpbmamZ[e^l
C11
In[eb\%bglmbmnmbhgZeZg]\hffngZe]bgbg`khhflZg]
ehng`^l%\Z_^lZg]k^lmZnkZgml!Ghm^3nl^<-hk<.b_
ZiikhikbZm^"
C12
K^Z]bg`khhflpbmagh[hhdlmhkZ`^
+'.
-')
C13
<eZllkhhfl
,')
,')
<+
:k^Zlpbma_bq^]l^Zml
C21
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-')
,'/
C22
IeZ\^lh_phklabi
,')
+'0
<,
:k^Zlpbmahnmh[lmZ\e^l_hkfhobgì^hie^
C31
<hkkb]hkl%aZeepZrl%Zble^lbgbglmbmnmbhgZemri^[nbe]bg`l%
ahlmêl%`n^lmahnl^l%k^lb]^gmbZe\en[lZg]\hffngZe
Zk^ZlbgeZk`^kb[eh\dlh__eZml
,')
-'.
C32
LmZbkl%eZg]bg`lbgbglmbmnmbhgZemri^[nbe]bg`l%ahlmêl%
`n^lmahnl^l%k^lb]^gmbZe\en[lZg]\hffngZeZk^Zlbg
eZk`^kb[eh\dlh__eZml
,')
-')
C33
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-')
-'.
C34
<hkkb]hkl%aZeepZrl%Zble^lbghma^kc[nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh
pa^ê^]oâb\e^l%bg\en]bg`mkhee^rl
.')
-'.
C35
LmZbkl%eZg]bg`lbghma^kc[nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh\khp]l
-')
-')
C36
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pZedpZrpb]maZiikhq/))ff"
,')
+')
C37
PZedpZrl@^g^kZe]nmr!k^`neZkmph&pZri^]^lmkbZg
mkZ__b\"
.')
,'/
C38
PZedpZrlA^Zor]nmr!abà&]^glbmri^]^lmkbZgmkZ__b\
bg\en]bg`^l\Zi^khnm^l"
0'.
-'.
C39
Fnl^nf_ehhklZg]Zkm`Zee^kb^l_hk^qab[bmbhginkihl^l
-')
-'.
<-
:k^Zlpbmaihllb[eîarlb\ZeZ\mbobmb^l
j d
Jd
+')
,')
C41
=Zg\âZeelZg]lmn]bhl%`rfgZlbZ%lmZ`^ld
.')
,'/
C42
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.')
0')
<.
:k^Zlln[c^\m^]mheZk`^\khp]l
C51
:ll^f[erZk^Zlpbmahnm_bq^]l^Zmbg`%\hg\^kmaZeel%[Zkl
Zg]ieZ\^lh_phklabid,e
.')
,'/
C52
LmZ`^lbgin[eb\Zll^f[erZk^Zld
0'.
-'.
D^r
a?bq^]l^Zmbg`bll^Zmbg`pa^k^bmlk^fhoZeZg]ma^nl^h_ma^liZ\^_hkhma^kinkihl^lblbfikh[Z[e^
bLfZee[eh\dlh__eZmlZk^mahl^pbma,lmhk^rlZg]-_eZmli^k_ehhk(lmZbk\Zl^'Hma^kpbl^ma^rZk^
\hglb]^k^]mh[êZk`^k[eh\dlh__eZml
cHma^k[nbe]bg`lbg\en]^mahl^ghm\ho^k^][r<,*Zg]<,+%Zg]bg\en]âhmêlZg]fhmêlZg]
bglmbmnmbhgZe[nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh\khp]l
d?hklmkn\mnk^lmaZmfbàm[^lnl\îmb[e^mhk^lhgZg\^^__^\ml%k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mhG:'+'*
e?hk`kZg]lmZg]lZg]lmZ]bZ%k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mhma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_ma^ZiikhikbZm^
\^kmb_rbg`Znmahkbmr
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.3, 6.4
& NA.4, NA.5
MZ[e^+'.
=3lahiibg`Zk^Zl
Ln[&
\Zm^`hkr
>qZfie^
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
Lahiibg`Zk^Zl
D1
:k^Zlbg`^g^kZek^mZbelahil
-')
,'/
D2
:k^Zlbg]îZkmf^gmlmhk^l
-')
,'/
jd!dG(f+"
Jd!dG"
MZ[e^+'/
>3lmhkZ`^Zk^ZlZg]bg]nlmkbZenl^!bg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl"
Ln[&
\Zm^`hkr
>qZfie^
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
>*
:k^Zllnl\îmb[e^mhZ\\nfneZmbhgh_`hh]lbg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl
E11
@^g^kZeZk^Zl_hklmZmb\^jnbif^gmghmli^\b_b^]
êl^pa^k^!bglmbmnmbhgZeZg]in[eb\[nbe]bg`l"
E12
E13
jd!dG(f+"
Jd!dG"
+')
*'1
K^Z]bg`khhflpbma[hhdlmhkZ`^%^'`'eb[kZkb^l
-')
-'.
@^g^kZelmhkZ`^hma^kmaZgmahl^li^\b_b^]Z
+'-(f
0')
E14
?be^khhfl%_bebg`Zg]lmhkZ`^liZ\^!h__b\^l"
.')
-'.
E15
LmZ\dkhhfl![hhdl"
+'-(fa^bàm
!fbg'/'."
0')
E16
IZi^klmhkZ`^Zg]lmZmbhg^krlmhk^l
-')(fa^bàm
2')
E17
=^gl^fh[be^lmZ\dbg`![hhdl"hgfh[be^mkhee^rlbg
in[eb\Zg]bglmbmnmbhgZe[nbe]bg`l
-'1(fa^bàm
0')
E18
=^gl^fh[be^lmZ\dbg`![hhdl"hgfh[be^mkn\dlbg
pZkâhnl^l
-'1(fa^bàm
!fbg'*.')"
0')
E19
<he]lmhkZ`^
.')(fa^bàm
!fbg'*.')"
2')
Bg]nlmkbZenl^
L^^;L>G*22***3
MZ[e^l/'./'/
>+
?hkdeb_ml<eZll^l?E*mh?E/
D^r
aEhp^k[hng]oZen^`bo^g'Fhk^li^\b_b\ehZ]oZen^llahne][^Z`k^^]pbma\eb^gm
MZ[e^+'0
?Zg]@3mkZ__b\Zg]iZkdbg`Zk^Zl
Ln[&
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>qZfie^
jd!dG(f+"
Jd!dG"
+'.
.')
.')
Mh[^
]^m^kfbg^]_hk
li^\b_b\nl^
10
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
MZ[e^+'1
A%BZg]D3khh_l
Ln[&
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>qZfie^
Khh_l!bgZ\\^llb[e^^q\îm_hkfZbgm^gZg\^Zg]kîZbk"
jd!dG(f+"
Khh_lehi^%a
EC1-1-1:
6.3.4.1(2), Tables 6.9,
6.10, 6.11 & NA.7
Bfihl^]ehZ]l
5,)
)'/
,)5a5/)
)'/!/)a"(,)
5/)
Jd!dG"
)'2
Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^pbmah\\niZg\r\Zm^`hkb^l:="
<Zm^`hkb^l:=
:lMZ[e^l+'+mh+'.Z\\hk]bg`mh
li^\b_b\nl^
Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^_hkli^\bZel^kob\^l%^'`'_hkaêb\him^keZg]bg`Zk^Zl"
Aêb\him^k\eZllA<*!5+)dG"!ln[c^\mmh
]rgZfb\_Z\mhkf 6*'-"
+)
Aêb\him^k\eZllA<+!5/)dG"
/)
Ghm^l
1Khh_lZk^\Zm^`hkbs^]Z\\hk]bg`mhma^bkZ\\^llb[bebmr'Bfihl^]ehZ]l_hkkhh_lmaZmZk^ghkfZeer
Z\\^llb[e^Zk^`^g^kZeerma^lZf^Zl_hkma^li^\b_b\nl^Zg]\Zm^`hkrh_ma^Z]cZ\^gmZk^Z'Bfihl^]
ehZ]l_hkkhh_lpbmahnmZ\\^llZk^`bo^gZ[ho^'
EC1-1-1:
6.3.4 & NA
2Ma^k^blgh\Zm^`hkrC'
Movable partitions
Ma^lê_&p^bàmh_fhoZ[eîZkmbmbhglfZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rZngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]%
jd%pab\alahne][^Z]]^]mhma^bfihl^]ehZ]lh_hhklZl_heehpl3
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (8) & NA
N ?hkfhoZ[eîZkmbmbhglpbmaZlê_&p^bàmh_*')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6)'.dG(f+'
N ?hkfhoZ[eîZkmbmbhglpbmaZlê_&p^bàmh_+')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6)'1dG(f+'
N ?hkfhoZ[eîZkmbmbhglpbmaZlê_&p^bàmh_,')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6*'+dG(f+'
A^Zob^kiZkmbmbhgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]lîZkZmêr'
+'-', Reduction factors

General
Khh_l ]h ghm jnZeb_r _hk ehZ] k^]n\mbhgl' Ma^ f^mah] `bo^g [êhp \hfieb^l pbma ma^ ND
GZmbhgZe:gg^q[nm]b__^kl_khfmaZm`bo^gbgma^>nkh\h]^'
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
6.3.1.2(11) & NA
Area
: k^]n\mbhg _Z\mhk _hk bfihl^] ehZ]l _hk Zk^Z% a:% fZr [^ nl^] Zg] lahne] [^ ]^m^kfbg^]
nlbg`3
a:6*'):(*))))'0.
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
& NA Exp. (NA.1)
pa^k^

:blma^Zk^Z!f+"lniihkm^]pbmaehZ]ljnZeb_rbg`_hkk^]n\mbhg!b'^'\Zm^`hkb^l:mh>Zl
eblm^]bgMZ[e^+'*"'
11
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (11)
& NA Exp. ( NA.2)
Number of storeys
:k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hkgnf[^kh_lmhk^rl%ag%fZr[^nl^]Zg]lahne][^]^m^kfbg^]nlbg`3
ag6*'*g(*)
ag6)'/
ag6)'.
pa^k^

EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (11) & NA
_hk*g.
_hk.5g*)
_hkg7*)
g6gnf[^kh_lmhk^rlpbmaehZ]ljnZeb_rbg`_hkk^]n\mbhg!b'^'\Zm^`hkb^l:mh=Zleblm^]bg
MZ[e^+'*"'
Use
:\\hk]bg`mhma^NDG:%a:Zg]agfZrghm[^nl^]mh`^ma^k'
+'. Variable actions: snow loads

EC1-1-3:
5.2(3)
EC1-1-3:
5.3.1, 5.3.2 & NA
Bgi^klblm^gmhkmkZglb^gmlbmnZmbhgl%lghpehZ]hgZkhh_%l%bl]^g^]Zl[^bg`3
l6mb<^<mld
pa^k^

mb 6

lghpehZ]laZi^_Z\mhk%%^bma^km*hkm+
m*6ng]kb_m^]lghplaZi^_Z\mhk
m+6]kb_m^]lghplaZi^_Z\mhk
?hkZmkhh_l%)6a!pbmaghabà^klmkn\mnk^l\ehl^hkZ[nmmbg`"%
m*6m+6)'1
?hklaZeehpfhghibm\akhh_l%)5a5,)!pbmaghabà^klmkn\mnk^l\ehl^hk
Z[nmmbg`"%m*6)'1%m+6)'1!*$a(,)"?hkhma^k_hkflh_khh_Zg]eh\Ze^__^\ml
k^_^kmh;L>G*22**,L^\mbhgl.',Zg]/
EC1-1-3:
5.2(7) &Table 5.1

<^ 6

^qihlnk^\h^_\b^gm
?hkpbg]lpîmmhih`kZiar<^6)'1
?hkghkfZemhih`kZiar<^6*')
?hklaêm^k^]mhih`kZiar<^6*'+
EC1-1-3:
5.2(8)
<m 6 ma^kfZe\h^_\b^gm%<m6*')hma^kmaZg_hklhf^èZll&\ho^k^]khh_l%hklbfbeZk
EC1-1-3:
& NA 2.8

ld 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\`khng]lghpehZ]dG(f+
6 )
'*.!)'*S$)')."$!:$*))"(.+.

pa^k^
S 6 shg^gnf[^kh[mZbg^]_khfma^fZibg;L>G*22**,G:?b`nk^G:'*
: 6 lbm^Zembmn]^%f
? b`nk^G:'*h_ma^G:mh;L>G*22**,Zelh`bo^l`nk^l_hkldZm*))fZ'f'l'e'
Zllh\bZm^]pbmama^shg^l'
? hkma^fZchkbmrh_ma^Lhnma>Zlm%ma^Fb]eZg]l%Ghkma^kgBkêZg]Zg]ma^ghkmah_
>gèZg]ZiZkm_khfabà`khng]%ld6)'.)dG(f+'
? hkma^P^lm<hngmkr%P^lmPZe^lZg]BkêZg]ma^`nk^ble^ll'?hkfhlmh_L\hmeZg]
Zg]iZkmlh_ma^^Zlm\hZlmh_>gèZg]%ma^`nk^blfhk^'L^^?b`nk^+'*'
LghpehZ]bl\eZllb^]ZlZoZkbZ[e^q^]Z\mbhg'>q\îmbhgZe\bk\nflmZg\^lfZr[^mk^Zm^]Zl
Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhglbgpab\a\Zl^k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh;L>G*22**,'
12
5
5
55
3
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
2
4
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
Zone 1 = 0.25 kN/m2 at 100 m a.m.s.l.

Zone 1 = 0.40 kN/m2 at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.50 kN/m2 at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.60 kN/m2 at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.70 kN/m2 at 100 m a.m.s.l.
EC1-1-3: NA Fig.
NA.1
4
2 3
4 2
1
?b`nk^+'*
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\`khng]lghpehZ]fZi!`khng]lghpehZ]Zm*))fZ'f'l'e'!dG(f+"
+'/ Variable actions: wind loads

Mabl L^\mbhg ik^l^gml Z o^kr lbfie^ bgm^kik^mZmbhg h_ >nkh\h]^ *T**% **ZV Zg] bl bgm^g]^] mh
ikhob]^ Z [Zlb\ ng]^klmZg]bg` pbma k^li^\m mh k^\mZg`neZk&ieZg [nbe]bg`l pbma Zm khh_l' Bg
`^g^kZe%fZqbfnfoZen^lZk^`bo^g3pbmafhk^bg_hkfZmbhgZehp^koZen^fbàm[^nl^]'Ma^
nl^klahne][^\Zk^_nemh^glnk^maZmZgrbg_hkfZmbhgnl^]blpbmabgma^l\hi^h_ma^Ziieb\Zmbhg
^goblZ`^]'Ma^ nl^k bl k^_^kk^] mh fhk^ li^\bZeblm `nb]Zg\^T+,% +-V hk ;L >G *22**-T+.V Zg]
bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT+.ZV'Ma^GZmbhgZe:gg^qbg\en]^l\e^ZkZg]\hg\bl^hp\aZkml_hkma^
]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_i^Zdoêh\bmrik^llnk^%ji'
Bg^ll^g\^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\pbg]ehZ]\Zg[^^qik^ll^]Zl3
pd6\_ji!s"
pa^k^

\_ 6 _hk\^\h^_\b^gm%pab\aoZkb^l%[nmblZfZq'h_*',_hkho^kZeeehZ]

ji!s"6 \^!s"\^Mj[

pa^k^
\^!s" 6 ^qihlnk^_Z\mhk_khf?b`nk^+',
\^M 6 mhpgm^kkZbg_Z\mhk_khf?b`nk^+'-
j[ 6 )'))/o[+dG(f+
pa^k^
o[ 6 o[%fZi\Zem
pa^k^
o[%fZi6 _ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]oêh\bmr_khf?b`nk^+'+
\Zem 6 Z embmn]^_Z\mhk%\hgl^koZmboêr%\Zem6*$)'))*:
pa^k^
:6Zembmn]^Z'f'l'e
EC1-1-4:
Figs NA.7, NA.8
EC1-1-4:
Fig. NA.1
Lrf[hel Z[[kôbZmbhgl Zg] lhf^ h_ ma^ \Zo^Zml Zk^ ^qieZbg^] bg ma^ l^\mbhgl [êhp% pab\a
mh`^ma^kikhob]^Zikh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`pbg]ehZ]mh;L>G*22**-'
13
+'/'* Determine basic wind velocity, vb

o[6\]bk\l^Zlhg\ikh[o[%)
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Note 2
& NA 2.4, 2.5
pa^k^

\]bk
EC1-1-4:
4.2(2) Note 3
& NA 2.7: Fig. NA.2
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Notes 4 & 5
& NA 2.8
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Note 2
& NA 2.4: Fig. NA.1
EC1-1-4:
4.2(2) Note 1
& NA 2.5

6 ]bk^\mbhgZe_Z\mhk
<hgl^koZmboêr%\]bk6*')
!\]bkblZfbgbfnfh_)'0,hk)'0-_hkpbg]bgZg^Zlm^ker]bk^\mbhg%
,)mh*+)"
\l^Zlhg 6 l^Zlhg_Z\mhk
?hkZ/fhgmak^mnkgi^kbh]%bg\en]bg`pbgm^k%hk`k^Zm^k%
\l^Zlhg6*'))
\ikh[ 6 ikh[Z[bebmr_Z\mhk

6 *'))_hkk^mnkgi^kbh]h_.)r^Zkl
o[%) 6 o[%fZi\Zem
pa^k^
o[%fZi 6 _ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]oêh\bmr_khf?b`nk^+'+
\Zem
6 Z embmn]^_Z\mhk
<hgl^koZmboêr%\Zem6*$)'))*:
pa^k^
:6Zembmn]^h_ma^lbm^bgf^mk^lZ'f'l'e'
Pa^k^hkh`kZiarbllb`gb\Zgm!b'^'ma^lbm^bl\ehl^mhZlehi^
lm^î^kmaZg)')."%k^_^kmhG:+'.
+'/'+ Calculate basic wind pressure, qb

j[6)'.r o[+
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 2 & NA 2.18
pa^k^

o[ 6 ZlZ[ho^

r 6 ]^glbmrh_Zbk

6 *'++/d`(f,!6*+')G(f,"_hkND
+'/', Calculate peak wind pressure, qp(z)

EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17
ji!s"6\^!s"j[_hk\hngmkreh\Zmbhgl

6\^!s"\^Mj[_hkmhpgeh\Zmbhgl
pa^k^
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1, NA 2.17
& Fig. A.NA.1
j[ 6 ZlZ[ho^
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17:
Fig. NA.7
\^!s" 6 ^qihlnk^_Z\mhk]^kbo^]_khf?b`nk^+',Zma^bàms!l^^[êhp"
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17:
Fig. NA.8
\^%M 6 ^qihlnk^\hkk^\mbhg_Z\mhk_hkmhpgm^kkZbg]^kbo^]_khf?b`nk^+'-

s

EC1-1-4: 7.2.2(1),
Note & NA 2.26

14
6

maâ^bàmZmpab\ajibllhnàm
?hkZpbg]pZk]pZeeZg]pa^ga[%jibl\Ze\neZm^]Zmma^k^_^k^g\â^bàm
s^6a'?hkhma^kZli^\mkZmbhla3[h_ma^pbg]pZk]pZee%ji%bl\Ze\neZm^]Zm
]b__^k^gmk^_^k^g\â^bàml_hk^Z\aiZkm!l^^;L>G*22**-"'
pa^k^
a 6 a^bàmh_[nbe]bg`
[ 6 [k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`
?hke^^pZk]Zg]lb]^pZeel%
s6a^bàmh_[nbe]bg`
200
200
Use 1.0 in this area
31
30
4.0
100
90
80
70
60
50
29
28
27
26
3.5
40
30
25
20
30
3.0
z -hdis(m)
z -hdis(m)
40
100
90
80
70
60
50
10
20
0.9
23
10
9
8
7
6
5
22
24
2.5
2.0
3
2
0.1
10
9
8
7
6
5
0.8
4
0.7
3
1.5
1
10
100
Distance upwind to shoreline (km)
2
0.1
1
10 20
Distance inside town terrain (km)
Ghm^
Ln[c^\mmhZembmn]^\hkk^\mbhg'
Ghm^
@^g^kZeera]bl6)'?hkm^kkZbg\Zm^`hkrBO!mhpgl^m\'"l^^;L>G*22**-3:'.'
?b`nk^+'+
FZih__ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]
oêh\bmr%o[%fZi%!f(l"
?b`nk^+',
>qihlnk^_Z\mhk\^!s"_hklbm^lbg\hngmkr
hkmhpgm^kkZbg
EC1-1-4: 4.2(1)
Note 2 & NA 2.4: Fig. NA.1
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
?b`nk^+'-
Fnembieb^k_hk^qihlnk^\hkk^\mbhg_hk
lbm^lbgmhpgm^kkZbg
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
+'/'- Calculate characteristic wind load, wk

pd6ji!s"\_
pa^k^

ji!s"

\ _

6
6

6
ZlZ[ho^
_hk\^\h^_\b^gm_hkma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZeê^f^gm
@^g^kZeer
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pa^k^
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?hkZk^ZlZ[ho^*f+%\i^%*)lahne][^nl^]'
EC1-1-4:
7, 8 & NA
EC1-1-4:
7.2.1(1) Note 2 &
NA. 2.25

Overall loads
?hkma^pZeelh_k^\mZg`neZk&ieZg[nbe]bg`l%\i^%*)fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf
MZ[e^0'*h_;L>G*22**-'
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27
hpô^k%_hkma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ho^kZeeehZ]lhg[nbe]bg`l%ma^g^mik^llnk^
A
\h^_\b^gml`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'2fZr[^nl^]'Bgmabl\Zl^bmpbee[^ngg^\^llZkr
mh]^m^kfbg^bgm^kgZepbg]ik^llnk^\h^_\b^gml'
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27, Table NA.4
Cladding loads
?hkZk^ZlZ[ho^*f+%\i^%*)lahne][^nl^]'\i^%*)fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf
MZ[e^0'*h_;L>G*22**-'L^^MZ[e^+'*)'
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27
15

Flat roofs
?hkZmkhh_l%Z\\hk]bg`mhma^:]oblhkrGhm^bgma^G:lhf^h_maôZen^l
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]b__^k^gm_khf\nkk^gmikZ\mb\^bgma^ND'Bmk^\hff^g]lmaZm]^lb`g^kllahne]
\hglb]^knlbg`maôZen^lbg;L/,223+mhfZbgmZbgma^\nkk^gmeôêlh_lZ_^mr
Zg]^\hghfr'L^^MZ[e^+'*+'
EC1-1-4:
NA.2.28 & NA
advisory note

? hkhma^k_hkflh_khh_k^_^kmh;L>G*22**-Zg]ma^NDG:'
BmpbeeZelh[^g^\^llZkrmh]^m^kfbg^bgm^kgZepbg]ik^llnk^\h^_\b^gml_hk
ma^]^lb`gh_\eZ]]bg`'
EC1-1-4:
7.2.9(6) Note 2

EC1-1-4:
NA 2.27, Table NA.4
MZ[e^+'2
G^mik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%*)%_hkpZeelh_k^\mZg`neZkieZg[nbe]bg`l#
EC1-1-4:
7.2.3, NA.2.28 & NA
advisory note
BS 6399:
Table 8 & Fig. 18
\ib 6 bgm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^_\b^gm'
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+a6a^bàmh_[nbe]bg`'
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-]6]îmah_[nbe]bg`!iZkZeeêmhpbg]"'
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EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Table 7.1,
Note 1 & NA 2.27:
Tables NA.4a , NA.4b
MZ[e^+'*)
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=^l\kbimbhg
Zone A
?hkpZeeliZkZeeêmhma^pbg]]bk^\mbhg%Zk^Zlpbmabg
)'+fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^
*'+
Zone B
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)'+fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^
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Zone C
?hkpZeeliZkZeeêmhma^pbg]]bk^\mbhg%Zk^Zl_khf
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and E
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EC1-1-4:
7.2, Table 7.2 & NA
\i^%*)
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MZ[e^+'*+
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EC1-1-4:
7.2.3, NA.2.28 &
NA advisory note.
\i^
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+')
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BS 6399:
Table 8 & Fig. 18
Ghm^l
*a6a^bàmh_[nbe]bg`'
+[6[k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`!i^ki^g]b\neZkmhpbg]"'
+'/'. Calculate the overall wind force, Fw

?p6\l\]Spd :k^_
pa^k^
EC1-1-4:
5.3.2, Exp. (5.4)
& NA
pd 6 ZlZ[ho^
EC1-1-4:
6.2(1) a), 6.2(1) c)

\l\] 6 lmkn\mnkZe_Z\mhk%\hgl^koZmboêr
6 *')
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!Z_Z\mhk5*'))"fZr[^_hng]'

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*'))"fZr[^_hng]'
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bgm^kgZepZeel%Zg]_hk\eZ]]bgìZgêlZg]ê^f^gml
:k^_6k^_^k^g\^Zk^Zh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZeê^f^gm
+'0 Variable actions: others

:\mbhgl]n^mh\hglmkn\mbhg%mkZ_\%k^%ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl%nl^Zllbehlhk_khf\kZg^lZk^hnmlb]^
ma^l\hi^h_mablin[eb\ZmbhgZg]k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mhli^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^'
EC1-1-4:
6.2(1) e) & NA.2.20
EC1-1-4:
6.3(1), Exp. (6.2) &
NA.2.20, Table NA3
EC1-1-4:
6.3(1), Exp. (6.3) &
NA.2.20: Fig. NA9
EC1-1-4:
5.3.2, Exp. (5.4)
& NA
EC1-1-6, EC1-2,
EC1-1-2, EC1-1-5,
EC1-3 & EC1-4
17
+'1 Permanent actions

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I^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl
!@d"
E^Z]bgòZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg :\\hfiZgrbgòZkbZ[e^
!Jd%*"
Z\mbhgl!Jd%b"]
*'*)!)'2"Z
*'.)!)')"Z
EC0:
Tables A1.2(A), A1.2(B),
A1.2(C), A1.4 & NA
Z">jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"
c)%b*'.)!)')"Z
["Lmk^g`maZmNEL!LMK(@>H"ghmbgoheobg``^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
Either
>qi'!/'*)"
*',.!*')"Z
*'.
c)*'.
*',.!*')"Z
c)*'.
c)*'.
*'+.!*')"Z
*'.
c)*'.
or the worst case of

>qi'!/'*)Z"
and
>qi'!/'*)["
\"Lmk^g`maZmNEL!LMK(@>H"pbma`^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
Worst case of
L^m;
*',.!*')"Z
*'.!)')"Z
*')
*',
and
L^m<
]"L^kob\^Z[bebmr
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\
*'))
*'))
c)%b*'))
?k^jn^gm
*'))
c*%**'))
c+%b*'))
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gm
*'))
c+%**'))
c+%b*'))
*')
:][
c*%b!fZbg"
c+%b!hma^kl"
*')
:>]\
c+%b
^":\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl
>qi'!/'**Z"
_"L^blfb\
>qi'!/'*+Z(["
D^r
Z OZen^b__ZohnkZ[e^!lahpgbg[kZ\d^ml"
[ E^Z]bg`Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhg%:]%blng_Z\mhk^]
\ L^blfb\Z\mbhg%:>]
] K^_^kmh;L>G*22)3:*'+'+G:
Ghm^l
* MaôZen^lh_cZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'*0'
+ @^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl`bo^gbgma^mZ[e^
Zk^[Zl^]hg=^lb`g:iikhZ\a*bg
<eZnl^:*','*!."h_;L>G*22)%pab\abl
k^\hff^g]^]bgbmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
21
+'2'+ Design values at ULS

?hkma^NELh_lmk^g`ma!LMK"%ma^]^lb`g^kfZr\ahhl^[^mp^^gnlbg`>qik^llbhg!/'*)"hkma^
phklm\Zl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"hk>qik^llbhg!/'*)["'
EC0: 6.4.3.2(3)
Single variable action

:mNEL%ma^]^lb`goZen^h_Z\mbhglbl
^bma^k
>qi'!/'*)" *',.@d$*'.Jd%*
hkma^phklm\Zl^h_3
>qi'!/'*)Z" *',.@d$c)%**'.Jd%*
Zg]
>qi'!/'*)[" *'+.@d$*'.Jd%*
pa^k^

@d 6 i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg

Jd%*6 lbgèôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg

c)%*6 \hf[bgZmbhg_Z\mhk_hkZlbgèôZkbZ[eêhZ]!l^^MZ[e^+'*0"
MZ[e^+'*0
OZen^lh_c_Z\mhkl
EC0: A1.2.2
& NA
EC1-1-1: 3.3.2
:\mbhg
c)
c*
c+
Bfihl^]ehZ]lbg[nbe]bg`l
Category A: domestic, residential areas
)'0
)'.
)',
Category B: office areas
)'0
)'.
)',
Category C: congregation areas
)'0
)'0
)'/
Category D: shopping areas
)'0
)'0
)'/
Category E: storage areas
*')
)'2
)'1
Category F: traffic area (vehicle weight 30 kN)
)'0
)'0
)'/
Category G: traffic area (30 kN < vehicle weight 160 kN)
)'0
)'.
)',
Category H: roofsZ
)'0
)')
)')
Snow loads where altitude 1000 m a.m.s.l.Z
)'.
)'+
)')
Wind loadsZ
)'.
)'+
)')
Temperature effects (non-fire)Z
)'/
)'.
)')
D^r
a Hgkhh_l%bfihl^]ehZ]l%lghpehZ]lZg]pbg]ehZ]llahne]ghm[^Ziieb^]mh`^ma^k'
Ghm^l
1 Ma^gnf^kb\ZeoZen^l`bo^gZ[ho^Zk^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L>G*22)Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
2 <Zm^`hkb^lDZg]EZk^Zllnf^]mh[^Zl_hk<Zm^`hkrA
>qik^llbhg!/'*)"e^Z]lmhma^nl^h_g?6g@6*',._hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZg]g?6gJ6*'.)_hk
oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!g@_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglblbgm^g]^]mh[^\hglmZgmZ\khllZeeliZgl"'
>qik^llbhg!/'*)"blZepZrl^jnZemhhkfhk^\hgl^koZmbo^maZgmaê^ll_ZohnkZ[e^h_>qik^llbhgl
!/'*)Z"Zg]!/'*)["'>qik^llbhg!/'*)["pbeeghkfZeerZiierpa^gmaî^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZk^ghm
`k^Zm^kmaZg-'.mbf^lmaôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!^q\îm_hklmhkZ`êhZ]l%\Zm^`hkr>bgMZ[e^+'*0%
pa^k^>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"ZepZrlZiieb^l"'
Ma^k^_hk^%^q\îmbgma^\Zl^h_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^llniihkmbg`lmhkZ`êhZ]lpa^k^c)6*')%
hk_hkfbq^]nl^%>qik^llbhg!/'*)["pbeenlnZeerZiier'Manl%_hkf^f[^kllniihkmbgò^kmb\Ze
Z\mbhglZmNEL%*'+.@d$*'.Jdpbee[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkfhlmlbmnZmbhglZg]Ziieb\Z[e^mhfhlm
\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l!l^^?b`nk^+'."'
<hfiZk^]pbmama^nl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)"%ma^nl^h_^bma^k>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["e^Z]l
mh Z fhk^ \hglblm^gm kêbZ[bebmr bg]^q Z\khll ebàmp^bàm Zg] a^Zorp^bàm fZm^kbZel'
22
50
gk kN/m (or kN/m2)
40
Use Exp. (6.10a)
30
Ghm^
:llnfbg`c)6)'0
b'^'Ziieb\Z[e^mhZeeZk^Zl
^q\îmlmhkZ`^'
20
Use Exp. (6.10b)
10
0
10
q k kN/m (or kN/m2)

?b`nk^+'.
Pa^gmhnl^>qi'!/'*)Z"hk>qi'!/'*)["
Accompanying variable actions

:`Zbg ma^ ]^lb`g^k fZr \ahhl^ [^mp^^g nlbg` >qik^llbhg !/'*)" hk ma^ e^ll _ZohnkZ[e^ h_
>qik^llbhgl!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["'
EC0:
6.4.3.2(3)
>bma^k
>qi'!/'*)" *',.@d$*'.Jd%*$S!c)%b*'.Jd%b "
hkma^phklm\Zl^h_3
>qi'!/'*)Z" *',.@d$c)%**'.Jd%*$S!c)%b*'.Jd%b"
Zg]
>qi'!/'*)[" *'+.@d$*'.Jd%*$S!c)%b*'.Jd%b"
pa^k^
@d 6 i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
Jd%*6 *lmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
Jd%b 6 bmaoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
c)%*6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhg_Z\mhk_hk*lmoZkbZ[eêhZ]!l^^MZ[e^+'*0"
c)%b 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhg_Z\mhk_hkbmaoZkbZ[eêhZ]!l^^MZ[e^+'*0"
Bgma^Z[ho^%Jd%*!Zg]c)%b "k^_^klmhmaê^Z]bgòZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgZg]Jd%b!Zg]c)%b "k^_^klmh
Z\\hfiZgrbg`bg]î^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl'Bg`^g^kZe%ma^]blmbg\mbhg[^mp^^gma^mphmri^lh_
Z\mbhglpbee[^h[obhnl!l^^?b`nk^+'/"4pa^k^bmblghm%^Z\aehZ]lahne]bgmnkg[^mk^Zm^]Zlma^
e^Z]bg`Z\mbhg':elh%ma^gnf^kb\ZeoZen^l_hkiZkmbZe_Z\mhkl`bo^gbgma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT*)ZV
Zk^nl^]bgma^^jnZmbhglZ[ho^'MaôZen^h_c)]î^g]lhgma^nl^h_ma^[nbe]bg`Zg]lahne]
[^h[mZbg^]_khfma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q_hk;L>G*22)!l^^MZ[e^+'*0"'
EC0:
A1.2.2, A1.3.1 & NA
qk2
gk2
qk1
gk1
qk1
gk1
qk3 = wk
qk1
gk1
qk1
gk1
A
?b`nk^+'/
Bg]î^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl
Ghm^
@^g^kZeermaôZkbZ[e^
Z\mbhglhgZmrib\Zeh__b\^
[eh\dphne][^\hglb]^k^]
Zl[^bg`mak^^l^mlh_
bg]î^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^
Z\mbhgl3
*' Bfihl^]h__b\êhZ]l
hgma^h__b\^_ehhkl'
+' Khh_bfihl^]ehZ]'
,' Pbg]ehZ]'
23
Ma^^qik^llbhglmZd^bgmhZ\\hngmmaîkh[Z[bebmrh_chbgmh\\nkk^g\^h_ehZ]l[rZiierbg`ma^
c)%b_Z\mhkmhma^Z\\hfiZgrbgòZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg'Maîkh[Z[bebmrmaZmma^l^\hf[bg^]Z\mbhglpbee
[^^q\^^]^]bl]^^f^]mh[^lbfbeZkmhmaîkh[Z[bebmrh_Zlbgè^Z\mbhg[^bg`^q\^^]^]'
B_ma^mphbg]î^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglJd%*Zg]Jd%+Zk^Zllh\bZm^]pbma]b__^k^gmliZglZg]ma^
nl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)["blZiikhikbZm^%ma^gbghg^l^mh_ZgZerl^lZiier
*'+.@d$*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%*liZgl
Zg]*'+.@d$c)'b*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%+liZgl'
BgZllh\bZm^]ZgZerl^lZiier
*'+.@d$c)%b*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%*liZgl
Zg]*'+.@d$*'+.Jd%+mhma^Jd%+liZgl'
L^^>qZfie^+'**'+!mphoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl"'
+'2', Design values at SLS

EC0: 6.5 & Table A1.4
Ma^k^Zk^mak^^\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZmLEL!hkehZ]\hf[bgZmbhgZmLEL"'Ma^l^Zk^`bo^gbg
MZ[e^+'*1'Ma^\hf[bgZmbhgZg]oZen^mh[^nl^]]î^g]lhgma^gZmnk^h_maêbfbmlmZm^[^bg`
\a^\d^]' JnZlb&i^kfZg^gm \hf[bgZmbhgl Zk^ Zllh\bZm^] pbma ]^_hkfZmbhg% \kZ\d pb]mal Zg]
\kZ\d\hgmkhe'?k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhglfZr[^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kZl^\mbhgbl\kZ\d^]hk
ghm'Ma^gnf^kb\oZen^lh_c)%c*Zg]c+Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'*0'
<heehjnbZeer
c)aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^
c*aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^_k^jn^gmoZen^
c+aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^
EC0: Table A1.4
MZ[e^+'*1
IZkmbZe_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]bgmaô^kb_b\Zmbhgh_ma^LEL
Permanent actions Gk
Variable actions Qk
Unfavourablea
Favourablea
Leadingb
Othersb
Characteristic
@d%lni
@d%bg_
Jd%*
c)%bJd%b
Frequent
@d%lni
@d%bg_
c*%*Jd%*
c+%bJd%b
Quasi-permanent
@d%lni
@d%bg_
c+%*Jd%*
c+%bJd%b
Combination
D^r
a @^g^kZeer@d%lniZg]@d%bg_fZr[^mZd^gZl@d'L^^L^\mbhg+'2'.
b c_Z\mhklZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'*0
+'2'- Design values for other limit states

EhZ]\hf[bgZmbhglZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'*/_hk
Z">jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"%
["Lmk^g`maZmNELghmbgoheobg``^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl%
\"Lmk^g`maZmNELpbma`^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl%
]"L^kob\^Z[bebmr%
^":\\b]^gmZeZg]
_"L^blfb\]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl'
24
+'2'. Variations in permanent actions
Pa^gmaôZkbZmbhgh_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgblghmlfZeema^gma^nii^k!@dc%lni"Zg]maêhp^k
!@dc%bg_"\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l!ma^2.Zg]._kZ\mbeôZen^lk^li^\mboêr"lahne][^^lmZ[ebla^]'
Mablikh\^]nk^blg^\^llZkrhgerpa^gma^\h^_\b^gmh_oZkbZmbhg!6*))tlmZg]Zk]]ôbZmbhg(
f^Zg"bl`k^Zm^kmaZg*)'Bgm^kflh_i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl%oZkbZmbhglbgma^lê_&p^bàmh_\hg\k^m^
bg\hg\k^m^_kZf^lZk^\hglb]^k^]lfZee'
EC0: 4.1.2, 4.1.2 (3)
PD 6687[6]: 2.8.4
:m NEL pa^k^ ma^ oZkbZmbhg bl ghm lfZee% g@d%lni lahne] [^ nl^] pbma @dc%lni Zg] g@d%bg_ pbma
@dc%bg_'LbfbeZker%pa^k^maôZkbZmbhgblghmlfZee%ZmLEL@dc%lnilahne][^nl^]pa^k^Z\mbhglZk^
ng_ZohnkZ[e^Zg]@dc%bg_nl^]pa^k^_ZohnkZ[e^'
Pa^k^\a^\dl%ghmZ[er\a^\dlhglmZmb\^jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"%Zkô^krl^glbmbo^mhoZkbZmbhgh_ma^
fZ`gbmn]^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg_khfhgîeZ\^mhZghma^k%ma^_ZohnkZ[e^Zg]ng_ZohnkZ[e^
iZkmlh_mablZ\mbhglahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zlbg]bob]nZeZ\mbhgl'Bgln\ao^krl^glbmboô^kb\Zmbhgl
g@%lniZg]g@%bg_lahne][^nl^]'
EC0: 6.4.3 (4)
+'*) Load arrangements of actions: introduction

Maîkh\^llh_]^lb`gbg`\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lbgoheo^lb]^gmb_rbg`kêôZgm]^lb`glbmnZmbhglZg]
ebfbmlmZm^l'Ma^l^bg\en]î^klblm^gm%mkZglb^gmhkZ\\b]^gmZelbmnZmbhgl'Bg^Z\a]^lb`glbmnZmbhg
ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][ô^kb^]Zmma^kêôZgmebfbmlmZm^l'
EC0: 3.2
Bg ma^ ZgZerlbl h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ Zm ma^ ebfbm lmZm^ [^bg` \hglb]^k^]% ma^ fZqbfnf ^__^\m h_
Z\mbhgl lahne] [^ h[mZbg^] nlbg` Z k^Zeblmb\ ZkkZg`^f^gm h_ ehZ]l'@^g^kZeer oZkbZ[e^ Z\mbhgl
lahne][^ZkkZg`^]mhikh]n\^ma^fhlmng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\m%_hk^qZfie^mhikh]n\^fZqbfnf
ho^kmnkgbg`fhf^gmlbgliZglhkfZqbfnf[^g]bg`fhf^gmlbglniihkml'
?hk [nbe]bg` lmkn\mnk^l% ]^lb`g \hg\^gmkZm^l fZbger hg ma^ NEL% ma^ nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^ h_
lmk^g`ma!LMK"%Zg]LEL%ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^'Ahpô^k%bmbl^ll^gmbZemaZmZeeebfbmlmZm^l
Zk^\hglb]^k^]'MaêbfbmlmZm^lh_^jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"%lmk^g`maZmNELpbma`^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
!LMK(@>H"Zg]Z\\b]^gmZelbmnZmbhglfnlm[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmZlZiikhikbZm^'
EC0: 3.3, 3.4, 6.4, 6.5
+'** Load arrangements according to the UK National

Annex to Eurocode
Bg[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l%Zgrh_ma^_heehpbg`l^mlh_lbfieb^]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gmlfZr[^nl^]Zm
NELZg]LEL!L^^?b`nk^+'0"'
Cl. 5.1.3 & NA
N Ma^fhk^\kbmb\Zeh_3
Z"Zem^kgZm^liZgl\Zkkrbg`g@@d$gJJdpbmahma^kliZglehZ]^]pbmag@@d4Zg]
["ZgrmphZ]cZ\^gmliZgl\Zkkrbg`g@@d$gJJdpbmahma^kliZglehZ]^]pbmag@@d'
N Hkma^fhk^\kbmb\Zeh_3
Z"Zem^kgZm^liZgl\Zkkrbg`g@@d$gJJd4pbmahma^kliZglehZ]^]pbmag@@d4Zg]
["ZeeliZgl\Zkkrbg`g@@d$gJJd'
N Hk%_hkleZ[lhger%ZeeliZgl\Zkkrbg`g@@d$g@@d%ikhob]^]ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhglZk^f^m3
L BgZhg^&pZrliZggbg`leZ[ma^Zk^Zh_^Z\a[Zr^q\^^]l,)f+!Z[Zrbl]^_bg^]ZlZ
lmkbiZ\khllma^_neepb]mah_Zlmkn\mnk^[hng]^]hgma^hma^klb]^l[rebg^lh_lniihkm"'
L M
a^kZmbhh_maôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg%Jd%mhmaî^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg%@d%]h^lghm^q\^^]*'+.'
L Ma^fZ`gbmn]^h_maôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg^q\en]bgìZkmbmbhgl]h^lghm^q\^^].dG(f+'
Pa^k^ZgZerlblbl\Zkkb^]hnm_hkma^lbgèêhZ]\Zl^h_ZeeliZglehZ]^]%ma^k^lnembg`fhf^gml%
^q\îm mahl^ Zm \Zgmbeô^kl% lahne] [^ k^]n\^] [r +)% pbma Z \hgl^jn^gmbZe bg\k^Zl^ bg ma^
liZgfhf^gml'
25
g JJ d
g JJ d
g @@ d
g JJ d g @
@ d
g JJ d
a) Alternate spans loaded
b) Adjacent spans loaded
g @@ d
c) All spans loaded
Ghm^
Pabelmma^nl^h_>qi'!/'*)"blbg]b\Zm^]%ma^l^ZkkZg`^f^gmlfZr^jnZeer[^nl^]pbma>qi'!/'*)Z"
hk!/'*)["'
?b`nk^+'0
EhZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml_hk[^ZflZg]leZ[lZ\\hk]bg`mhNDG:mh>nkh\h]^
26
+'*+ Examples of loading
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
<Ze\neZm^][r
Continuous beam in a domestic

structure
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
2.12.1 Continuous beam in a domestic structure

Determine the appropriate load combination and ultimate load
for a continuous beam of four 6 m spans in a domestic structure
supporting a 175 mm slab at 6 m centres.
qk
gk
A
6000 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
Figure 2.8 Continuous beam in a domestic structure

a) Actions
Permanent action, gk
Self-weight, 175 mm thick slabs : 0.17 x 25 x 6.0
E/o self-weight downstand 800 225 : 0.80 x 0.225 x 25
50 mm screed @ 22 kN/m3 : 0.05 x 22 x 6.0
Finishes and services : 0.50 x 6.0
Dividing wall 2.40 4.42 (200 mm dense blockwork with
plaster both sides)
Total
gk
Variable action, qk
Imposed, dwelling @ 1.5 kN/m2 : 1.5 x 6.0
Total
= 26.3
= 4.5
= 6.6
= 3.0
= 10.6
= 51.0
=
qk =
Ultimate load, n
Assuming use of Exp. (6.10), n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 9.0 =
Assuming use of worst case of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b)
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 9.0 =
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 9.0 =
In this case Exp. (6.10a) would be critical
=ultimate load
kN/m
9.0
9.0
= 82.4
= 78.3
= 77.3
= 78.3
This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that gk > 4.5qk
27
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
Continuous beam in mixed use

structure
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
2.12.2 Continuous beam in mixed use structure

Determine the worst case arrangements of actions for ULS design of a
continuous beam supporting a 175 mm slab @ 6 m centres. Note that
the variable actions are from two sources as dened in Figure 2.9.:
qk1 = 15 kN/m
qk2 = 24 kN/m
gk = 51 kN/m
6000 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
Office use @ 2.5 kN/m2
Shopping use @ 4.0 kN/m2
c0 = 0.7
c0 = 0.7
Figure 2.9 Continuous beam in mixed-use structure
a) Load combination
Load combination Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) will be used, as either
will produce a smaller total load than Exp. (6.10). It is necessary to
decide which expression governs.
i) Actions
Permanent action
As before, Example 2.12.1
Variable action
Ofce @ 2.5 kN/m2
Shopping @ 4.0 kN/m2
Ultimate load, n
For ofce use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 15.0
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 15.0
For shopping use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 0.7 24.0
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 24.0
By inspection Exp. (6.10b) governs in both cases
kN/m
gk
= 51.0
qk1
qk2
= 15.0
= 24.0
= 84.6
= 86.3
= 94.1
= 99.8
b) Arrangement of ultimate loads

As the variable actions arise from different sources, one is a leading
variable action and the other is an accompanying variable action. The
unit loads to be used in the various arrangements are:
This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g > 4.5q
k
k
28
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.1 & NA,
EC0:
A.1.2.2. & NA
i) Actions
Permanent
1.25 51.0
Variable
Ofce use
as leading action, gQQk = 1.5 15
as accompanying action,
c0gQQk = 0.7
1.5 15
Shopping use
as leading action, gQQk = 1.5 24
as accompanying action,
c0gQQk = 0.7
1.5 24
kN/m
= 63.8
= 22.5
= 15.75
= 36.0
= 25.2
ii) For maximum bending moment in span AB
The arrangement and magnitude of actions of loads are shown

in Figure 2.10. The variable load in span AB assumes the value as
leading action and that in span CD takes the value as an
accompanying action.
Leading
variable action
gQ q k1 = 22.5 kN/m
Accompanying
Permanent
variable action
action
c Q g Q q k2 = 25.2 kN/m gG g k = 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.10 For maximum bending moment in span

p AB
iii) For maximum bending moment in span CD

The load arrangement is similar to that in Figure 2.10, but now
the variable load in span AB takes its value as an accompanying
action
(i.e. 15.75 kN/m) and that in span CD assumes the value as
leading action (36 kN/m).
Accompanying
variable action
c Qg Qq k1 = 15.8 kN/m
Leading
variable action
g Qq k2 = 36.0 kN/m
Permanent
action
gG,inf g k = 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.11 For maximum bending moment in span

p CD
29
iv) For maximum bending moment at support B
The arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.12. As both spans AB

and BC receive load from the same source, no reduction is possible
(
(other
than that for large
g area).
).
Leading
variable action
gQ q k1 = 22.5 kN/m
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.1 (10)
& NA
Permanent
action
gG g k = 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.12 For maximum bending moment at support

pp
B
v) For maximum bending moment at support D
The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.13. Comments
made in d) also apply here.
Leading
variable action
gQ q k2 = 36 kN/m
Permanent
action
gG g k = 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.13 For maximum bending moment at support

pp
D
vi) For critical curtailment and hogging in span CD
The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.14.
Accompanying
p
variable action
c 0gQ q k1 = 15.8 kN/m
Leading
variable action
g Q q k2 = 36.0 kN/m
Permanent actionn
gG,in f g k = 51 kN/m
m
D
Figure 2.14 For curtailment and hogging in span

p CD
Eurocode 2 requires that all spans should be loaded with either gG,sup or gG,inff (as
per Table 2.16). As illustrated in Figure 2.14, using gG,inff = 1.0 might be critical for
curtailment and hogging in spans.
spans
Variable actions may be subjected to reduction factors: a , according to the

A
area supported
pp
((m2), aA = 1.0 A/1000 0.75.
30
Cl. 2.4.3(2)
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
& NA
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Propped cantilever
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
2.12.3 Propped cantilever

Determine the Equilibrium, ULS and SLS (deformation) load
combinations for the propped cantilever shown in Figure 2.15. The
action P at the end of the cantilever arises from the permanent
action of a wall.
gk
qk
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
EC0:
Table 1.2(B),
Note 3
C
A
Figure 2.15 Propped

pp cantilever beam and loading
For the purposes of this example, the permanent action P is considered
to be from a separate source than the self-weight of the structure so
both gG,sup and gG,inf need to be considered.
a) Equilibrium limit state (EQU) for maximum uplift at A

0.0qk = 0
gGinf gk= 0.9gk
gGk,sup P= 1.1P
1.5qk
C
gGk,sup gk= 1.1gk
EC0:
Table A1.2 (A)
& NA
EC0:
6.4.3.1 (4),
Table A1.2 (A)
& NA
b) Ultimate limit state (ULS)

i) For maximum moment at B and anchorage of top reinforcement BA
gGk,sup gk= 1.35gk
gQ qk= 1.5qk gGk,sup P= 1.35P
EC0: Tables A1.1,

A1.2 (B) & NA
C
A
Figure 2.17 ULS: maximum moment at B

Notes
gGk,inf gk = 1.0 gk may be critical in terms of curtailment of top bars BA.
31
ii) For maximum sagging moment AB

gGk,sup P=
P 1.1P
gQqk= 1.5qk
gGk,sup gk= 1.35gk
C
A
EC0:
Table A1.1,
A1.2 (B) & NA
Figure 2.18 ULS: maximum span

p moment AB
Notes
1 Depending on the magnitude of gk, qk length AB and BC, gGk,inf gk (= 1.0 gk) may be more
critical for span moment.
2 The magnitude of the load combination indicated are those for Exp. (6.10) of BS EN
1990. The worst case of Exp. (6.10a) and Exp. (6.10b) may also have been used.
3 Presuming supports A and B were columns then the critical load combination for Column
A would be as Figure 2.18. For column B the critical load combination might be either as
Figure 2.17 or 2.18.
c) Serviceability limit state (SLS) of deformation:

(quasi-permanent loads)
i) For maximum deformation at C
1.0c
c2qk= 0.3*qk
1.0gk
1.0P
EC0:
Tables A1.1,
A1.2.2, A1.4 &
NA
C
A
*Assuming office area
Figure 2.19 SLS: maximum deformation at C
ii) For maximum deformation AB

1.0c
c2qk= 0.3*qk
1.0P
1.0gk
C
A
* Assuming office area
Figure 2.20 SLS: maximum deformation AB

Notes
Quasi-permanent load combinations may also be used for calculations of crack widths or
controlling cracking, i.e. the same load combinations as shown in Figures 2.19 and 2.20 may
be used to determine SLS moment to determine stress in reinforcement. The characteristic
and/or frequent combinations may be appropriate for other SLS limit states: for example, it
is recommended that the frequent combination is used to determine whether a member has
cracked or not.
32
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Overall stability
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP-041
1
Oct 09
2.12.4 Overall stability (EQU)

For the frame shown in Figure 2.21, identify the various load
arrangements to check overall stability (EQU) against overturning.
Assume that the structure is an ofce block and that the loads qk2
and qk3 may be treated as arising from one source.
qk1
gk1
qk2
gk2
wk
qk3
gk3
Figure 2.21 Frame configuration
a) EQU Treating the floorr imposed load as the leading variable

action
Permanent action,
P
favourable
0.9gk1
Accompanying
variable action
= gQk co wk
= 1.5 x 0.5 x wk
Accompanying variable actioon

on = gQkco qk1 = 1.05qk1
Permanent action, unfavourable
b = gGk,supgk1 = 1.1gk1
Permanent action,
P
favourable
0.9gk2
Lead variable action = gQk qk2

k2 = 1.5qk2
Permanent action,
P
favourable
0.9gk3
Lead variable action = gQk qk3

k3 = 1.5qk3
= 0.75 wk
A
Figure 2.22 Frame with floor variable action as leading variable action
Tables 2.16
& 2.17
See Table 2.17 for values of c0
33
b) EQU Treating the rooff imposed load as the leading variable

action
0.75 wk
0.9gk1
1.5q k1
1.1gk1
0.9gk2
1.5 x 0.7 x q k2 = 1.05 q k2

1.1gk2
0.9gk3
Tables 2.16
& 2.17
1.5 x 0.7 x q k3 = 1.05 q k3

1.1gk3
Figure 2.23 Frame with roof variable action as leading variable actttion
c) EQU Treating wind as the leading variable action
1.5 wk
0.9gk1
1.5 x 0.7 x q k1 = 1.05 q k1

1.1gk1
0.9gk2
1.5 x 0.7 x q k2 = 1.05 q k2

1.1gk2
0.9gk3
1.5 x 0.7 x q k3 = 1.05 q k3

1.1gk3
Figure 2.24 Frame with wind as lead variable action
34
Tables 2.16
& 2.17
,3LeZ[l
3 Slabs
3.0 General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgZkîk^l^gm^]bgma^_heehpbg`ln[&l^\mbhgl3
,'*:lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
,'+ :\hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrleZ[
,', :\hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
,'-:[Zrh_ZZmleZ[
,'.:lmZbkbàm'
Ma^l^\Ze\neZmbhglZk^bgm^g]^]mhlahppaZmfbàm[^]^^f^]mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^r
Zk^ beenlmkZmbo^ h_ ma^<h]^ Zg] Zk^ ghm g^\^llZkber [^lm ikZ\mb\^'Ma^ klm mak^^ ln[&l^\mbhgl
bg\en]^ ]^mZbebg` \a^\dl ^'`' \nkmZbef^gm e^g`mal ]^m^kfbg^] lmkb\mer bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma ma^
ikhoblbhglh_;L>G*22+**'Ma^ZmleZ[\Ze\neZmbhgbllniie^f^gm^][rZ\hff^gmZkr'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`leZ[lbllahpg[êhp'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^'
EC0 & NA Table NA.2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^leZ['
EC1 & NA
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1: Tables A4 & A5
\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma'
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^
k^lblmZg\î^kbh]'
N <Ze\neZm^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg]
EC2-1-2: Tables 5.8,

5.9, 5.10 & 5.11
Cl. 4.4.1
[hg]k^jnbk^f^gml'
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier'
EC0 & NA Tables

NA.A1.1 & NA.A1.2 (B)
N =^m^kfbgêhZ]bg`ZkkZg`^f^gml'
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]la^Zk
Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
_hk\^l'
N =^lb`g_e^qnkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Cl. 6.1
N <a^\d]^_e^\mbhg'
Cl. 7.4
N <a^\dla^Zk\ZiZ\bmr'
Cl. 6.2
N Hma^k]^lb`g\a^\dl3
<a^\dfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm
<a^\d\kZ\dbg`!lbs^hkliZ\bg`h_[Zkl"
<a^\d^__^\mlh_iZkmbZeqbmr
<a^\dl^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)

Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N & 7.3N
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
N <a^\d\nkmZbef^gm'
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3, Fig. 9.2
N <a^\dZg\ahkZ`^'
Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4)

Cl. 9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
N <a^\deZil'
Cl. 8.7.3
35
3.1 Simply supported one-way slab
Mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblbgm^g]^]mhlahpZmrib\Ze[Zlb\aZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Simply supported one-way slab
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
A 175 mm thick slab is required to support screed, nishes, an

ofce variable action of 2.5 kN/m2 and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on load-bearing block walls.
fck = 30 MPa, fyk = 500 MPa. Assume a 50-year design life and a
requirement for 1 hour resistance to re.
qk = 3.3 kN/m2
gk = 5.9 kN/m2
4800
Figure 3.1 Simply

p supported
pp
one-way slab
3.1.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
Self-weight 0.175 25
50 mm screed
Finishes, services
EC1-1-1: Table A1
Total
= 4.4
= 1.0
= 0.5
gk = 5.9
Total
= 2.5
= 0.8
jk = 3.3
EC1-1-1: Tables
6.1, 6.2 & NA
EC1-1-1: 6.3.12(8)
Variable:
Offices, general use B1
Movable partitions @ 2.0 kN/m
3.1.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= minimum cover due to bond = diameter of bar
Assume 12 mm main bars.

cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions
Assuming XCI and using C30/37 concrete,
cmin,dur = 15 mm
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation.
Assuming no measurement of cover,
Dcdev = 10 mm
= cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm
36
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4.
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
,'*3Lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 1 hour fire resistance (i.e. REI 60).
Thickness, hs,min = 80 mm cf. 175 mm proposed
= OK
Axis distance, amin = 20 mm cf. 25 + f/2 = 31 i.e. not critical = OK
EC2-1-2:
4.1(1), 5.1(1)
& Table 5.8
= choose cnom = 25 mm
3.1.3 Load combination (and arrangement)

Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs
= n = 1.25 5.9 + 1.5 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m2
Fig. 2.5
ECO:
Exp. (6.10b)
3.1.4 Analysis
Design moment:
MEd = 12.3 4.82/8 = 35.4 kNm
Shear force:
V = 12.3 4.8/2 = 29.5 kN/m
3.1.5 Flexural design

Effective depth:
d = 175 25 12/2 = 144 mm
Flexure in span:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 35.4 106/(1000 1442 30) = 0.057
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 144 = 137 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 35.4 106/(137 500/1.15) = 594 mm2/m
(r = 0.41%)
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Table C5
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
3.1.6 Deflection
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio for r = 0.41% = 20
As,prov/As,req = 645/599 = 1.08
Max. span = 20 1.08 144 = 3110 mm i.e. < 4800 mm
Consider in more detail:
Allowable l/d = N K F1 F2 F3
where
N = 25.6 (r = 0.41%, fck = 30 MPa)
K = 1.0 (simply supported)
F1 = 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5
Appendix B
Table 7.4N & NA
Exp. (7.17)
= no good
Cl. 7.4.2,
Appendix C7,
Tables C10-C13
37
where
ss = ssu (As,reqq/As,prov) 1/d
where
ssu { 242 MPa (From Figure C3 and
gk/qk = 1.79, c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.0
= ss { 242 594/645 = 222
= F3 = 310/222 = 1.40 1.5
= Allowable l/
l d = 25.6 1.40 = 35.8
Actual l/
l d = 4800/144 = 33.3
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)

Table 7.4N, & NA
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Figure C3
Figure C3
= OK
Use H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
3.1.7 Shear
By inspection, OK
VEd = 29.5 0.14 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
vEd = 27.8 103/144 103 = 0.19 MPa
vRd,c = 0.53 MPa
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Cl. 6.2.2(1);
Table C6
= No shear reinforcement required

q
3.1.8 Summary of design
H12 @ 175
Figure 3.2 Simply

p supported
pp
slab: summary
3.1.9 Detailing checks

It is presumed that the detailer would take the design summarised
above and detail the slab to normal best practice, e.g. to SMDSC[9]
or to How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
2,[8] Chapter
10, Detailing. This would usually include dimensioning and detailing
curtailment, laps, U-bars and also undertaking the other checks detailed
below. See also 3.2.10 detailing checks for a continuous one-way slab.
a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of reinforcement:
As,min = 0.26 (ffctm/ffyk) bt] 0.0013 btd
where
bt = width of tension zone
fctm = 0.30 fck0.666
38
See Appendix B1.5
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1

Table 3.1
,'*3Lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
LeZ[l
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 1000 144/500 = 216 mm2/m

(r
r = 0.15%)
= H12 @ 175 B1 OK
Crack control:
OK by inspection.
Maximum spacing of bars:
< 3h < 400 mm
Table 7.2N & NA

OK
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Secondary reinforcement:
20% As,reqq = 0.2 645 = 129 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) B2
Edges: effects of assuming partial fixity along edge
Top steel required = 0.25 594 = 149 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) T2 B2 as U-bars
extending 960 mm into slab
b) Curtailment
Curtailment main bars:
Curtail main bars 50 mm from or at face of support.
At supports:
50% of As to be anchored from face of support.
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.2.(2)
SMDSC[9]:
Fig. 6.4;
How to[8]:
Detailing
Cl. 9.3.1.2.(1)
Use H12 @ 350 B1 T1 U-bars

In accordance with SMDSC[9] detail MS3 lap U-bars 500 mm with
main steel, curtail T1 leg of U-bar 0.1ll (= say 500 mm) from face
of support.
free unsupported edge is required to use longitudinal and transverse

reinforcement generally using U-bars with legs at least 2h long. For slabs
150 mm deep or greater, SMDSC[9] standard detail recommends U-bars lapping
500 mm with bottom steel and extending 0.1ll top into span.
Cl. 9.3.1.4.(1)
39
3.2 Continuous one-way solid slab
Mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblbgm^g]^]mhlahpbg]^mZbemaîkhoblbhglh_]^lb`gbg`ZleZ[mh>nkh\h]^+
nlbg`^ll^gmbZeerma^lZf^leZ[Zlnl^]bg>qZfie^,'*'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Continuous one-way solid slab
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
A 175 mm thick continuous slab is required to support screed, nishes,

an ofce variable action of 2.5 kN/m2 and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on 200 mm wide load-bearing block
walls at 6000 mm centres. fck = 30, fyk = 500 and the design life is
50 years. A re resistance of 1 hour is required.
qk = 3.3 kN/m2
gk = 5.9 kN/m2
200
5800
200
5800
Figure 3.3 Continuous solid slab
3.2.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
As Section 3.1.1
gk = 5.9
Variable:
As Section 3.1.1
jk = 3.3
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2(8)
3.2.2 Cover
As Section 3.1.2
cnom = 25 mm

Ultimate action (load):
As Section 3.1.3, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs
= n = 1.25 5.9 + 1.5 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m2
Fig. 2.5
EC0:
Exp. (6.10b)
3.2.4 Analysis
Clear span, ln
a1 = min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2]
a2 = min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2]
leff
40
= 5800 mm
=
87.5 mm
=
87.5 mm
= 5975 mm
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
LeZ[l
Bending moment:
End span
1st internal support
Internal spans
and supports
MEd = 0.086 12.3 5.9752
= 37.8 kNm/m
5.9752
= 37.8 kNm/m
MEd = 0.086 12.3
MEd = 0.063 12.3
5.9752
Cl. 5.1.1(7)
Table C2
= 27.7 kNm/m
Shear:
End support
VEd = 0.40 12.3 5.975
= 29.4 kN/m
1st interior support
VEd = 0.60 12.3 5.975
= 44.1 kN/m
3.2.5 Flexural design: span

a) End span (and 1st internal support)
Effective depth, d:
d = h cnom f/2
= 175 25 12/2 = 144 mm
Relative flexural stress, K:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 37.8 106/1000 1442 30 = 0.061
K' = 0.207
or restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
= by inspection, section is under-reinforced
(i.e. no compression reinforcement required).
Lever arm, z:
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d
= (144/2) [1 + (1 3.53 0.061)0.5] = 0.945d = 136 mm
Appendix A1
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Area of steel, As:

As = MEd/fydz
= 37.8 106/(500/1.15 136) = 639 mm2/m
(r = 0.44%)
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
b) Internal spans and supports
Lever arm, z:
By inspection, z = 0.95d = 0.95 144 = 137 mm
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Area of steel, As:

As = MEd/fydz
= 27.7 106/(500/1.15 137) = 465 mm2/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm2/m)
Designers may choose to use another form of this equation:

z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 0.882K)0.5 0.95
41
3.2.6 Deflection: end span
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio.

Allowable l/d
d = N K F1 F2 F3
Appendix B
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio:
r = 0.44%
r0 = fck0.5 103 = 0.55% = use Exp. (7.16a)
1.5fck0.5
3.2fck0.5
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
1)1.5
N = 11 +
r0/r
r+
(r0/r
r
0.5
= 11 + 1.5 30 0.55/0.44 + 3.2 300.5 (0.55/0.44 1)1.5
= 11.0 + 10.3 + 2.2 = 23.5
Exp. (7.16a)
K = structural system factor

= 1.3 (end span of continuous slab)
Cl. 7.4.2
F1 = flanged section factor

= 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
Cl. 7.4.2
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions

= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5
Cl. 7.4.2
where
ss = (ffyk/ gS) (As,reqq/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads (1/d)
= fyd (As,reqq/As,prov) (gk + c2 qk)/(g
gGgk + gQqk) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) (639/645) [(5.9 + 0.3 3.3)/12.3] 1.08
= 434.8 0.99 0.56 1.08 = 260 MPa
F3 = 310/260 = 1.19
Note: As,prov/As,req 1.50
Allowable l/d
d = N K F1 F2 F3
= 23.5 1.3 1.0 1.19
= 36.4
Max. span = 36.4 144 = 5675 mm, i.e. < 5795 mm
= No good
Try increasing reinforcement to H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm2/m)

ss = 434.8 639/754 0.56 1.08 = 223
F3 = 310/223 = 1.39
Allowable l/d
d = 23.5 1.3 1.0 1.39
= 42.5
42
See Appendix B1.5
The use of Table C3 implies certain amounts of redistribution, which are dened in
Table C14.
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)

Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Exp. (7.17)
EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14
Table 7.4N & NA,

Table NA.5:
Note 5
LeZ[l
Max. span = 42.5 144 = 6120 mm, i.e. > 5795 mm

OK
2
= H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm /m) OK
3.2.7 Deflection: internal span

Check internal span-to-effective-depth ratio.
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio:
r = 0.32%
r0 = fck0.5 103 = 0.55% = use Exp. (7.16a)
1.5fck0.5
3.2fck0.5
1)1.5
N = 11 +
r0/r
r+
(r0/r
r
= 11 + 1.5 300.5 0.55/0.32 + 3.2 300.5 (0.55/0.32 1)1.5
= 11.0 + 14.1 + 10.7 = 35.8
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Exp. (7.16a)
K = structural system factor

= 1.5 (interior span of continuous slab)
Cl. 7.4.2
F1 = flanged section factor

= 1.0 (beff/bbw = 1.0)
Cl. 7.4.2
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions

= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
Cl. 7.4.2
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5
where
ss = fyd (As,reqq/As,prov) (gk + c2 qk)/(g
gGgk + gQqk) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) (465/502) [(5.9 + 0.3 3.3)/12.3] 1.03
= 434.8 0.93 0.56 1.03 = 233 MPa
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.

(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA, Table NA.5
Note 5.
Exp. (7.17)
EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14
F3 = 310/233 = 1.33
Allowable l/d
d = N K F1 F2 F3
= 35.8 1.5 1.0 1.33
= 71.4
Max. span = 71.4 144 = 10280 mm i.e. > 5795 mm
OK
Use H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm2/m) in internal spans
p
3.2.8 Shear
Design shear force, VEd:
At d from face of end support,
VEd= 29.4 (0.144 + 0.0875) 12.3 = 26.6 kN/m
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
At d from face of 1st interior support,

VEd = 44.1 (0.144 + 0.0875) 12.3 = 41.3 kN/m
Shear resistance, VRd,c:
VRd,c = (0.18/ gC)k(100 rl fck)0.333 bwd 0.0035kk1.5fck0.5bwd
Cl. 6.2.2(1)
43
where
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 2.0 as d < 200 mm
k = 2.0
rl = Asl/bd
Assuming 50% curtailment (at end support)
= 50% 754/(144 1000) = 0.26%
VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) 2.0 (100 0.26/100 30)0.33 1000 144
= 0.12 2 1.97 1000 144
= 0.47 1000 144 = 68.1 kN/m
But VRd,cmin = 0.035k1.5fck0.5 bwd
where
k
= 1 + (200/d)0.5 2.0; as before k = 2.0
VRd,cmin = 0.035 21.5 300.5 1000 144
= 0.54 1000 144 = 77.6 kN/m
= VRd,c = 77.6 kN/m
= OK, no shear reinforcement required at end or 1st internal
supports
= H12 @ 150 B1 & H12 @ 175 T1 OK
By inspection, shear at other internal supports OK.

H12 @ 175
fck = 30 MPa
P
cnom = 25 mm
H12 @ 150
H12 @ 225
Figure 3.4 Continuous solid slab: design summary

Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above together with the general arrangement illustrated
in Figure 3.3 and detail the slab to normal best practice. The
detailers responsibilities, standards and timescales should be clearly
dened but it would be usual for the detailer to draw and schedule
not only the designed reinforcement but all the reinforcement
required to provide a compliant and buildable solution. The work
would usually include checking the following aspects and providing
appropriate detailing :
t Minimum areas
t Curtailment lengths
t Anchorages
44
LeZ[l
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
t Critical dimensions
t Details and sections

The determination of minimum reinforcement areas, curtailment
lengths, anchorages and laps using the principles in Eurocode 2 is
shown in detail in the following calculations. In practice these would
be determined from published tables of data or by using reference
texts[8, 9]. Nonetheless the designer should check the drawing
for design intent and compliance with standards. It is therefore
necessary for the designer to understand and agree the principles
of the detailing used.

a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of longitudinal tension (flexural) reinforcement
As,min = 0.26(ffctm/ffyk) btd 0.0013 btd
where
fctm = 0.30 fck0.667
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.6677 1000 144/500 = 216 mm2/m
(r
r = 0.15%)
= H12 @ 225 B1 OK
Secondary (transverse reinforcement)
Minimum 20% As,req
20% As,reqq = 0.2 502 = 100 mm2/m
Consider As,min to apply as before.
As,min = 216 mm2/m
Try H10 @ 350 B2 (224 mm2/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2)
SMDSC[9]
Check edge.
Assuming partial fixity exists at edges, 25% of As is required
to extend 0.2 the length of the adjacent span.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
As,reqq = 25% 639 = 160 mm2/m

As,min as before = 216 mm2/m
= Use H10 @ 350 (224 mm2/m) U-bars at edges
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
45
Curtail 0.2 5975 = 1195 mm, say 1200 mm measured from face
of support.
Maximum spacing of bars

Maximum spacing of bars < 3h < 400 mm
OK
Crack control
As slab < 200 mm, measures to control cracking are unnecessary.
= use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for wmax = 0.4 mm and ss = 241 MPa
(see deflection check).
= H12 @ 150 B1 OK.
Assuming partial fixity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required
As,reqq = 15% 639 = 96 mm2/m
But, As,min as before = 216 mm2/m
(r
r = 0.15%)
One option would be to use bob bars, but choose to use U-bars
Try H12 @ 450 (251 mm2/m) U-bars at supports
pp
Curtail 0.2 5975 = say, 1200 mm measured from face of support.
b) Curtailment
i) End span, bottom reinforcement
Assuming end support to be simply supported, 50% of As should
extend into the support.
50% 639 = 320 mm2/m
pp
In theory, 50% curtailment of reinforcement may take place al from
where the moment of resistance of the section with the remaining
50% would be adequate to resist the applied bending moment. In
practice, it is usual to determine the curtailment distance as being
al from where MEd = MEd,max/2.
Detail
MS2 of SMDSC[9], suggests 50% of T1 legs of U-bars should extend 0.3l

(= say 1800 mm) from face of support by placing U-bars alternately reversed.
46
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Cl. 7.3.3(1)
Cl. 7.3.3(2),
7.3.1.5
Table 7.2N &

interpolation,
Table 7.3N &
interpolation
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Note, 9.2.1.3 (2)
a) Load arrangement
r
X
MEd,max
MEdx = RAX nXX 2/2
b) Bending moment MEdx
lbd
987
633 lbd
MEdx /z
TTensile force
in reinforcement, Fs
TTensile resistance of reinforcement

c) Tensile
T
force in bottom reinforcement
50%
50%
A
B
633 (say 500)
987
(say 850)
d) Curtailment of bottom reinforcement
Figure 3.5 Curtailment of bottom reinforcement: actions, bending

moments, forces in reinforcement and curtailment
Thus, for a single simply supported span supporting a UDL of n,
MEd,max = 0.086nl 2; RA = 0.4nl
At distance, XX, from end support, moment,
MEd@XX = RAX nX 2/2
= when M@XX = MEd,max/2:
0.086nl 2/2 = 0.4nlXX nX 2/2
47
Assuming X = xl
0.043nl2 = 0.4nlxll nxx2l2/2
0.043
= 0.4xx x2/2
0
= 0.043 0.4xx + x2/2
x
= 0.128 or 0.672, say 0.13 and 0.66
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.13 x span
0.13 5975 = 777 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d (= 144 mm),
= curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 777 144
= 633 mm from centreline of support.
Say 500 mm from face of support
pp
A
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
= in end span at 1st internal support 50% moment occurs at 0.66

span
0.66 5975 = 3944 mm
Shift rule: for slabs al may be taken as d (= 144 mm),
= curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 3944 + 144
= 4088 mm from support A
or 5975 4088 = 987 mm from centreline of support B.
Say 850 mm from face of support
pp
B
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
ii) 1st interior support, top reinforcement

Presuming 50% curtailment of reinforcement is required this may
take place al from where the moment of resistance of the section
with the remaining 50% would be adequate. However, it is usual to
determine the curtailment distance as being al from where MEd =
MEd,max/2.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Note, 9.2.1.3(2)
Thus, for the 1st interior support supporting a UDL of n,

MEd,maxTT = 0.086nl 2; RB = 0.6nl
At distance Y from end support, moment,
MEd@Y
Y = MEd,maxTT RAY + nY 2/2
= when M@Y
Y = MEd,maxT /2
0.086nl 2/2 = 0.086nl 2 0.6nlY
Y + nY 2/2
Assuming Y = yl
0.043nl 2 = 0.086nl 2 0.6nlyll + ny 2l 2/2
0 = 0.043 0.6yy + y 2/2
y = 0.077 (or 1.122), say 0.08
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.08 span
0.08 5975 = 478 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d 144 mm
50% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
600 mm from either face of support
pp
B
48
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
100% curtailment may take place al from where there is no hogging

moment. Thus,
when M@Y = MEd,maxT/2
0 = 0.086nl2 0.6nlY + nY2/2
Assuming Y = yl
0 = 0.086 0.6y + y2/2
y = 0.166 (or 1.034), say 0.17
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.17 span
0.17 5975 = 1016 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d
100% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
1100 mm from either face of support B.
iii) Support B bottom steel at support
At the support 25% of span steel required
0.25 639 = 160 mm2

As,min as before = 216 mm2/m
For convenience use H12 @ 300 B1 (376 mm2/m)
c) Anchorage at end support
As simply supported, 50% of As should extend into the support.
This 50% of As should be anchored to resist a force of
FE = VEd al/z
where
VEd = the absolute value of the shear force
al = d, where the slab is not reinforced for shear
z = lever arm of internal forces
d = 30.9 kN/m
FE = 29.4 d/0.95
Anchorage length, lbd:
lbd = alb,rqd lb,min
where
a = conservatively 1.0
lb,rqd = basic anchorage length required
= (f/4) (ssd/fbd)
where
f
= diameter of the bar = 12 mm
ssd = design stress in the bar at the ultimate limit state
= FE/As,prov
= 30.9 1000/376 = 81.5 MPa
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Cl. 9.2.1.2(1) &

Note, 9.2.1.4(2)
Exp. (9.3)
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2)
Cl. 8.4.4
Exp. (8.4)
Exp. (8.3)
Maximum z = 0.947 at mid-span and greater towards support.

49
fbd
where
n1
n2
fct,d
= ultimate bond stress

= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
= 1.0 for good bond conditions and 0.7 for all other
conditions = 1.0
= 1.0 for bar diameter 32 mm
= design tensile strength
= act fct,k/ gC. For fck = 30 MPa
= 1.0 2.0/1.5 = 1.33 MPa
Cl. 3.1.6(2) &

NA, Tables 3.1
& 2.1N
=f[] = 2.25 1.33 = 3.0 MPa

lb,rqd = (12/4) (81.5/1.33) = 183 mm
lb,min = max(10d, 100 mm) = 120 mm
lbd = 183 mm measured from face of support
By inspection, using U-bars, OK
d) Laps
Lap H12 @ 300 U-bars with H12 @ 150 straights.
Tension lap, l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd a l0min
where
a1 = 1.0 (straight bars)
a2 = 1 0.15 (cd f)/f
where
cd = min(pitch, side cover or cover)
= 25 mm
f = bar diameter
= 12 mm
a2 = 0.84
a3 = 1.0 (no connement by reinforcement)
a5 = 1.0 (no connement by pressure)
a6 = 1.5
lb,rqd = (f/4) ssd/fbd
where
ssd = the design stress at ULS at the position from
where the anchorage is measured.
Assuming lap starts 500 mm from face of
support (587.5 mm from centreline of support):
MEd = 29.5 0.59 12.3 0.592/2
= 15.2 kNm
ssd = MEd /(Asz)
= 15.2 106/(376 144/0.95) = 267 MPa
fbd = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d
50
Exp. (8.6)
Fig. 9.3
Exp. (8.10)
Table 8.2
Fig. 8.4
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Exp. (8.3)
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
where
n1 = 1.0 for good conditions
n2 = 1.0 for f < 32 mm
fct,d = act fct,k/gC
where
act = 1.0
fct,k = 2.0
gC = 1.5
=f[] = 2.25 2.0/1.5 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd
Cl. 3.1.6 (2) & NA

Table 3.1
Table 2.1N & NA
= (f/4) ssd/fbd
= (12/4) (267/3) = 267 mm
l0min b = max[0.3 a6 lb,rqd; 15f/ 200 mm]

= max[0.3 1.5 229; 15 12; 200]
= max[124; 180; 200] = 200 mm
= l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd l0min
= 1.0 0.84 1.0 1.0 1.5 329 200 = 414 mm
But good practice suggests minimum lap of max[tension lap; 500]
= lap with bottom reinforcement = 500 mm starting 500 from
face of support.
Exp. 8.6
SMDSC[9]: MS2
3.2.11 Summary of reinforcement details

A
1200
H12 U-bars @ 300
200
500 500
500
H12 @ 150
600
H12 @ 300
500 350
200
600 500
H12 @ 175 T1
H12 @ 225
350 500
200
Figure 3.6 Continuous solid slab: reinforcement details
1200
500
H10 @ 350 B2
Figure 3.7 Section AA showing reinforcement details at edge

51
3.3 Continuous ribbed slab

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
Continuous ribbed slab
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
This continuous 300 mm deep ribbed slab has spans of 7.5 m,

9.0 m and 7.5 m and is required for an ofce to support a variable
action of 5 kN/m2. It is supported on wide beams that are the same
depth as the slab designed in Section 4.3. One hour re resistance
is required: internal environment. The ribs are 150 mm wide @ 900
mm centres. Links are required in span to facilitate prefabrication of
reinforcement. Assume that partitions are liable to be damaged by
excessive deections. In order to reduce deformations yet maintain a
shallow prole use fck = 35 MPa and fyk = 500 MPa.
gk = 4.17 kN/m2
gk = 4.3 kN/m2
qk = 5.0 kN/m2
A
7500
550
1000
9000
1000
1000
7500
1000
550
Figure 3.8 Continuous ribbed slab example

p
Notes on ribbed slab design
There are various established methods for analysing ribbed slabs and dealing
with the solid areas:
t Using UDLs simplifies the analysis and remains popular. One method is
to ignore the weight of the solid part of the slab in the analysis of the
ribbed slab. (The weight of the solid area is then added to the loads on the
supporting beam). This ignores the minor effect the solid areas have on
bending in the ribbed slab.
t Alternatively the weight of the solid part of the slab is spread as a UDL
over the whole span. This is conservative both in terms of moment and
shears at solid/shear interfaces but underestimates hogging in internal
spans.
t The advent of computer analysis has made analysis using patch loads
more viable and the resulting analysis more accurate.
t The ribbed part of the slab may be designed to span between solid areas.
(The ribs span d/2 into the solid areas, which are assumed to act as
beams in the orthogonal direction.) However, having to accommodate
torsions induced in supporting beams and columns usually makes it simpler
to design from centreline of support to centreline of support.
t Analysis programs can cope with the change of section and therefore
change of stiffness along the length of the slab. Moments would be
attracted to the stiffer, solid parts at supports. However, the difference in
stiffness between the ribbed and the solid parts is generally ignored.
52
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
In line with good practice analysis, this example is carried out using
centreline of support to centreline of support and patch loads.
Constant stiffness along the length of the slab has been assumed.
CL
CL
A
100
300
A
200
550
1000
200
Figure 3.9 Long section through slab
150
750
150
Figure 3.10 Section AA: section through ribbed slab
3.3.1 Actions
Permanent: UDL kN/m2
Self-weight:
kN/m2
Rib
0.15 0.2 25/0.9
= 0.833
Slope
2 (1/2) 0.2/10 0.2 25/0.9 = 0.112
Slab
0.1 2.5
= 2.500
Cross rib 0.19 0.71 0.2 25/(0.9 7.5) = 0.100
Total self-weight
= 3.545
Ceiling
Services
Raised oor
Total permanent actions
gk
=
=
=
3.55
0.15
0.30
0.30
= 4.30
In this case, assuming the patch load analysis is accurate, taking the weight
of solid area to be spread over the whole span would overestimate span and
support moments by 68% and shears at the solid/rib interface by 89%.
Ignoring the weight of the solid area in the analysis of this ribbed slab would
lead to underestimates of span moments by 1%, support moments by 3% and
no difference in the estimation of shear at the solid shear interface. The latter
may be the preferred option.
53
Permanent: patch load

Extra over solid in beam area as patch load
(0.2 25 0.833) = 4.167
Variable
Imposed
Allowance for partitions
Total variable action
gk 4.17
= 4.00*
= 1.00*
gk = 5.00
3.3.2 Cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
cmin = max(cmin,b ; cmin,dur)
where
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond
= diameter of bar.
Assume 20 mm main bars and 8 mm links
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming XC1 and C30/37 concrete, cmin,durr = 15 mm
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Assuming no
measurement of cover Dcdev = 10 mm
= cnom
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= 20 + 10 to main bars or
= 15 + 10 to links = critical
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for REI 60.
EC2-1-2: 5.7.5(1)
Minimum slab thickness, hs = 80 mm OK
EC2-1-2: Table 5.8
Axis distance required

Minimum rib width
or
bmin = 120 mm with a = 25 mm

EC2-1-2: Table 5.6
= at 150 mm wide (min.) a = 20 mm

By inspection, not critical.
Use 25 mm nominal cover to links
3.3.3 Load combination and arrangement

Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical
nslab
= 1.25 4.30 + 1.5 5.0 = 13.38 kN/m2
nsolid areas = 1.25 (4.30 + 4.17) + 1.5 5.0 = 18.59 kN/m2
*Client requirements. See also BS EN 199111, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
54
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA

option b
3.3.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer, includes 15% redistribution at support and
none in the span.
90.7 kNm/m
100
EC0: A1.2.2
& NA, 5.3.1 (6)
90.7 kNm/m
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
65.3 kNm/m
80
61.1 kNm/m
65.3 kNm/m
a) Elastic moments
100
77.1 kNm/m
80
77.1 kNm/m
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
61.7 kNm/m
55.9 kNm/m
61.7 kNm/m
b) Redistributed envelope
Figure 3.11 Bending moment diagrams
Note 1: A ribbed slab need not be treated as discrete elements provided

rib spacing 1500 mm, depth of the rib 4 its width, the ange is > 0.1
distance between ribs and transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not
exceeding 10 overall depth of the slab.
Note 2: As 7.5 m < 85% of 9.0 m, coefcients presented in Concise Eurocode 2[5]
are not applicable.
55
80
42.5 kN/m
63.2 kN/m
63.5 kN/m
40
0
A
40
63.5 kN/m
80
63.2 kN/m
42.5 kN/m
At solid/rib interface:
AB @ 550 mm from A
= 20.4 kNm/m z 18.3 kNm/rib
MEd (sagging)
VEd
= 32.5 kN/m z 29.3 kN/rib
BA @1000 mm from B
MEd (hogging)
= 45.4 kN/m z 40.9 kN/rib
VEd
BC @ 1000 mm from B
MEd (hogging)
= 45.1 kN/m z 40.6 kN/rib
VEd
Symmetrical about centreline of BC.
3.3.5 Flexural design, span AB

a) Span AB: Flexure
MEd = 61.7 kNm/m
= 55.5 kNm/rib
K = MEd/bd 2fck
where
b = 900 mm
d = 300 25 8 20/2 = 257
assuming 8 mm link at H20 in span
fck = 35 MPa
=K = 55.5 106/(900 2572 35) = 0.027
K' = 0.207
K' = 0.168
K K' = section under-reinforced and no compression
reinforcement required.
56
Appendix A1
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d

= (257/2) (1 + 0.951) 0.95 257
= 251 244 = z = 244 mm
But z = d 0.4x
= x = 2.5(d z) = 2.5(257 244) = 33 mm
= By inspection, neutral axis is in ange
As = MEd/fydz
where
_r] = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 55.5 106/(434.8 244) = 523 mm2/rib
Try 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
b) Span AB: Deflection
where
Appendix A1
Appendix A1
Appendix C7
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r0 and whether to use

Exp. (7.16a) or Exp. (7.16b)
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
r0 = fck0.5/1000 = 350.5/1000 = 0.59%

r = As/Ac = As,req/[bwd + (beff bw)hf]
where
PD 6687[6]
bw = min. width between tension and compression

chords. At bottom assuming 1/10 slope to rib:
= 150 + 2 (25 + 8 + 20/2)/10
= 159 mm
r = 523/(159 ( 257 + (900 159) 100)
= 523/114963
= 0.45%
r < r0 = use Exp. (7.16a)
N = 11 + 1.5fck0.5r /r0 + 3.2fck0.5(r /r0 1)1.5]
Exp. (7.16a)
= 11 + 1.5 350.5 0.055/0.045 + 3.2 350.5

(0.055/0.045 1)1.5
= [11 + 10.8 + 2.0] = 22.8
K = (end span) 1.3
F1 = (beff /bw = 5.66) 0.8

F2 = 7.0/leff = 7.0/7.5 = (span > 7.0 m) 0.93
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5
Table 7.4N &

NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
& NA; Table NA.5
Section 2.18 of PD 6687 [6] suggests that r in T-beams should be based on

the area of concrete above the centroid of the tension steel.
57
where
ss = (fyk/gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= 434.8(523/628) [ (4.30 + 0.3 5.0)/13.38]
(65.3/61.7)
= 434.8 0.83 0.43 1.06
= 164 MPa
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/164 = 1.89# but 1.5, therefore say 1.50
= Permissible l/d = 22.8 1.3 0.8 0.93 1.50 = 33.0
= OK
Actual l/d = 7500/257 = 29.2
Use 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
c) Support A (and D): flexure (sagging) at solid/rib interface
Reinforcement at solid/rib interface needs to be designed for both
moment and for additional tensile force due to shear (shift rule)
MEd,max = 18.3 kNm/rib
VEd,max = 29.3 kNm/rib
At solid/rib interface
As = MEd/fydz + DFtd /fyd
where
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d
where
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
b = 900 mm
d = 300 25 8 25 20/2 = 232
assuming 8 mm links and H25B in edge beam
fck = 30
= 18.3 106/(900 2322 35) = 0.011
See
Appendix B1.5
In analysis, 15% redistribution of support moments led to redistribution of span

moments:
d = 61.7/65.3 = 0.94.
#
Both As,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or Exp.
(7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA. Therefore, 310/
ss is restricted to 1.5.
58
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2),
Fig. 9.2
25 cover
12 fabric
8 link
16 bar
16 bar
25 bar
8 link
25 cover
20 bar
8 link
25 cover
=z=
=
fyd =
DFtd =
(232/2) (1 + 0.980) 0.95 232

230 220 = z = 220 mm
434.8 MPa
0.5VEd (cot y cot a)
where
y = angle between the concrete compression strut and the
beam axis. Assume cot y = 2.5 (as a maximum)
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis.
For vertical links, cot a = 0
DFtd = 1.25VEd = 1.25 29.3 = 36.6 kN
As = 18.3 106/(434.8 220) + 36.6 103/434.8
= 191 + 84 mm2 = 275 mm2
=Try 1 no. H20 B in end supports*
Appendix A1
Cl. 6.2.3(7),
Exp. (6.18)
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Appendix A2
Appendix C,
Table C6
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
d) Support B (and C) (at centreline of support)

MEd = 77.1 kNm/m
= 69.4 kNm/rib
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
d = 300 25 cover 12 fabric 8 link 20/2
= 245
K = 69.4 106/(900 2452 35) = 0.037
By inspection, K K'
z = (245/2) [1 + (1 3.53 K)0.5] 095d
= (245/2) (1 + 0.932) < 0.95d
= 237 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 69.4 106/434.8 237 = 673 mm2/rib
* An alternative method would have been to calculate the reinforcement required

to resist MEd at the shift distance, al, from the interface.
59
e) Support B (and C): exure (hogging) at solid/rib interface

Reinforcement at solid/rib interface needs to be designed for both
moment and for additional tensile force due to shear (shift rule).
MEd,max = 42.4 kNm/rib max.
VEd,max = 40.9 kNm/rib max.
As = MEd/fydz + DFtd/fyd
where
z = (245/2) [1 + (1 3.53 K)0.5] 095d
where
K = MEd/bd2fck
= 42.4 106/(150 2452 35)
= 0.135
Check K K'
K' = 0.168 for d = 0.85 (i.e. 15% redistribution)
= Section under-reinforced: no compression reinforcement required
= z = (245/2) (1 + 0.723) 232 = 211 mm
fyd = 434.8 MPa
DFtd = 0.5VEd (cot y cot a)
where
y = angle between the concrete compression strut and the
beam axis. Assume cot y = 2.5 (as a maximum)
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis. For
vertical links, cot a = 0
DFtd = 1.25VEd = 1.25 40.9 = 51.1 kN
As
= 42.4 106/(434.8 211) + 51.1 103/434.8
= 462 + 117 mm2 = 579 mm2/rib
To be spread over beff where by inspection, beff = 900.
=Centre of support more critical (679 mm2/rib required).
Top steel may be spread across beff where
beff = bw + beff1 + beff2 b
= bw + 2 0.1 0.15 (l1 + l2)
= 150 + 0.03 (7500 + 9000) 900
= 645 mm
= Use 2 no. H16 above rib and 3 no. H12 between (741 mm2/rib)
where 2 no. H16 and 2 no. H12 are within beff
3.3.6 Flexural design, span BC

a) Span BC: Flexure
MEd = 55.9 kNm/m
= 50.3 kNm/rib
60
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
Appendix C,
Table C4
Appendix A
Cl. 6.2.3(7),
Exp. (6.18)
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Appendix A2;
Table C6
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Cl. 9.2.1.2(2)
Cl. 5.3.2.1(3)
Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
5.3.2
= MEd/bd2fck
= 50.3 106/900 2572 35
= 0.02 i.e. K (as before K = 0.168)
By inspection,
z = 0.95d = 0.95 257 = 244 mm
By inspection, neutral axis is in ange.
As = MEd/fydz
= 50.3 106/434.8 244 = 474 mm2
Try 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
b) Span BC: Deflection
where
N = Basic l/d
Section C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
r = 474/(159 ( 257 + (900 159) 100)

= 474/114963
= 0.41%
r0 = 0.59% (for fck = 30)
= r < r0 use Exp. (7.16a)
N = 11 + 1.5 fck0.5 r0/r + 3.2fck0.5 (r0/r 1)1.5
= 11 + 1.5
350.5
0.055/0.041 + 3.2
350.5
Exp. (7.16a)
(0.055/0.041
1)1.5
= 11 + 11.9 + 3.8 = 26.7

K = (internal span) 1.5
F1 = (beff/bw = 6.0) 0.8
Table 7.4N, &

NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Cl. 7.4.2,
Exp. (7.17)
& NA: Table NA.5
F2 = 7.0/leff = 7.0/9.0 = (span > 7.0 m) 0.77

F3 = 310/sS 1.5
where
ss = (fyk /gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= 434.8 (474/628) [(4.30 + 0.3 5.0)/13.38](61.1/55.9)
= 434.8 0.75 0.43 1.09
= 153 MPa
F3 = 310/ ss
NA, Table NA.5:

Note 5
= 310/153 = 2.03 therefore, say = 1.50

= Permissible l/d = 26.8 1.5 0.8 0.77 1.50 = 37.1
= OK
Actual l/d = 9000/257 = 35
=Use 2 H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
Both A
s,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or
Exp. (7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
61
3.3.7 Design for shear
CL
CL
10
1
b = 150
a) Support A (and D) at solid/rib interface

Shear at solid/rib interface = 29.3 kN/rib
Taking solid area as the support, at d from face of support
VEd = 29.3 0.232 0.90 13.38 = 26.5 kN/rib
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Cl. 6.2.2(1) & NA
Resistance
VRd,c = (0.18/gC)k (100 rl fck)0.333 bwd
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 2
= 1 + (200/257)0.5
= 1.88
rl = Asl/bwd
where
Asl = assume only 1 H20 anchored = 314 mm2
bw = min. width between tension and compression chords.
At bottom assuming 1/10 slope to rib:
= 150 + 2 (25 + 8 + 20/2)/10
= 159 mm
d = 257 mm as before
rl = 314/(159 257) = 0.0077
fck = 35
=VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) 1.88 (100 0.0077 35)0.333 159 257
= 0.68 159 257 = 27.8 kN/rib
= No shear links required.
But use nominal links to allow prefabrication.
b) Support B (and C) at solid/rib interface
Shear at solid/rib interface = 40.9 kN/rib [max(BA; BC)]
At d from face of support
VEd = 40.9 0.245 13.38 0.9 = 37.9 kN/rib
62
Cl. 6.2.1(5)
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Resistance:
VRd,c = (0.18/ gC)k (100 rl fck)0.333 bwd
Cl. 6.2.2(1) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 2
= 1 + (200/245)0.5
= 1.90
rl = Asl/bwd
where
Asl = 2 H16 = 402 mm2
bw = 159 mm as before
rl = 0.0103
fck = 35 MPa
= VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) 1.9 (100 0.0103 35)0.333 159 245
= 0.75 159 245 = 29.2 kN/rib
= Shear links required.
Shear links required for a distance:
(37.9 29.2)/(13.38 0.9) + 245 = 722 + 245 = 967 mm
from interface.
Check shear capacity:
VRd,max = acw bw zvfcd/(cot y + tan y)
where
acw = 1.0
z = 0.9d
v = 0.6 (1 fck/250) = 0.528
fcd = 35/1.5 = 23.3 MPa
y = angle of inclination of strut.
Rearranging formula above:
(cot y + tan y) = acwbwzvfcd/VEd
= (1.0 159 0.9 245 0.528 23.3)
41.6 103
= 10.4
By inspection, cot1y << 21.8. But cot y restricted to 2.5 and
= tan y = 0.4.
VRd,max = 1.0 159 0.9 245 0.528 20/(2.5 + 0.4) = 127.6 kN
= OK
Exp. (6.9) & NA
Cl. 6.2.3(2) & NA
63
Shear links: shear resistance with links

VRd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot y VRd,max
where
Asw/s = area of legs of links/link spacing
z
= 0.9d as before
fywd = 500/1.15 = 434.8
cot y = 2.5 as before
= for VEd VRd,s
Asw/s VEd/z fywd cot y
37.9 103/(0.9 245 434.8 2.5) 0.158
Maximum spacing of links = 0.75d = 183 mm
= Use H8 @ 175 cc in 2 legs (Asw /s = 0.57) for min. 967 mm into rib
Exp. (6.8)
Cl. 9.2.2(6)
3.3.8 Indirect supports

As the ribs of the slab are not supported at the top of the
supporting beam sections (A, B, C, D), additional vertical
reinforcement should be provided in these supporting beams and
designed to resist the reactions. This additional reinforcement
should consist of links within the supporting beams (see Beams
design, Section 4.3.9).
Support A (and D) at solid/rib interface:
VEd = 26.5 kN/rib
As,req = 26.3 1000/(500/1.15) = 60 mm2
This area is required in links within h/6 = 300/6 = 50 mm of the
ribbed/solid interface and within h/2 = 300/2 = 150 mm of the
centreline of the rib.
Cl. 9.2.5, Fig. 9.7
Fig. 9.7
Support B (and C) at solid/rib interface:

VEd = 37.9 kN/rib
As,req = 37.9 1000/(500/1.15) = 87 mm2 placed similarly
3.3.9 Other checks

Check shear between web and ange
By inspection, VEd 0.4 fct,d = OK
64
Cl. 6.4.2 (6) & NA

2H16 + 3H12/rib
2H16 + 3H12/rib
H8 links in 2 legs
@ 175cc
A
550
2H20/rib
2H20/rib
1050 1000 1000 1050

7500
2H20/rib
1050 1000 1000 1050
9000
D
550
7500
fck = 35 MPa
cnom = 25 mm
Figure 3.15 Summary of design

Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the above
design and detail the slab to normal best practice. As stated
in Section 3.2.9, the detailers responsibilities, standards and
timescales should be clearly dened but it would be usual for the
detailer to draw and schedule not only the designed reinforcement
but all the reinforcement required to provide a buildable solution.
The work would usually include checking the following aspects and
providing appropriate detailing:
t Minimum areas
t Anchorages
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
The determination of minimum reinforcement areas, curtailment
lengths and laps using the principles in Eurocode 2 is shown in
detail in the following calculations. In practice these would be
determined from published tables of data or by using reference
texts [12, 21]. Nonetheless the designer should check the drawing
for design intent and compliance with standards. It is therefore
necessary for the designer to understand and agree the principles
of the details used.

a) Minimum areas
i) Minimum area of reinforcement in ange
As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk) btd 0.0013 btd
Cl. 9.3.1.1
65
where
fctm = 0.30 fck0.666
Cl. 9.2.1.1,
Exp. (9.1N)
Table 3.1
As,min = 0.26 0.30 350.666 1000 100/500 = 166 mm2/m

(r = 0.17%)
= Use A142 in ange (say OK)
BS 8666[19]
ii) Secondary reinforcement

Not applicable.
iii) Maximum spacing of bars
Maximum spacing of bars < 3 h < 400 mm
By inspection.
OK
iv) Crack control

Loading is the main cause of cracking = use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for
wmax = 0.3 mm and max. ss = 200 MPa (see deection check)
OK by inspection
v) Effects of partial xity
Assuming partial xity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required
As,req = 15% 525 = 79 mm2/rib
For the rib in tension:
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 159 257/500 = 55 mm2/rib
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Cl. 7.3.3(2)
Cl. 7.3.1.5
Table 7.2N
Table 7.3N
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
b) Curtailment
Wherever possible simplied methods of curtailing reinforcement
would be used. The following is intended to show how a rigorous
assessment of curtailment of reinforcement might be undertaken.
66
i) End support A: bottom steel at support

Check anchorage.
As simply supported, 25% of As should be anchored in support.
25% 595 = 148 mm2
Use 1 no. H20/rib (314 mm2/rib)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.3.1.2(1) &
Note,
Cl. 9.2.1.4(1)
& NA
ii) Check anchorage length

Envelope of tensile force:
To resist envelope of tensile force, provide reinforcement to al or lbd
beyond centreline of support.
For members without shear reinforcement, al = d = 232
By inspection, ssd = 0, lbd = lbd,min = max(10f, 100 mm)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.3(1),
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
9.2.1.3(3), Fig. 9.2
Cl. 9.2.1.3
iii) Indirect support

As anchorage may be measured from face of indirect support, check
force to be resisted at solid/rib interface:
Fs = MEd/z + FE
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.4(2),
9.2.1.4(3),
Fig. 9.3b
where
MEd = 18.3 kNm/rib
z
= 220 as before
FE = VEd al/z
where
VEd = 29.3 kN/rib
al
= z cot y/2

= FE = VEd cot y/2
= 29.3 1.25 = 36.6 kN/rib
Fs = 18.6 106/(220 103) + 36.6 = 121.1 kN
iv) Anchorage length:
where
lb,rqd = (f/4) (ssd/fbd)
where
f = 20
ssd = design stress in the bar at the ULS
= 121.1 1000/314 = 385 MPa
fbd = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n1 fct,d
where
n1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter 32 mm
fct,d = act fct,k/gC
= 1.0 2.2/1.5
= 1.47 MPa
fbd = 2.25 1.47 = 3.31 MPa
= lb,rqd = (20/4) (385/3.31) = 581 mm
lb,min = max[10f; 100 mm] = 200 mm
= lbd = 581 mm measured from solid/rib intersection.
i.e. 31 mm beyond centreline of support.
v) End support A: top steel
Assuming partial xity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required
to extend at least 0.2 the length of the adjacent span.
As,req = 15% 525 = 79 mm2/rib
As,min = 0.26 0.30 350.666 159 257/500 = 68 mm2/rib
Use 2 no. H12 T1/rib in rib and 2 no. H10 T1/rib between ribs
(383 mm2/rib)
Exp. (9.3)
Cl. 9.2.1.3,
Exp. (9.2)
Cl. 8.4.4,
Exp. (8.4)
Exp. (8.3)
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
Cl. 3.1.6(2),
Tables 3.1,
2.1 & NA
Fig. 9.3
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1
Cl. 9.2.1.1(1),
Exp. (9.1N)
Whilst this would comply with the requirements of Eurocode 2, it is common practice
to take bottom bars 0.5 a tension lap beyond the centreline of support
(= 250 mm beyond the centreline of support; see model detail MS1 in SMDSC[9]).
It is usual to curtail 50% of the required reinforcement at 0.2l and to curtail the
remaining 50% at 0.3l or line of zero moment (see model detail MS2 in SMDSC[9]).
67
vi) Support B (and C): top steel

At the centreline of support (2 no. H16 T + 3 no. H12 T)/rib are
required. The intention is to curtail in two stages, rstly to 2 no.
H16 T/rib then to 2 no. H12 T/rib.
Curtailment of 2 no. H16 T/rib at support
(capacity of 2 no. H12 T/rib + shift rule):
Assume use of 2 no. H12 T throughout in midspan:
Assuming z = 211 mm as before,
MR2H12T = 2 113 434.8 211
= 20.7 kNm/rib (23.0 kNm/m)
(Note: section remains under-reinforced)
From analysis MEd = 23.0 kNm/m occurs at 2250 mm (towards A)
and 2575 mm (towards B).
Shift rule: al = z cot y/2
Assuming z = 211 mm as before
al = 1.25 211 = 264 mm
= 2 no. H12 T are adequate from 2250 + 264 = 2513 mm from B
towards A and 2575 + 263 = 2838 mm from B towards C.
= Curtail 2 no. H16 T @ say 2600 from BA and 2850 from BC
Curtailment of 3 no. H12 T/rib at support (capacity of 2 no. H16
T/rib + shift rule):
MR2H16T = 2 201 434.8 211
= 36.9 kNm/rib (41.0 kNm/m)
(Note: section remains under-reinforced)
From analysis MEd = 41.0 kNm/m occurs at 1310 mm (towards A)
and 1180 mm
(towards C).
Shift rule: al = 263 mm as before
= 2 no. H16 T are adequate from 1310 + 263 = 1573 mm from B
towards A and 1180 + 263 = 1443 mm from B towards C.
= Curtail 3 no. H12 at say 1600 from B (or C).
(See Figure 3.16)
68
vii) Support B (and C): bottom steel at support

At the support 25% of span steel required
0.25 628 = 157 mm2
Try 1 no. H16 B/rib (201)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
This reinforcement may be anchored into indirect support or carried

through.
Fig. 9.4
a1 = 264
2H16 + 3H12
per rib
MEd = 77.1 x 0.9 = 60.4 kNm/rib

Shift moment
MR = As(fyk/gS)z
lbd
2H16/rib
MEd
MEd = 36.79 kNm/rib
2H12/rib
MEd = 20.7 kNm/rib
A
B
264 1310
1180 264
2250
2575
264
264
a) Design moments and moment resistance
2H12
3H12
2H12
2H16
1600
2600
1600
2850
b) Curtailment of reinforcement
viii) Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment BA and BC

To suit prefabrication 2 no. H20/rib will be curtailed at solid/rib
interface, 1000 mm from BA (B towards A) and BC.
From analysis, at solid/rib interface sagging moment = 0.
From analysis, at a1 from solid/rib interface, i.e. at 1000 + 1.25 244
= 1303 mm
at 1305 mm from BA sagging moment = say 5 kNm/rib
at 1305 mm from BC sagging moment = 0
Use 1 no. H16 B/rib (201)
c) Laps
At AB, check lap 1 no. H20 B to 2 no. H20 B in rib full tension lap:
l0 = a1 a6 lb,rqd > l0,min
where
a1 = 1.0 (cd = 45 mm, i.e. < 3f)
a6 = 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
Exp. (8.10)
Table 8.2
where
f = 20
ssd = 434.8
fbd = 3.0 MPa as before
69
l0,min = max. 10f or 100 = 200

l0 = 1.0 1.5 (20/4) 434.8/3.0
= 1087 mm, say = 1200 mm
At BA and BC, check lap 2 no. H12 T to 2 no. H16 T in rib full tension lap:
l0 = a1 a6 lb,rqd > l0,min
where
a1
= 0.7 (cd = 45 mm, i.e. > 3f)
a6 = 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
Exp. (8.10)
where
f = 20
ssd = 434.8
fbd = 2.1 (3.0 MPa as before but n1 = 0.7 for not good bond
conditions)
l0,min = max. 10f or 100 = 120
Cl. 8.4.2
l0 = 0.7 1.5 (12/4) 434.8/2.1

= 651 mm, say = 700 mm
But to aid prefabrication take to solid/rib intersection 1000 mm
from centre of support.
At BA and BC, check lap 1 no. H16 B to 2 no. H20 B in rib:
By inspection, nominal say, 500 mm
Exp. (8.6)
SMDSC[9]
Table 8.2
SMDSC[9]
SMDSC[9]
d) RC detail of ribbed slab

Links not shown for clarity. Cover 25 mm to links.
600
600
1000 1000 1000 1250
200 200 1500

2H12T in rib
and 2H1OT
between
2H12T
2H20B/rib
150 550 1200
2H16 + 3H12/rib
A143
fabric
2H12T/rib
2H16 + 3H12/rib
2H12 2H12 + 2H1O 2H16 3H12 2H12
1H20B
600
1250 1000
2H16 3H12 2H12
2H12 3H12 2H16
1H16B/rib
2H20B/rib
500 1000 1000 500

7500
1H16B/rib
500 1000 1000
9000
Figure 3.17 Curtailment of flexural reinforcement in ribbed slab
70
3.4 Flat slab
Mabl^qZfie^bl_hkma^]^lb`gh_Zk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[pbmahnm\henfga^Z]l'Ma^leZ[
bliZkmh_ZeZk`^k_ehhkieZm^Zg]blmZd^g_khf@nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_k^bg_hk\^]
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nl^]mh^lmZ[ebla]^lb`gfhf^gmlZg]la^Zklbgmabl\kbmb\ZeZk^Zh_ma^leZ['
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Flat slab
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CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
The slab is for an ofce where the specied load is 1.0 kN/m2 for
nishes and 4.0 kN/m2 imposed (no partitions). Perimeter load is
assumed to be 10 kN/m. Concrete is C30/37. The slab is 300 mm
thick and columns are 400 mm square. The oor slabs are at 4.50 m
vertical centres. A 2 hour re rating is required.
A
4.0
4.0
Bb
4.0
6.0
D
E
1
200 x 200
hole
8.0
8.0
9.6
300 mm flat slabs
All columns 400 mm sq.
8.6
200 x 200
hole
Figure 3.18 Part p

plan of flat slab
3.4.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
Self-weight 0.30 25
Finishes
Total
Variable:
Offices
= 7.5
= 1.0
gk = 8.5
EC1-1-1:
Table A1
jk = 4.0
Client requirement. See also BS EN 199111, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
71
3.4.2 Cover
cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur; 10 mm]
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
where
cmin,b = 20 mm, assuming 20 mm diameter reinforcement
cmin,dur = 15 mm for XC1 and using C30/37
Dcdev = 10 mm
Fire:
For 2 hours resistance, amin = 35 mm = not critical
= cnom = 20 + 10 = 30 mm
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4.
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.9
3.4.3 Load combination and arrangement

qk = 4.0 kN/m2
gk = 8.5 kN/m2
1
9600
8600
Figure 3.19 Panel centred on grid C

Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical.
n = 1.25 8.50 + 1.5 4.0 = 16.6 kN/m2
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded load cases and
coefcients.
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA:

Table NA.1
(option b)
3.4.4 Analysis grid line C

Consider grid line C as a bay 6.0 m wide. (This may be conservative
for grid line C but is correct for grid line D etc.)
MEd
Effective spans:
9600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 9500 mm
8600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 8500 mm
Check applicability of moment coefcients:
8500/9500 = 0.89 = as spans differ by less than 15% of larger
span, coefcients are applicable.
Tables C2 & C3
The
Cl. 5.3.1 & NA
all-spans-loaded case with 20% redistribution of support moments would

also have been acceptable but would have involved some analysis. The use of Table
5.9 in BS EN 199212 (Fire resistance of solid at slabs) is restricted to where
redistribution does not exceed 15%; the coefcients presume 15% redistribution
at supports.
72
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Table C3
,'-3?eZmleZ[
As two span, use table applicable to beams and slabs noting

increased coefcients for central support moment and shear.
Table C3
Design moments in bay.

Spans:
MEd = (1.25 8.5 0.090 + 1.5 4.0 0.100) 6.0 9.52 = 842.7 kNm
Support:
MEd = 16.6 0.106 6.0 9.52 = 952.8 kNm
D
6000
1
1500 Column
strip
Middle
strip
1500
Column
1500 strip
1500 1500 3000 1500 1500

Column strip Middle strip Column strip
Figure 3.20 Column and middle strips

p
Apportionment of moments between column strips and middle strips:
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip
ve (hogging) Long span = 70%
Short span = 75%
+ve (sagging) 50%
Middle strip
Long span = 30%
Short span = 25%
50%
Parallel to grid C, column strip is ly/2 = 3 m wide. The middle strip is

also 3 m wide.
Table I.1;
CS Flat slab
guide[27]
Table I.1
NA.3[1a]; Fig. I.1
Long span moments:

MEd
Column strip, 3 m wide
Middle strip, 3 m wide
ve (hogging) 0.70 952.8/3.0 = 222.3 kNm/m 0.30 952.8/3.0 = 95.3 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m 0. 50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m
The Concrete Societys TR 64[27] recommends a percentage, k1, based on ly /lz

Assuming ly /lz = 1.5 the distribution of moments in the long span between column
strips and middle strips is given as 70% and 30%.
73
Punching shear force, VEd:

At C2,
VEd = 16.6 6.0 9.6 0.63 2 = 1204.8 kN
At C1 (and C3)
VEd = 16.6 6.0 9.6 0.45 + (10 + 0.2 0.3 25) 1.25 6.0
= 516.5 kN
Table C3
Table C3
3.4.5 Design grid line C

Effective depth, d:
d = 300 30 20/2 = 260 mm
a) Flexure: column strip and middle strip, sagging
MEd = 140.5 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 140.5 106/(1000 2602 30) = 0.069
z d = 0.94
z/
z = 0.94 260 = 244 mm
As = MEd/ffyd z = 140.5 106/(244 500/1.15) = 1324 mm2/m
(r
r = 0.51%)
Try H20 @ 200 B1 (1570 mm2/m)
b) Deection: column strip and middle strip
Allowable l/
l d = N K F1 F2 F3
where
N = 20.3 (r = 0.51%, fck = 30)
K = 1.2 (at slab)
F1 = 1.0 (beff/bbw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (no brittle partitions)#
F3 = 310/s
ss 1.5
where*
ss = ssu (As,reqq/As,prov) 1/d
where
ssu = (500/1.15) (8.5 + 0.3 4.0)/16.6 = 254 MPa
(or 253 MPa; from Figure C3
Gk/Qk = 2.1, c2 = 0.3 and gG = 1.25)
= ss 253 (1324/1570)/1.03 = 207
= F3 = 310/207 = 1.50
= Allowable l/
l d = 20.3 1.2 1.50 = 36.5
Table C5
Appendix B
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Appendix C
Tables C10C13
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)

Table 7.4N, &
NA, Table NA.5
Note 5
Fig. C3
Fig. C14
As punching shear force (rather than a beam shear force) effective span is not
appropriate.
Cladding
and strip of slab beyond centre of support.
# Otherwise
for at slabs 8.5/9.5 = 0.89 as span > 8.5 m.
* See Appendix B1.5

In line with Note 5 to Table NA.5, 1.50 is considered to be a maximum for 310/s
ss.
74
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Actual l/d = 9500/260 = 36.5
= OK
Use H20 @ 200 B1 (1570)
c) Flexure: column strip, hogging

MEd = 222.3 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 222.3 106/(1000 2602 30) = 0.109
z/d = 0.89
z = 0.89 260 = 231 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 222.3 106/(231 500/1.15) = 2213 mm2/m
(r = 0.85%)
Try H20 @ 125 T1 (2512 mm2/m)#
d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
MEd = 95.3 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 95.3 106/(1000 2602 30) = 0.069
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 260 = 247 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 95.3 106/(247 500/1.15) = 887 mm2/m
(r = 0.34%)
Try H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm2/m)
e) Requirements
i) In column strip, inside middle 1500 mm
There is a requirement to place 50% of At within a width equal to
0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column.
Area required = (3 2213 + 3 887)/2 mm2
= 4650 mm2
Over width = 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm
i.e. require 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm2/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 100 T1 (3140 mm2/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support (16 no. bars)
(r = 0.60%)
Table C5
Table C5
Cl. 9.4.1(2)
ii) In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm

Area required = 3.0 2213 16 314 mm2
= 1615 mm2
Over width = 3000 2 750 mm = 1500 mm
i.e. 1077 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 250 T1 (1256 mm2/m)
in remainder of column strip
Note: Continuity into columns will reduce sagging moments and criticality of
deection check (see Figures 3.26 and 3.27).
Note requirement for at least 2 bars in bottom layer to carry through column.
# The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce the
amount of reinforcement required.
Cl. 9.4.1(3)
75
iii) In middle strip
Use H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm2/m)
iv) Perpendicular to edge of slab at edge column

Design transfer moment to column Mt = 0.17 bed 2fck
where
be = cz + y = 400 + 400 = 800 mm
Mt = 0.17 800 2602 30 106 = 275.8 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck = 275.8 106/(800 2602 30) = 0.170
z/d = 0.82
z = 0.82 260 = 213 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 275.8 106/(213 500/1.15) = 2978 mm2/m
This reinforcement to be placed within cx + 2cy = 1100 mm
Cl. 9.4.2(1),
I.1.2(5)
Fig. 9.9
SMDSC[9]
Try 10 no. H20 T1 U-bars in pairs @ 200 (3140 mm2) local to column
(max. 200 mm from column)
Note:
Where a 200 200 hole occurs on face of column, be becomes 600 mm
and pro rata, As,req becomes 2233 mm2 i.e. use 4 no. H20 each side
of hole (2512 mm2).
v) Perpendicular to edge of slab generally
Assuming that there is partial xity along the edge of the slab, top
reinforcement capable of resisting 25% of the moment in the
adjacent span should be provided
OK
0.25 2213 = 553 mm2/m
vi) Check minimum area of reinforcement
where
fctm = 0.30 fck0.666
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 1000 260/500 = 390 mm2/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 200 (565 mm2/m)
The reinforcement should extend 0.2h from edge = 600 mm
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2),
9.2.1.4(1) & NA
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1

Table 3.1
Cl. 9.3.1.4(2)
3.4.6 Analysis grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)

Consider grid line 1 as being 9.6/2 + 0.4/2 = 5.0 m wide with
continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/4 + 0.4/2 = 1.7 m
wide. Consider perimeter load is carried by column strip only.
76
Cl. 5.1.1(4)
,'-3?eZmleZ[
qk slab
= 20.0 kN/m
gk cladding = 10.0 kN/m
= 42.5 kN/m
gk slab
6000
6000
6000
p
Actions:
Permanent from slab
Variable from slab
Permanent perimeter load
gk = 5 8.5 kN/m2 = 42.5 kN/m

qk = 5 4.0 kN/m2 = 20.0 kN/m
gk = 10.0 kN/m
Load combination and arrangement:

As before, choose to use all-spans-loaded case and coefcients
Ultimate load, n:
n = 1.25 (42.5 +10) + 1.5 20 = 95.6 kN/m
Perimeter load, 10 1.25 = 12.5 kN/m
Effective span, leff
Effective span = 6000 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 5900
Design moments in bay, MEd:
In spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
MEd = 0.086 83.0 5.92 = 248.5 kNm
At supports (worst case 1st support)
MEd = 0.086 83.0 5.92 = 248.5 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load,
spans (and supports, worst case)
MEd = 0.086 12.5 5.92 = 37.4 kNm
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips:
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip, 1.7 m wide Middle strip
Short span = 25%
ve (hogging) Short span = 75%
50%
+ve (sagging) 50%
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &

NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Table C2
Table C2
NA.3[1a]: Fig. I.1

Table I.1
CS Flat slab
guide[27]
Short span moments:

MEd
Column strip, 1.7 m wide
Middle strip, 3.3 m wide
ve (hogging) (0.75 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70 0.25 248.5/3.3
= 131.6 kNm/m
= 18.8 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) (0.50 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70 0.50 248.5/3.3
= 95.1 kNm/m
= 37.6 kNm/m
77
Punching shear force, VEd

For internal supports, as before = 516.5 kN
For penultimate support, 516.5 1.18 = 609.5 kN
Table C3
3.4.7 Design grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)

Cover:
cnom = 30 mm as before
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
MEd = 95.1 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 95.1 106/(1000 2402 30) = 0.055
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 240 = 228 mm
As = MEd/fyd z = 95.1 106/(228 500/1.15) = 959 mm2/m
(r = 0.40%)
Try H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm2/m)
b) Deection: column strip
where
N = 26.2 (r = 0.40%, fck = 30)
K = 1.2
(at slab)
F1 = 1.0
(beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5
where
ss = ssu (As,req/As,prov) 1/d
where
ssu 283 MPa (from Figure C3 and Gk/Qk
= 3.6, c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25)
= ss 283 (959/1005)/1.08 = 250
= F3 = 310/250 = 1.24
=Allowable l/d = 26.2 1.2 1.24 = 39.0
Actual l/d = 5900/240 = 24.5 = OK
Use H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm2/m)
c) Flexure: middle strip, sagging
MEd = 37.6 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 37.6 106/(228 500/1.15) = 379 mm2/m
(r = 0.56%)
78
Table C5
Appendix B
Appendix C7
Tables C10C13
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Fig. C3
Table C14
Fig. C3
,'-3?eZmleZ[
By inspection, deection OK.

Check minimum area of reinforcement.
where
fctm = 0.30 fck0.666
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 1000 240/500 = 361 mm2/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm2/m)
d) Flexure: column strip, hogging
MEd = 131.6 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 131.6 106/(1000 2402 30) = 0.076
z/d= 0.928
z = 0.928 240 = 223 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 131.6 106/(223 500/1.15) = 1357 mm2/m
(r = 0.56%)
Try H20 @ 200 T2 (1570 mm2/m)
e) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
MEd = 18.8 kNm/m
As = MEd/fydz = 18.8 106/(228 500/1.15) = 190 mm2/m
(r = 0.08%)
As,min as before
= 361 mm2/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm2/m)
f) Requirements
There is a requirement to place 50% of At within a width equal to 0.125
of the panel width on either side of the column. As this column strip is
adjacent to the edge of the slab, consider one side only:
Area required = (1.5 1357 + 3.3 190)/2 mm2
= 1334 mm2
Within
= 0.125 6.0 m = 750 mm of the column centreline,
i.e. require 1334/0.75 = 1779 mm2/m for 750 mm from the column
centreline.
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
Table C5
Table C5
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Cl. 9.4.1(2)
The
hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce

the amount of reinforcement required. This should be balanced against the
effect of the presence of a 200 200 hole at some supports which would
have the effect of increasing K but not unduly increasing the total amount of
reinforcement required in the column strip (a 1.5% increase in total area would
been required).
79
Allowing for similar from centreline of column to edge of slab:

Use 6 no. H20 @ 175 T2(1794 mm2/m)
(r = 0.68%)
between edge and to 750 mm from centre of support
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
1.7 1357 6 314 = 422 mm2 in 750 mm, i.e. 563 mm2/m
Use H12 @ 175 T2 (646 mm2/m) in remainder of column strip
Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm2/m)
In middle strip
3.4.8 Analysis grid line 2

Consider panel on grid line 2 as being 9.6/2 + 8.6/2 = 9.1 m wide
and continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/2 = 3.0 m wide.
(See Figure 3.20).
qk slab = 36.4 kN/m
gk slab = 77.4 kN/m
C
6000
6000
6000
Figure 3.22 Internal p

panel on grid 2
Slab gk = 9.1 8.5 kN/m2 = 77.4 kN/m
Slab qk = 9.1 4.0 kN/m2 = 36.4 kN/m
Actions, load combination and arrangement:
Choose to use all-spans-loaded case.
Ultimate load, n:
n = 1.25 77.4 + 1.5 36.4 = 151.4 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Effective span, leff:

Effective span = 5900 mm as before.
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Design moments in bay, MEd:

Spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
MEd = 0.086 151.4 5.92 = 453.2 kNm
Table C2
Support (worst case 1st support)

MEd = 0.086 151.4 5.92 = 453.2 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load.
80
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &

NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Table C2
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips:

MEd
Column strip, 3.0 m wide Middle strip, 6.1 m wide

0.25 453.2/6.1
ve (hogging) 0.75 453.2/3.0
= 113.3 kNm/m
= 18.5 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 453.2/3.0
= 75.5 kNm/m
0.50 453.2/6.1
= 37.1 kNm/m
Punching shear force, VEd, as before.
3.4.9 Design grid line 2

Effective depth, d
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
MEd = 75.5 kNm/m
As = MEd/fydz = 75.5 106/(228 500/1.15) = 761 mm2/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H16 @ 250 B2 (804 mm2/m)
Deection: column strip
By inspection, OK.
Table C5
b) Flexure: column strip, sagging

MEd = 37.1 kNm/m
As = MEd/fydz = 37.1 106/(228 500/1.15) = 374 mm2/m
(r = 0.55%)
By inspection, deection OK.
Try H10 @ 200 B2 (393 mm2/m)
c) Flexure: column strip, hogging
MEd = 113.3 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fck = 113.3 106/(1000 2402 30) = 0.065
z/d = 0.94
z = 0.928 240 = 225 mm
Table C5
As = MEd/fydz = 113.3 106/(225 500/1.15) = 1158 mm2/m

(r = 0.48%)
Try H20 @ 250 T2 (1256 mm2/m)
d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
MEd = 18.5 kNm/m
The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required.
81
As = MEd/fydz = 18.5 106/(228 500/1.15) = 187 mm2/m

(r = 0.08%)
As before minimum area of reinforcement governs
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 1000 240/500 = 361 mm2/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 B2 (376 mm2/m)
Table C5
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
e) Requirements
Regarding the requirement to place 50% of At within a width equal
to 0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column:
Area required = (3.0 1158 + 6.1 187)/2 mm2
= 2307 mm2
Within
= 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm centred on the column
centreline,
i.e. require 2307/1.5 = 1538 mm2/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 200T2 (1570 mm2/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support
(r = 0.60%)
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
3.0 1158 1.5 1570 = 1119 mm2 in 1500 mm, i.e. 764 mm2/m
Use H16 @ 250 T2 (804 mm2/m) in remainder of column strip
In middle strip:
Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm2/m)
3.4.10 Punching shear, central column, C2

At C2, applied shear force, VEd = 1204.8 kN
a) Check at perimeter of column
vEd = bVEd /uid < vRd,max
where
b = factor dealing with eccentricity; recommended value 1.15
VEd = applied shear force
ui = control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear adjacent to interior columns
u0 = 2(cx + cy) = 1600 mm
d = mean effective depth = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm
= 1.15 1204.8 103/1600 250 = 3.46 MPa
vEd
vRd,max = 0.5vfcd
Column C2 is taken to be an internal column. In the case of a penultimate

column, an additional elastic reaction factor should have been considered.
82
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
Fig. 6.21N & NA
Cl. 6.4.5(3)
Exp. (6.32)
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
,'-3?eZmleZ[
where
v = 0.6(1 fck/250) = 0.528
fcd = acclfck /gC = 1.0 1.0 30/1.5 = 20
= 0.5 0.528 20 = 5.28 MPa
= OK
b) Check shear stress at control perimeter u1 (2d from face of column)

vEd = bVEd/u1d < vRd,c
Table C7
Cl. 6.4.2
where
b, VEd and d as before
u1 = control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear at 2d from interior columns
u1 = 2(cx + cy) + 2Q 2d = 4741 mm
vEd = 1.15 1204.8 103/4741 250 = 1.17 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/ gC k (100 rlfck)0.333
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 2 k = 1 + (200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (rly rlz)0.5 = (0.0085 0.0048)0.5 = 0.0064
Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
where
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column#
fck = 30
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0064 30)0.333 = 0.61 MPa
= Punching shear reinforcement required
Table C5*
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links are no longer required

uout = VEd b/(d vRd,c)
uout = 1204.8 1.15 103/(250 0.61) = 9085 mm
Length of column faces = 4 400 = 1600 mm
Radius to uout = (9085 1600)/2Q = 1191 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1191 1.5 250 = 816 m
from face of column
Shear reinforcement (assuming rectangular arrangement of links):
sr,max = 250 0.75 = 187, say = 175 mm
Fig. 6.13
Exp. (6.54)
Cl. 6.4.5(4) & NA

Cl. 9.4.3(1)
At the perimeter of the column, v

Rd,max assumes the strut angle is 45, i.e. that
cot y = 1.0. Where cot y = < 1.0, vRd,max is available from Table C7.
#The
values used here for r ly , r lz ignore the fact that the reinforcement is
concentrated over the support. Considering the concentration would have given a
higher value of VRd,c at the expense of further calculation to determine r ly , r lz at
3d from the side of the column.
* vRd,c for various values of d and rl is available from Table C6.
83
Inside 2d control perimeter, st,max = 250 1.5 = 375, say 350 mm

Outside control perimeter st,max = 250 2.0 = 500 mm
Assuming vertical reinforcement:
At the basic control perimeter, u1, 2d from the column:
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef)
where
fywd,ef = effective design strength of reinforcement
= (250 + 0.25d) < fyd = 312 MPa
For perimeter u1
Asw = (1.17 0.75 0.61) 175 4741/(1.5 312)
= 1263 mm2 per perimeter
Asw,min 0.08fck0.5(sr st)/(1.5 fyk sin a + cos a)
where
Asw,min = minimum area of a single leg of link
a
= angle between main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement; for vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
Cl. 9.4.3(2)
Exp. (6.52)
Cl. 6.4.5(1)
Exp. (9.11)
Asw,min 0.08 300.5 (175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm2

= Try H8 legs of links (50 mm2)
Asw /u1 1263/4741 = 0.266 mm2/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = min[50/0.266; 1.5d]
= min[188; 375] = 188 mm cc
= Use min. H8 legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeter u1
Perimeters at 0.75d = 0.75 250 = 187.5 mm
say = 175 mm centres
d) Check area of reinforcement > 1263 mm2 in perimeters inside u1
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column.
Cl. 9.4.3
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 10 locations are available

at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 10 no. H10 = 1570 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 18 locations are
available at 1.15d from column therefore try 18 no. H10 = 1413 mm2.
at 1.90d from column therefore try 20 no. H10 = 1570 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 beyond u1 to uout grid of H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
Clause 6.4.5 provides Exp. (6.52), which by substituting v for v
Ed
Rd,c, allows
calculation of the area of required shear reinforcement, Asw, for the basic control
perimeter, u1.
The same area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter u1. See Commentary on design, Section 3.4.14. Punching shear
reinforcement is also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and
spacing of shear reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3).
84
Cl. 6.4.5
Exp. 6.5.2
Cl. 9.4.3
,'-3?eZmleZ[
e) Summary of punching shear refreshment required at column C2

uout
S = 112 H10 legs of links

u1 at 2d
from column
175 175 175 175 200 200 200 175 175 175 175
716
100 400 100
716
Punching shear reinforcement

no longer required
1.5d = 375
uout
175 175 175 175 200 200 200 175 175 175 175
375
716
100
400
100
716
Figure 3.23 Punching shear links at column C2 (112 no. links)

(column D2 similar)
3.4.11 Punching shear, edge column

Assuming penultimate support,
VEd = 1.18 516.5 = 609.5 kN
vEd = b VEd/uid < vRd,max
where
ui = control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear adjacent to edge columns
u0 = c2 + 3d < c2 + 2c1
= 400 + 750 < 3 400 mm
= 1150 mm
d = as before 250 mm
vEd = 1.4 609.5 103/1150 250 = 2.97 MPa
vRd,max, as before = 5.28 MPa
= OK
Table C3
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
Fig. 6.21N & NA
Cl. 6.4.5(3)
Exp. (6.32)
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
85
Cl. 6.4.2
Fig. 6.15
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = as before = 1 +(200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (r lyr lz )0.5
where
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and z direction
in a width of the column plus 3d each side of column.
r ly: (perpendicular to edge) 10 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 750 + 400, i.e. 3818 mm2 in 1900 mm
=r ly = 3818/(250 1900) = 0.0080
r lz : (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 +
750 i.e. 1997 mm2 in 1150 mm.
=r lz = 1997/(250 1150) = 0.0069
r l = (0.0080 0.0069)0.5 = 0.0074
fck = 30
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0074 30)0.333 = 0.64 MPa
= Punching shear reinforcement required
C
3d = 750
6H20T1 @175
3d = 750
10H20 U-bars in pairs @ 200 cc
400
H12 @ 200 U-bars
400
3d = 750
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u1 (2.0d from face of column)

where
u1 = control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear at 2d from edge column columns
u1 = c2 + 2c1+ Q 2d = 2771 mm
vEd = 1.4 609.5 103/2771 250 = 1.23 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/ gC k (100 rlfck)0.333
H12 @ 175T1
Figure 3.24 Flexural tensile reinforcement adjacent to columns

C1 (and C3)
86
vRd,c for various values of d and rl is available from Table C6.
Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
Table C6
,'-3?eZmleZ[
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links no longer required

uout = 609.5 1.4 103/(250 0.64) = 5333 mm
Length attributable to column faces = 3 400 = 1200 mm
= radius to uout from face of column
= say (5333 1200)/Q = 1315 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1370 1.5 250
= 940 mm from face of column.
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, sr,max = 175 mm; st,max = 350 mm and
fywd,ef = 312 MPa
For perimeter u1
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef
= (1.23 0.75 0.64) 175 2771/(1.5 312)
Asw,min 0.08 300.5 (175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm2
Asw/u1 777/2771 = 0.28 mm2/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = 50/0.28 = 178 mm cc
=Use min. H8 (50 mm2) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
e) Check area of reinforcement > 777 mm2 in perimeters inside u1
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 6 no. H10 = 942 mm2
Exp. (6.54)
Cl. 6.4.5(4)
& NA
Cl. 9.4.3(1),
9.4.3(2)
Exp. (6.52)
Exp. (9.11)
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)

available at 1.15d from column therefore try 12 no. H10 = 942 mm2
available at 1.90d from column therefore try 14 no. H10 = 1099 mm2
By inspection of Figure 3.27 beyond u1 to uout grid of
H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
3.4.12 Punching shear, edge column with hole

Check columns D1 and D3 for 200 200 mm hole adjacent to column.
As previously described use 4 no. H20 U-bars each side of column for
transfer moment.
Assuming internal support, VEd = 516.5 kN
See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is
also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and spacing of shear
reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3).
Cl. 9.4.3
87

vEd = bVEd/uid < vRd,max
where
ui = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
adjacent to edge columns u0 = c2 + 3d < c2 + 2c1
= 400 + 750 < 3 400 mm
= 1150 mm
Allowing for hole, u0 = 1150 200 = 950 mm
vEd = 1.4 516.5 103/950 250 = 3.06 MPa
= OK
vRd,max as before = 5.28 MPa
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u1 (2.0d from face of column)
where
u1 = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
at 2d from edge column columns
u1 = c2 + 2c1+ Q 2d = 2771 mm
Allowing for hole
200/(c1/2): x/(c1/2 + 2d)
200/200: x/( 200 + 500)

= x = 700 mm
u1 = 2771 700 = 2071 mm
vEd = 1.4 516.5 103/2071 250 = 1.40 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/gC k (100 rlfck)0.333
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
Fig. 6.21N & NA
Cl. 6.4.5(3)
Exp. (6.32)
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
Cl. 6.4.2
Fig. 6.15
Fig. 6.14
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = as before = 1 + (200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (r ly r lz )0.5
where
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
side of column
rly: (perpendicular to edge) 8 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 720 + 400 200, i.e. 3190 mm2 in 1640 mm.
=r ly = 3190/(240 1640) = 0.0081
rlz: (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 (5 no. are
effective) + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 + 750 200, i.e.
1683 mm2 in 950 mm.
=r lz = 1683/(260 950) = 0.0068
88
Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Table C6
3d = 750
H12 @ 175T1
400
rl
= (0.0081 0.0068)0.5 = 0.0074
= 30
fck
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0074 30)0.33 = 0.64 MPa
= punching shear reinforcement required
H12 @ 200 U-bars
6H20T @ 175
3d = 750
400
8H20 U-bars in pairs @ 200 cc

3d = 750
Figure 3.25 Flexural tensile reinforcement adjacent to columns

D1 and D3
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links no longer required
uout = 516.5 1.4 103/(250 0.64) = 4519 mm
Length attributable to column faces = 3 400 = 1200 mm
Angle subtended by hole from centre of column D1 (See Figures 3.25
& 3.27) = 2
tan1(100/200) = 2 26.5 = 0.927 rads.
= radius to uout from face of column
= say (4519 1200)/(Q 0.927) = 1498 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1498 1.5 250
= 1123 mm from face of column
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, sr,max = 175 mm; st,max = 350 mm and fywd,ef = 312 MPa
For perimeter u1
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef) per perimeter
= (1.40 0.75 0.64) 175 2071/(1.5 312)
Exp. (6.54)
Cl. 6.4.5(4)
& NA
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
9.4.3(2)
Exp. (6.52)
Asw,min 0.08 300.5 (175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm2

Asw/u1 712/2071 = 0.34 mm2/mm
v
Rd,c for various values of d and rl is available from Table C6.
89
Using H8 (50 mm2) max. spacing = min[50/0.3; 1.5d]

= min[147; 375] = 147 mm cc No good
Try using H10, max. spacing = 78.5/0.34 = 231 mm cc, say 175 cc
= Use min. H10 (78.5 mm2) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
Check min. 9 no. H10 legs of links (712 mm2) in perimeter u1, 2d from
column face.
e) Check area of reinforcement > 712 mm2 in perimeters inside u1
1st perimeter to be 100 mm from face of column as before.
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 6 no. H10 = 942 mm2.
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)

available at 1.15d from column therefore try 10 H10 = 785 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.27 beyond 1.15d to uout grid:
H10 at 175 x 175 OK.

Grid C exure
End supports:
Column strip: (max. 200 mm
from column)
10 no. H20 U-bars in pairs
(where 200 200 hole use 8 no. H20
T1 in U-bars in pairs)
Middle strip:
H12 @ 200 T1
Spans 12 and 23:
Column strip and middle strip:
H20 @ 200 B
Central support:
Column strip centre: for 750 mm
either side of support:
Column strip outer:
Middle strip:
H20 @ 100 T1
H20 @ 250 T1
H16 @ 200 T1
Grid 1 (and 3) exure

Spans:
Column strip:
Middle strip:
H16 @ 200 B2
H12 @ 300 B2
See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is

also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and spacing of shear
reinforcement.
90
Cl. 9.4.3
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Interior support:
Column strip centre:
Column strip outer:
Middle strip:
6 no. H20 @ 175 T2

H12 @ 175 T2
H12 @ 300 T2
Grid 2 exure
Spans:
Column strip:
Middle strip:
H16 @ 250 B2
H10 @ 200 B2
Interior support:
Column strip centre:
Column strip outer:
Middle strip:
H20 @ 200 T2
H16 @ 250 T2
H12 @ 300 T2
See Figure 3.26
Punching shear
Internal (e.g. at C2):
Generally, use H10 legs of links in perimeters at max. 175 mm
centres, but double up on 1st perimeter
Max. tangential spacing of legs of links, st,max = 270 mm
Last perimeter, from column face, min. 767 mm
See Figure 3.26
Edge (e.g. at C1, C3 assuming no holes):
centres but double up on 1st perimeter
Edge (e.g. at D1, D3 assuming 200 200 hole on face of column):
centres but double up on 1st perimeter
See Figure 3.27
91
10H20 T1 U-bars in pairs @ 200

H12 @ 200 T1 U-bars
6H20 - 175 T2
8H20 T1
U-bars in pairs
@ 200
H12 - 200 T1 U-bars
1
H20 @ 200 B1
H16 @ 175 B2*

5H12 @ 175 T2
H12 @ 300 B2
H10 @ 200 T2
4H16 @ 250 T2
3H20 @
250 T1
H16 @ 175 B2*

2
16H20 @ 100 T1
9H20 @ 175 T2*

3H20 @ 250 T1
16H20 @ 100 T1
3H20 @ 250 T1
H16 @ 200 T1
Note:* Spacing rationalised to suit punching shear links
Figure 3.26 Reinforcement details bay CD, 12
3.4.14 Commentary on design

a) Method of analysis
The use of coefcients in the analysis would not usually be
advocated in the design of such a slab. Nonetheless, coefcients
may be used and, unsurprisingly, their use leads to higher design
moments and shears, as shown below.
92
Method
Moment in
Centre support Centre support
9.6 m span per moment per
reaction VEd (kN)
6 m bay (kNm) 6 m bay (kNm)
Coefficients
842.7
952.8
1205
Continuous beam
747.0
885.6
1103
Plane frame columns 664.8

below
834.0
1060
Plane frame columns 616.8

above and below
798.0
1031
,'-3?eZmleZ[
D
375
1123
6H20 @ 175 T2
6H16 @ 175 B2
8H20 T1 U-bars in pairs
uout
H10 @ 200 T1 U-bars
H10 @ 200 T1 U-bars
175
175
1
u1
500
175
175
175
1.5d
uout
175
175
175
175
175
Ineffective area
S = 152 H10 legs of links
CL
@ 175 mm centres
175 175 175 175 175 175 200
200 175 175 175 175 175 175
100
100
Note: For internal column see Figure 3.23
Figure 3.27 Punching shear links at column D1 (and D3)

(penultimate support without hole similar)
These higher moments and shears result in rather more reinforcement
than when using other more rened methods. For instance, the nite
element analysis used in Guide to the design and construction of
reinforced concrete at slabs[27] for this bay, leads to:
t H16 @ 200 B1 in spans 12 (cf. H20 @ 200 B1 using coefficients)
t H20 @ 125 T1 at support 2 (cf. H20 @ 100 T1 using coefficients)
t 3 perimeters of shear links at C2 for VEd = 1065 kN (cf. 5 perimeters
using coefficients)
t 2 perimeters of shear links at C3 (cf. 7 perimeters using coefficients)
b)
Effective spans and face of support

In the analysis using coefcients, advantage was taken of using
effective spans to calculate design moments. This had the effect of
reducing span moments.
At supports, one may base the design on the moment at the face of
support. This is borne out by Guide to the design and construction of
reinforced concrete at slabs[27] that states that hogging moments
greater than those at a distance hc/3 may be ignored (where hc is the
effective diameter of a column or column head). This is in line with BS
8110[7] and could have been used to reduce support moments.
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Cl. 5.3.2.2(3)
93
c)
Punching shear reinforcement

Arrangement of punching shear links
According to the literal denition of :lp in Exp. (6.52), the same
area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter n* (rather than (:lp/n*)/sr being considered as the
required density of shear reinforcement on and within perimeter n*).
For perimeters inside n*, it might be argued that Exp. (6.50)
(enhancement close to supports) should apply. However, at the time
of writing, this expression is deemed applicable only to foundation
bases. Therefore, large concentrations of shear reinforcement
are required close to the columns in this example, this included
doubling up shear links at the 1st perimeter.
Exp. 6.50
Similar to BS 8110[7] gure 3.17, it is apparent that the requirement

for punching shear reinforcement is for a punching shear zone 1.5d
wide. However, in Eurocode 2, the requirement has been simplied in
Exp. (6.52) to make the requirement for a perimeter (up to 0.75d
wide). It might appear reasonable to apply the same 40%:60% rule
(BS 8110 Cl. 3.7.7.6) to the rst two perimeters to make doubling
of punching shear reinforcement at the rst perimeter unnecessary:
in terms of Eurocode 2 this would mean 80% Asw on the rst
perimeter and 120% Asw on the second. Using this arrangement it
would be possible to replace the designed H10 links in the rst two
perimeters with single H12 links.
BS 8110:
Fig. 3.17
Outside u1, the numbers of links could have been reduced to

maintain provision of the designed amount of reinforcement Asw.
A rectangular arrangement of H12 links would have been possible
(within perimeter u1, 350 175; outside u1, 500 175). However, as
the grid would need to change orientation around each column (to
maintain the 0.75d radial spacing) and as the reinforcement in B2
and T2 is essentially at 175 centres, it is considered better to leave
the arrangement as a regular square grid.
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
Use of shear reinforcement in a radial arrangement, e.g. using stud

rails, would have simplied the shear reinforcement requirements.
VEd/VRd,c
In late 2008, a proposal was made for the UK National Annex to
include a limit of 2.0 or 2.5 on VEd/VRd,c (or vEd/vRd,c) within punching
shear requirements. It is apparent that this limitation could have
major effects on at slabs supported on relatively small columns. For
instance in Section 3.4.12, edge column with hole, VEd/VRd,c = 2.18.
Curtailment of reinforcement
In this design, the reinforcement would be curtailed and this would be
done either in line with previous examples or, more practically, in line
with other guidance[20, 21].
94
Exp. 6.52
BS 8110:
Cl. 3.7.7.6
,'.3LmZbk_ebàm
3.5 Stair flight
Mabl^qZfie^bl_hkZmrib\ZelmZbk_ebàm'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Stair flight
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
1750
600
9 @250
600
3450
Figure 3.28 Stair flight
3.5.1 Loads
kN/m2
Permanent (worse case flight)

Assume 160 waist 0.160 305/250 25
Treads
4 0.25 0.175/2 25
50 mm screed
0.5 22
Finishing
Variable action: crowd loading
= 4.88
= 2.19
= 1.10
= 0.03
gk = 8.20
qk = 4.00
EC1-1-1: Table 6.1,

6.2 & NA.3
3.5.2 Moment
MEd = (8.20 1.25 + 4.00 1.5) 3.452/8
= 24.2 kNm/m
3.5.3 Design
d = 160 cnom f/2
where
cnom = 25 mm (for XC1)
f = 12 mm (assumed)
= d = 129 mm
Concise: Table 4.2;

BS 8500
95
=
=
z/d =
z =
=
As =
=
=
MEd/bd2fck = 24.2 106/(1000 1292 30)

0.048
0.95
0.95 129
122 mm
MEd/fydz
24.2 106/[(500/1.15) 122]
456 mm2/m (r = 0.35%)
Try H12 @ 250 (452 mm2/m) = OK)
Table C5
3.5.4 Check deflection

where
N = 32.7
K = 1.0
F1 = 1.0
F2 = 1.0
F3 = 1.0 (say)
= Allowable l/d = 32.7
Actual l/d
= 3450/129
= 26.7 = OK
Appendix C7,
Table C10
Table C11
=Provide H12 @ 250 B.
96
-'*3<hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml
- Beams
-') General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablL^\mbhgZkîk^l^gm^]bgma^_heehpbgìZkml3
-'* <hgmbgnhnl[^ZfhgibglniihkmlZlbfierlniihkm^]\hgmbgnhnl[^Zflahpbg`paZm
fbàm[^]^^f^]mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgl'
-'+ :a^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf'
-', : \hgmbgnhnl pb]^M&[^Zf'Mabl ^qZfie^ bl ZgZerl^] Zg] ]^lb`g^] lmkb\mer bg Z\\hk]Zg\^
pbmamaîkhoblbhglh_>nkh\h]^+'
Ma^rZk^bgm^g]^]mh[^beenlmkZmbo^h_ma^<h]^Zg]ghmg^\^llZkber[^lmikZ\mb\^'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`[^Zflbllahpg[êhp'BgikZ\mb\^%lô^kZeh_ma^l^lmîlfZr
[^\hf[bg^]'
EC0 & NA
Table NA.2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^[^Zf'
EC1 & NAs
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^
Table 4.1
BS 85001:
Tables A4, A5
lmk^g`ma'
k^lblmZg\î^kbh]'
N <Ze\neZm^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg][hg]
EC212:
Tables 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11
Cl. 4.4.1
k^jnbk^f^gml'
EC0 & NA
Tables NA.A1.1, NA.A1.2 (B)
N =^m^kfbgêhZ]bg`ZkkZg`^f^gml'
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]la^Zk
Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
_hk\^l'
N =^lb`g_e^qnkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Cl. 6.1
N <a^\d]^_e^\mbhg'
Cl. 7.4
N <a^\dla^Zk\ZiZ\bmr'
Cl. 6.2
N Hma^k]^lb`g\a^\dl3
<a^\dfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
<a^\d\kZ\dbg`!lbs^hkliZ\bg`h_[Zkl"'
<a^\d^__^\mlh_iZkmbZeqbmr'
<a^\dl^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)

Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N, 7.3N
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
N <a^\d\nkmZbef^gm'
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3,

Fig. 9.2
N <a^\dZg\ahkZ`^'
Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4),

9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
N <a^\deZil'
Cl. 8.7.3
97
-'* Continuous beam on pin supports

Mabl \Ze\neZmbhg bl bgm^g]^] mh lahp Z mrib\Ze aZg] \Ze\neZmbhg _hk Z \hgmbgnhnl lbfier
lniihkm^][^Zfnlbg`\h^_\b^gmlmh]^m^kfbg^fhf^gmlZg]la^Zkl'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
Continuous beam on pin

supports
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
A 450 mm deep 300 mm wide rectangular beam is required

to support ofce loads of gk = 30.2 kN/m and qk = 11.5 kN/m
over 2 no. 6 m spans. fck = 30 MPa, fyk = 500 MPa. Assume 300
mm wide supports, a 50-year design life and a requirement for a
2-hour resistance to re in an external but sheltered environment.
qk = 11.5 kN/m
gk = 30.2 kN/m
6000
6000
Figure 4.1 Continuous rectangular beam
450
300
Figure 4.2 Section through beam
4.1.1 Actions
Permanent gk = 30.2 kN/m and variable qk = 11.5 kN/m
4.1.2 Cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
where
= diameter of bar. Assume 25 mm main bars
Assuming XC3 (moderate humidity or cyclic wet
and dry) and secondarily XF1 (moderate water
98
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
cmin,dur
saturation without de-icing salt) using C30/37

concrete,
= 25 mm
Table C3
BS 8500-1[14]:
Table A4;
How to: Building
structures[8]

measurement of cover, Dcdev= 10 mm
= cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 2 hours re resistance (i.e. REI = 120)
= OK
For bmin = 300 mm, minimum axis distance, a = 35 mm
cnom = 35 mm
EC2-1-2:
5.6.3(1),
Table 5.6

Load combination:
By inspection, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs
= n = 1.25 30.2 + 1.5 11.5 =
50.8 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp.(6.10b)
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded load cases, i.e. use
coefcients.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA

Table NA.1
(option b)
Table C3
The coefcients used assume 15% redistribution at supports. As the

amount of redistribution is less than 20%, there are no restrictions
on reinforcement grade. The use of Table 5.6 in BS EN 199212 is
restricted to where redistribution does not exceed 15%.
Table C3
Cl. 5.5(4) & NA
EC2-1-2:
5.6.3(1),
Table 5.6
4.1.4 Analysis
Design moments:
Spans
MEd = (1.25 30.2 0.090 + 1.5 11.5 0.100) 6.02
= 122.3 + 62.1 = 184.4 kNm
Support
MEd = 50.8 0.106 6.02 = 193.8 kNm
Appendix C1,
Table C3
Table C3
Shear force:
VAB = 0.45 6.0 50.8 = 137.2 kN
VAB = 0.63 6.0 50.8 = 192.0 kN
4.1.5 Flexural design

Effective depth:
Assuming 10 mm links:
d = 450 35 10 25/2 = 392 mm
99
Flexure in span:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 184.4 106/(300 3922 30) = 0.133
z/d = 0.864
z = 0.864 392 = 338 mm
As = MEd/fydz = 184.4 106/(434.8 338) = 1255 mm2
Try 3 no. H25 B (1473 mm2)
(r = 1.25%)
Check spacing:
Spacing of outer bars = 300 2 35 2 10 25 = 185 mm
Assuming 10 mm diameter link,
= spacing = 98 mm
Steel stress under quasi-permanent loading:
ss = (fyk /gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= fyd (As,req/As,prov) (gk + c2 qk)/(gGgk + gQqk) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) (1255/1473) [(30.2 + 0.3 11.5)/50.8] (1/1.03)
= 434.8 0.91 0.66 0.97 = 237 MPa
As exposure is XC3, max. crack width wmax = 0.3 mm
= Maximum bar size = 16 mm or max. spacing = 200 mm = OK
= Use 3 H25 B (1473 mm2)
Deection:
Basic span: effective depth ratio for r = 1.25%:
l/d = 18 + [(1.25 0.5)/(1.5/0.5)] (26 18) = 24.0
Max. span = 24.0 392 = 9408 mm
= OK
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Table C5
Cl. 7.3.3(2)
Cl. 7.3.1(5) & NA
Table 7.2N & NA
Appendix B
Table 7.4N & NA
Flexure, support:
MEd = 193.8 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
d = 450 35 10 25/2 = 392 mm
K = 193.8 106/(300 3922 30) = 0.142
By inspection, K K' (0.142 0.168)
= no compression reinforcement required.
z = 0.85d
= 0.85 392 = 333 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 193.8 106/434.8 333 = 1338 mm2
Try 3 no. H25 T (1473 mm2)
(r = 1.13%)
K' is limited to 0.208. However, if, as is usual practice in the UK, x/d is limited to
0.45, z/d is as a consequence limited to 0.82 and K' to 0.168.
100
Appendix A1
Table C5
4.1.6 Shear
a) Support B (critical)
Shear at central support = 192.0 kN
VEd = 192.0 (0.300/2 + 0.392) 50.8 = 164.50 kN
vEd = VEd /bd
= 164.5 103/(392 300) = 1.40 MPa
Maximum shear capacity:
Assuming fck = 30 MPa and cot y = 2.5#
vRd,max* = 3.64 MPa
vRd,max > vEd = OK
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Table C7
Shear reinforcement:
Assuming z = 0.9d
Asw /s VEd /(0.9d fywd cot y)
164.5 103/(0.9 392 (500/1.15) 2.5) = 0.429
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Cl. 6.2.3(3),
Exp. (6.8)
More accurately,
Asw/s VEd/(z fywd cot y)
164.5 103/(333 1087) = 0.454
Cl. 6.2.3(3),
Exp. (6.8)
Minimum shear links,

Asw,min/s = 0.08bwfck0.5/fyk
= 0.08 300 300.5/500 = 0.263. Not critical
Max. spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 392 = 294 mm
Use H8 @ 200 (Asw /s = 0.50)
b) Support A (and C)
Shear at end support = 137.2 kN
At face of support,
VEd = 137.2 (0.150 + 0.392) 50.8 = 109.7 kN
By inspection, shear reinforcement required and cot y = 2.5
Asw /s VEd/(z fywd cot y)
109.7 103/[353 (500/1.15) 2.5] = 0.285
Use H8 @ 200 (Asw /s = 0.50) throughout
Where applied actions are predominantly uniformly distributed, shear may be

checked at d from the face of support. See also Section 4.2.11.
Cl. 9.2.2(5)
Cl. 9.2.2(6)
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Fig. C1a)
Appendix C5.3
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
# The absolute maximum for v

Rd,max (and therefore the maximum value of vEd)
would be 5.28 MPa when cot y would equal 1.0 and the variable strut angle would
be at a maximum of 45.
* For determination of VRd,max see Section 4.2.10.

As maximum spacing of links is 294 mm, changing spacing of links would appear
to be of limited benet.
101

H8 @ 200 centres in 2 legs
3H25
3H25B
3H25B
Figure 4.3 Continuous rectangular beam: Summary of design

Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above and detail the beam to normal best practice[8,9].
The design would go no further where standard detailing is all that
is required. Where the element is non-standard (e.g. where there
are point loads), it should be incumbent on the designer to give
the detailer specic information about curtailment, laps, etc. as
illustrated below. The detailers responsibilities, standards and
timescales should be clearly dened but it would be usual for the
detailer to draw and schedule not only the designed reinforcement
but all the reinforcement required to provide a compliant and buildable
solution. The work would usually include the checking the following
aspects and providing appropriate detailing:
t Minimum areas
t Anchorages
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
t Critical dimensions
The determination of minimum reinforcement areas and curtailment
lengths, using the principles in Eurocode 2 is shown below. In practice
these would be determined from published tables of data or by using
reference texts[8,9]. Nonetheless, the designer should check the
drawing for design intent and compliance with the standards. It is
therefore necessary for the designer to understand and agree the
principles of the detailing used.

a) Minimum areas
As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)btd 0.0013btd
where
102
Cl. 9.2.1.1

fctm = 0.30 fck0.666
Table 3.1
As,min = 0.26 0.30 300.666 300 392/500 = 177 mm2

b) Curtailment of main bars
Bottom: curtail
75% main bars 0.08l from end support = 480 mm say 450 mm from A
70% main bars 0.30l al = 0.3 6000 1.125 d
= 1800 1.125 392
= 1359 mm say 1350 from A
Top: curtail
40% main bars 0.15l + al = 900 + 441
= 1341 mm say 1350 from B
65% main bars 0.30l + al = 1800 + 441
= 2241 mm say 2250 from B
How to: Detailing
At supports:
25% of As to be anchored at supports
25% of 1225 mm2 = 314 mm2
Use min. 2 no. H16 (402 mm2) at supports A, B and C
Cl. 9.2.1.2.(1),
9.2.1.4(1) & NA
Cl. 9.2.1.5(1)
In accordance with SMDSC[9] detail MB1 lap U-bars tension lap with
main steel
= 780 mm (in C30/37 concrete, H12, poor bond condition)
= say 800 mm
How to: Detailing
c) Summary of reinforcement details

2H12T
3H25
100
800
1350
2H16 U-bars
2H12
2H25 2H12 1H25
3H25 2H16
A
450 800
2H12 2H25 1H25
3H25B
2H12T
1350
100
800
1250
2H12
1H25 2H12 2H25

1H25 2H25 2H12
B
800 600 750 750 600 800
2H16B
2H16 U-bars
2H16 2H25
C
800 450
3H25B
Links omitted for clarity
Figure 4.4 Continuous rectangular beam: reinforcement details

Note Subsequent detailing checks may nd issues with spacing rules especially if
the 'cage and splice bar' method of detailing were to be used. 2H32s T&B would be a
suitable alternative to 3H25s T&B.
103
-'+ Heavily loaded L-beam

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
Heavily loaded L-beam
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
Gk2 = 88.7
Qk2 = 138.7
gk1 = 46.0
qk1 = 63.3
A
2000
9000
8000
Figure 4.5 Heavily loaded L-beam

This edge beam supports heavy loads from storage loads. The
variable point load is independent of the variable uniformly
distributed load. The beam is supported on 350 mm square
columns 4000 mm long. fck = 30 MPa; fyk = 500 MPa. The
underside surface is subject to an external environment and a
2-hour re resistance requirement. The top surface is internal
and subject to a 2-hour re resistance requirement. Assume that
any partitions are liable to be damaged by excessive deections.
beff
750
350
Figure 4.6 Section through L-beam
4.2.1 Actions
Permanent:
UDL from slab and cladding gk = 46.0 kN/m
Point load from storage area above = 88.7 kN
Variable:
From slab qk = 63.3 kN/m
Point load from storage area above = 138.7 kN
104
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
4.2.2 Cover
a) Nominal cover, cnom, underside and side of beam

cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
where
= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm main bars and
10 mm links
Assuming primarily XC3/XC4 exposure (moderate
humidity or cyclic wet and dry); secondarily XF1
exposure (moderate water saturation without
de-icing salt, vertical surfaces exposed to rain and
freezing) and C30/37 concrete,
cmin,dur = 25 mm
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= cnom = 32 + 10 = 42 mm to main bars

or = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to links
Use cnom = 35 mm to links (giving cnom = 45 mm to main bars)
b) Fire
Check adequacy of section for 2 hours re resistance REI 120.
By inspection, web thickness OK.
Axis distance, a, required = 35 mm OK by inspection.
EC2-1-2: 5.6.3
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
= Try 35 mm nominal cover bottom and sides to 10 mm link.

Nominal cover, cnom, top:
By inspection,
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
Exp. (4.1)
where
where
10 mm links
Assuming primarily XC1 and C30/37 concrete,
cmin,dur = 15 mm
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
105

= cnom = 32 + 10 = 42 mm to main bars
or = 15 + 10 = 25 mm to links
Use cnom = 35 mm to links (giving cnom = 45 mm to main bars)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
4.2.3 Idealisation, load combination and arrangement

Load combination:
As loads are from storage, Exp. (6.10a) is critical.
Table 2.5;
ECO: A1.2.2, NA
& Exp. (6.10a)
Idealisation:
This element is treated as a continuous beam framing into
columns 350 350 4000 mm long columns below.
Cl. 5.3.1(3)
Arrangement:
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &

NA: Table NA.1
(option b)
4.2.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer (spreadsheet TCC 41 Continuous Beam (A+D).xls
in RC spreadsheets V.3[28] assuming frame action with 350 mm square
columns 4 m long xed at base. Beam inertia based on T-section, beff
wide) with 15% redistribution at central support, limited redistribution
of span moment and consistent redistribution of shear.
ECO:
A1.2.2 & NA;
Cl. 5.3.1 (6)
Table 4.2 Elastic and redistributed moments, kNm

Span number
Elastic M
Redistributed M
d
1
1168
1148
0.98
2
745
684
0.92
2000
1394 kNm
1500
1000
500
195 kNm
108 kNm
0
A
500
684 kNm
1000
1500
1148 kNm
Figure 4.7 Redistributed envelope, kNm

Note:
350 350 is a minimum for columns requiring a re resistance of 120

minutes.
106
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.2a
1000
646 kN
794 kN
500
0
A
500
C
499 kN
1000
1098 kN
1500
4.2.5 Flexural design, support A

MEd = 195 kNm in hogging
MEd,min = 1148 0.25 in hogging and in sagging
= 287 kNm
K
= MEd/bd2fck
where
b = beff = beff1 + bw + beff2
where
beff1 =
(0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b1
where
b1 = distance between webs/2
l0 = nominal: assume 0

= beff1 = 0 mm = beff2

=b = bw = 350 mm
d = 750 35 10 32/2 = 689 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in support.
fck = 30 MPa
K = 287 106/(350 6892 30)
= 0.058
Restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
K K' = section under-reinforced and no compression reinforcement
required.
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d
= (689/2) (1 + 0.89) 0.95 689
= 652 654 = z = 652 mm
As = MEd/fydz
The distance l0 is described as the distance between points of zero moment,

which may be obtained from Figure 5.2. In this case l0 = 0. (see Figure 4.11).
Cl. 9.2.1.2(1),
9.2.1.4(1) & NA
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2
Appendix A1
Appendix A1
Cl. 5.3.2.1(2)
Fig. 5.2
Fig. 4.11
107
where
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 287 106/(434.8 652) = 1012 mm2
Try 2 no. H32 U-bars (1608 mm2)
Check anchorage of H32 U-bars.
Bars need to be anchored distance A into column
SMDSC: 6.4.2
U-bar
Figure 4.9 Distance A

Assuming column uses 35 mm cover, 10 mm links and 32 mm bars:
Distance A = 2 [350 2 (35 + 10) ] 32/2 32/2 + 750 [2 (35
+ 10)] 2 32/2 (4 ) (3.5 + 0.5) 32
= 488 + 628 110 = 1006 mm
Anchorage length,
SMDSC[9],
BS 8666[19]:
Table 2
Cl. 8.4.4,
Exp. (8.4)
where
Exp. (8.3)
where
f = 32
ssd = design stress in the bar at the ULS
= 434.8 1012/1608 = 274 MPa
f[] = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d
108
Cl. 8.4.2 (2)
where
n1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter 32 mm
fct,d = act fctk/ gC
= 1.0 2.0/1.5
= 1.33 MPa
fbd = 2.25 1.33 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (32/4) (274/3.0) = 731 mm
lb,min = max[10f; 100 mm] = 250 mm
= lbd = 731 mm i.e. < 1006 mm
Cl. 3.1.6 (2),

Tables 3.1 & 2.1,
& NA
= OK
Use 2 no. H32 U-bars

a) Span AB Flexure
MEd = 1148 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b1
where
Assuming beams at 7000 mm cc
= (7000 350)/2 = 3325 mm
l0 = 0.85 l1 = 0.85 9000 = 7650 mm
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2
beff
beff,2
beff,1
bw
bw
b1
b1
b2
b2
Figure 4.10 Effective flange width beff

Anchorage lengths may be obtained from published tables. In this instance, a
gure of 900 mm may be obtained from Table 13 of Section 10 of How to design
concrete structures using Eurocode 2.
The
distance l0 is described as the distance between points of zero shear, which

may be obtained from Figure 5.2. From the analysis, l0 could have been taken as
7200 mm.
Fig. 5.3
How to:
Detailing[8]
Cl. 5.3.2.1(2)
Figure 5.2
109
I0 = 0.85 I1
I1
I0 = 0.15 (I1+I2)
I0 = 0.7 I2
I3
l0 for calculation of
flange width
beff1 =
=
=
bw =
beff2 =
I0 = 0.15 (I2+I3)
I2
Fig. 5.2
0.2 3325 + 0.1 7650 0.2 7650 3325
1430 1530 3325
1430 mm
350 mm
(0.2b2 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm
b
= 1430 + 350 + 0 = 1780 mm
d = effective depth
= 750 35 10 32/2 = 689 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in span
fck = 30 MPa
K = 1148 106/(1780 6892 30)
= 0.045
Restricting x/d to 0.45,
K' = 0.168
z = lever arm
= (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d
= (689/2) (1 + 0.917) 0.95 689
= 661 654 = z = 654 mm
But z = d 0.4x
= by inspection, neutral axis is in ange and as x < 1.25 hf , design as
rectangular section.
As = MEd/fydz
where
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 1148 106/(434.8 654) = 4037 mm2
Try 5 no. H32 B (4020 mm2) (say OK)
Check spacing of bars.
Spacing of bars = [350 2 (35 + 10) 32]/(5 1)
= 57
Clear spacing = 57 32 mm = 25 mm between bars
110
Appendix A1
Appendix A1
Appendix A1
Minimum clear distance between bars

= max[bar diameter; aggregate size + 5 mm]
= max[32; 20 + 5]
= 32 mm i.e. > 25 mm
= 5 no. H32 B no good
For 4 bars in one layer, distance between bars = 44 mm so
Try 4 no. H32 B1 + 2 no. H32 B3
Cl. 8.2(2) & NA
300
d
35 cover
400
32 bar
32 spacers
32 bar
10 link
35 cover
350
Figure 4.12 Span AB bottom reinforcement

d = 750 35 10 32/2 0.333 2 32 = 668 mm
K = 1148 106/(1780 6682 30) = 0.048
K K' = section under-reinforced and no compression reinforcement
required.
Appendix A1
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d

= (668/2) (1 + 0.911) 0.95 668
= 639 635 = z = 635 mm
Appendix A1
= by inspection, neutral axis in ange so design as rectangular

section.
Appendix A1
As = MEd/fydz
= 1148 106/(434.8 635) = 4158 mm2
= 4 no. H32 B1 + 2 no. H32 B3 (4824 mm2) OK
b) Span AB Deflection
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio.
where
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r0 and whether to use Exp.
(7.16a) or (7.16b)
Appendix B
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Exp. (7.16a),
Exp. (7.16b)
111
N =
=
=
K =
F1 =
r = As/Ac = As,req/[bwd + (beff bw)hf]

= 4158/[350 668 + (1780 350) 300]
= 4158/662800
= 0.63%
r0 = fck0.5/1000 = 300.5/1000 = 0.55%
r > r0 = use Exp. (7.16b)
PD 6687[6]
11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0/(r r' ) + fck0.5(r'/r0)0.5/12

11 + 1.5 (300.5 0.055/(0.063 0) + 300.5(0/0.55)1.5
11 + 7.2 + 0 = 18.2
(end span) = 1.3
(beff/bw = 1780/350 = 5.1) = 0.80
Exp. (7.16b)
F2 = 7.0/leff (span > 7.0 m)

where
leff = 9000 mm
F2 = 7.0/9.0 = 0.77
F3 = 310/ss 1.5
where
ss in simple situations = (fyk/gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/
ULS loads) (1/d). However in this case separate analysis
at SLS would be required to determine ss. Therefore as a
simplication use the conservative assumption:
310/ss = (500/fyk) (As,req/As,prov)
= (500/500) (4824/4158) = 1.16
= Permissible l/d = 18.2 1.3 0.80 0.77 1.16 = 16.9
Actual l/d = 9000/668 = 13.5
Permissible more than actual
= OK
= 4 no. H32 B1 + 2 no. H32 B3 (4824 mm2) OK
Table 7.4N & NA

Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA, Table NA.5
Note 5
Appendix B
Exp. (7.17)
4.2.7 Flexural design, support B

At centreline of support B,
M = 1394 kNm
From analysis, at face of support
MEdBA = 1209 kNm
MEdBC = 1315 kNm
K
= MEd/bwd 2fck
2.18 of PD 6687[6] suggests that r in T sections should be based on the area
of concrete above the centroid of the tension steel.
112
Cl. 5.3.2.2(3)
where
bw = 350 mm
d = 750 35 12 32/2 = 687 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in support but allowing for
H12 T in slab
fck = 30 MPa
= K = 1315 106/(350 6872 30) = 0.265
for d = 0.85, K' = 0.168: to restrict x/d to 0.45, K' = 0.167
= Compression steel required
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53 K')0.5]
= (687/2) [1 + (1 3.53 0.167)0.5]
= (687/2) (1 + 0.64) < 0.95d
= 563 mm
As2 = (K K')fckbd2/fsc(d d2)
where
d2 = 35 + 10 + 32/2 = 61 mm
fsc = 700(x d2)/x < fyd
Appendix A1
Table C4
Fig. 3.5,
Appendix A1,
How to: Beams
where
x = 2.5 (d z) = 2.5 (687 563) = 310 mm
fsc = 700 (310 61)/310 < 500/1.15
= 562 MPa but limited to 434.8 MPa
=As2 = (0.265 0.167) 30 350 687 2/[434.8(687 61) ] = 1784 mm2
Try 4 no. H25 B (1964 mm2)
As = M'/fydz + As2 fsc/fyd
= K' fck bd 2 /(f yd z) + As2 fsc/fyd
= 0.167 30 350 6872/(434.8 563) + 1570
434.8/434.8
= 3380 + 1784 = 5164 mm2
Try 4 no. H32 T + 4 no. H25 T (5180 mm2)
Appendix A1
This reinforcement should be spread over beff.

beff = beff1 + bw + beff2
Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
Fig. 9.1
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
where
beff1
= (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b1
where
b1 = distance between webs/2.
= (7000 350)/2 = 3325 mm
l0 = 0.15 (l1 + l2)
= 0.15 (9000 + 8000) = 2550 mm
Fig. 5.2
113
=beff1 =
=
=
bw =
beff2 =
0.2 3325 + 0.1 2550 0.2 2550 3325

920 510 3325
510 mm
350 mm
(0.2b2 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm
= beff = 510 + 350 + 0 = 860 mm
Use 4 no. H32 T + 4 no. H25 T (5180 mm2) @ approx 100 mm cc
beff = 860 mm
4H32
4H25
4H25
bw = 350 mm
Figure 4.13 Support

pp
B reinforcement
4.2.8 Flexural design, span BC

a) Span BC Flexure
MEd = 684 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b1
where
= (7000 350)/2 = 3325 mm
l0 = 0.85 l1 = 0.85 8000 = 6800 mm
beff1 = 0.2 3325 + 0.1 6800 0.2 6800 3325
= 1345 1360 3325
= 1360 mm
114
Cl. 5.3.2.1, Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2
bw = 350 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm

= b = 1360 + 350 + 0 = 1710 mm
d = 750 35 10 32/2 = 689 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in span.
fck = 30 MPa
= K = 684 106/ (1710 6892 30)
= 0.028
By inspection, K K' = section under-reinforced and no compression
Appendix A1
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d

= (689/2) (1 + 0.95) 0.95 689
= 672 > 655 = z = 655 mm
Appendix A1
By inspection, x < 1.25 hf ; design as rectangular section
Appendix A1
As = MEd/fydz
= 684 106/(434.8 655) = 2402 mm2
Try 2 no. H32 B + 2 no. H25 B (2590 mm2)
b) Span BC Deflection
By inspection, compared with span AB
OK
4.2.9 Flexural design, support C

By inspection, use 2 no. H25 U-bars as support A.
Use 2 no. H25 U-bars
4.2.10 Design for beam shear, support A

VEd = 646 (350/2 + 0.689) (1.35 46.0 + 1.5 63.3)
= 646 0.864 157.1 = 510.3 kN

Check maximum shear resistance.
VRd, max = acw bw zvfcd/(cot y + tan y)
where
acw = 1.0
z = 0.9d
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
ECO: A1.2.2, NA
& Exp. (6.10a)
Exp. (6.9) & NA

Cl. 6.2.3 & NA
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
115
= 0.6 (1 fck/250) = 0.6 (1 30/250) = 0.528
fcd = 30/1.5 = 20.0 MPa

y = angle of inclination of strut.
= 0.5 sin1 {vEd,z /[0.20 fck (1 fck /250) ] } cot12.5
where
vEd,z = VEd/bz = VEd /(b 0.9d)
= 510.3 103/(350 0.9 689) = 2.35 MPa
y = 0.5 sin1 {2.35/[0.20 30 (1 30/250) ] } cot12.5
= 0.5 sin1 (0.445) cot12.5
= 0.5 26.4 21.8
= 21.8
= VRd,max = 1.0 350 0.90 689 0.528 20.0/(2.5 + 0.4) = 790 kN
= OK
VRd,s = (Asw /s) z fywd cot y
= Asw /s VEd/z fywd cot y
where
Asw/s = area of legs of links/link spacing
z
= 0.9d as before
fywd = 500/1.15 = 434.8
cot y = 2.5 as before
Asw/s 510.3 103/(0.9 689 434.8 2.5) = 0.76
Minimum Asw/s = rw,minbwsin a
where
rw,min = 0.08 fck0.5/fyk = 0.08 300.5/500
bw
a
Cl. 6.2.3(3)
Note 1, Exp.
(6.6N) & NA
Cl. 2.4.2.4(1) & NA
Exp. (6.9),
Appendix A2
Exp. (6.8)
Cl. 2.4.2.4(1)
& NA
Cl. 9.2.2(5),
Exp. (9.4)
Exp. (9.5N) & NA
= 0.00088
= 350 mm as before
= angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal
axis. For vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
= Minimum Asw/s = 0.00088 350 1 = 0.03

But,
maximum spacing of links longitudinally = 0.75d = 516 mm
= Try H10 @ 200 cc in 2 legs (Asw /s = 0.78)
Cl. 9.2.2(6)
4.2.11 Design for high beam shear, support B

As uniformly distributed load predominates consider at d from
face of support.
116
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
VEd = 1098 (350/2 + 0.689) (1.35 46.0 + 1.5 63.3)

= 1098 0.864 157.1 = 962.3 kN
By inspection, shear reinforcement required and cot y < 2.5.
Check VRd, max (to determine y)
Check maximum shear resistance.
As before,
VRd, max = a\p bw zvfcd/(cot y + tan y).
where
acw, bw, z, v and fcd as before
y = 0.5 sin1 {vEd,z/[0.20 fck (1 fck/250) ] } cot12.5
where
vEd,z = VEd/bz = VEd/(b0.9d)
= 962.3 103/(350 0.9 687) = 4.45 MPa
y = 0.5 sin1 {4.45/[0.20 30 (1 30/250) ] } cot12.5
= 0.5 sin1 (0.843) cot12.5
= 0.5 57.5 21.8
= 28.7
cot y = 1.824 i.e. > 1.0 =OK
tan y = 0.548
= VRd,max = 1.0 350 0.90 687 0.528 20.0/(1.824 + 0.548)
= 963.4 kN
OK
(i.e. VRd,max VEd)
VRd,s = (Asw/s)zfywd cot y
= Asw/s VEd/zfywd cot y
Asw/s 962.3 103/(0.9 687 434.8 1.824) = 1.96
= Use H10 @ 150 cc in 4 legs (Asw /s = 2.09)
4.2.12 Design for beam shear (using design chart),

support BC
At d from face of support,

VEd = 794 0.864 157.1 = 658.3 kN
vEd,z = VEd/bz = VEd/(b0.9d)
= 658.3 103/ (350 0.9 687) = 3.04 MPa
From chart Asw /sreqd/m width = 2.75
Asw /sreqd = 2.75 0.35 = 0.96
= Use H10 in 2 legs @ 150 mm cc (Asw/s = 1.05)
Exp. (6.9) & NA
Exp. (6.9)
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Exp. (6.9)
Cl. 6.2.3(2) & NA
Exp. (6.8)
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Fig. C1b)
117
4.2.13 Check shear capacity for general case

In mid span use H10 in 2 legs @ 300 mm cc (Asw/s = 0.52)
z Asw/sreqd/m width = 1.48 and an allowable vEd,z = 1.60 MPa

z 1.60 350 0.90 687 = VEd = 346 kN
Fig. C1b)
From analysis, VEd = 346.2 kN occurs at:

(646 346)/157.1
= 1900 mm from A,
(1098 346 1.25 88.7 1.5 138.7)/157.1 = 2755 mm from BA,
(794 346)/157.1
= 2850 mm from BC
and
(499 346)/157.1
= 970 mm from C

1
H10 links in 2 legs @ 150cc
2H32 U-bars
4H32 + 4H25T
2H25 U-bars
H10 links in 2 legs
@ 150
@ 300
@ 150
@ 150
4H32 B1 + 2H32 B3
4H25B
B
1950
2850
2850
1
Figure 4.14 Summary of L-beam design
4H32
4H25
350
510
H10 in 4 legs
@ 150
Figure 4.15 L-beam section 11
118
@ 300
@ 150
2H32 + 2H25B
C
1050
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
-', Continuous wide T-beam
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
Continuous wide T-beam
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
qk = 45.8 kN/m
gk = 47.8 kN/m
A
B
7500
C
7500
D
7500
E
7500
Figure 4.16 Continuous wide T-beam

This central spine beam supports the ribbed slab in Example 3.3.
The 300 mm deep ribbed slab is required for an office to support
a variable action of 5 kN/m2. The beam is the same depth as the
slab and is supported on 400 mm square columns, see Figure
4.17. fck = 35 MPa; fyk = 500 MPa. A 1-hour fire resistance is
required in an internal environment. Assume that partitions are
liable to be damaged by excessive deflections.
CL
100
200
1000
200
800
Figure 4.17 Section through T-beam
4.3.1 Actions
Permanent, UDL:
From analysis of slab, gk = 47.8 kN/m
Variable:
From analysis of slab, qk = 45.8 kN/m
The actions may also have been estimated assuming an elastic reaction factor
of 1.1 for the slab viz:
kN/m
Permanent: UDL
Loads from ribbed slab (7.50 + 9.0)/2 4.30 1.1 =
39.0
Self-weight/patch load extra over solid 2.0 4.17 =
8.3
47.3
Variable:
Imposed (7.50 + 9.0)/2 5.00 1.1 =
45.4
119
4.3.2 Cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
Exp. (4.1)
where
where
8 mm links
Assuming XC1 and C30/37 concrete, cmin,dur = 15 mm
= cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm to links
or = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to main bars
Use 10 mm diameter links to give cnom = 35 mm to main bars
and 25 mm to links (as per ribbed slab design).
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for REI 60.
Axis distance required:
Minimum width bmin = 120 mm with a = 25 mm
or
= at 2000 mm wide (min.) a < 12 mm
Use 25 mm nominal cover to links
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1;
Table A4
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
EC2-1-2: 5.6.3
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
4.3.3 Idealisation, load combination and arrangement

Load combination:
47.8 1.25 + 45.8 1.5 = 128.5 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Idealisation:
This element is treated as a beam on pinned supports.
The beam will be provided with links to carry shear and to
accommodate the requirements of Cl. 9.2.5 indirect support of
the ribbed slab described in Section 3.3.8.
Arrangement:
120
cf. 126.7 kN/m from analysis of slab (63.2 kN/m + 63.5 kN/m). See Figure 3.12.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &

NA: Table NA.1
(option b)
4.3.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer, assuming simple supports and including

15% redistribution at supports (with in this instance consequent
redistribution in span moments).
EC0: A1.2.2 &

NA;
Cl. 5.3.1 (6)
5.3.1(6)
Table 4.3 Elastic and redistributed moments, kNm

Span number
Elastic M
641.7
433.0
433.0
641.7
Redistributed M
606.4
393.2
393.2
606.4
0.945
0.908
0.908
0.945
800
657.4 kNm
600
657.4 kNm
516.0 kNm
400
200
0
200
400
393.2 kNm
600
393.2 kNm
606.4 kNm
606.4 kNm
800
Figure 4.18 Redistributed envelope, kNm

800
569.1 kN
600
400
517.9 kN
394.6 kN
462.6 kN
200
0
200
400
462.6 kN
600
395.6 kN
517.9 kN
569.1 kN
800
Figure 4.19 Redistributed shears, kN

121
a) Span AB (and DE) Flexure

MEd = 606.4 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2l0 b1
where
Referring to Figures 3.8 and 3.9
= (7500 1000 550)/2 = 2975 mm
l0 = 0.85 l1 = 0.85 7500 = 6375 mm
beff1 = 0.2 2975 + 0.1 6375 0.2 6375 2975
= 1232 1275 2975
= 1232 mm
bw = 2000 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) 0.2 l0 b2
where
= (9000 1000 550)/2 = 3725 mm
l0 = 6375 mm as before
beff2 = 0.2 3725 + 0.1 6375 0.2 6375 3725
= 1382 1275 3725
= 1275 mm
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2
b = 1232 + 2000 + 1275 = 4507 mm

d = 300 25 10 25/2 = 252 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H25 in span.
fck = 35 MPa
K = 606.4 106/(4507 2522 35)
= 0.061
K' = 0.207
K' = 0.168
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d
= (252/2) (1 + 0.886) 0.95 252
= 238 239 = z =238 mm
122
Appendix A1
Appendix A1
But z = d 0.4 x
= x = 2.5(d z) = 2.5( 252 236) = 32 mm
= neutral axis in ange.
Asx < 1.25hf design as rectangular section.
As = MEd/fydz
where
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 606.4 106/(434.8 239) = 5835 mm2
Try 12 no. H25 B (5892 mm2)
b) Span AB Deflection
where
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r0 and whether to use Exp.
(7.16a) or (7.16b)
r =
=
=
=
r0 =
N =
=
=
K =
F1 =
As/Ac = As,req/[bw d + (beff bw)hf]

5835/[2000 252 + (4507 2000) 100]
5835/754700
0.77%
fck0.5/1000 = 300.5/1000 = 0.59%
r > r0 = use Exp. (7.16b)
11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0/(r r') + fck0.5(r'/r0)0.5/12

11 + 1.5 (350.5 0.059/(0.077 0) + 350.5(0/0.59)1.5
11 + 6.8 + 0 = 17.8
(end span) = 1.3
(beff/bw = 4057/2000 = 2.03) = 0.90
F2 = 7.0/leff (span > 7.0 m)

where
leff = 7100 + 2 300/2 = 7400 mm
F2 = 7.0/7.4 = 0.95
F3 = 310/ss 1.5
where
= 434.8 (5835/5892) [(47.8 + 0.3 45.8)/(1.25
47.8 + 1.5 45.8)] (1/0.945)
= 434.8 0.99 0.48 1.06
= 219 MPa
Appendix A1
Appendix B
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Exp. (7.16a),
Exp. (7.16b)
PD 6687[6]
Exp. (7.16b)
Table 7.4N & NA

Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2),
5.3.2.2(1)
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.

(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA, Table NA.5
Note 5

See Appendix B1.5

123
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/219 = 1.41
= Permissible l/d = 17.8 1.3 0.90 0.95 1.41 = 27.9
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8
= no good
Try 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2)
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/219 13/12 = 1.53 = say 1.50
= Permissible l/d = 17.8 1.3 0.90 0.95 1.50 = 29.7
Say OK
Actual leff /d = 7400/252 = 29.4
Use 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2)
4.3.6 Flexural design, support B (and D)

At centreline of support:
M
= 657.4 kNm
At face of support:
MEd = 657.4 0.2 517.9 + 0.202 128.5/2
= 657.4 101.0
= 556.4 kNm
K
= MEd/bwd2fck
Cl. 5.3.2.2(3)
where
bw = 2000 mm
d = 300 25 cover 12 fabric 8 link 16 bar 25/2 bar
= 226 mm
25 cover
12 fabric
8 link
16 bar
20 bar
8 link
25 cover
16 bar
25 bar
8 link
25 cover
Figure 4.20 Section at rib-beam interface

K = 556.4 106/(2000 2262 35) = 0.156
By inspection, K < K'
K' = 0.167 maximum (or for d = 0.85, K' = 0.168)
= No compression steel required.
Appendix A1
Table C.4
Both
NA, Table NA.5
As,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or Exp.

(7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
124
z = (226/2)[1 + (1 3.53 K' )0.5]

= (226/2)[1 + (1 3.53 0.156)0.5]
= (226/2) (1 + 0.67) < 0.95d
= 189 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 556.4 106/(434.8 189) = 6770 mm2
Try 14 no. H25 T (6874 mm2)
To be spread over beff
beff = beff1 + bw + beff2
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2l0 b1
where
b1 referring to Figure 3.9
= (7500 1000 550)/2 = 2975 mm
l0 = 0.15 (l1 + l2) = 0.15 (7500 + 7500) = 2250 mm
beff1 = 0.2 2975 + 0.1 2250 0.2 2250 2975
= 820 450 2975
= 450 mm
bw = 2000 mm
beff2 = 450 mm as before
= beff = 450 + 2000 + 450 = 2900 mm
Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
Fig. 9.1
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2
Check cracking:
Spacing = 2900 2 (25 10 25/2)/(14 1) = 216 mm
= 434.8 (6770/6874) [ (47.8 + 0.3 45.8)/
(1.25 47.8 + 1.5 45.8) (1/0.85)
= 434.8 0.98 0.48 1.18 = 241 MPa
Cl. 7.3.3
As loading is the cause of cracking satisfy either Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N
Cl. 7.3.3(2) &

Note
For wk = 0.4 and ss = 240 MPa max. spacing = 250 mm
= OK
Table 7.3N
4.3.7 Flexural design, span BC (and CD similar)

a) Flexure
MEd = 393.2 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) 0.2l0 b1
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
125
where
b1 referring to Figure 3.9
= (7500 1000 550)/2 = 2975 mm
l0 = 0.70 l2 = 0.7 7500 = 5250 mm
beff1 = 0.2 2975 + 0.1 5250 0.2 5250 2975
= 1120 1050 2975
= 1050 mm
bw = 2000 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) 0.2l0 b2
Fig. 5.2
where
= (9000 1000 550)/2 = 3725 mm
beff2 = 0.2 3725 + 0.1 5250 0.2 5250 3725
= 1270 1050 3725
= 1270 mm
b = 1050 + 2000 + 1270 = 4320 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H25 in span
fck = 30
K = 393.2 106/(4320 2522 35)
= 0.041
By inspection, K K' = section under-reinforced and no compression
Appendix A1
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5] 0.95d

= (252/2) (1 + 0.924) 0.95 252
= 242 > 239 = z = 239 mm
By inspection, x < 1.25 hf = design as rectangular section
Appendix A1
As = MEd/fydz
= 393.2 106/(434.8 239) = 3783 mm2
Try 8 no. H25 B (3928 mm2)
b) Deflection
By inspection, compared to span AB
OK
But for the purposes of illustration:
where
N = Basic l/d: check whether to use Exp. (7.16a) or (7.16b)
126
Appendix A1
Appendix B
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
r0 = 0.59% (for fck = 35)

r = As/Ac = As,req /[bwd + (beff bw)hf]
where
bw = 2000 mm
r = 3783/(2000 252 + (4320 2000) 100)
= 3783/736000
= 0.51%
r < r0 = use Exp. (7.16a)
N =
=
=
=
K =
F1 =
11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0 /r + 3.2fck0.5(r0 /r 1)1.5

11 + 1.5 350.5 0.059/0.051 + 3.2 350.5(0.059/0.051 1)1.5
11 + 10.2 + 23.5 = 17.8
44.7
(internal span) = 1.5
(beff/bw = 4320/2000 = 2.16) = 0.88
F2 = 7.0/leff = 7.0/7.4 = (span > 7.0 m) = 0.95

F3 = 310/ss 1.5
Exp. (7.16a)
Table 7.4N & NA

Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Appendix C7
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Cl. 7.4.2,
Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N, &
NA, Table NA.5
Note 5
where
= 434.8 (3783/3828) [(47.8 + 0.3 45.8)/(1.25
47.8 + 1.5 45.8)] (1/0.908)
= 434.8 0.99 0.48 1.10
= 227 MPa
F3 = 310/ ss
= 310/227 = 1.37
= Permissible l/d = 44.7 1.37 0.88 0.95 1.37 = 70.1
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8
= OK
Use 8 no. H25 B (3928 mm2)#
c) Hogging
Assuming curtailment of top reinforcement at 0.30l + al,
From analysis MEd
at 0.3l from BC (& DC) = 216.9 kNm
at 0.3l from CB (& CD) = 185.6 kNm
K = 216.9 106/(2000 2262 35) = 0.061
How to: Detailing

See
#
Appendix B1.5
12 no. H20 B (3768 mm2) used to suit nal arrangement of links.

127
(226/2)[1 + (1 3.53 K')0.5]

(226/2)[1 + (1 3.53 0.061)0.5]
(226/2) (1 + 0.89) < 0.95d
214 mm < 215 mm
MEd/fydz
216.9 106/(434.8 214) = 2948 mm2
Use 12 no. H20 T (3748 mm2)
(to suit links and bottom steel)
Top steel at supports may be curtailed down to 12 no. H20 T at
0.3l + al = 0.3 7500 + 1.25 214 = 2518 say 2600 mm from
centreline of support.
z =
=
=
=
As =
=
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2)
4.3.8 Flexural design, support C

At centreline of support,
M = 516.0 kNm
At face of support,
MEd = 516.0 0.2 462.6 + 0.202 128.5/2
= 516.0 90.0
= 426.0 kNm
K = MEd/bwd2fck
Cl. 5.3.2.2(3)
where
bw = 2000 mm
K = 426.0 106/(2000 2262 35) = 0.119
z
= (226/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)0.5]
= (226/2) [1 + (1 3.53 0.119)0.5]
= (226/2) (1 + 0.76) < 0.95d
= 199 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 426.0 106/(434.8 199) = 4923 mm2
Try 10 no. H25 T (4910 mm2)
4.3.9 Design for beam shear

a) Support A (and E)
At d from face of support,
VEd = 394.6 (0.400/2 + 0252) 128.5 = 336.5 kN
Maximum shear resistance:
By inspection, VRd,max OK and cot y = 2.5
128
12 no. H25 used to suit nal arrangement of links.
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
However, for the purpose of illustration: check shear capacity,

VRd,max = acw bw zvfcd/ (cot y + tan y)
where
acw =
bw =
z =
v =
fcd =
y =
Exp. (6.9) & NA

1.0
2000 mm as before
0.9d
0.6 [1 fck/250] = 0.516
35/1.5 = 23.3 MPa
angle of inclination of strut.
By inspection, cot1 y << 21.8. But cot y restricted to
2.5 and = tan y = 0.4.
VRd,max = 1.0 2000 0.90 252 0.516 23.3/(2.5 + 04)

= 2089.5 kN
= OK
ORd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot y VEd
= for VEd VRd,s
Asw /s VEd/z fywd cot y
where
Asw /s
z
fywd
cot y
=
=
=
=
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Cl. 6.2.3(2)
& NA
Exp. (6.8)
area of legs of links/link spacing

0.9d as before
500/1.15 = 434.8
2.5 as before
Asw /s 336.5 103/(0.9 252 434.8 2.5) = 1.36

Minimum Asw /s = rw,minbwsin a
Cl. 9.2.2(5),
Exp. (9.4)
where
rw,min = 0.08 fck0.5/fyk = 0.08 350.5/500 = 0.00095
Exp. (9.5N) & NA
= 2000 mm as before
= angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis.
For vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
Minimum Asw /s = 0.00095 2000 1 = 1.90
But,
maximum spacing of links longitudinally = 0.75d = 183 mm
Maximum spacing of links laterally = 0.75d 600 mm = 183 mm
H10s required to maintain 35 mm cover to H25
= Use H10 @ 175 cc both ways
i.e. H10 in 12 legs @ 175 mm cc (Asw /s = 5.38)
bw
a
Cl. 9.2.2(6)
Cl. 9.2.2(8)
(2000 mm 2 25 mm cover 10 mm diameter)/175 = 11 spaces, = 12 legs.
129
b) Support B (and C and D)

By inspection, the requirement for minimum reinforcement and, in
this instance, for H10 legs of links will outweigh design requirements.
Nonetheless check capacity of Asw/s = 5.38
VRd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot y
= 5.38 0.9 252 434.8 2.5 = 1326.3 kN
Maximum shear at support = 517.9 kN
i.e. capacity of minimum links not exceeded.
By inspection, the requirement for indirect support of the ribs of the
slab using 87 mm2/rib within 150 mm of centreline of ribs (at 900 mm
centres) and within 50 mm of rib/solid interface is adequately catered
for and will not unduly effect the shear capacity of the beam.
Use 150 mm centres to tie in with 900 mm centres of ribs
Exp. (6.8)
Cl. 9.2.5,
Section 3.4.8
= Use H10 in 12 legs @ 150 mm cc (Asw/s = 6.28) throughout beam
4.3.10 Check for punching shear, column B

As the beam is wide and shallow it should be checked for punching shear.
At B, applied shear force, VEd = 569.1 + 517.9 = 1087.0 kN.
Check at perimeter of 400 400 mm column:
vEd = b VEd/uid < vRd,max
where
ui = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
adjacent to interior columns u0 = 2(cx + cy) = 1600 mm
d = mean d = (245 + 226)/2 = 235 mm
= 1.15 1087.0 103/1600 235 = 3.32 MPa
vEd
vRd,max = 0.5vfcd
where
v = 0.6(1 fck/250) = 0.516
fcd = acclfck/gC = 1.0 1.0 35/1.5 = 23.3
vRd,max = 0.5 0.516 23.3 = 6.02 MPa
= OK
Check shear stress at basic perimeter u1 (2.0d from face of column):
vEd = bVEd /u1d < vRd,c
where
In this case, at the perimeter of the column, it is assumed that the strut angle
is 45, i.e. that cot y = 1.0. In other cases, where cot y < 1.0, vRd,max is available
from Table C7.
130
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
Fig. 6.21N & NA

Cl. 6.4.5(3)
Exp. (6.32)
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
Exp. (6.6) & NA
Table C7
Cl. 6.4.2
Fig. 6.13
u1 = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear

at 2d from interior columns
= 2(cx + cy) + 2 2d
= 1600 + 2 2 235 = 4553 mm
vEd = 1.15 1087.0 103/4553 235 = 1.17 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/ gC k (100 rlfck)0.333
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 2
= 1 +(200/235)0.5 = 1.92
rl = (rly, rlz)0.5
where
rly, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
side of column.
= 6874/(2000 226) = 0.0152
= 741/(900 245) = 0.0036
rlz
rl = (0.0152 0.0036)0.5 = 0.0074
fck = 35
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 1.92 (100 0.0074 35)0.333 = 0.68 MPa
= punching shear reinforcement required
Shear reinforcement (assuming rectangular arrangement of links):
At the basic control perimeter, u1, 2d from the column:
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c) sr u1 /1.5fywd,ef)
where
sr
= 175 mm
fywd,ef = effective design strength of reinforcement
= (250 + 0.25d) < fyd = 309 MPa
Exp. (6.47) & NA
Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
Table C6#
Exp. (6.52)
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
Cl. 6.4.5(1)
For perimeter u1
Asw = (1.17 0.75 0.68) 175 4553/(1.5 309) = 1135 mm2 per
perimeter
Try 15 no. H10 (1177 mm2)
See Section 3.4.14 with respect to possible limit of 2.0 or 2.5 on V /V

Ed Rd,c
within punching shear requirements.
#
vRd,c for various values of d and rl is available from Table C6.

131
By inspection of Figure 4.21. the equivalent of 14 locations are

available between 70 mm and 117 mm from face of column therefore
say OK.
CL
900
470
200 200
470
150 150 150 150 150 150
H10 legs
of links
CL
175 175 175 175 175 175
Check availability of reinforcement:

1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d, i.e between 70 mm and 117
mm from face of column. Say 0.4d = 100 mm from face of column.
s = 150 mm
u1
600
70
24 H10 legs
in u1 perimeter
58
Figure 4.21 Shear links and punching shear perimeter u1

Perimeter at which no punching shear links are required:
uout = VEd b/(d vRd,c)
uout = 1087 1.15 103/(235 0.68) = 7826 mm
Length of column faces = 4 400 = 1600 mm
Radius to uout = (7823 1600)/2 = 990 mm
from face of column i.e. in ribs, therefore beam shear governs
The same area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter u1. See Section 3.4.13.
Punching shear reinforcement is also subject to requirements for minimum

reinforcement and spacing of shear reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3). The centre of
links from the centreline of the column shown in Figure 4.21 have been adjusted to
accommodate a perimeter of links at between 0.3d and 0.5d from the column face.
132
Fig. 9.10,
9.4.3(4)

X
H10 links in
12 legs @ 150 cc
12H20T
14H25T
B
13H25B
12H20T
12H25T
C
12H20B
14H25T
D
12H20B
E
13H25B
Figure 4.23 Section XX
133
. Columns
.') General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgbeenlmkZm^3
.'*=^lb`gh_Zghg&le^g]^k^]`^\henfgnlbgàZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
.'+=^lb`gh_Zi^kbf^m^k\henfgnlbg`bm^kZmbhgh_^jnZmbhglmh]^m^kfbg^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
k^jnbk^f^gml'
.',=^lb`gh_Zgbgm^kgZe\henfgpbmaabàZqbZeehZ]'
.'-=^lb`gh_Zle^g]^k\henfgk^jnbkbg`Zmph&ahnkk^k^lblmZg\^'
Bg`^g^kZe%ZqbZeehZ]lZg]klmhk]^kfhf^gmlZk^Zllnf^]mh[^ZoZbeZ[e^'Ma^]^lb`gl\hglb]^k
le^g]^kg^llbghk]^kmh]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml%F>]'Ma^\henfglZk^]^lb`g^]Zg]\a^\d^]
_hk[bZqbZe[^g]bg`'Ma^^__^\mlh_Zeehpbg`_hkbfi^k_^\mbhglZk^beenlmkZm^]'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`\henfglblZl_heehpl'BgikZ\mb\^%lô^kZeh_ma^l^lmîlfZr[^
\hf[bg^]'
EC0 & NA Table NA 2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^\henfg'
EC1 (10 parts) & UK NAs
EC0 & NA Tables NA A1.1

& NA A1.2(B)
BS 85001
lmk^g`ma'
k^lblmZg\î^kbh]'
Approved Document B,
EC212
N =^m^kfbg^\ho^k_hk_bk^%]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]'
Cl. 4.4.1
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^_hk\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgfhf^gml
Section 5
Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^l'
134
N <a^\dle^g]^kg^llZg]]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml'
Section 5.8
N =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]'
Section 6.1
N <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[ZklZg]ebgdl'
Sections 8 & 9
<henfgl
.'* Edge column
Ma^bgm^gmbhgh_mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblmhlahpZmrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgmaZmfZd^lk^_^k^g\^
mh]^lb`g\aZkml'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Edge column
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
A 300 mm square column on the edge of a at slab structure

supports an axial load of 1620 kN and rst order moments of
38.5 kNm top and 38.5 kNm bottom in one direction only. The
concrete is grade C30/37, fck = 30 MPa and cover, cnom, = 25 mm.
The 250 mm thick at slabs are at 4000 mm vertical centres.
38.5 kNm
NEd = 1620 kN
38.5 kNm
Figure 5.1 Forces in edge column
5.1.1 Check slenderness, l

Effective length, l0 = factor l
where
factor = from Table C16, condition 2 each end
= 0.85
l
= clear height = 3750 mm
= l0 = 0.85 3750 = 3187 mm
Slenderness l = l0/i
Cl. 5.8.3.2
Table C16,
PD 6687: 2.10
Exp. (5.14)
For examples of load take-downs and 1st order moment analysis see Section
5.3.2
Effective lengths are covered in Eurocode 2 Cl. 5.8.3.2 and Exp. (5.15). The
effective length of most columns will be l /2< l0 < l (see Eurocode 2 Figure 5.7f).
PD 6687[6] Cl. 2.10 suggests that using the procedure outlined in Eurocode 2
(5.8.3.2(3) and 5.8.3.2(5)) leads to similar effective lengths to those tabulated
in BS 8110[7] and reproduced in Table 5.1 of Concise Eurocode 2[5] and in this
publication as Table C16. For simplicity, tabular values are used in this example.
However, experience suggests that these tabulated values are conservative.
Fig. 5.7
PD 6687[6]:
Cl. 2.10
Cl. 5.8.3.2(3)
5.8.3.2(5)
Table C16
135
where
i = radius of gyration
= h/120.5 for rectangular sections
l = 3187 3.46/300
= 36.8
5.1.2 Limiting slenderness, llim
llim = 20 ABC/n0.5
where
A = 0.7 (default)
B = 1.1 (default)
C = 1.7 rm = 1.7 M01/M02
= 1.7 38.5/(38.5) = 2.7
n = NEd/Acfcd = 1620 103/(3002 0.85 30/1.5)
= 1.06
0.5
llim = 20 ABC/n
= 20 0.7 1.1 2.7/1.060.5
In this example llim = 40.4 i.e. > 36.8
= Column not slender
Exp. (5.13N)
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1)
5.1.3 Design moments

MEd = max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02 =
where
M
ei
e0
M02 =
=
=
M0Ed =
=
=
=
M2 =
M01 =
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1)
M + eiNEd e0NEd
Cl. 5.8.8.2, 6.1.4
= 38.5 kNm
= l0/400
= max[h/30; 20] = max[300/30; 20] = 20 mm
38.5 + 1620 3.187/400 0.02 1620
38.5 + 12.9 32.4 kNm
51.4 kNm
0.6M02 + 0.4M01 0.4M02
0.6 51.4 + 0.4 (38.5 + 12.9) 0.4 51.4
20.6 20.6
20.6
0 (column is not slender)
M02
= max[M02 ; M0Ed + M2 ; M01 + 0.5M2] = 51.4 kNm
Cl. 5.2.7, 5.2.9

Cl. 6.1.4
= MEd = 51.4 kNm
5.1.4 Design using charts (see Appendix C)

d2 = cnom + link + f/2 = 25 + 8 + 16 = 49
d2/h = 49/300 = 0.163
= interpolating between d2/h = 0.15 and 0.20
for
NEd/bhfck = 1620 103/(3002 30) = 0.60
136
Figs. C5c), C5d)
.'*3>]`^\henfg
MEd/bh2fck = 51.4 106/(3003 30) = 0.063

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.24
As = 0.24 3002 30/500 = 1296 mm2
Try 4 no. H25 (1964 mm2)
5.1.5 Check for biaxial bending

ly /lz 1.0
i.e. ly /lz 2.0 = OK but check Exp. (5.38b)
Cl. 5.8.9
Exp. (5.38a)
As a worst case MEdy may coexist with e0NEd about the orthogonal axis:
Cl. 6.1(4)
ey/heq
ez/beq
(MEdz/NEd)/h
(MEdy/NEd)/b
MEdz
MEdy
Exp. (5.38b)
Imperfections need to be taken into account in one direction only.

= As a worst case for biaxial bending
Cl. 5.8.9(2)
MEdz = M + 0 = 38.5 kNm

MEdy = e0NEd = 32.4 kNm
38.5
MEdz
=
= 1.19 i.e. > 0.2 and < 5.0
32.4
MEdy
Exp. (5.38b)
= Biaxial check required
Cl. 5.8.9(4)
Check whether
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a 1.0
Exp. (5.39)
where
MEdz = 38.5 kNm
MEdy = 32.4 kNm
MRdz = MRdy
Figs. C5c), C5d)
To determine MRdz, nd MEd/bh2fck (and therefore

moment capacity) by interpolating between d2/h = 0.15
(Figure C5c) and 0.20 (Figure C5d) for the proposed
arrangement and co-existent axial load.
Assuming 4 no. H25,
Asfyk/bhfck = 1964 500/(3002 30) = 0.36
Interpolating for NEd/bhfck = 0.6,
MEd/bh2fck = 0.094
= MRdz = MRdy = 0.094 3003 30 = 76.1 kNm
a is dependent on NEd/NRd
where
NEd = 1620 kN as before
Cl. 5.8.9(4),
Notes to Exp.
(5.39)
137
NRd
= Acfcd + Asfyd
= 3002 0.85 30/1.5 + 1964 500/1.15
= 1530.0 + 853.9
= 2383.9 kN
NEd/NRd = 1620/2383.9 = 0.68
=a = 1.48 by interpolating between values given for NEd/NRd =
0.1, (1.0) and NEd/NRd = 0.7, (1.5)
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a
= (38.5/76.1)1.48 + (32.4/76.1)1.48
= 0.36 + 0.28
= 0.64 = OK.
= 4 no. H25 OK
Exp. (5.39)
5.1.6 Links
Diameter min. f/4 = 25/4 = 8 mm
Max. spacing = 0.6 300 = 180 mm
Cl. 9.5.3 & NA

Cl. 9.5.3(3),
Cl. 9.5.3(4)
Links at say 175 mm cc
5.1.7 Design summary

4 H25
H8 links @ 175 cc
25 mm cover
fck = 30 MPa
Figure 5.2 Design summary: edge column
138
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
.'+ Perimeter column (internal environment)
Mabl^qZfie^blbgm^g]^]mhlahpZaZg]\Ze\neZmbhg_hkZghg&le^g]^ki^kbf^m^k\henfg
nlbg`bm^kZmbhg!h_q"mh]^m^kfbg^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
Perimeter column
(internal environment)
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
This 300 300 mm perimeter column is in an internal environment

and supports three suspended floors and the roof of an office block.
It is to be designed at ground floor level where the storey height
is 3.45 m and the clear height in the NS direction (z direction) is
3.0 m and 3.325 m in the EW direction (y direction). One-hour fire
resistance is required and fck = 30 MPa.
M02yy
3575
250
325
300 300
Column under
consideration
Figure 5.3 Perimeter column

(internal environment)
From first order analysis, load case 1:
NEd = 1129.6 kN; M02yy = 89.6 kNm; M02zz = 0
Load case 2:
NEd = 1072.1 kN; M02yy = 68.7 kNm; M02zz = 6.0 kNm
5.2.1 Cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links
= 32 mm to main bars, 32 8 = 24 mm to links
= say 25 mm
Assume XC1.
cmin,dur = 15 mm
cmin = 25 mm
Dcdev = 10 mm
Therefore cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to links
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Cl. 4.4.1.3(3)
cnom = 35 mm to links.
139
5.2.2 Fire resistance

Check validity of using Method A and Table 5.2a of BS EN 199212:
l0, 0.7 3.325 i.e. < 3.0 m = OK.

e
= M02yy /NEd = 89.6 106/1129.6 103 = 79 mm
EC2-1-2: 5.3.2,
Table 5.2a
EC2-1-2:
5.3.3(3)
EC2-1-2:
5.3.2 & NA
emax = 0.15h = 0.15 300 = 45 mm = no good.

Check validity of using Method B and Table 5.2b:
emax = 0.25b = 75 mm = no good.
EC2-1-2:
5.3.3
Use BS EN 199212 Annex C Tables C1C9.
EC2-1-2:
Annex C
EC2-1-2: 5.3.3(2)
Assume min. 4 no. H25 = 1964 mm2 (z 2.2%)

w = Asfyd/Acfcd = 0.022 (500/1.15)/(0.85 30/1.5)
= 0.56
e 0.25b and 100 mm
l = l0 /i
where
l0 = 0.7 3.325 = 2327 mm
i = radius of gyration = (I/A)0.5 = h/120.5
where
I = inertia = bh3/12
A = area = bh
h = height of section
b = breadth of section
= 300/120.5 = 87 mm
l = 2327/87 = 276
n = N0Ed,/0.7(Acfcd + Asfyd)
EC2-1-2:
5.3.3(2),
5.3.3(3)
EC2-1-2: 5.3.3(2)
1129.6/0.7(3002
0.85 30/1.5 + 1964 500/1.15)

= 0.7
= 1129.6/2383.9
= 0.47
= interpolate for l = 30 and n = 0.47 between
from Table C.5 of BS EN 199212 (w = 0.5, e = 0.25b):
minimum dimension, bmin = 235, and axis distance, a = 35 mm
and
from Table C.8 of BS EN 199212 (w = 1.0, e = 0.25b):
Using 4 no. H20 gives w = 0.34, n = 0.54 and bmin = 310 mm = no good.
140
EC2-1-2:
Table C.5
EC2-1-2:
Table C.8
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
bmin = 185, and

a = 30 mm
= for w = 0.56,
bmin = 228, and
a = 35 mm
OK to use Method B but use min. 4 no. H25
5.2.3 Structural design: check slenderness

Effective length, l0:
l0 = 0.5l [1 + k1 /(0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k2/(0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
k1, k2 = relative stiffnesses top and bottom
Exp. (5.15)
But conservatively, choose to use tabular method. For critical

direction, the column is in condition 2 at top and condition 3 at
bottom (pinned support).
l0 = 0.95 3325 = 3158 mm
Table C16
Slenderness ratio, l:
l = l0/i
where
l = 3158 120.5/300 = 36.5
Cl. 5.8.3.2(1)
Limiting slenderness ratio, llim

llim = 20 ABC/n0.5
where
A = 1/(1 + 0.2 fef). Assume 0.7
B = (1 + 2 Asfyd/Acfcd)0.5
= (1 + 2w)0.5
Assuming min. 4 no. H25 (for re)
w = 0.56 as before
B = (1 + 2 0.56)0.5 = 1.46
C = 1.7 rm
where
rm = M01/M2
Assuming conservatively that M01 = 0
rm = 0
C = 1.7
n = NEd/Acfcd
= 1129.6 103/(3002 0.85 30/1.5)
= 0.74
l = 36.5
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1)
& NA
Cl. 5.8.4
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1)
See footnote to Section 5.1.1.

141
llim = 20 0.7 1.46 1.7/0.740.5

= 40.4
llim = 40.4
= as l < llim column is not slender and 2nd order moments are not
required.
Column is not slender
5.2.4 Design moments, MEd

MEd = MOEd + M2 e0NEd
But as column is not slender, M2 = 0, =

MEd = MOed = M + eiNEd e0NEd
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1),
5.8.8.2(3)
Cl. 6.1.4
where
M
= moment from 1st order analysis
eiNEd = effect of imperfections
where
ei = l0 /400
e0 = h/30 > 20 mm
Cl. 5.2(7), 5.2.9,

5.8.8.2(1)
Cl. 6.1.4
Load case 1:
MEdy = 89.6 + (3158/400) 1129.6 103 > 0.02 1129.6
= 89.6 + 8.9 > 22.6 = 98.5 kNm
Load case 2:
MEdy = 68.7 kNm
MEdz = 6.0 + (l0/400) 1072.1 103 > 0.02 1072.1
where
l0 = 0.9 3000
= 13.2 > 21.4 = 21.4 kNm
Table C16
5.2.5 Design using iteration of x

For axial load:
AsN/2 = (NEd accnfckbdc /gC)/(ssc sst)
142
Concise:
Section 6.2.2,
Appendix A3
For moment:
[MEd accnfckbdc (h/2 dc/2)/ gC]
AsM/2 =
(h/2 d2) (ssc sst)
where
MEd = 98.5 106
NEd = 1129.6 103
acc = 0.85
n = 1.0 for fck 50 MPa
Cl. 3.1.6(1) & NA

Exp. (3.21)
The effects of imperfections need only be taken into account in the most
unfavourable direction.
Cl. 5.8.9(2)
Appendices A3,
C9.2,
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
fck
b
h
dc
= 30
= 300
= 300
= depth of compression zone
= lx
= 0.8x < h
where
x = depth to neutral axis
d2
= 35 + 8 + 25/2 = 55 mm assuming H25
= 1.5
gC
ssc, (sst) = stress in reinforcement in compression (tension)
o
fcd = accnfck/gC
o
ecu2
Table 2.1N
d2
ssc
As2
esc
Exp. (3.19)
dc
x
h
n. axis
ey
o
a) Strain diagram
As1
sst
d2
o
b) Stress diagram
Figure 5.4 Section in axial compression and bending
Fig. 6.1
Try x = 200 mm
= ecu2 = 0.0035
ecu
0.0035 (x d2) 0.0035 (200 55)
esc
=
=
x
200
= 0.0025
ssc = 0.0025 200000 fyk/gS
= 500 500/1.15
= 434.8 MPa
= 0.0035(h x d2)/x = 0.0035(300 200 55)/200
est
= 0.0008
sst = 0.0008 200000 500/1.15
= 160 MPa
1129.6 103 0.85 1.0 30 300 200 0.8/(1.5 103)
AsN/2 =
434.8 160
= (1129.6 816.0) 103
= 1141 mm2
274.8
143
98.5 106 0.85 1.0 30 300 200 0.8 (300/2 200 0.8/2)/(1.5 103)
(300/2 55) (434.8 + 160)
6
(98.5 57.1) 10
=
= 733 mm2
95 594.8
AsM/2 =
Similarly for x = 210 mm

ecu = 0.0035
esc = 0.0026
= ssc = 434.8
est = 0.0006 = sst = 120 MPa
AsN/2 =
(1129.6 856.8) 103

= 866 mm2
434.8 120
AsM/2 =
(98.5 56.5) 106

= 796 mm2
95 554.8
Similarly for x = 212 mm

ssc = 434.8
= 0.00054 =est = 109 MPa
est
AsN/2 =
(1129.6 865.0) 103

= 812 mm2
434.8 109
AsM/2 =
(98.5 56.3) 106

= 816 mm2
95 543.8
= as AsN/2 AsM/2, x = 212 mm is approximately correct and

AsN AsM, 1628 mm2
= Try 4 no. H25 (1964 mm2)
5.2.6 Check for biaxial bending

[Proof:
Section is symmetrical and MRdz > 98.5 kNm.
Assuming ey/ez > 0.2 and biaxial bending is critical, and assuming
exponent a = 1 as a worst case for load case 2:
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a = (21.4/98.5)1 + (68.7/98.5)1
= 0.91 i.e. < 1.0
= OK.]
Cl. 5.8.9(3)
Exp. (5.39)
5.2.7 Links
Minimum size links = 25/4 = 6.25, say 8 mm
Spacing: minimum of
a) 0.6 20 25 = 300 mm,
b) 0.6 300
= 180 mm or
c) 0.6 400
= 240 mm
Cl. 9.5.3(3),
9.5.3(4)
Use H8 @ 175 mm cc
144
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
4 H25
H8 links @ 175 cc
cnom = 35 mm to links
Figure 5.5 Design summary: perimeter column
145
.', Internal column
Ma^ZmleZ[lahpgbg>qZfie^,'-!kîkh]n\^]Zl?b`nk^.'/"bliZkmh_Zg1&lmhk^rlmkn\mnk^
Z[ho^`khng]pbmaZ[Zl^f^gm[êhp`khng]'Maîkh[e^fblmh]^lb`g\henfg<+[^mp^^g
`khng]hhkZg]*lmhhk'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
Internal column
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
The design forces need to be determined. This will include the

judgement of whether to use Exp. (6.10) or the worse case of
Exp. (6.10a) and (6.10b) for the design of this column.
The suspended slabs (including the ground floor slab) are 300
mm thick flat slabs at 4500 mm vertical centres. Between ground
and 5th floors the columns at C2 are 500 mm square; above 5th
floor they are 465 mm circular. Assume an internal environment,
1-hour fire resistance and fck = 50 MPa.
A
4.0
4.0
Bb
4.0
6.0
D
E
200 x 200
hole
8.0
8.0
9.6
300 mm flat slabs
All columns 400 mm sq.
200 x 200
hole
8.6
Figure 5.6 Part plan of flat slab
5.3.1 Design forces

In order to determine design forces for this column it is rst
necessary to determine vertical loads and 1st order moments.
5.3.2 Load take-down

Actions:
Roof:
gk = 8.5, qk = 0.6
146
EC1-1-1:
6.3.4, NA &
Table NA.7
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
Floors:
gk = 8.5, qk = 4.0
Section 3.4
In keeping with Section 3.4 use coefcients to determine loads in

take-down.
Section 3.4
Consider spans adjacent to column C2:

Along grid C, consider spans to be 9.6 m and 8.6 m and C2 to be
the internal of 2 - span element.
Therefore elastic reaction factor = 0.63 + 0.63 = 1.26
Along grid 2 consider spans to be 6.0 m and 6.2 m and internal of
multiple span.
Elastic reaction factor = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.00
Table C3
Load take-down for column C2.

Item
Calculation
Gk
From
item
= [erfy (lz1 + lz2)/2 ] [erfz (l y1 + ly2)/2 ]

(gk + qk)
= [1.0 (6.0 + 6.2)/2 ] [1.26 (9.6
+ 8.6)/2 ] (8.5 + 0.6)
= 69.9 (8.5 + 0.6)
=
Col 8 R = (0.465/2)2 (4.5 0.3) 25 =
8th
= 1.0 (6.0 + 6.2)/2 1.26 (9.6 +
8.6)/2 (8.5 + 4.0)
=
Col 7 8
as before
7th
a.b.
Col 6 7
a.b.
6th
a.b.
Col 5 6 a.b.
5th
a.b.
Col 4 5
= 0.5 0.5 (4.5 0.3) 25
=
4th
as before
Col 3 4
a.b.
3rd
a.b.
Col 2 3
a.b.
2nd
a.b.
Col 1 2
a.b.
1st
a.b.
Col G 1
a.b.
At above ground floor
Qk
Cumulative From
total
item
Cumulative
total
Roof
594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
42.0
612.4
42.0
279.7
1224.8
321.7
279.7
1837.2
601.4
279.7
2449.6
881.1
279.7
3070.4
1160.8
279.7
3691.2
1440.5
279.7
4312.0
1720.2
279.7
4932.8
1999.7
279.8
5553.6
5553.6
2279.5
2279.5
147
5.3.3 Design axial load, ground 1st floor, NEd
a) Axial load to Exp. (6.10)

NEd = gGGk + gQQk1 + c0gQQki
where
gG =
gQ =
c0,1 =
Qk1 =
Qki =
1.35
1.50
0.7 (ofces)
leading variable action (subject to reduction factor aA or an)
accompanying action (subject to aA or an)
EC0:
Exp. (6.10) & NA
EC0:
A1.2.2 & NA
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10),
6.3.1.2 (11), & NA
where
aA = 1 A/1000 0.75
= 1 9 69.9/1000 = 0.37 0.75
= 0.75
an = 1.1 n/10 for 1 n 5
= 0.6 for 5 n 10 and
= 0.5 for n > 10
where
n = number of storeys supported
an= 0.6 for 8 storeys supported
= as an < aA, use an = 0.6
Assuming the variable action of the roof is an independent variable

action:
NEd = 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 (2279.5 42.0) 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 2237.5 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 7497.4 + 2013.8 + 44.1
= 9555.3 kN
To Exp. (6.10), NEd = 9555.3 kN
b) Axial load to Exp. (6.10a)
NEd = gGGk + c0,1gQQk1 + c0,1gQQki
= 1.35 5553.6 + 0.7 1.5 0.6 ( 279.8 + 1999.7)
= 7497.4 + 1436.1
= 8933.4 kN
To Exp. (6.10a), NEd = 8933.4 kN
c) Axial load to Exp. (6.10b)
NEd = jgGGk + gQQk1 + c0,1gQQki
According to BS EN 199111 6.3.1.2[11] the imposed load on the roof is category

H and therefore does not qualify for reduction factor an.
148
EC0:
Exp. (6.10a)
& NA
EC0:
Exp. (6.10)
& NA
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
assuming the variable action of the roof is an independent variable

action:
= 0.925 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 (2279.5 42.0) 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 1.25 5553.6 + 1.5 2237.5 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 6942.1 + 2013.8+ 44.1
= 9000.0 kN
To Exp. (6.10b), NEd = 9000.0 kN
5.3.4 First order design moments, M

a) Grid C
Consider grid C to determine Myy in column (about grid 2)
gk = 6.1 x 8.5 = 51.9 kN/m
qk = 6.1 x 4.0 = 24.4 kN/m
300 thick ave 6100 wide
8600
4500
1
500 sq
4500
9600
Actions:
gk = (6.0 + 6.2)/2 8.5 = 51.9 kN/m
qk = (6.0 + 6.2)/2 4.0 = 24.4 kN/m
Relative stiffness of lower column:
Assuming remote ends of slabs are pinned, relative stiffness
blcdlc3/Llc
=
3
3
blcdlc /Llc + bucduc /Luc + 0.75b23d233/L23 + 0.75b21d213/L21
where
b = breadth
d = depth
L = length
lc = lower column, uc = upper column
23 = beam 23, similarly 21 = beam 21
0.54/4.5
=
4
2 0.5 /4.5 + 0.75 6.1 0.33/8.6 + 0.75 6.1 0.33/9.6
= 0.0139/(0.0278 + 0.0144 + 0.0129) = 0.252
149
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)

FEM 23 = 1.35 51.9 8.62/12 = 431.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.35 51.9 + 1.5 24.4) 9.62/12
= 106.7 9.62/12 = 819.5 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 [819.5 431.8] = 97.7 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10a)
FEM 23 = 1.25 51.9 8.62/12 = 399.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.25 51.9 + 1.5 24.4) 9.62/12
= 101.5 9.62/12 = 779.5 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 (779.5 399.8) = 95.7 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10b)
FEM 23 = 1.35 51.9 8.62/12 = 431.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.35 51.9 + 0.7 1.5 24.4 ) 9.62/12
= 95.7 9.62/12 = 735.0 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 (735.0 431.8) = 76.4 kNm
= Exp. (6.10a) critical
b) Grid 2
Consider grid 2 to determine Mzz in column (about grid C)
qk = 45.9 kN/m
gk = 97.5 kN/m
300 thick ave 11470 wide
4500
4500
500 sq
6200
6000
Figure 5.8 Subframe on column C2 along grid 2

Actions:
gk = 0.63 (8.6 + 9.6) 8.5
= 11.47 8.5 = 97.5 kN/m
qk = 11.47 4.0 = 45.9 kN/m
Relative stiffness of lower column:
Assuming remote ends of slabs are xed, relative stiffness
FEM
150
23 = Fixed end moment in span 23 at grid 2.
Cl. 5.8.3.2(4)
PD 6687
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
0.54/4.5
2 0.54/4.5 + 11.47 0.33/6.2 +11.47 0.33/6.0
= 0.0139/(0.0278 + 0.0500 + 0.0516) = 0.107

1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)
FEM CB = (1.35 97.5 + 1.5 45.9) 6.22/12
= 200.5 6.22/12 = 642.3 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 97.5 6.02/12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (642.3 394.9) = 26.5 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10a)
FEM CB = 1.25 97.5 6.02/12 = 365.6 kNm
FEM CD = (1.25 97.5 + 1.5 45.9) 6.22/12
= 190.7 6.22/12 = 611.0 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (611.0 365.6) = 26.3 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10b)
FEM CB = (1.35 97.5 + 0.7 1.5 45.9) 6.22/12
= 190.7 6.22/12 = 576.0 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 97.5 6.02/12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (576.0 394.9) = 19.4 kNm
= Exp. (6.10a) critical again
5.3.5 Summary of design forces in column C2 ground1st

Design forces
Method
NEd
Using Exp. (6.10)

Using Exp. (6.10a)
Using Exp. (6.10b)
9555.3 kN
8933.4 kN
9000.0 kN
Myy
about grid 2
97.7 kNm
95.7 kNm
76.4 kNm
Mzz
about grid C
26.5 kNm
26.3 kNm
19.4 kNm
Notes:
1) To determine maximum 1st order moments in the column, maximum out-ofbalance moments have been determined using variable actions to one side of
the column only. The effect on axial load has, conservatively, been ignored.
2) It may be argued that using coefficients for the design of the slab and
reactions to the columns does not warrant the sophistication of using Exps
(6.10a) and (6.10b). Nevertheless, there would appear to be some economy
in designing the column to Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) rather than Exp.
(6.10). The use of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) is perfectly valid and will be
followed here.
To avoid duplicate designs for both Exps (6.10a) and (6.10b), a worse
case of their design forces will be used, thus:
NEd = 9000 kN, Myy = 95.7 kNm, Mzz = 26.3 kNm
151
5.3.6 Design: cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev

where
where
cmin,b
cmin,dur
cmin,dur
Exp. (4.1)
= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links.

= 32 8 = 24 mm to link
= minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assume XC1.
= 15 mm
cmin = 24 mm, say 25 mm to link

Dcdev = 10 mm
= cnom = 25 + 10
= 35 mm
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
Cl. 4.4.1.3 & NA
5.3.7 Design: fire resistance

Check validity of using Method A and Table 5.2a
a) Check l0,fi 3.0 m
where
l0 = effective length of column in re
= 0.5 clear height
= 0.5 (4500 300)
= 2100 mm
b) Check e emax = 0.15h = 0.15 500 = 75 mm
e = M0Ed,/N0Ed,
= M0/NEd
= 99.5 106/8933 103 = 11 mm
EC2-1-2:
5.3.2, Table 5.2a
OK
EC2-1-2: 5.3.2(2)
OK
c) Check amount of reinforcement 4%

OK
Assuming m = 0.7
bmin = 350 with
OK
amin = 40 mm
For re using Method A and Table 5.2a is valid
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.2a
5.3.8 Structural design: check slenderness

Effective length, l0:
l0 = 0.5l [1 + k1/(0.45 + k1)]0.5 [1 + k2/(0.45 + k2)]0.5
where
k1 and k2 are relative exibilities at top and bottom of the
column.
ki = (EIcol/lcol)/S(2EIbeam/lbeam) 0.1
PD 6687 states that to allow for cracking, the contribution of each beam
should be taken as 2EI/lbeam
152
Exp. (5.15)
PD 6687[6]
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
Critical direction is where k1 and k2 are greatest i.e. where slab spans
are greater
blcdlc3/Llc
k1 = k2 =
2b23d233/L23 + 2b21d213/L21
How to[8]:
Columns
= (0.54/4.5)/(2 6.1 0.33/8.6 + 2 6.1 0.33/9.6)

= (0.0625)/(0.0383 + 0.0343)
= 0.86
l0 = 0.5 (4500 300) [1 + 0.86/(0.45 + 0.86)]0.5 [1 + 0.86/(0.45
+ 0.86)]0.5
l0 = 0.5 4200 1.66
= 0.828 4200 = 3478 mm
Slenderness ratio, l:
l = l0/i
where
= l = 3478 120.5/500 = 24.1
Cl. 5.8.3.2(1)
Limiting slenderness ratio, llim:

llim = 20 ABC/n0.5
where
A = 1/(1 + 0.2 fef). Assume 0.7 as per default
B = (1 + 200)0.5. Assume 1.1 as per default
C = 1.7 kf
where

kf = M01/M2 = 84.9/109.3 = 0.78
C = 1.7 + 0.78 = 2.48
n = NEd /Acfcd
= 8933 103/(5002 0.85 50/1.5)
= 1.26
= llim = 20 0.7 1.1 2.48/1.260.5 = 34.0
= as l < llim column is not slender
and 2nd order moments are not required
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1) & NA

Exp. (5.13N)
5.3.9 Design moments, MEd

MEd = M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M
= moment from 1st order analysis
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1),
6.1(4)
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1)
153
where
ei
= l0/400
e0NEd = minimum eccentricity
Cl. 5.2.7
Cl. 6.1(4)
where
e0 = h/30 20 mm
MEdyy = 95.7 + (3570/400) 8933 103 0.02 8933
= 95.7 + 79.7 178.7
= 175.4 < 178.7 kNm
MEdzz = 18.8 + 79.7 178.7
= 178.7 kNm
= Both critical.
However, imperfections need only be taken in one direction where
they have the most unfavourable effect
= Use MEdzz = 178.7 with MEdyy = 95.7 kNm
Cl. 5.8.9(2)
5.3.10 Design using charts

MEdyy /bh2fck = 178.9 106/(5003 50) = 0.03
NEd/bhfck = 9000 103/(5002 50) = 0.72
Choice of chart based on d2/h
where
d2 = depth to centroid of reinforcement in half section assuming
12 bar arrangement with H32s
d2 = 35 + 8 + (32/2) + (2/6) [500 + 2 (35 + 8 + 32/2 )/3]
= 59 + (1/3) 127
= 101
Use Figure C5d)
= d2/h = 101/500 = 0.2
Figs C5a) to C5e)
d2
CL
d2, to centroid of reinforcement in half section

From Figure C5d)
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.30
= 0.29 500 500 50/500
As
= 7500 mm2
Try 12 no. H32 (9648 mm2)
Using design actions to Exp. (6.10) would have resulted in a requirement for
8500 mm2.
154
Fig. C5d)
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
Cl. 5.8.9
5.3.11 Check biaxial bending

Slenderness: ly lz = OK.
Eccentricities: as h = b check ey/ez
MEdz critical. (Imperfections act in z direction.)
95.7 106/9000 103
ey/ez =
178.7 106/9000 103
= 0.54 i.e. > 0.2 and < 5
= Design for biaxial bending.
Cl. 5.8.9(3)
Cl. 5.9.3(3),
Exp. (5.38b)
C
z
ey
MEdy
Centre of
reaction
ez
y 2
MEdz
Figure 5.10 Eccentricities
5.3.12 Design for biaxial bending

Check (MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a 1.0
For load case 2
where
MEdz = 178.7 kNm
MEdy = 95.7 kNm
MRdz = MRdy = moment resistance. Using charts:
From Figure C4d), for d2/h = 0.20 and
Asfyk/bhfck = 9648 500/500 500 50
= 0.39
NEd/bhfck = 9000 x 103/(5002 x 50)
= 0.72
2
MRd/bh fck = 0.057
Cl. 5.9.3(4),
Exp. (5.39)
Fig. C5d)
= MRd 0.057 5003 50

= 356.3 kNm
155
a = exponent dependent upon NEd/NRd

where
= Acfcd + Asfyd
NRd
= 500 500 0.85 50/1.5 + 9648 500/1.15
= 7083 + 3216
= 10299 kN
NEd/NRd = 9000/10299 = 0.87.
Interpolating between values given for NEd/NRd = 0.7
(1.5) and for NEd/NRd = 1.0 (2.0)
= a = 1.67
Cl. 5.8.3(4)
Notes to
Exp. (5.39)
Check (MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a 1.0

(178.7/356.3)1.67 + (95.7/356.3)1.67
= 0.32 + 0.11
= 0.43 i.e. < 1.0
= OK
Use 12 no. H32
5.3.13 Links
Minimum diameter of links: = f/4 = 32/4
= 8 mm
Spacing, either:
a) 0.6 20 f
= 12 32 = 384 mm,
b) 0.6 h
= 0.6 500 = 300 mm or
c) 0.6 400
= 240 mm.
= Use H8 links at 225 mm cc
Number of legs:
Bars at 127 mm cc i.e. < 150 mm = no need to restrain bars in face
but good practice suggests alternate bars should be restrained.
= Use single leg on face bars both ways @ 225 mm cc

12 H32
H8 links @ 225 cc
35 mm to link
500 mm sq
fck = 50 MPa
Figure 5.11 Design summary: internal column
156
Cl. 9.5.3 & NA
Cl. 9.5.3(3),
9.5.3(4)
Cl. 9.5.3(6)
SMDSC: 6.4.2
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
.'- Small perimeter column subject to two-hour fire
resistance
Mabl \Ze\neZmbhg bl bgm^g]^] mh lahp Z lfZee le^g]^k \henfg ln[c^\m mh Z k^jnbk^f^gm _hk
+&ahnkk^k^lblmZg\^'Bmbl[Zl^]hgma^^qZfie^lahpgbgL^\mbhg-'+'
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
Small perimeter column

subject to two-hour fire resistance
<Ze\neZm^][r
chg
Ch[gh'
<a^\d^][r
web
La^^mgh'
<eb^gm
TCC
=Zm^
CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
The middle column, B, in Figure 4.5, supports two levels of storage

loads and is subject to an ultimate axial load of 1824.1 kN. From
analysis it has moments of 114.5 kNm in the plane of the beam and
146.1 kNm perpendicular to the beam (i.e. about the z axis).
The column is 350 mm square, 4000 mm long, measured from top
of foundation to centre of slab. It is supporting storage loads, in
an external environment (but not subject to de-icing salts) and is
subject to a 2-hour re resistance requirement on three exposed
sides. Assume the base is pinned.
Slab
300
450
350 x 350
column
4000
Paving
Foundation
Figure 5.12 Perimeter column
5.4.1 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
Exp. (4.1)
Gk = 562.1; Qk = 789.1; as column supports loads from 2 levels an = 0.9; as

imposed loads are from storage c0 = 1.0 =gQ = 1.50 and gQ= 1.35. =Ultimate
axial load, NEd = 1.35 562.1 + 1.5 0.9 789.1 = 1824.1 kN.
157
where
cmin,b

10 mm links
Assuming primarily XC3/XC4, secondarily XF1,
cmin,dur = 25 mm
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation
= 10 mm
= Try cnom = 32 + 10 = 42 mm to main bars
or
= 25 + 10 = 35 mm to 8 mm links
Try cnom = 35 mm to 8 mm links.
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
BS 8500-1[14] :
Table A4

a) Check adequacy of section for R120 to Method A
Axis distance available = 43 mm + f/2
Required axis distance to main bars, a for 350 mm square column
For m = 0.5, a = 45 mm; and
for m = 0.7, a = 57 mm, providing:
EC1-1-2: 5.3.1(1) &

NA 5.3.2,
Table 5.2a
t 8 bars used OK but check later

t l0,fi 3 m OK but check
t e emax = 0.15h = 0.15 350 = 52 mm
but e = M0Ed,/N0Ed,
= 0.7 146.1 106/0.7 1824.1 103
= 80 mm = no good
Try Method B
b) Check adequacy of section for R120 to Method B
Determine parameters n, w, and e, and check l.
Assume 4 no. H32 + 4 no. H25 = (5180 mm2: 4.2%)
(say 4.2% OK integrity OK)
n = N0Ed,/0.7(Acfcd + Asfyd)
= 0.7 1824.1 103/0.7 (350 350 acc fck/ gC + 5180 500/gS)
= 1276.9 103/0.7 (350 350 0.85 30/1.5 + 5180 500/1.15)
= 1276.9 103/0.7 (2082.5 + 2252.0)
= 0.42
OK
w = mechanical ratio
= Asfyd/Acfcd 1.0
= 2252/2082
= 1.08 1
But say within acceptable engineering tolerance =use w = 1.0
OK
e = rst order eccentricity
= M0Ed,/N0Ed,
158
EC2-1-2: 5.3.3,
Table 5.2b
Cl. 9.5.2(3)
EC2-1-2: Exp.
(5.8a)
EC2-1-2: 5.3.3(2)
EC2-1-2: Exp.
(5.8b)
= 0.7 146.1 106/0.7 1824.1 103

= 80 mm as before z 0.23h.
OK
l = slenderness in re
= l0,/i
where
l0, = effective length of column in re
= 0.7l = 0.7 4000 = 2800 mm
i = radius of gyration
= h/3.46 for a rectangular section
= l = 2800/(350/3.46)
= 27.7 < 30
= OK
Table 5.2b valid for use in this case.
Interpolating from BS EN 199212 Table 5.2b for n = 0.42 and
w = 1.0, column width = 350 mm and axis distance = say, 48 mm
= Axis distance = 43 mm + f/2 is OK
c) As additional check, check adequacy of section to Annex B3 and
Annex C
Using BS EN 199212 Table C.8
For w = 1.0, e = 0.25b, R120, l = 30
and interpolating between n = 0.3 and n = 0.5,
bmin = 350 mm, amin = 48 mm.
= Axis distance = 43 mm + f/2 is OK
= 4 no. H32 + 4 no. H25 with 35 mm cover to 8 mm links
(a = 55 mm min.) OK
EC2-1-2: 2.4.2(3)
EC2-1-2: 5.3.2(2)
Note 2
EC2-1-2:
5.3.3(1), Annex C
& NA
EC2-1-2:
Annex C(2)
5.4.3 Structural design: check slenderness about z axis

Effective length, l0, about z axis:
l0z = 0.5l [1 + k1/(0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k2/(0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
l
= clear height between restraints
= 4000 300/2 = 3850 mm
k1, k2 = relative exibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1
and 2 respectively
k1
= [EIcol/lcol]/[2EIbeam1/lbeam1 + 2EIbeam2/lbeam2] 0.1
where
Treating beams as rectangular and cancelling E throughout:
= 3504/(12 3850) = 3.25 105
Icol/lcol
Ibeam1/lbeam1 = 8500 3003/12 6000
= 31.8 105
Ibeam2/lbeam2 = 0
Exp. (5.15)
PD 6687: 2.10
Cl. 5.8.3.2(3)
PD 6687
k1 = 3.25/(2 31.8) = 0.051 0.1

k1 = 0.1
k2 = by inspection (pinned end assumed) =
159
= l0z = 0.5 3850 [1 + 0.1/(0.45 + 0.1) ]0.5 [1 + /(0.45 + )]0.5

= 0.5 3850 1.087 1.41
= 0.77 3850 = 2965 mm
Slenderness ratio, lz:
lz = l0z/i
where
i = radius of gyration = h/3.46
lz = 3.46l0z/h = 3.46 2965/350
Cl. 5.8.3.2(1)
= 29.3

llim,z = 20 ABC/n0.5
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1)
Exp. (5.13N)
where
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7 rm
where
rm = M01/M02
say M01 = 0 (pinned end) =rm = 0
C = 1.7 0 = 1.7
n = relative normal force = NEd/Acfcd
= 1824.1 103/(3502 0.85 30/1.5)
= 0.88
= llim,z = 20 0.7 1.1 1.7/0.880.5
= 27.9
= As lz > llim,z column is slender about z axis.
5.4.4 Check slenderness on y axis

Effective length, l0, about z axis:
l0y = 0.5ly [1 + k1/(0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k2/(0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
ly
= clear height between restraints
= 4000 + 300/2 750 = 3400 mm
= relative column exibility at end 1
k1
= (Icol/Icol)/[S2(Ibeam/Ibeam)]
where
Icol /Icol = 3504/12 3400 = 3.68 105
On rst pass the default value for B is used. It should be noted that in the
nal design w = Asfyd/Acfcd = 6432 (500/1.15) / (3502 30 0.85/1.5) =
2796/2082 = 1.34. So B = (1 + 2 w)0.5 = (1 + 1.34)0.5 = 1.92 and the column
would not have been deemed slender. B = 1.1 relates approximately to a column
with fck = 30 MPa and r = 0.4%.
* PD 6687 states that to allow for cracking, the contribution of each beam
should be taken as 2EI/lbeam
160
Exp. (5.15)
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1),
& NA,
EC2-1-2: 5.3.3(2)
PD 6687*
Treating beams as rectangular

IbeamAB/lbeamAB = 350 7503/[12 (9000 350)]
= 14.2 105
IbeamBC/lbeamBC = 350 7503/[12 (8000 350)]
= 16.1 105
k1 = 3.68/(2 (16.1 + 14.2) = 0.060 0.1
k1 = 0.1
k2 = (pinned end assumed)
=l0y = 0.5 3400 [1 + 0.1/(0.45 + 0.1) ]0.5 [1 +/(0.45 + ) ]0.5
= 0.5 3400 1.087 1.41
= 0.77 3400 = 2620 mm
Slenderness ratio, ly:
ly
= 3.46l0y/h = 3.46 2620/350
Exp. (5.15)
= 25.9

llim,y = llim,z
= 27.9
As ly < llim,y, column not slender in y axis.
5.4.5 Design moments: MEdz about z axis

MEdz = max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02 = Mz + eiNEd e0NEd
where
Mz = 146.1 kNm from analysis
where
ei = l0/400
e0 = 20 mm
= M02 = 146.1 + (2965/400) 1824.1 0.02 1824.1
= 146.1 + 13.4 > 36.5
= 159.5 kNm
Cl. 5.8.8.2
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1),
6.1.4
Cl. 5.2.7
M0Ed = equivalent 1st order moment at about z axis at about

mid-height may be taken as M0ez where
M0ez = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) 0.4M02
= 0.6 159.5 + 0.4 0 0.4 159.5 = 95.7 kNm
= nominal 2nd order moment = N>]e2
M2
where
e2 = (1/r) l02/10
where
1/r = curvature = KvKh[fyd/(Es 0.45d)]
where
Kv = a correction factor for axial load
= (nu n)/(nu nbal)
Cl. 5.8.8.2(2)
Cl. 5.8.8.2(3)
Cl. 5.8.8. 3
Exp. (5.34)
161
where
nu = 1 + w
where
w = mechanical ratio
= Asfyd/Acfd
= 1.08 as before
nu = 2.08
n = NEd/Acfcd
= 1824.1/2082 = 0.88
nbal = the value of n at maximum moment
resistance
= 0.40 (default)
(2.08 0.88)/(2.08 0.40)
1.20/1.68 = 0.71
a correction factor for creep
1 + bhef
Kv =
=
Kh =
=
where
b =
=
=
=
hef =
=
0.35 + (fck/200) (l/150)

0.35 + 30/200 29.3/150
0.35 + 0.15 0.195
0.305
effective creep coefcient
h(,t0) M0,Eqp/M0Ed
where
h(,t0) = nal creep coefcient
= from Figure 3.1 for inside conditions
h
= 350 mm, C30/37, t0 = 15

2.4
M0,Eqp = 1st order moment due to quasipermanent loads

Gk + h2 Qk
Mz + eiNEd
jgGGk + h0gQQk
=
=
M0Ed
Cl. 5.8.4(2)
Cl. 3.1.4(2)
Fig. 3.1a
63.3 + 0.8 46.0

Mz + eiNEd
1.35 63.3 + 1.5 46.0
100.1
146.1 + 13.4
154.5
= 108.1 kNm
= M02
= 159.5 kNm
With reference to Exp. (5.13N), hef may be taken as equal to 2.0. However, for the
purpose of illustration the full derivation is shown here.
162
Exp. (5.1.3N)
Kh = 1 + 0.305 2.4 108.1/159.5

= 1.50
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
d = effective depth
= 350 35 8 16 = 291 mm
1/r = 0.71 1.50 434.8/(200000 0.45 291)
= 0.0000177
e2 = (1/r) l02/10
= 15.6 mm
= 0.0000177 29652/10
=M2 = NEde2 = 1824.1 103 15.6
= 28.4 kNm
=0
M01
= MEdz = max[M02z; M0Edz + M2; M01 + 0.5M2]
= max[159.5; 95.7 + 28.4; 0 + 28.4/2]
= 159.5 kNm
Mz = 146.1 kNm
Mz = 0
M2/2 = 14.2 kNm
a) 1st order moments

from analysis
MEdz = 159.5 kNm
eiNEd = 13.4 kNm
M2 = 28.4 kNm
Cl. 3.2.7(3)
MOEdz = 95.8 kNm
Mz = 0
c) Design moments: MEdz

b) Including 2nd order moments:
about z axis
MEdz = max [M02, MOEd + M2, M01 = 0.5M2]
Figure 5.13 Design moments MEdz
5.4.6 Design moments: MEdy about y axis
MEdy = max[ M02y ; M0Edy + M2 ; M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02y =
=
=
M0Edy =
=
My + eiNEd e0NEd
114.5 + 13.4 36.7 kNm
127.9 kNm
(0.6M02y + 0.4 M01y) 0.4M02y
0.6 114.5 + 0.4 0
Imperfections need to be taken into account in one direction only.
Cl. 5.8.9(2)
163
M2
= 68.7 kNm
= 0 (as column is not slender not slender about y axis).
= MEdy = 127.9 kNm
5.4.7 Design in each direction using charts

= 1824.1 103/(3502 30)
= 0.50
2
MEd/bh fck = 159.5 106/(3503 30)
= 0.124
Assuming 8 bar arrangement, centroid of bars in half section:
d2 35 + 8 + 16 + (350/2 35 8 16) 1/4

59 + 29 = 88 mm
d2/h = 0.25
In z direction: NEd/bhfck
From Figure C4e)

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.50
= 0.50 3502 30/500 = 3675 mm2
As
= 4 no. H32 + 4 no. T25 (5180 mm2) OK.
Fig. C4e)
Fig. C4e)
In y direction: MEd/bh2fck = 127.9 106/(3503 30)

= 0.10
NEd/bhfck = 0.50
From Figure C4e)
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.34
= 0.34 3502 30/500 = 2499 mm2
As
= 4 no. H32 + 4 no. T25 (5180 mm2) OK.
5.4.8 Check biaxial bending

ly lz = OK.
ez = MEdy/NEd
ey = MEdz/NEd
MEdz 159.5
ey/heq
=
=
= 1.25
MEdy 127.9
ez/beq
= need to check biaxial bending
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a 1.0
where
MRdz = MRdy = moment resistance=
Using Figure C4e)
Asfyk/bhfck = 5180 500/(3502 30)
= 0.70
for NEd/bhfck = 0.50
MEd/bh2fck = 0.160

= MRd = 0.160 3503 30
164
Exp. (5.38a)
Exp. (5.38b)
Exp. (5.39)
Fig. C4e)
= 205.8 kNm
a depends on NEd/NRd
where
= Acfcd + Asfyd
NRd
= 3502 0.85 30/1.5 + 5180 500/1.15
= 2082.5 + 2252.2
= 4332.7 kN
NEd/NRd = 1824.1/4332.7 = 0.42

= a = 1.27
(159.5/205.8)1.27 + (114.5/205.8)1.27 = 0.72 + 0.47
= 1.19
= No good
= Try 8 no. T32 (6432 mm2)
For Asfyk/bhfck =
=
for NEd/bhfck =
=
MEd/bh2fck
= MRd
=
6432 500/(3502 30)

0.88
0.50
0.187
240.5 kNm
Check biaxial bending

(159.5/245.7)1.27 + (114.5/245.7)1.27
= 0.59 + 0.39
Cl. 5.8.9(4)
Fig. C4e)
= 0.98 OK
5.4.9 Check maximum area of reinforcement

As/bd = 6432/3502 = 5.2% > 4%
However, if laps can be avoided in this single lift column then the
integrity of the concrete is unlikely to be affected and 5.2% is
considered OK.
OK
Cl. 9.5.2(3) & NA
PD 6687: 2.19
5.4.10 Design of links

Diameter min. = 32/4 = 8 mm
Spacing max. = 0.6 350 = 210 mm
Cl. 9.5.3 & NA

Cl. 9.5.3(3),
9.5.3(4)
= Use H8 @ 200 mm cc

8 H32
H8 links @ 200 cc
35 mm cover to link
No laps in column section
Note
The beam should be checked for torsion.
Figure 5.14 Design summary: small perimeter column

165
/ Walls
/') General
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Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgbeenlmkZm^ma^]^lb`gh_Zlbgè^la^ZkpZee'
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EC0 & NA Table NA 2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^pZee'
EC1 (10 parts) & UK NAs
EC0 & NA: Tables NA A1.1 &

NA: A1.2(B)
BS 85001
lmk^g`ma'
k^lblmZg\î^kbh]'
Approved Document B
EC212
N =^m^kfbg^\ho^k_hk_bk^%]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]'
Cl. 4.4.1
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^_hk\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgfhf^gml
Section 5
Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^l'
166
N <a^\dle^g]^kg^llZg]]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml'
Section 5.8
N =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]'
Section 6.1
N <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[Zkl'
Sections 8 & 9
PZeel
/'* Shear wall

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CCIP 041
1
Oct 09
Wall A is 200 mm thick and, in addition to providing vertical support

to 200 mm at slabs at roof level and oors 1 to 3, it helps to
provide lateral stability to the four-storey ofce block. Assuming the
stair itself provides no lateral stability, the wall is to be designed for
the critical section at ground and rst oor level using BS EN 1990
Exp. (6.10). The concrete is C30/37. The wall is supported on pad
foundations and the ground oor is ground bearing.
X
300
1300
4800
4400
Wall A
1500
4800
7200
4800
300
300 3600 6000
6000
6000
6000 2500 300

N
30700
Figure 6
6.11 Typical floor plan
900
Roof
3rd
4@3300
2nd
1st
600
900
Gnd
Figure 6.2 Section XX
167
6.1.1 Actions
Roof
Paving 40 mm
Waterproong
Insulation
Suspended ceiling
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab
Imposed load
Floor
slabs
Carpet
Raised oor
Suspended ceiling
Services
Permanent Variable
actions
actions
gk
qk
kN/m2
1.00
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.30
5.00
7.05
0.60
Ground
oor
slab
(ground
bearing)
Carpet
Raised oor
Services
Stairs
150 waist @ 30
Treads 0.15 0.25 25 4/2 =
Screed 0.05 22 =
Plaster
Tiles and bedding
Section 2.4.2
3.00
Section 2.4.2
Section 2.8
4.40
1.88
1.10
0.21
1.00
8.59
2.50
Imposed load
168
2.50
0.03
0.30
0.15
5.00
5.48
Imposed load
Cavity
wall
102 mm brickwork
50 mm insulation
100 mm blockwork
Plaster
2.37
0.02
1.40
0.21
4.00
RC wall
200 mm wall
Plaster both sides
5.00
0.42
5.42
Wind
wk =
Section 2.4.2
Section 2.8
0.03
0.30
0.15
0.30
5.00
5.78
Imposed load
Section 2.8
Section 2.4.2
Section 2.8
Section 2.8
1.10
EC1-1-4 & NA
/'*3La^ZkPZee
6.1.2 Load take-down

Consider whole wall.
Gk
Item
Calculation
From item Cum. total
Roof
(6.0/2 + 2.5/2) (4.4 + 1.5/2) (7.05
+ 0.6) =
154.3
Roof
(6.0/2) (1.3/2) (7.05 + 0.6) =
13.7
Wall
3.3 4.4 5.42 =
78.7
246.7
At above 3rd oor
246.7
3rd oor (6.0/2) (1.3/2 + 4.4 + 1.5/2)
(5.78 + 2.5) =
100.6
Landing (2.5/2 1.5/2) (5.78 + 2.5)
11.6
Wall
a. b.
78.7
Stair
say 1.1 4.4 (8.59 + 2.5)
41.6
232.5
At above 2nd oor
479.2
2nd oor, landing, wall and stair a. b.
232.5
At above 1st oor
711.7
1st oor, landing, wall and stair a. b.
232.5
At above ground oor
944.2
Ground oor assume 1 m all round =
2 (1.3/2 + 4.40 + 1.5/2) (5.48 + 3.0) = 63.6
250 mm wall to foundation 4.4 0.2 0.6 25 =
13.2
76.8
At above foundation
1021.0
Qk
From item Cum. total
13.1
1.2
14.3
14.3
43.5
5.0
12.1
60.6
74.9
60.6
135.5
60.6
196.1
34.8
230.9
6.1.3 Design actions due to vertical load at ground1st

Gk = 944.2
Gk/m = 944.2/4.4 = 214.6 kN/m
Qk = an 196.1
where
an = 1.1 n/10
where
n = no. of storeys qualifying for reduction
=3
= 1.1 3/10 = 0.8
Qk/m = 156.9/4.4 = 35.7 kN/m
= Qk = 0.8 196.1 = 156.9 kN
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2(11) & NA
Includes storeys supporting Categories A (residential and domestic), B (ofce),

C (areas of congregation) and D (shopping), but excludes E (storage and
industrial), F (trafc), G (trafc) and H (roofs).
169
6.1.4 Vertical loads from wind action: moments in plane

Consider wind loads, NS
300 3600
6000
6000
6000
6000
2500 300
2400 o/a
Wall A
4400
2400
Lift shaft
200 thick
walls
N
wk = 1.10 kN/m2
Figure 6.3 Lateral stability against wind loads NS

Check relative stiffness of lift shaft and wall A to determine share
of load on wall A.
Lift shaft: ILS
= 2.44/12 2.04/12 0.2 1.63/12
= 1.36 m4
Wall A:
IWallA = 0.2 4.43/12
= 1.41 m4
where I = inertia
= Wall A takes 1.41/(1.41 + 1.36) = 51% of wind load.
Check shear centre to resolve the effects of torsion.
Determine centre of gravity, CoGL of the lift shaft.
2.4 2.4 =
Area, A
Lever arm, x
Ax
5.76
1.2
6.912
2.0 2.0 =
4.00
1.2
4.800
1.6 0.2 =
0.32
2.3
0.732
1.44
1.38
1600 200 200
2400
2400
30700
CoGL
x
170
Figure 6.4 Lift shaft
/'*3La^ZkpZee
x = Ax/A = 1.38/1.44 = 0.956 m

i.e. from face of lift shaft to CoG of shaft
= 2.40 0.956 = 1.444 m
=
or
ILS (1.44 + 24.00 + 0.05) 1.36 25.49

=
= 12.56 m from wall A
1.36 + 1.41
ILS + IWallA
= 12.56 + 2.80 0.05 = 15.31 from east end of building.
1.45
CL Wall A
2.80
24.00
15.31
Wall A
* Cw
CoGL
Wk
15.35
Figure 6.5 Shear centre, Cw and centre of action, Wk

Centre of action (30.7/2 = 15.35 m from end of building) and shear
centre (almost) coincide. = there is no torsion to resolve in the
stability system for wind in a NS direction.#
Roof
900
3300
3300
3300
3300
600
900
3rd
14100
Shear centre, Cw of walls, from centreline of wall A
2nd
wk = 17.2 kN/m
1st
Gnd
Figure 6.6 Wall A

wind loads NS
300 4400 300
= Wall A takes 51% of wind load, so characteristic wind load on wall A,

wk, wall A = 51% wk Lx = 51% 1.1 30.7 = 17.2 kN/m
Assuming centreline of wall A is 50 mm to right hand side of grid.
#Had
there been signicant torsion this would have been resolved into +/ forces
in a couple based on the shear walls.
171
= at just above ground oor, characteristic in-plane moment

in wall A, Mk, due in this case to wind
= 17.2 14.12/2 = 1709.8 kNm
Resolving into couple using 1 m either end of wall, characteristic wind
load in each end, Wk
= 1709.8/3.4
= 502.9 kN
6.1.5 Effects of global imperfections in plane of wall A

Roof
HIR
yI
3rd
2nd
1st
Gnd
HI3
HI2
HI1
HIG
Figure 6.7 Global imperfections

Global imperfections can be represented by forces Hi at oor level
where
Hi = yi(Nb Na)
where
yi = (1/200) aham
where
ah = 0.67 2/l 0.5 1.0
= 0.67 2/14.70.5 1.0
= 0.67 0.52 1.0
= 0.67
am = [0.5(1 + 1/m)]0.5
where
m = no. of members contributing to the total effect
= 25 vertical elements on 4 oors
= 100
For medium-rise shear walls there are a number of methods of design. Cl. 9.6.1
suggests strut-and-tie (see Volume 2 of these worked examples[30]). Another
method[26] is to determine elastic tensile and compression stresses from NEd/bL
+/ 6MEd/bL2 and determine reinforcement requirements based on those maxima.
The method used here assumes a couple, consisting of 1.0 m of wall either end of
the wall. The reinforcement in tension is assumed to act at the centre of one end
and the concrete in compression (with a rectangular stress distribution) acts at
the centre of the other end. The forces generated by the couple add or subtract
from the axial load in the 1 m ends of the walls. The method is useful for typical
straight shear walls of say 2.5 to 5.0 m in length.
172
Exp. (5.4)
Cl. 5.2(1), 5.2(5),
5.2(8) & NA
Vol. 2
/'*3La^ZkpZee
= am = 0.71
= yi = 0.67 0.71/200
= 0.0024
= axial forces in members below and above
Nb, Na
(Nb Na) = axial load from each level
At roof level
Area
= 30.4 14.5 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.8 = 420.3 m3
Perimeter = 2 (30.4 + 14.5)
= 89.8 m
(Na Nb) = axial load from roof level
= 420.3 (7.05 + 0.6) + 89.8 0.9 4.0 = 3286.4 + 252.2 kN
At 3rd oor
(Na Nb) = 420.3 (5.78 + 2.5) + 89.8 3.3 4.0
= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
At 2nd oor
(Na Nb) = 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
At 1st oor
(Na Nb) = 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
HiR = 0.0024 (3286.4 + 252.2) = 7.9 + 0.6 = 8.5 kN
Hi3 = Hi2 = Hi1 = 0.0024 (3615.7 + 1050.8) = 8.7 + 2.5 = 11.2 kN
Characteristic design moment at ground oor,
Mk = 8.5 13.2 + 11.2 (9.90 + 6.60 + 3.30)
= 112.2 + 221.8 = 334.0 kNm
As before, wall A resists 51% of this moment. Resolving into couple
using 1 m either end of wall,
= GkH = 0.51 334.0/3.4 = 50.1 kN
i.e. GkH = 50.1 kN/m
6.1.6 Check for global second order effects

To check whether the building might act as a sway frame check
FV,Ed kl
SEcd Ic
ns
=
ns + 1.6
L2
Cl. 5.8.3.3(1)
Exp. (5.18)
where
FV,Ed = Total vertical load (on braced and bracing members)
where
Floor area = (30.7 2 0.15) 14.4 (2 0.15) 3.6
4.8 1.3 2.5
= 428.6 20.5 = 408.1
As H derives mainly from permanent actions its resulting effects are

i
considered as being a permanent action too.
173
Loads
from roof: 408 (7.05 + 0.6) =
31 oors: 3 408 (5.78 + 2.5) =
Allow cavity wall at 1st oor and above
Gk
2876
7075
(3 3.30 + 0.9) 2 (30.4 + 14.1) 4.0 =
3845
13705
Imposed load reduction 20% (see 6.2.3)

13705
Qk
245
3060
3305
661
2644
=FV,Ed 13705 1.35 + 1.5 2644

= 22468 kN
= 0.31
kl
= number of storeys
ns
= 4 (including roof)
= Ecm/gCE = 33/1.2 = 27.5 GPa
Ecd
= Inertia of bracing members
Ic
in NS direction
Ic = 1.36 + 1.41 = 2.77 m4 (See Section 6.1.4)
in EW direction
ILS, with reference to Figure 6.4
hd
2.4 2.4 =
Area, A
Ax
Ax 2
5.76
1.2
6.912
8.294
2.765
2.0 2.0 = 4.00
1.2
4.800
5.760
1.333
1.6 0.2 = 0.32
2.3
0.732
1.683
0.001
1.38
0.851
1.44
1.431
as before (6.1.4), x = 1.38/1.44

= 0.956 m
ILS = INU = Ax 2 + I Ax 2
= 0.851 + 1.431 1.44 0.956
= 0.965 m4
L = total height of building above level of moment restraint
= 14.7 (see Figure 6.6)
Check
ns
SEcdIc
on weak EW axis:
kl
L2
ns + 1.6
= 0.31 [4/(4 + 1.6)] 27500 103 (0.965/14.72)
= 27200 kN
= no need to design for 2nd order effects.
i.e. > FV,Ed
174
Cl. 5.8.2(6) & NA

Table 3.1,
5.8.6(3) & NA
/'*3La^ZkpZee
6.1.7 Design moments perpendicular to plane of wall

CL
150
650
B
1350
1st
4400
200
A
Gnd
750
CL
up
CL
Figure 6.8 Plan of wall A and location

of sections AA and BB
Figure 6.9 Section AA
Section AA @ 1st oor

The slab frames into the wall. For the purposes of assessing xed
end moments, the width of slab contributing to the moments in the
wall is assumed to be the length of the wall plus distances half way
to adjacent supports either end. Therefore, consider the xed end
moment for 1.50/2 + 4.40 + 1.30/2 = 5.8 m width of adjoining slab
framing into the 4.4 m long shear wall (see Figure 6.8).
kw
n
ks
kw
Figure 6.10 Subframe section AA @ 1st floor

FEM: assuming imposed load is a leading variable action:
= nl2/8
= 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 1.5 2.5) 6.02/8
= 5.8 11.6 62/8 = 302.8 kNm
EC0: Exp. (6.10)

& NA
FEM: xed end moment

175
Similarly, assuming imposed load is an accompanying action:

FEM = 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 0.7 1.5 2.5) 62/8
= 5.8 10.4 62/8 = 271.4 kNm
=M = 271.4 0.42/4.40
= 25.9 kNm/m @ ULS
Section AA @ ground oor
By inspection not critical nominal moment.
Section BB @ 1st
Consider the landing inuences half of wall (2.2 m long) and that
this section of wall is subject to supporting half the slab considered
before at 1st oor level at Section AA.
1st
1650
kw = EI/l = E 4400 2003/(12 3300)

= E 8.88 105
ks = EI/2l = E 5800 2003/(2 12 6000)
= E 3.22 105
M = 302.8 8.88/(2 8.8 + 3.22)
= 302.8 0.42
= 121.2 kNm
i.e. 121.2/4.40
= 27.5 kNm/m @ ULS
Landing
Gnd
Figure 6.11 Section BB

FEM = 302.8/2 = 151.4 kNm
kw = I/l
= 2200 2003/(12 1650) = 8.88 105
ks = 3.22 105/2 = 1.61 105
M = 151.4 8.88/(2 8.88 + 1.61)
= 151.4 0.46
= 69.6 kNm
i.e. 63.8/2.2
= 31.6 kNm/m @ ULS
176
/'*3La^ZkpZee
Similarly, assuming imposed load is an accompanying action:

FEM = 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 0.7 1.5 2.5) 62/8
= 5.8 10.4 62/8 = 271.4 kNm
=M = 271.4 0.46/(2 2.2)
= 28.4 kNm/m @ ULS
Section BB @ landing level and ground oor
By inspection not critical
6.1.8 Consider slenderness of wall at ground floor

To derive maximum slenderness (at south end of wall), ignore effect
of landing.
Effective length, l0 = 0.75 (3300 200) = 2325
l = 3.46 l0/h = 3.46 2325/200 = 40.2
Limiting slenderness, llim = 20 ABC/n0.5
where
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7 rm
where
rm = M01/M02
= say = 0.25
C = 1.95
n = NEd/Acfd
where
NEd = 214.6 1.25 + 31.2 1.5 0.7 + 502.9 1.5 +
98.2 1.5 0.7
= 268.3 + 32.8 + 754.4 + 103.1
= 1158.6 kN
Acfd = 200 1000 0.85 30/1.5 = 3400 kN

= n = 0.34
= llim = 20 0.7 1.1 1.95/0.340.5 = 51.5
= As l < llim wall is not slender and = no secondary moments
Table C16
Cl. 5.8.3.2(1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1(1),
Exp. (5.13N)
6.1.9 Summary: design forces on wall, ground1st floor

At ground to 1st consider maxima.
Vertical loads
Gk = 214.6 kN/m
Qk = 35.7 kN/m
Vertical load due to in-plane bending and wind
Wk = 502.9 kN/m
Vertical load due to in-plane bending and imperfections

GkH = 50.1 kN/m
Maximum moment out of plane, oor imposed load as leading action
M = 31.6 kN/m @ ULS
Maximum moment out of plane, oor imposed load as accompanying action
M = 28.4 kN/m @ ULS
Assuming
wind load is lead variable action.

177
6.1.10 Combinations of actions at ground1st floor

a) At ULS, for maximum axial load, Wk is leading variable action
NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk1 + 1.5c0Qki
= 1.35 (214.6 + 50.1) + 1.5 502.9 + 1.5 0.7 35.7
= 357.3 + 754.4 + 37.5
= 1149.2 kN/m
MEd = M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M = moment from 1st order analysis
= 28.4 kNm/m
ei = l0 /400 = 2325/400 = 5.8 mm
e0 = h/30 20 mm = 20 mm
MEd = 28.4 + 0.0058 1149.2.1 0.020 1149.2
= 28.4 + 6.7 23.0 = 35.1 kNm/m
b) At ULS, for minimum axial load, Wk is leading variable action
NEd = 1.0 214.6 1.35 50.1 1.5 502.9 + 0 35.7
= 607.4 kN/m (tension)
MEd = 28.4 + 0.0058 607.4 0.020 602.4
= 28.4 + 3.5 23.0
= 31.9 kNm/m
c) At ULS, for maximum out of plane bending assuming Qk is leading
variable action
NEd = 1.35 (214.6 + 50.1) + 1.5 35.7 + 1.5 0.5 502.9
= 357.3 + 53.6 + 377.2
= 788.1 kN/m
MEd = 31.6 + 0.0058 788.1 0.020 788.1
= 31.6 + 4.6 15.8
= 36.2 kNm/m
or
NEd = 1.0 214.6 1.35 50.1 0 31.2 1.5 0.5 502.9
= 214.6 67.6 0 377.2
= 230.2 kN/m (tension)
MEd = 31.6 + 0.0058 230.2
= 33.0 kNm/m
d) Design load cases
Consolidate c) into a) and b) to consider two load cases:
NEd = 1149.4 kN/m,
MEd = 36.2 kN/m (out of plane)
and
NEd = 607.4 kN/m,
MEd = 36.2 kN/m (out of plane)
178
Strictly incompatible with Qk = 0. However, allow Qk = 0.
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1),
6.1.4
Cl. 5.2(7), 5.2(9)

Cl. 6.1.4
/'*3La^ZkpZee
6.1.11 Design: cover above ground

cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar = 20 mm vertical or 10 mm lacers
cmin,dur = for XC1 = 15 mm
Dcdev = 10 mm
25 mm to lacers
=cnom = 15 + 10 =
(35 mm to vertical bars)

Assuming 1-hour re resistance required for, as a worst case, = 0.7
and re on both sides.
Min. thickness = 140 mm, min. axis distance = 10 mm
i.e. not critical
EC2-1-2: Table 5.4
6.1.13 Design using charts

For compressive load:
d 2/h = (25 + 10 + 16/2)/200 = 0.215
= interpolate between charts C5d) and C5e) for
NEd/bhfck = 1149.4 103/(200 1000 30) = 0.192
MEd/bh2fck = 36.2 106/(2002 1000 30) = 0.030
Gives:
Asfyk/bhfck = 0 = minimum area of reinforcement required
= 0.002 Ac
= 0.002 200 1000
= 400 mm2/m
= 200 mm2/m each face
max. 400 mm cc, min. 12 mm diameter
Try T12 @ 400
Figs C5d), C5e)
Cl. 9.6.2 & NA
Cl. 9.6.2(3);
SMDSC
As /2
sst2
sst1
As /2
0
Moment
Tension
Combined
Combined
Figure 6.12 Stresses and strains in wall subject to tension and

out of p
plane moment
179
For tensile load and moment:

Working from rst principles, referring to Figure 6.12 and ignoring
contribution from concrete in tension,
NEd
and MEd
so
= (sst1 + sst2) As/2

= (sst1 sst2) As/2 (d d2)
sst1 + sst2 = 2NEd/As
and sst1 sst2 = 2MEd/[(d d2)As]

=
2sst1
= 2NEd/As + 2MEd/[(d d2)As]
As
= (NEd/sst1) + MEd/(d d2)sst1
sst1
= fyk/gS = 500/1.15 = 434.8
As
= 607.4 103/434.8 + 36.2 106/[(157 43) 434.8]
= 1397 + 730
= 2127 mm2
sst2
= 2NEd/As sst1 = 571.7 434.8 = 136 MPa
By inspection all concrete is in tension zone and may be ignored.

Use 6 no. H16 @ 200 cc both sides for at least
1 m each end of wall (2412 mm2).
6.1.14 Horizontal reinforcement

As, hmin = 0.001As or 25% As vert
= 200 mm2 or 0.25 2036 = 509 mm2/m

= requires 254 mm2/m each side
Spacing 400 mm
Links not required.
Use H10 @ 300 (262 mm2/m) both sides.
Cl. 9.6.3(1) & NA
Cl. 9.6.3(2)
Cl. 9.6.4(1)
6.1.15 Check for tension at top of foundation
180
Permanent and variable:

= 1021.0/4.4 = 232.0 kN/m
Gk
= 230.9/4.4 = 52.5 kN/m
Qk
Section 6.1.2
Wind:
= 17.2 14.1 [14.1/2 + 0.6] = 1855.3 kN/m
Mk
Resolved into couple 1 m either end of wall
= 1855.3/3.4 = 545.7 kN/m
Wkw
Section 6.1.4
Global imperfections:
= 8.5 13.8 + 11.2 (10.5 + 7.2 + 3.9 + 0.6)
Mk
= 365.9 kNm
= 365.9 0.51/3.4 = 54.9 kN/m
GkH
Section 6.1.5
/'*3La^ZkpZee
At ULS for maximum axial tension Wk is lead imposed load:

= 1.0 232.0 1.35 54.9 1.5 545.7 + 0 52.5
NEd
= 660.7 kN/m
= nominal = e2NEd = 0.02 660.7
MEd
= 13.2 kNm/m
Cl. 6.1.4
As before
As
NEd
MEd
+
fyk/gM
(d d2)fyk/gM
= 660.7 103/434.8 + 13.2 106/[(157 43) 434.8]

= 1520 + 266
= 1786 mm2 i.e. not critical
= Use 6 no. H16 @ 200 cc b.s. for at least 1 m either end of wall
(2412 mm2).
6.1.16 Check for axial compression at top of foundation

At ULS for maximum axial compression Wk is lead imposed load:
NEd = 1.35 232.0 + 1.35 54.9 + 1.5 545.7 + 0.7 1.5 52.5
= 1261.0 kN/m
MEd = nominal = e2NEd = 0.02 1261.0
= 25.2 kNm/m
By inspection not critical (minimum reinforcement required).
= tension critical as above.
Cl. 6.1.4
Section 6.1.13
6.1.17 Design: cover below ground

cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar = 16 mm vertical or 10 mm lacers
cmin,dur = for assumed Aggressive Chemical Environment for
Concrete (ACEC) class AC1 ground conditions
= 25 mm
Exp. (4.1)
BS 8500-1
Annex A[14],
How to: Building
structures[8]
Dcdev = 10 mm
cnom = 25 + 10 =
35 mm to lacers
(45 mm to vertical bars)
In order to align vertical bars from foundation into Gnd1st oor lift
as starter bars, locally increase thickness of wall to say
250 mm thick with cnom = 50 mm
181
6.1.18 Check stability
Assume base extends 0.3 m beyond either end of wall A, i.e. is 5.0 m long
and is 1.2 m wide by 0.9 m deep.
Overturning moments
Wind (see Figure 6.6)
Mk = 17.2 14.1 [14.1/2 + 1.5]
= 2073.5 kNm
Global imperfections (see Section 6.1.5)
Mk = 0.51 x [8.5 14.7 + 11.2 (11.4 + 8.1 + 4.8 + 1.5)]
= 0.51 x [125.0 + 11.2 25.8]
= 0.51 x 414.0
= 211 kNm
EC0: Table
A1.2(A) & NA
Fig. 6.6
Fig. 6.7
Restoring moment
Mk = (1021.0 + 5.0 x 1.2 x 0.9 x 25 + 0 x 230.9 ) x (0.3 + 2.2)
= 2890 kNm
At ULS of EQU,
Overturning moment
= fn(gQ,1Qk1 + gG,supGk)
= 1.5 x 2073.5 + 1.1 x 211.0 = 3342.4 kNm
Restoring moment
= fn(gG,infGk)
= 0.9 x 2890 = 2601 kNm i.e. > 1818.4 kNm
EC0: Table
A1.2(A) & NA
= no good
Try 1.05 m outstand

Restoring moment
Mk = 2890 (1.05 + 2.2) / (0.3 + 2.2)
= 3757.0 kNm
At ULS, restoring moment = 0.9 x 357.0
= 3381.3 kNm
=OK. Use 1.05 m outstand to wall.

1st
Lacers H10 @
300 m outside
25 mm cover to 200 mm
wall above ground floor
H12 @ 400 b.s
1050
182
12
12
24H16 @ 200
Gnd (12NF, 12FF)
50 mm cover
to 250 wall
below ground floor
1050
EC0:
Table A1.2(A)
& NA
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7 References and further reading
References

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3 ;
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4 ;
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4a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^+IZkm,';LB%+))0'

5 K
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6 ;
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7 ;
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8 ;
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9 M A>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL(MA><HG<K>M>LHMR(=MB'LmZg]Zk]
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10 ;
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;LB%+))+'
10a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^';LB%+))-'
11 ;
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11a GZmbhgZe:gg^q^lmh>nkh\h]^*';LB%+)).+))1Zg]bgikîZkZmbhg'
12 ;
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@^g^kZekne^l';LB%+))-'
12a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^0;L>G*220*';LB%+))0'
13 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*221*%>nkh\h]^1'=^lb`gh_lmkn\mnk^l_hk
^ZkmajnZd^k^lblmZg\^'@^g^kZekne^l'L^blfb\Z\mbhgl_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
13a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^1;L>G*221*';LB%+))1'
14 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))*3<hg\k^m^<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmbla
LmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/*3F^mah]h_li^\b_rbg`Zg]`nb]Zg\^mhma^li^\b_b^k';LB%+))+'
15 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L---23Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^
Pê]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê;Zk%\hbeZg]]^\hbe^]ikh]n\mLi^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
16 <
HGLMKN<M'GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg%Mabk]
>]bmbhg%<L*.+'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrhg[âZe_h_<hglmkn\m%+))-'
17 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*,/0)3>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm*3
<hffhg';LB%bgikîZkZmbhg%]n^+)*)'
18 <
HGLMKN<M'GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg%?hnkma
^]bmbhg%bgikîZkZmbhg'
183
19 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1///3+)).%L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`
Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^ê_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm3Li^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
20 M A>JN>>G LIKBGM>KH?:<MLH?I:KEB:F>GM%Ma^;nbe]bg`K^`neZmbhgl+)))'Ma^

LmZmbhg^krH__b\Êbfbm^]%+)))'

21 M A>LM:MBHG>KRH??B<>EBFBM>=!MLH"%;nbe]bg`!:f^g]f^gm"!Gh+"K^`neZmbhgl+))+
Zg]ma^;nbe]bg`!:iikho^]Bgli^\mhkl^m\'"!:f^g]f^gm"K^`neZmbhgl+))+'MLH%+))+'
22 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'==>GO*,/0)*3+)))3>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l3<hffhg';LB%+)))'
23 <
HHD%G'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mh>G*22*-:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'Pbg]Z\mbhgl'MahfZl
Mê_hk]%Ehg]hg%+))0'
24 =
<E@'@nb]^mhma^nl^h_>G*22**-Pbg]Z\mbhgl'=<E@In[eb\Zmbhgl%+))/'
ppp'\hffngbmb^l'`ho'nd(ieZggbg`Zg][nbe]bg`(ieZggbg`[nbe]bg`(
[nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhglk^l^Zk\a([nbe]bg`]boblbhgk^l^Zk\a(
25 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22**-3>nkh\h]^*':\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'
@^g^kZeZ\mbhgl'Pbg]Z\mbhgl';LB%+)).'
25a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^*IZkm*-';LB%+))1'

26 ;
KHHD>K%H'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe%!><+^]bmbhg"'<<BI&).*'Ma^
<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
27 M A><HG<K>M>LHMR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm/-%@nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_K<
_eZmleZ[l%<<BI&)++'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))0'
28 @
HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'K<lik^Z]la^^mlo,%<<BI&))1<='Nl^k`nb]^mhK<
lik^Z]la^^mlO,%<<BI&))1'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
29 BKPBG%:P'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZee[nbe]bg`l%KîhkmK*)+'<BKB:%*21-'
30 M A><HG<K>M><>GMK>'Phkd^]^qZfie^lmh>nkh\h]^+%Ohenf^+'<<BI&)-+'Bg
ikîZkZmbhg'
31 F
HL>E>R%;%;NG@>R%CANEL>%K'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh>nkh\h]^+%Lbqma
>]bmbhg'IZe`kZo^F\FbeeZg%+))0'
32 M A><HG<K>M>LHMR'=^_e^\mbhglbg\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg][^Zfl'MK.1'Ma^<hg\k^m^
Lh\b^mr%+)).'
33 ;
>>;R%:'Fh]b_b^]ikhihlZel_hk\hgmkheebg`]^_e^\mbhgl[rf^Zglh_kZmbhlh_liZgmh^__^\mbo^
]îma%M^\agb\ZeKîhkm-./%<^f^gmZg]<hg\k^m^:llh\bZmbhg%P^qaZfLikbg`l%*20*'
34 :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%Ehg]hg%*211'
35 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+'BLmkn\m>%+))/'
Further reading
184
N
>>;R:PG:K:R:G:GKL'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mhma^>nkh\h]^l>G*22+**
;
Zg]>G*22+*+>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk
[nbe]bg`lZg]lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g'MahfZlMê_hk]%+)).'
N
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'II*22)3+))0'Lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l%>qmkZ\ml_khf
;
ma^lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l_hklmn]^gmlh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g%l^\hg]^]bmbhg';LB%Ehg]hg%
+))0'
N
>G=R<KLFBMA=:'%=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mhma^>nkh\h]^l>G*22++>nkh\h]^+3
A
=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'IZkm+3<hg\k^m^[kb]`^l%MahfZlMê_hk]%+))0'
N
M A><HG<K>M>LHMR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm/-%@nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_K<
_eZmleZ[l%<<BI&)++'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))0'
Appendix A: Derived formulae

A1 Flexure: beams and slabs
A1.1 Singly reinforced sections

Ma^k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\dlahpg[êhpbg?b`nk^:*fZr[^nl^]'
d2
x
nfcd
ec
esc
As2
lx
neutral axis
h d
Fc
Fsc
z
As
Fst
es
a) Section
b) Strain
Fig. 3.5
c) Forces
Figure A1
Strains and forces in a section
?hk`kZ]^lh_\hg\k^m^nimh<.)(/)%e\n6)')),.%n6*Zg]l6)'1
_\]6a\\ _\d (g<6)'1._\d (*'.
_r]6_rd (gL6_rd (*'*.6)'10_rd
3.1.6(1), 2.4.2.4(1)
& NA
2.4.2.4(1) & NA
?hklbgèrk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgl%ma^]^lb`g^jnZmbhgl\Zg[^]^kbo^]Zl_heehpl3
Lever arm, z
0.8x
Fc
z = d 0.4x
Fst
Figure A2
Beam lever arm
?\6!)'1._\d (*'."[!)'1q"6)'-.,_\d[q
?lm6)'10:l _rd
<hglb]^kfhf^gm%F%Z[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3
F6)'-.,_\d[qs
Ghp s6 ])'-q
=
q6 +'.!]s"
F
6 )'-.,_\d[+'.!]s"s
6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]_\d[s+"
E^mD 6 F([] +_\d

6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]_\d[s+"([]+_\d
6 *'*,,,!s]s+"(] +
=) 6 *'*,,,T!s(]"+!s(]"V$D

6 !s(]"+!s(]"$)'11+,.D
BgikZ\mb\^ma^]^lb`gfhf^gm%F
>]phne][^nl^]'
185
Lheobg`ma^jnZ]kZmb\^jnZmbhg3
s(]6T*$!*,'.+2D")'.V(+
s6]T*$T*,'.+2D")'.V(+
Table C5
Bmbl\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^bgma^NDmhebfbms(]mhZfZqbfnfh_)'2.]'!Mabl`nZk]lZ`Zbglm
kêrbg` hg o^kr mabg l^\mbhgl h_ \hg\k^m^ pab\a Zm ma^ ^qmk^f^ mhi h_ Z l^\mbhg fZr [^ h_
jn^lmbhgZ[e^lmk^g`ma'"MZ[e^l`bobgòZen^lh_s(]Zg]q(]_hkoZen^lh_DfZr[^nl^]'
Area of reinforcement, As
MZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^\hfik^llbhg_hk\^3
F6)'10:l _rds
:l6F(!)'10_rd s"
Limiting value of relative exural compressive stress, K'
:llnfbg` gh k^]blmkb[nmbhg mZd^l ieZ\^% Z ebfbmbg` oZen^ !hg ma^ lmk^g`ma h_ \hg\k^m^ bg
\hfik^llbhg"_hkD\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^]!]^ghm^]D "Zl_heehpl'
Table 3.1
e\n, 6 \hg\k^m^lmkZbg6)')),.
6 k^bg_hk\^f^gmlmkZbg
el

6 .))(!*'*.+))*),"6)'))++
?khflmkZbg]bZ`kZf%?b`nk^:*
q
6 )')),.](!)')),.$)'))++"

6 )'/]
?khf^jnZmbhglZ[ho^3
F
6 )'-.,_\d[qs
F 6 )'-.,_\d[)'/]!])'-)'/]"

6 )'+)0_\d[]+
=D 6)'+)0
Bm bl h_m^g \hglb]^k^] `hh] ikZ\mb\^ mh ebfbm ma^ ]îma h_ ma^ g^nmkZe Zqbl mh Zohb] ho^k&
k^bg_hk\^f^gm!b'^'mh^glnk^maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblrbê]bg`Zm_Zbenk^%manlZohb]bg`[kbmme^
_Zbenk^h_ma^\hg\k^m^"'H_m^gq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.'Mablblk^_^kk^]mhZlma^[ZeZg\^]l^\mbhg
[^\Znl^Zmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^ma^\hg\k^m^Zg]lm^êk^Z\ama^bknembfZm^lmkZbglZmma^
lZf^mbf^T,*V'MablblghmZ>nkh\h]^+k^jnbk^f^gmZg]blghmZ\\îm^][rZee^g`bg^^kl'
Ghg^maê^ll_hkq6)'-.]
?khf^jnZmbhglZ[ho^3
F
6 )'-.,_\d[qs
F 6 )'-.,_\d[)'-.]!])'-)'-.]"

6 )'*/0_\d[]+
=D 6 )'*/0
Cl. 5.5(4)
q(]blZelhk^lmkb\m^][rma^Zfhngmh_k^]blmkb[nmbhg\Zkkb^]hnm'?hk_\d.)FIZ
d)'-$!)'/$)'))*-e\n"qn(]
pa^k^

] 6 k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gm(êZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm[^_hk^k^]blmkb[nmbhg

qn 6 ]îmah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmNELZ_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
e\n 6 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^ZmNEL
Mabl`bo^lmaôZen^lbgMZ[e^:*'

186
Table A1
Limits on D with respect to redistribution ratio, d
d
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
% redistribution
)
.
*)
*.
+)
+.
,)
K'
)'+)1
)'*2.
)'*1+
)'*/1
)'*.,
)'*,0
)'*+)
B_D7D ma^l^\mbhglahne][^k^lbs^]hk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'Bgebg^pbma
\hglb]^kZmbhg h_ `hh] ikZ\mb\^ hnmebg^] Z[ho^% this publication adopts a maximum value
of K'= 0.167'
A1.2 Compression reinforcement, As2

Ma^fZchkbmrh_[^Zflnl^]bgikZ\mb\^Zk^lbgèrk^bg_hk\^]%Zg]ma^l^[^Zfl\Zg[^]^lb`g^]nlbg`
ma^_hkfneZ]^kbo^]Z[ho^'Bglhf^\Zl^l%\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblZ]]^]bghk]^kmh3
N Bg\k^Zl^l^\mbhglmk^g`mapa^k^l^\mbhg]bf^glbhglZk^k^lmkb\m^]%b'^'pa^k^D7D
N Mhk^]n\êhg`m^kf]^_e^\mbhg
N Mh]^\k^Zl^\nkoZmnk^(]^_hkfZmbhgZmnembfZmêbfbmlmZm^
As2
As
Figure A3
Beam with compression reinforcement
Pbmak^_^k^g\^mh?b`nk^:*%ma^k^blghpZg^qmkZ_hk\^
?l\6)'10:l+ _rd
Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zgghp[^\hglb]^k^]bgmphiZkml%ma^_bklmiZkmmh[ZeZg\^
ma^\hfik^llbo^_hk\^bgma^\hg\k^m^%ma^l^\hg]iZkmmh[ZeZg\^ma^_hk\^bgma^\hfik^llbhg
lm^ê'Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]blma^k^_hk^3
:l6D _\n[] +(!)'10_rds"$:l+
pa^k^

sbl\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`D'bglm^Z]h_D

:l+\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^][rmZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3

F6F $)'10_rd:l+!]]+"

F6D _\n[] +$)'10_rd:l+!]]+"
K^ZkkZg`bg`3
:l+6!DD " _\d[] +(T)'10_rd!]]+"V
A2 Shear
A2.1 Shear resistance (without shear reinforcement), VRd,c
OK]%\6T<K]%\d!*))r*_\d "*(,$d*s\iV[p]!ofbg$d*s\i "[p]
Exp. (6.2)
pa^k^

<K]%\ 6 )'*1(g<6)'*1(*'.6)'*+
NA
d
6 *$!+))(]")'.+')
187
r* 6 :l (![p]")')+

d*
6 )'*.
s\i 6 )_hkghg&ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^

ofbg 6 )'),.d*'._\d)'.
=OK]%\6)'*+d!*))r*_\d"*(,[p])'),.d*'._\d)'.[p]
A2.2 Shear capacity

Ma^\ZiZ\bmrh_Z\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgpbmao^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhZ\m
ZlZlmknm%OK]%fZq3
Exp. (6.9)
Cl. 6.2.3(3) Note 1,

Exp. (6.6N) & NA
OK]%fZq6a\p[pSv* _\] (!\hmy$mZgy"

pa^k^
a\p 6 *')
v* 6 v6)'/T*_\d (+.)V

_\] 6 a\\ _\d (g<6*'))_\d (*'.
=OK]%fZq6)'-)[ps_\dT*_\d (+.)V(!\hmy$mZgy"
K^ZkkZg`bg`mabl^jnZmbhg`bo^l3
y6)'.lbg*To>]s (!)'+)_\dT*_\d (+.)V"V\hm*+'.
pa^k^

o>]s6O>] ([s6O>] (![)'2]"
Bgfhlm\Zl^l%pa^k^\hmy6+'.%y6+*'1
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1[ps_\dT*_\d (+.)V
hk
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1_\dT*_\d (+.)V
pa^k^

oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'. 6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(![s"

6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(!)'2[]"
Pa^k^\hmy7+'.%ma^Zgè^h_ma^lmknmZg]oK]%fZqlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]%hkoK]%fZqfZr[^
ehhd^]nibgmZ[e^lhk\aZkml!^'`'MZ[e^<0hk?b`nk^<*"'
A2.3 Shear reinforcement

Exp. (6.13)
OK]%l6!:lp(l"s_rp]!\hmy$\hma"lbgaO>]
pa^k^

:lp 6

l 6

s 6

_rp] 6
a 6

\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
liZ\bg`
eô^kZkf!ZiikhqbfZmôZen^h_)'2]fZrghkfZeer[^nl^]"
_rpd (gL6]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Zgè^h_maêbgdlmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqbl'?hko^kmb\Zeebgdl%
\hma6)Zg]lbga6*')
K^ZkkZg`bg`_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl3
:lp(lO>] (s_rp]\hmy
hk
:lp(lo>]%s[p(_rp]\hmy
Exp. (9.5N) & NA
FbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
:lp%fbg (!l[plbga")')1_\d)'.(_rd
pa^k^

l 6 ehg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm

[p 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[
188
a 6 Zgè^h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqblh_ma^f^f[^k'?hko^kmb\Ze
ebgdllbga6*')'
K^ZkkZg`bg`_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl3
Alp%fbg (l)')1[plbga_\d)'.(_rd
A3 Columns
el\
_\]6a\\n_\d(g<
sl\ ]
+
:
e\n+
l+
]\
q
a
g'Zqbl
er
:l*
slm
e\
a) Strain diagram
Fig. 6.1
]+
b) Stress diagram
Figure A4
Section in axial
compression and
bending
?hkZqbZeehZ]
G>]6_\] []\$:l+sl\:l*slm
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lG(+
G>]6_\] []\$:lG!sl\slm"(+
G>]_\] []\6:lG!sl\slm"(+
!G>]_\] []\"(!sl\slm"6:lG(+
:lG(+6!G>]_\] []\"(!sl\slm"
=:lG(+6!G>]a\\n_\d[]\ (g<"(!sl\slm"
?hkfhf^gmZ[hnm\^gmk^h_\henfg
F>]6_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"$:l+sl\!a(+]+"$:l*slm!a(+]+"
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lF(+
F>]6_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"$:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"(+
F>]_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"6:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"(+
TF>]_\] []\!a(+]\ (+"V(!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"6:lF(+
=:lF(+6TF>]a\\n_\d []\!a(+]\ (+"(g<V(T!sl\$slm"!a(+]+"V
Lhenmbhg
Bm^kZm^qln\amaZm:lG6:lF
Note
?hkl^\mbhglpaheerbg\hfik^llbhg%ma^lmkZbgblebfbm^]ln\amaZmZo^kZ`^lmkZbg
e\l6)'))*0.!Zllnfbg`[bebg^Zklmk^lllmkZbgkêZmbhglabi"'
Cl. 6.1(6), Fig. 6.1,

Table 3.1
189
Appendix B: Serviceability limit state

B1 Deflection
BgfZgr\Zl^l%iZkmb\neZkerpbmaleZ[l%]^_e^\mbhgbl\kbmb\Zemh]^lb`g'
>nkh\h]^+%<e'0'-Zeehpl_hk]^_e^\mbhgmh[^\hgmkhee^][rnlbg`liZg3]îmakZmbh!E(]"\a^\dl
bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma<e'0'-'+hk[r\Ze\neZmbhgbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma<e'0'-','BmblbfihkmZgmmh
]b__^k^gmbZm^[^mp^^gmaôZkbhnlf^mah]lnl^]bg\a^\dbg`]^_hkfZmbhgZlma^rpbee^Z\a`bo^
]b__^k^gmZglp^kl'Mak^îhineZkf^mah]lZk^]bl\nll^][êhp'HgermaZm]^l\kb[^]bgL^\mbhg
;*'*[êhpbllnbmZ[e^_hkaZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
B1.1 TCC method[5,19]

Ma^bg&l^kob\^lmk^llh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%sl%blnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^Z_Z\mhk%,*)(sl %pab\ablnl^]
mhfh]b_rma^[Zlb\liZg 3 ^__^\mbo^]îmakZmbhZlZeehp^]bg<e'0'-'+!+"h_>nkh\h]^+T+VZg]
fh]^kZm^][rma^GZmbhgZe:gg^qT+ZV'Mablf^mah]%abàebàm^]Zl_Z\mhk?,bg<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^
+T.V% bl bgm^g]^] mh [^ nl^] bg aZg] \Ze\neZmbhgl mh ]^kbo^ !\hgl^koZmbo^" oZen^l h_ sl _khf
ZoZbeZ[e^NELfhf^gml'BgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaGhm^.h_MZ[e^G:'.h_ma^NDG:T+ZV%ma^kZmbh_hk
:l%ikho (:l%k^jblk^lmkb\m^]mh*'.3bg^__^\mmablebfbmlma^_Z\mhk,*)(slmh*'.'
pa^k^
sl6!_rd (gL"!pji (pnem"!:l%k^j (:l%ikho"(d,*)(*'.

pa^k^
_rd 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm6.))FIZ
gL 6 iZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm6*'*.
pji 6 jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]!N=EZllnf^]"
pi^kf6 nembfZmêhZ]!N=EZllnf^]"
:l%k^j 6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]
:l%ikho6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]
d
6 k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh
B1.2 RC Spreadsheets method[28]

Ma^K<lik^Z]la^^mlM<<qq'qelT+1Vnl^ma^liZg3]îmaf^mah]h_\a^\dbg`]^_hkfZmbhg[nmnl^
ZgZ\\nkZm^f^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`sl!l^^;,'+[êhp"%pab\aZ`Zbgblnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^
fh]^kZmbg`_Z\mhk6,*)(sl':`Zbg%bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaGhm^.h_MZ[e^G:'.h_ma^NDG:T+ZV%
ma^kZmbh_hk:l%ikho(:l%k^jblk^lmkb\m^]mh*'.3bg^__^\mmablebfbmlma^_Z\mhk,*)(slmh*'.'
LîZkZm^ZgZerl^lnlbg`jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]lg^^]mh[^\Zkkb^]hnm'?hk^Z\aliZg%ZgLEL
g^nmkZe Zqbl ]îma bl ]^m^kfbg^]% ma^g s\ Zg] sl Zk^ ]^kbo^] _hk ma^ jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm ehZ]
\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^ _Z\mhk sl bl nl^] bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma >nkh\h]^ +T+V Zg] ma^ \nkk^gm GZmbhgZe
:gg^qT+ZV%mhfh]b_rma^[Zlb\liZg 3 ^__^\mbo^]îmakZmbh'
Pabelm mabl f^mah] `bo^l Z fhk^ Z\\nkZm^ Zg] e^ll \hgl^koZmbo^ Zll^llf^gm h_ sl% bm bl hger
lnbmZ[e^_hk\hfinm^klik^Z]la^^mZiieb\Zmbhgl'L^^Zelh:ii^g]bq;.'
Bgma^ZgZerlblh_leZ[lZg][^Zfl%lniihkmlZk^nlnZeerZllnf^]mh[îbgg^]'Bgk^Zebmrlniihkml
aZo^ lhf^ \hgmbgnbmr% ^li^\bZeer Zm ^g] lniihkml' NlnZeer% ghfbgZe mhi lm^ê bl Zllnf^] Zg]
ikhob]^]bgma^mhih_liZglZg]blnl^]bgma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_l^\mbhgikhi^kmb^l'
B1.3 Rigorous analysis

Kb`hkhnlZgZerlbl%ln\aZlmaZmnl^]bgma^l^kb^lh_K<Lik^Z]la^^mlM<<qqK'qelfZr[^nl^]mh
Zll^ll]^_hkfZmbhgbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma>nkh\h]^+%<e'0'-','
L^^:ii^g]bq;*'.
190
:ii^g]bq;3L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^
Bg ma^ lik^Z]la^^ml% l^\mbhgl Zm *(+)ma ihbgml Zehg` ma^ e^g`ma h_ Z liZg Zk^ \a^\d^] mh
]^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^llbgma^l^\mbhgblebdêrmh^q\^^]ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma
h_ma^\hg\k^m^]nkbg`^bma^k\hglmkn\mbhghkl^kob\êb_^3lîZkZm^ZgZerl^lZk^ng]^kmZd^gnlbg`
_k^jn^gmehZ]l%jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZg]m^fihkZkrehZ]l'B_ma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`mabl^q\^^]^]
ng]^k_k^jn^gmehZ]l%ma^gma^l^\mbhgblZllnf^]mh[^\kZ\d^]Zg]k^fZbg\kZ\d^]3\kZ\d^]
l^\mbhg ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ nl^] mh ]^m^kfbg^ ma^ kZ]bnl h_ \nkoZmnk^ _hk maZm *(+)ma h_ liZg' B_
_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`mablghm^q\^^]^]%ng&\kZ\d^]l^\mbhgikhi^kmb^lZk^nl^]'
KZ]bbh_\nkoZmnk^Zk^\Ze\neZm^]_hk^Z\a*(+)maliZgbg\k^f^gmh_ma^ê^f^gmnlbg`ma^kêôZgm
ikhi^kmb^lZg]fhf^gml]^kbo^]_khfZgZerlblh_jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl'=^_hkfZmbhgbl\Ze\neZm^]
_khfma^bg\k^f^gml\nkoZmnk^lobZgnf^kb\Zebgm^`kZmbhgho^kmaê^g`mah_^Z\aliZg'
Ma^f^mah]blbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaMa^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrlin[eb\ZmbhgMK.1T,+V':`Zbgma^f^mah]
bllnbmZ[e^hger_hk\hfinm^kZiieb\ZmbhglZg]ghm_hkaZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
B1.4 Differing results

=nkbg`+))1%bm[^\Zf^bg\k^ZlbgèrZiiZk^gmmaZmma^k^Zk^bg\hglblm^g\b^l[^mp^^gma^k^lneml
`bo^g [r ma^ kb`hkhnl \Ze\neZmbhg f^mah] Zg] liZg3]îma f^mah]l ]^l\kb[^] bg >nkh\h]^ +'
Nlbg` ma^ kb`hkhnl f^mah] `bo^l ]^_e^\mbhgl maZm Zk^ `k^Zm^k maZg phne] [^ ^qi^\m^] _khf
ma^ZllnfimbhgllmZm^]_hkE(]f^mah]lb'^']^_e^\mbhgebfbmlh_E(+.)ho^kZee!l^^<e'0'-'*!-""
hkE(.))Z_m^k\hglmkn\mbhg!l^^<e'0'-'*!.""'Bmbllnli^\m^]maZmmabl]bliZkbmrblma^lZf^Zl
maZm ^qi^kb^g\^] [^mp^^g liZg3]îma Zg] \Ze\neZmbhg f^mah]l bg ;L 1**)3 Z ]bliZkbmr maZm
pZlk^\h`gbl^]Zlehg`Z`hZl*20*T,,V'Ma^kb`hkhnlf^mah]]^l\kb[^]Z[ho^kêb^lhgfZgr
Zllnfimbhgl Zg] bl eZk`êr ng\Zeb[kZm^] Z`Zbglm k^Ze lmkn\mnk^l':l ghm^] bgMK.1% ma^k^ bl Zg
nk`^gmg^^]_hk]ZmZ_khfZ\mnZelmkn\mnk^llhmaZmf^mah]lfZr[^\Zeb[kZm^]'Bmlahne][^
ghm^]maZmma^kb`hkhnlZgZerlblf^mah]h[l^koZmbhglp^k^fZ]^nlbg`_k^jn^gmehZ]lpa^k^%bg
Z\\hk]Zg\^pbma>nkh\h]^+%jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]lZk^\Zee^]_hk'
>g]liZglZk^nlnZeer\kbmb\Ze'Pbmak^li^\mmhma^kb`hkhnlZgZerlblf^mah]%bmaZl[^^gln``^lm^]maZm
_hk^g]&liZgl%ma^M<<Zg]K<&lik^Z]la^^mf^mah]lk^lnembg]^_e^\mbhgl\ehl^mhmaêbfbmllmZm^]
bg>nkh\h]^+%ikhob]^]maZmZghfbgZe^g]&lniihkmk^lmkZbgbg`fhf^gmblik^l^gmpa^k^ghg^bl
Zllnf^]bgZgZerlbl'<Znmbhgblma^k^_hk^g^\^llZkrbgmknîbgg^]^g]&lniihkmlbmnZmbhgl[nmpa^k^
lhf^ \hgmbgnbmr ^qblml% mabl ]bliZkbmr fZr [^ Z]]k^ll^] [r ^glnkbg` maZm ZiikhikbZm^ Zfhngml h_
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^<h]^Zg]GZmbhgZe:gg^q%Zkîkhob]^]Zm^g]lniihkml'
Ma^G=I_hk<e'2'+'*'+!*"bgma^NDG:T+ZVmh;L>G*22+*+lmbineZm^lmaZm+.h_^g]liZg
fhf^gmlahne][^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^^g]lniihkmk^bg_hk\^f^gm'MablblnlnZeerZ\\hffh]Zm^]
[rikhob]bg`+.h_^g]liZg[hmmhflm^êZlmhilm^êZm^g]lniihkml'Bmblhgmabl[ZlblmaZm
ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZk^\hglb]^k^]Zl[^bg`_nkma^kln[lmZgmbZm^]'
B1.5 Note regarding factor 310/ss (factor F3)

:mma^mbf^h_in[eb\Zmbhg!=^\^f[^k+))2"ma^Znmahklp^k^ZpZk^h_Zikh[Z[e^\aZg`^mh
NDG:T+ZVMZ[e^G:'.pab\a%bg^__^\m%phne]f^ZgmaZmma^_Z\mhk,*)(sl!?,"6:l%ikho(:l%k^j
*'.% manl ]blZeehpbg` ma^ Z\\nkZm^ f^mah] hnmebg^] bg L^\mbhgl ,'*% ,'+% ,',% ,'-% -', Zg]
:ii^g]b\^l;*'*%;*'+Zg]<0'
B2 Neutral axis at SLS

Mh_bg]q%g^nmkZeZqbl%Zg]l^kob\^llmk^ll^ls\Zg]sl_hkZ\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg%ZmLEL%\hglb]^kma^
\kZ\d^]l^\mbhgbg?b`nk^;*
191
Relative modulus
E/Ec
ae 1
As2
d2
x
ae
As
Where ae = modular ratio Es/Ec
Figure B1
Cracked concrete section at SLS
?khf_bklmikbg\bie^l%_hkZ_neer\kZ\d^]mkZgl_hkf^]l^\mbhg%
MhmZeZk^Zh_l^\mbhg%:6[q$:la^$:l+!a^*"
*lmfhf^gmh_Zk^Z%:r6[q+(+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"
?hkZleZ[%[6*)))%ma^k^_hk^
: 6*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"
:r6.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"
G^nmkZeZqbl]îma%q
q 6 :r (:
6 T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V(T*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V
Ma^k^_hk^
qT*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V6T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V
)
6T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"VqT*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V
6.))q+qT*)))qV$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"VqT:la^$:l+!a^*"V
6.))q+qT:la^$:l+!a^*"V$T:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V
Lheobg`ma^jnZ]kZmb\
q6[[+-a\")'.V(+Z
q 6

T:la^$:l+!a^*"tT:la^$:l+!a^*"V+$-.))T:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"Vv)'.V
!+q.))"
hkmkZglihlbg`%
T!a^*":l+a^:l$tT!a^*":l+$a^:lV+$+)))T!a^*":l+]+$a^:l]Vv)'.V
q6

*)))
hk
q6

T!a^*":l+a^:l$tT!a^*":l+$a^:lV+$+[T!a^*":l+]+$a^:l]Vv)'.V
[
Mabl^qik^llbhgblnl^]bgma^K<lik^Z]la^^mlT+1V'
192
B3 SLS stresses in concrete, sc, and reinforcement, ss
B3.1 Singly reinforced section
<hglb]^kma^lbgèrk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgbg?b`nk^;+'
b
Fc
x/3
x
Mqp
z
As
Fs
a) Section
b) Dimensions and forces
Figure B2
SLS stresses: singly
reinforced section
<hglb]^kfhf^gmlZ[hnm?\3
Fji 6?l s6?l!]q(,"
?l 6Fji (!]q(,"
sl 6Fji (T:l!]q(,"V
sl :l6Fji (!]q(,"6q[s\ (+
s\ 6+sl :l (q[
B3.2 Doubly reinforced section

<hglb]^kma^lbgèrk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgbg?b`nk^;,'
E/Ec = ae 1
s = sc(ae 1)(x d2)/x
E/Ec = ae
s = sc
d2
b
As2
x
Mqp
As
a) Section
E/Ec = ae
s = ss
b) Dimensions, modular
ratios and stresses
Figure B3
SLS stresses
<hglb]^kfhf^gm%Fji%Z[hnm[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gm%:lT,-V'
Fji6 :l+!]]+"!a^*"t!q]+"(qvs\$s\[!q(+"!]q(,"
Ma^k^_hk^
s\ 6 Fji(T:l+!]]+"!a^*""t!q]+"(qv$[!q(+"!]q(,"V
:g]_khflmk^ll]bZ`kZf
sl 6 s\a^!]q"(q
193
Appendix C: Design aids
Ma^ _heehpbg` mZ[e^l% m^qm Zg] _b`nk^l aZo^ [^^g ]^kbo^] _khf >nkh\h]^ + Zg] Zk^ ikhob]^]
Zl]^lb`gZb]l_hk]^lb`g^klbgma^ND'Ma^l^]^lb`gZb]laZo^[^^gk^_^k^g\^]bgma^m^qmZg]
`^g^kZeeraZo^[^^gmZd^g_khfL^\mbhg*.h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+T.V'
C1 Design values of actions

?hkma^NELh_lmk^g`ma!LMK"pa^k^ma^k^blZlbgèôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgnl^^bma^k3
>qi'!/'*)"_khf;L>G*22)T*)V
hkma^phkl^\Zl^h_
N *',.@d$*'.Jd
N *',.@d$c)*'.Jd >qi'!/'*)Z"
Zg]
N *'+.@d$*'.Jd
>qi'!/'*)["
pa^k^c)6*')_hklmhkZ`^%)'._hklghp[nmhma^kpbl^)'0%l^^MZ[e^+'+'
Bg fhlm \Zl^l >qi' !/'*)[" pbee [^ ZiikhikbZm^% ^q\îm _hk lmhkZ`^ pa^k^ ma^ nl^ h_ >qi' !/'*)Z"
blebdêrmh[^fhk^hg^khnl'
?hkma^LELh_]^_hkfZmbhg%jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]llahne][^Ziieb^]'Ma^l^Zk^*')@d$c+Jd
pa^k^c+bl]î^g]^gmhgnl^%^'`')',_hkh__b\^lZg]k^lb]^gmbZeZg])'0_hklmhkZ`^'
C2 Values of actions
MaôZen^lh_Z\mbhgl!b'^'ehZ]l"Zk^]^_bg^]bg>nkh\h]^*T**V'MaîZkmlh_>nkh\h]^*Zk^`bo^g
bgMZ[e^<*'Ma^lôZen^lZk^mZd^gZl\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l':mma^mbf^h_in[eb\Zmbhg%ma^ND
GZmbhgZe:gg^q^lmhma^lîZkmlZk^bgoZkbhnllmZm^lh_k^Z]bg^ll'
:lI=//10T/VfZd^l\e^Zk%ngmbema^ZiikhikbZm^>nkhi^ZglmZg]Zk]l[^\hf^ZoZbeZ[e^%]^lb`g^kl
fZr\hglb]^knlbg`\nkk^gmikZ\mb\^hk\nkk^gm;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]lbg\hgcng\mbhgpbma>nkh\h]^+%
ikhob]^]ma^rZk^\hfiZmb[e^pbma>nkh\h]^+Zg]maZmma^k^lnembg`kêbZ[bebmrblZ\\îmZ[e^'
;L>G*22***lmZm^lmaZmma^]^glbmrh_\hg\k^m^bl+-dG(f,%k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%+.dG(f,
Zg]p^mk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%+/dG(f,'
Table C1
The parts of Eurocode 1[11]
194
Reference
Title
BS EN 1991-1-1
=^glbmb^l%lê_&p^bàmZg]bfihl^]ehZ]l
BS EN 1991-1-2
:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mh_bk^
BS EN 1991-1-3
LghpehZ]l
BS EN 1991-1-4
Pbg]Z\mbhgl
BS EN 1991-1-5
Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl
BS EN 1991-1-6
:\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg
BS EN 1991-1-7
:\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl]n^mhbfiZ\mZg]^qiehlbhgl
BS EN 1991-2
MkZ__b\ehZ]lhg[kb]`^l
BS EN 1991-3
:\mbhglbg]n\^][r\kZg^lZg]fZ\abg^kr
BS EN 1991-4
:\mbhglbglbehlZg]mZgdl
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
C3 Analysis
:gZerlbl bl ]^Zem pbma bg L^\mbhg . h_ <hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+'Pa^k^ ZiikhikbZm^ ma^ \h^__b\b^gml
`bo^gbgMZ[e^l<+Zg]<,\Zg[^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hkleZ[lZg]
[^ZflZmNEL'
Table C2
Coefficients for use with one-way spanning slabs to Eurocode 2
Coefficient Location
End support/slab connection
Internal supports and spans
Pinned end support
Continuous
Outer
support
Near
middle of
end span
Outer
support
Near
middle of
end span
Moment
)')
)')1/
)')-
Shear
)'-)
)'-/
At 1st
interior
support
At
middle of
interior
spans
At
interior
supports
)')0.
)')1/
)')/,
)')/,
)'/)3)'/)
)'.)3)'.)
Notes
1:iieb\Z[e^mhhg^&pZrliZggbg`leZ[lpa^k^ma^Zk^Zh_^Z\a[Zr^q\^^]l,)f+%Jd*'+.@dZg]jd.
dG(f+%ln[lmZgmbZeerngb_hkfehZ]bg`!Zme^Zlm,liZgl%fbgbfnfliZg)'1.fZqbfnf!]^lb`g"liZg'
2=^lb`gfhf^gm6\h^__qgqliZg+Zg]]^lb`gla^Zk6\h^__qgqliZgpa^k^gblZN=EpbmaZlbgèôZkbZ[e^
Z\mbhg6g@ `d$cgJjdpa^k^`dZg]jdZk^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglbgdG(f'
3;Zlbl3Rbê]ebg^]^lb`g!Zllnf^]+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgT0V"
Table C3
Coefficients for use with beams (and one-way spanning slabs) to Eurocode 2
Coefficient
Location
Outer support Near middle
of end span
At 1st interior At middle of

At interior
support
interior spans supports
Moment `k
and jk
+.liZga
)')2-
)')0.
Moment `k
)')2)
)')//
Moment jk
)'*))
)')1/
Shear
)'-.
)'/,3)'..
)'.)3)'.)b
Notes
1?hk[^ZflZg]leZ[l%,hkfhk^liZgl'!Ma^rfZrZelh[^nl^]_hk+&liZg[^Zfl[nmlniihkm
fhf^gm\h^__b\b^gm6)'*)/Zg]bgm^kgZela^Zk\h^__b\b^gm6)'/,[hmalb]^l"'
2@^g^kZeerJd@d%Zg]maêhZ]bg`lahne][^ln[lmZgmbZeerngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]'Hma^kpbl^li^\bZe
\nkmZbef^gmh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'
3FbgbfnfliZg)'1.qfZqbfnf!Zg]]^lb`g"liZg'
4=^lb`gfhf^gmZmlniihkml 6 \h^__qgqliZg+
hkbgliZgl
6 !\h^__`dqg@`d$\h^__jdqcgJjd"qliZg+'
5=^lb`gla^ZkZm\^gmkêbg^h_lniihkml6\h^__qgqliZgpa^k^gblZN=EpbmaZlbgèôZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
6g@`d$cgJjdpa^k^`dZg]jdZk^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglbgdG(f'
g@Zg]cgJZk^]î^g]^gmhgnl^h_;L>G*22)%>qik^llbhgl!/'*)"%!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["'L^^L^\mbhg<*'
6;Zlbl3:ee&Zg]Zem^kgZm^&liZgl&ehZ]^]\Zl^lZlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qZg]*.k^]blmkb[nmbhgZm
lniihkml'
Key
a:mhnm^klniihkm+.liZgkêZm^lmhma^NDGZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k_hk>nkh\h]^+%
<e'2'+'*'+!*"_hkfbgbfnfi^k\^gmZ`^h_liZg[^g]bg`fhf^gmmh[^Zllnf^]Zmlniihkmlbg[^Zfl
bgfhghebmab\\hglmkn\mbhg'*.fZr[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkleZ[l!l^^>nkh\h]^+%<e'2','*'+"'
b?hk[^Zflh__bo^liZgl%)'..Ziieb^lmh\^gmk^liZg'
Cl. 9.2.1.2
Cl. 9.3.1.2
195
C4 Design for bending

N =^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kDD hkghm!b'^'pa^ma^kng]^k&k^bg_hk\^]hkghm"'
pa^k^

D 6 F>] (![]+_\d"

pa^k^

] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îma6a\ho^kf(+

[ 6 pb]mah_l^\mbhgbg\hfik^llbhg

D fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^<-Zg]bl]î^g]^gmhgma^k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbhnl^]'
Table C4
Values for D
Redistribution ratio, d
s/] for D
1d
1.00
)'0/!)'1+"
)'+)1!)'*/1"
)
0.95
)'01!)'1+"
)'*2.!)'*/1"
.
0.90
)'1)!)'1+"
)'*1+!)'*/1"
*)
0.85
)'1+
)'*/1
*.
0.80
)'1-
)'*.,
+)
0.75
)'1/
)'*,0
+.
0.70
)'11
)'*+)
,)
Note
<eZll:k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^lmkb\m^]mhZk^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh%d)'1
Key
aBmblk^\hff^g]^]maZmq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.T,.V':lZ\hgl^jn^g\^s(]blebfbm^]mhZfbgbfnfh_
)'1+)Zg]D mhZfbgbfnfh_)'*/1'
N B_DD %l^\mbhgblunder-reinforced'
?hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl3
:l* 6 F>] (_r]s
pa^k^

:l* 6 Zk^Zh_m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm

F>]6 ]^lb`gfhf^gm

_r] 6 _rd (gL6.))(*'*.6-,-'1FIZ

s 6 ]T)'.$)'.!*,'.,D")'.V)'2.]
OZen^lh_s(]!Zg]q(]"fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<.

How to: Beams[8]
?hk_eZg`^][^Zflpa^k^q5*'+.a_%
:l* 6 F>] (_r]s
pa^k^ q 6 ]îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl'OZen^lh_q(]fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<.

a_ 6 mab\dg^llh__eZg`^
?hk_eZg`^][^Zflpa^k^q*'+.a_%k^_^kmhAhpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+T1V'
N B_D7D %l^\mbhgblover-reinforcedZg]k^jnbk^l\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
:l+6!F>]F "(_l\!]]+"
pa^k^

:l+6 \hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
B_]+(q7)',0.ma^gma^m^kf:l+lahne][^kîeZ\^][rma^m^kf
*'/!*]+(q":l+

F 6 D []+_\d

_l\ 6 0))!qn]+"(qn_r]

196
pa^k^
]+ 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm

qn 6 !d)'-"]

pa^k^
d 6k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh
MhmZeZk^Zh_lm^ê:l*6F (!_r]s"$:l+_l\ (_r]
Table C5
Values of s/] and q/] for singly reinforced rectangular sections
D
s/]
q/]
(1 d)maxa
0.04
)'2.)b
)'*+.
,)
0.05
)'2.)b
)'*+.
,)
0.06
)'2--
)'*-)
,)
0.07
)'2,-
)'*/.
,)
0.08
)'2+-
)'*2*
,)
0.09
)'2*,
)'+*0
,)
0.10
)'2)+
)'+-.
,)
0.11
)'12*
)'+0+
,)
0.12
)'11)
)',)*
,)
0.13
)'1/1
)',,*
+0
0.14
)'1./
)',/*
+-
0.15
)'1-,
)',2,
+*
0.16
)'1,)
)'-+.
*1
0.17
)'1*/c
)'-/)c
*-
0.18
)'1)+c
)'-2.c
**
0.19
)'010c
)'.,,c
0
0.20
)'00*c
)'.0+c
,
0.208
)'0.1c
)'/)/c
)
Note
_\d.)FIZ
Key
aFZqbfnfZeehpZ[e^k^]blmkb[nmbhg
bIkZ\mb\Zeebfbm
cBmblk^\hff^g]^]maZmq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.)T,.V':lZ\hgl^jn^g\^s(]blebfbm^]mhZfbgbfnfh_
)'1+)Zg]D mh)'*/1'
C5 Design for beam shear

C5.1 Requirement for shear reinforcement
B_o>]7oK]%\ma^gla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
pa^k^

o>] 6 O>] ([p]%_hkl^\mbhglpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!b'^'leZ[l"

oK]%\ 6 la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%_khfMZ[e^</'
197
Table C6
Shear resistance without shear reinforcement, oRd,c (MPa)
rl = :sl/
[w]
Effective depth ] (mm)

G 200
225
250
275
300
350
400
450
500
600
750
0.25%
)'.-
)'.+
)'.)
)'-1
)'-0
)'-.
)'-,
)'-*
)'-)
)',1
)',/
0.50%
)'.2
)'.0
)'./
)'..
)'.-
)'.+
)'.*
)'-2
)'-1
)'-0
)'-.
0.75%
)'/1
)'//
)'/-
)'/,
)'/+
)'.2
)'.1
)'./
)'..
)'.,
)'.*
1.00%
)'0.
)'0+
)'0*
)'/2
)'/1
)'/.
)'/-
)'/+
)'/*
)'.2
)'.0
1.25%
)'1)
)'01
)'0/
)'0-
)'0,
)'0*
)'/2
)'/0
)'//
)'/,
)'/*
1.50%
)'1.
)'1,
)'1*
)'02
)'01
)'0.
)'0,
)'0*
)'0)
)'/0
)'/.
1.75%
)'2)
)'10
)'1.
)'1,
)'1+
)'02
)'00
)'0.
)'0,
)'0*
)'/1
2.00%
)'2-
)'2*
)'12
)'10
)'1.
)'1+
)'1)
)'01
)'00
)'0-
)'0*
Notes
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf>nkh\h]^+Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
2MZ[e^\k^Zm^]_hk_\d6,)FIZZllnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl'
3?hkr e)'-Zg]
_\d6+.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_)'2-
_\d6-)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*)
_\d6.)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*2
_\d6,.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*').
_\d6-.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*-
GhmZiieb\Z[e^_hk_\d7.)FIZ
C5.2 Section capacity check

B_o>]%s7oK]%fZqma^gl^\mbhglbs^blbgZ]^jnZm^
pa^k^

o>]%s 6 O>] ([ps6O>] ([p)'2]%_hkl^\mbhglpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm

oK]%fZq6 \ZiZ\bmrh_\hg\k^m^lmknml^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^llbgmaô^kmb\ZeieZg^

6 OK]%fZq ([ps

6 OK]%fZq ([p)'2]
oK]%fZq\Zg[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^<0%bgbmbZeer\a^\dbg`Zm\hmy6+'.'Lahne]bm[^k^jnbk^]%
Z`k^Zm^kk^lblmZg\^fZr[^Zllnf^][rnlbg`ZeZk`^klmknmZgè^%y'
Table C7
Capacity of concrete struts expressed as a stress, oRd,max
_ck
oRd,max (MPa)
cot y
2.50
2.14
1.73
1.43
1.19
1.00
2.18
25
30
35
40
45
20
+'.-
+'1+
,'*2
,'-/
,'/+
,'/1
)'..+
25
,'*)
,'-.
,'2)
-'+,
-'-,
-'.)
)'.-)
30
,'/-
-')-
-'.0
-'2/
.'+)
.'+1
)'.+1
35
-'*.
-'/*
.'+*
.'//
.'2,
/')+
)'.*/
40
-'/,
.'*.
.'1+
/',*
/'/+
/'0+
)'.)-
45
.')2
.'/.
/',2
/'2,
0'+0
0',1
)'-2+
50
.'.+
/'*,
/'2,
0'.+
0'11
1'))
)'-1)
Notes
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf>nkh\h]^+Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qZllnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl%b'^'\hma6)
2v6)'/T*!_\d (+.)"V
3oK]%fZq6v_\]!\hmy$\hma"(!*$\hm+y"
198
Strength
reduction
factor, v
:lp(lo>]%s[p(_rp]\hmy
pa^k^

:lp 6 Zk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!o^kmb\ZeebgdlZllnf^]"

l 6 liZ\bg`h_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm

o>]%s 6 O>] ([ps%Zl[^_hk^

[p 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[

_rp] 6 _rpd (gL6]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
@^g^kZeer:lp(lo>]%s[p(*)10
pa^k^_rpd6.))FIZ%gL6*'*.Zg]\hmy6+'.
:em^kgZmboêr% :lp(l i^k f^mk^ pb]ma h_ [p fZr [^ ]^m^kfbg^] _khf ?b`nk^ <*Z" hk <*[" Zl
bg]b\Zm^] [r ma^ [en^ Zkkhpl bg ?b`nk^<*Z"'Ma^l^ _b`nk^l fZr Zelh [^ nl^] mh ^lmbfZm^ ma^
oZen^h_\hmy'
;^ZflZk^ln[c^\mmhZfbgbfnfla^Zkebgdikhoblbhg':llnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl%
:lp%fbg (l[p)')1_\d)'.(_rd!l^^MZ[e^<1"'
Table C8
Values of :sw,min/l[w for beams for vertical links and _yk = 500 MPa and compatible resistance, oRd
Concrete class
C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
Asw,min/sbw for beams (x 103) )'0+
)'1)
)'11
)'2.
*')*
*')0
*'*,
vRd for Asw,min /sbw (MPa)
)'10
)'2.
*'),
*'*)
*'*0
*'+,
)'01
vRd,max for cot y = 2.5
8.0
2.14
1.73
1.43
C50/60
7.0
1.19
C45/55
C40/50
fywk = 500 MPa
1.00
C35/45
6.0
C30/37
5.0
vEd,z (MPa)
C5.3 Shear reinforcement design
C25/30
4.0
C20/25
See Fig. C1b)

3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
6
8
10
Asw/s required per metre width of bw
12
14
Figure C1a)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for beams with high shear stress)
199
4.0
C30/37
0
C25/3
fywk = 500 MPa
C20/25
vEd,z (MPa)
3.0
2.0
Range of vRd,c for range

d = 200 mm, r = 2.0%
to d = 750 mm, r = 0.5%
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
1.0
Asw,min/s
for beams
0.0
2
Asw/s required per metre width of bw
Figure C1b)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for slabs and beams with low shear stress)
C6 Design for punching shear

=^m^kfbg^ b_ ing\abg` la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl k^jnbk^]% bgbmbZeer Zm n*% ma^g b_ g^\^llZkr Zm
ln[l^jn^gmi^kbf^m^kl%nb'B_o>]7oK]%\ma^ging\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
pa^k^

o>] 6 bO>] (nb]

pa^k^
b 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr
O>] 6 Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
nb 6 e^g`mah_maî^kbf^m^kng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
] 6 f^Zg^__^\mbo^]îma
oK]%\ 6 la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!l^^MZ[e^</"
?hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
!:lp(lk"6 n*!o>])'0.oK]%\"(!*'._rp]%^_"
pa^k^

:lp 6 Zk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbghgî^kbf^m^kZkhng]ma^\henfg'
?hk:lp%fbgl^^<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+%L^\mbhg*)'-'+Zg]_hkeZrhnml^^L^\mbhg*+'-',

lk
6 kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Concise: 10.4.2,
12.4.3

_rp]%^_
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k+]_khf\henfg_Z\^
6 ^__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm6!+.)$)'+.]"_rp]'?hk@kZ]^
.))la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gml^^MZ[e^<2
Table C9
Values of _ywd,ef for grade 500 reinforcement
]
fywd,ef
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
+10'.
,))
,*+'.
,+.
,,0'.
,.)
,/+'.
:mma^\henfgi^kbf^m^k%\a^\do>]OK]fZq_hk\hmy6*')`bo^gbgMZ[e^<0'
200
C7 Check deflection
Bg `^g^kZe% ma^ LEL lmZm^ h_ ]^_e^\mbhg fZr [^ \a^\d^] [r nlbg` ma^ liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îma
ZiikhZ\a'Fhk^\kbmb\ZeZiikZblZeh_]^_hkfZmbhgblhnmlb]^ma^l\hi^h_mablin[eb\Zmbhg'Mhnl^
ma^liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmaZiikhZ\a%o^kb_rmaZm3
:eehpZ[eê(]6GqDq?*q?+q?,Z\mnZee(]
pa^k^

G 6 [Zlb\liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmakZmbh]^kbo^]_hkD6*')Zg]r 6)_khfL^\mbhg*)'.'+
h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+hkMZ[e^<*)hk?b`nk^<+

D 6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hklmkn\mnkZelrlm^f'L^^MZ[e^<**

?*6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk_eZg`^]l^\mbhgl'Pa^g[^__ ([p6*')%_Z\mhk?*6*')'
Pa^g[^__([pbl`k^Zm^kmaZg,')%_Z\mhk?*6)'1)'
?hkoZen^lh_[^__ ([p[^mp^^g*')Zg],')%bgm^kiheZmbhgfZr[^nl^]!l^^MZ[e^<*+"

pa^k^

[^__bl]^_bg^]bgL^\mbhg.'+'+h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+

[p 6 pb]mah_p^[

BgB[^Zfl[p6fbgbfnfpb]mah_p^[bgm^glbe^Zk^Z'

BgmZi^k^]p^[l[p6pb]mah_p^[Zm\^gmkhb]h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgp^['

?+6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk[kbmmeîZkmbmbhglbgZllh\bZmbhgpbmaehg`liZgl'@^g^kZeer?+
6*')[nmb_[kbmmeîZkmbmbhglZkêbZ[e^mh[^]ZfZ`^][r^q\^llbo^]^_e^\mbhg%?+
lahne][^]^m^kfbg^]Zl_heehpl3

Z"bg_eZmleZ[lbgpab\amaêhg`^kliZgbl`k^Zm^kmaZg1'.f%?+61'.(e^__

["bg[^ZflZg]hma^kleZ[lpbmaliZglbg^q\^llh_0')f%?+60')(e^__

OZen^lh_?+fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<*,

?,6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hkl^kob\^lmk^llbgm^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm6,*)(sl*'.
<hgl^koZmboêr%b_Zl^kob\^lmk^ll%sl%h_,*)FIZblZllnf^]_hkma^]^lb`g^]Zk^Z
h_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l%k^jma^g?,6:l%ikho (:l%k^j*'.'

Concise: 10.5.2
Concise: 5.2.2
Fhk^Z\\nkZmêr%ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrlmk^ll%sl%fZr[^^lmbfZm^]Zl_heehpl3
sl6_rd (gLT!@d$c+ Jd"(!*'+.@d$*'.Jd"VT:l%k^j (:l%ikhoV!*(d"
hk
sl6slnT:l%k^j (:l%ikhoV!*(d"
pa^k^
sln
6 ma^ ngfh]b_b^] LEL lm^ê lmk^ll% mZdbg` Z\\hngm h_ gF _hk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]h_`hbg`_khfnembfZm^Z\mbhglmhl^kob\^Z[bebmr
Z\mbhgl

6 .))(gL!@d$c+ Jd"(!*'+.@d$*'.Jd"
slnfZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf?b`nk^<,Zlbg]b\Zm^][rma^[en^
Zkkhp
:l%k^j (:l%ikho 6 Zk^Zh_lm^êk^jnbk^]]bob]^][rZk^Zh_lm^êikhob]^]'
!*(d"
6 _Z\mhkmhng&k^]blmkb[nm^NELfhf^gmllhma^rfZr[^nl^]bg
mablLELo^kb_b\Zmbhg!l^^MZ[e^<*-"
:\mnZee(]6Z\mnZeliZg]bob]^][r^__^\mbo^]îma%]'
L^^:ii^g]bq;*'.
201
Table C10
Basic ratios of span-to-effective-depth, G, for members without axial compression
Required
reinforcement, r
_ck
20
25
30
35
40
45
0.30%
+.'2
,+'+
,2'+
-/'/
.-'/
/,')
0*'1
0.40%
*2'*
++'-
+/'+
,)'-
,.')
,2'1
-.')
50
0.50%
*0')
*1'.
+)'.
+,')
+.'1
+1'1
,+')
0.60%
*/')
*0',
*1'.
*2'1
+*',
+,'*
+.'+
0.70%
*.',
*/'-
*0'-
*1'.
*2'/
+)'/
+*'0
0.80%
*-'1
*.'0
*/'/
*0'/
*1'.
*2'-
+)'-
0.90%
*-',
*.'+
*/')
*/'1
*0'0
*1'.
*2',
1.00%
*-')
*-'1
*.'.
*/',
*0')
*0'1
*1'.
1.20%
*,'.
*-'*
*-'1
*.'-
*/')
*/'/
*0',
1.40%
*,'*
*,'0
*-'+
*-'1
*.',
*.'1
*/'-
1.60%
*+'2
*,',
*,'1
*-',
*-'1
*.'+
*.'0
1.80%
*+'0
*,'*
*,'.
*,'2
*-',
*-'1
*.'+
2.00%
*+'.
*+'2
*,',
*,'/
*-')
*-'-
*-'1
2.50%
*+'+
*+'.
*+'1
*,'*
*,'-
*,'0
*-')
3.00%
*+')
*+',
*+'.
*+'1
*,')
*,',
*,'.
3.50%
**'2
*+'*
*+',
*+'.
*+'0
*+'2
*,'*
4.00%
**'1
**'2
*+'*
*+',
*+'.
*+'0
*+'2
4.50%
**'0
**'1
*+')
*+'+
*+',
*+'.
*+'0
5.00%
**'/
**'1
**'2
*+'*
*+'+
*+'-
*+'.
)'.)
)'..
)'.2
)'/,
)'/0
)'0*
)'-.
Reference
reinforcement ratio,r0
Notes
1Pa^k^r6:l ([]'
2?hkM&l^\mbhglrblma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm]bob]^][rma^Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^Z[ho^ma^\^gmkhb]h_
ma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
3MaôZen^l_hkliZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmaaZo^[^^g[Zl^]hgMZ[e^0'-Gbg>nkh\h]^+%nlbg`D6*
!lbfierlniihkm^]"Zg]r 6)!gh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]"'
4Ma^liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]îmakZmbhlahne][^[Zl^]hgma^lahkm^kliZgbgmph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[lZg]
maêhg`^kliZgbg_eZmleZ[l'
32
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio N (l/d)
Table 7.4N
30
fck = 50
28
fck = 45
fck = 40
26
fck = 35
24
fck = 30
22
20
18
16
14
12
0.40%
fck = 25
fck = 20
0.60%
1.40% 1.60%
1.20%
0.80% 1.00%
Design tension reinforcement (100As,req /bd)
Figure C2
Basic span-to-effective depth ratios, G, for D = 1, r' = 0
202
1.80% 2.00%
Table C11
D factors to be applied to basic ratios of span-to-effective-depth
D
Beams
Slabs
Lbfierlniihkm^][^Zfl
Hg^&hkmph&pZrliZggbg`lbfierlniihkm^]leZ[l
*')
>g]liZgh_\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl
>g]liZgh_hg^&pZrliZggbg`\hgmbgnhnlleZ[l%hk
mph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[l\hgmbgnhnlho^khgêhg`^]`^
*',
Bgm^kbhkliZglh_\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl
Bgm^kbhkliZglh_\hgmbgnhnlleZ[l
*'.
?eZmleZ[l![Zl^]hgehg`^kliZg"
*'+
<Zgmbeô^kl
<Zgmbeô^k
)'-
Table C12
Factor F1, modifier for flanged beams
[eff/[w
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Factor
*'))
)'2.
)'2)
)'1.
)'1)

Table C13
Factor F2, modifier for long spans supporting brittle partitions
Span, m
eeff
7.0 7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
Flat slabs
8.5/eeff
*'))
*'))
*'))
*'))
)'2-
)'1.
)'00
)'0*
)'/.
)'/*
)'.0
)'.,
Beams and other slabs 7.0/eeff
*'))
)'2,
)'11
)'1+
)'01
)'0)
)'/-
)'.1
)'.-
)'.)
)'-0
)'--
320
35
y2 = 0.8, gG = 1.
300
Unmodified steel stress ssu
Structural system
280
y2=
260
240
0.6,
gG
y 2 = 0.6, g G =
25
= 1.
.3, g G
y2 = 0
.25
=1
g
G
.25
.3,
=1
=0
g
G
y2
.2,
=0
y2
1.35
= 1.35
.35
, gG = 1
y 2 = 0.2
220
200
180
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Ratio Gk/Qk
Figure C3
Determination of unmodified SLS, stress in reinforcement, ssu
203
Table C14
(1/d) factor to be applied to unmodified ssu to allow for redistribution used
Average redistribution used
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Redistribution ratio used, d
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
(1/d)
1,
10
2*
2.
*))
*).
***
**1
*+.
*,,
*-,
Notes
1 Pa^k^\h^__b\b^gml_khfMZ[e^<+aZo^[^^gnl^]bg]^lb`gZg]pa^k^Jd&*'+.@d%ma^\h^__b\b^gmlbgMZ[e^<+fZr[^\hglb]^k^]mh
kîk^l^gmfhf^gm]blmkb[nmbhgh_3
1g^Zkfb]]e^h_^g]liZgpbmaibgg^]^g]lniihkm
++Zm_bklmbgm^kbhklniihkm%ZlZphklm\Zl^
$,g^Zkfb]]e^h_bgm^kgZeliZgl%ZlZphklm\Zl^
+1Zmbgm^kbhklniihkml%ZlZphklm\Zl^'
2 Pa^k^\h^__b\b^gml_khfMZ[e^<,aZo^[^^gnl^]bg]^lb`gZg]pa^k^Jd&@d%ma^\h^__b\b^gmlbgMZ[e^<,fZr[^\hglb]^k^]mhkîk^l^gm
fhf^gmk^]blmkb[nmbhgh_3
$,g^Zkfb]]e^h_^g]liZgpbmaibgg^]^g]lniihkm%ZlZphklm\Zl^
$2g^Zkfb]]e^h_bgm^kgZeliZgl%ZlZphklm\Zl^
*.ZmZeebgm^kbhklniihkml'
C8 Control of cracking
<kZ\dbg` fZr [^ \hgmkhee^] [r k^lmkb\mbg` ^bma^k fZqbfnf [Zk ]bZf^m^k hk fZqbfnf [Zk
liZ\bg`mhma^kêôZgm]bZf^m^klZg]liZ\bg`l`bo^gbgMZ[e^<*.'Ma^ZiikhikbZm^LELlmk^llbg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%sl%fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]Zlhnmebg^]_hk?,bgL^\mbhg<0'
FbgbfnfZk^ZlZg]Zli^\mlh_]^mZbebg`lahne][^\a^\d^]'
Table C15
Maximum bar diameters f or maximum bar spacing for crack control
Steel stress (MPa) ss
Maximum bar size (mm)
Maximum bar spacing (mm)
pk = 0.3 mm
pk = 0.4 mm
pk = 0.3 mm
pk = 0.4 mm
160
,+
-)
,))
,))
200
+.
,+
+.)
,))
240
*/
+)
+))
+.)
280
*+
*/
*.)
+))
320
*)
*+
*))
*.)
360
*)
.)
*))
OR
Notes
1Ma^ghkfZeebfbmh_)',fffZr[^kêZq^]mh)'-ff_hkQHZg]Q<*^qihlnk^\eZll^lb_ma^k^bl
ghli^\b_b\k^jnbk^f^gm_hkZii^ZkZg\^'
2MZ[e^Zllnfimbhglbg\en]^\ghf6+.ffZg]_\m%^__!6_\mf"6+'2FIZ'

204
C9 Design for axial load and bending
C9.1 General
Bg\henfgl%]^lb`gfhf^gmlF>]Zg]]^lb`gZiieb^]ZqbZe_hk\^G>]lahne][^]^kbo^]_khfZgZerlbl%
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Bmblg^\^llZkrmh\Ze\neZm^^__^\mboê^g`malbghk]^kmh]^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kZ\henfgblle^g]^k
!l^^>nkh\h]^+%<e'.'1','+Zg]>qik^llbhg!.'*.""'Ma^^__^\mboê^g`mah_fhlm\henfglpbee[^
e(+5e)5e!l^^>nkh\h]^+?b`nk^.'0_"'I=//10T/V<e'+'*)ln``^lmlmaZmnlbg`maîkh\^]nk^
hnmebg^] bg >nkh\h]^ + !.'1','+!," Zg] .'1','+!."" e^Z]l mh lbfbeZk ^__^\mbo^ e^g`mal mh mahl^
mZ[neZm^] bg ;L 1**)T0V Zl kîkh]n\^] [êhp ZlMZ[e^ <*/' >qi^kb^g\^ ln``^lml maZm ma^l^
mZ[neZm^]oZen^lZk^\hgl^koZmbo^'
Table C16
Effective length e0: conservative factors for braced columns
End condition
at top
End condition at bottom

1
)'0.
)'1)
)'2)
)'1)
)'1.
)'2.
)'2)
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Key
<hg]bmbhg* <
henfg\hgg^\m^]fhghebmab\Zeermh[^Zflhg^Z\alb]^maZmZk^Zme^ZlmZl]^îZlma^
ho^kZee]îmah_ma^\henfgbgmaîeZg^\hglb]^k^]

Pa^k^ma^\henfgbl\hgg^\m^]mhZ_hng]Zmbhgmabllahne][^]^lb`g^]mh\Zkkrfhf^gm
bghk]^kmhlZmbl_rmabl\hg]bmbhg
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henfg\hgg^\m^]fhghebmab\Zeermh[^Zflhg^Z\alb]^maZmZk^laZeehp^kmaZgma^
ho^kZee]îmah_ma^\henfgbgmaîeZg^\hglb]^k^][r`^g^kZeerghme^llmaZgaZe_ma^
\henfg]îma
<hg]bmbhg, <
henfg\hgg^\m^]mhf^f[^klmaZm]hghmikhob]^fhk^maZgghfbgZek^lmkZbgmmh
khmZmbhg
Note
MZ[e^mZd^g_khfFZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+T,.V'MaôZen^lZk^
mahl^nl^]bg;L1**)3IZkm*3*220T0V_hk[kZ\^]\henfgl'Ma^lôZen^lZk^\ehl^mhmahlôZen^lmaZm
phne][^]^kbo^]b_ma^\hgmkb[nmbhg_khfZ]cZ\^gm\henfglp^k^b`ghk^]'
C9.2 Design by calculation

:llnfbg`mpheZr^klh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l*Zg]:l+%ma^mhmZeZk^Zh_lm^êk^jnbk^]bgZ\henfg%
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N ?hkZqbZeehZ]
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pa^k^

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:lG6:l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+

pa^k^

:l*!:l+"6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgeZr^k*!eZr^k+"

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a\\ 6 )'1.
n 6 *_hk<.)(/)

[ 6 [k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg

]\ 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg6lqa
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Fig. 6.3
Concise:
Fig. 6.4
205

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l
6
q
6
a
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sl\%!slm" 6
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lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm
N ?hkfhf^gm
:lF(+6TF>]a\\n_\d[]\!a(+]\ (+"(g<V(T!a(+]+"!sl\$slm"V
pa^k^

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:lF6:l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghm\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ZiikhZ\ablmh\Ze\neZm^
Zg^__^\mboôZen^h_]+ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^l<-Z"mh^"'
N Lhenmbhg3bm^kZm^qln\amaZm:lG6:lF
C9.3 Rectangular column charts

:em^kgZmboêr:lfZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf\henfg\aZkml'
?b`nk^l<-Z"mh<-^"`bo^ghg&]bf^glbhgZe]^lb`g\aZkml_hklrff^mkb\Zeerk^bg_hk\^]k^\mZg`neZk
\henfglpa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblZllnf^]mh[^\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl'
Bgma^l^\aZkml3
a\\ 6 )'1.
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6 !:l _rd ([a_\d"[a_\d (_rd
pa^k^

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[^mp^^g\aZkml_hkmaôZen^h_]+(a_hkma^l^\mbhg'
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Zg^__^\mboôZen^h_]+ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^l<-Z"mh^"'
]+ 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmamhlm^êbgeZr^k+
206
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.05
hf
c
1.2
k /b
0.3
h/2
fy
1.1
0.8
NEd/bhfck
d2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
Centroid of bars in
half section
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.1
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
MEd/bh2fck
0.30
0.35
0.45
0.40
Figure C4a)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.05
1.3
Kr = 0.2
ck
d 2 /h = 0.10
1.2
k /b
hf
0.3
h/2
fy
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
NEd/bhfck
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
d2
Centroid of bars in
half section
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr = 1
0.2
0.1
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.25
0.20
MEd/bh2fck
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Figure C4b)
207
1.3
Kt = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.15
k
1.2
hf
c
0.3
k /b
h/2
fy
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
NEd/bhfck
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
d2
Centroid of bars in
half section
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr = 1
0.2
0.1
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
MEd/bh2fck
0.25
0.40
0.35
0.30
Figure C4c)
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.20
hf
ck
1.2
h/2
fy
k /b
0.3
1.1
A
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.9
0.8
NEd/bhfck
1.0
0.7
0.4
d2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.5
Centroid of bars in
half section
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
0.2
Kr = 1
0.1
0
0.05
Figure C4d)
208
0.10
0.15
0.20
MEd/bh2fck
0.25
0.30
0.35
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.25
hf
c
1.2
h/2
fy
k /b
0.3
1.1
A
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.8
NEd/bhfck
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
d2
0.4
Centroid of bars in
half section
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
Kr = 1
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
MEd/bh2fck
0.20
0.25
0.30
Figure C4e)
C9.4 Biaxial bending in rectangular columns

:lZ_bklmlmî%lîZkZm^]^lb`gbg^Z\aikbg\biZe]bk^\mbhg%]blk^`Zk]bg`[bZqbZe[^g]bg`%fZr[^
ng]^kmZd^g'Gh_nkma^k\a^\dblg^\^llZkrb_)'.l r (l s+')Zg]%_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl%)'+
!^r(a^j"(!^s ([^j"hk!^r(a^j"(!^s ([^j".')'Hma^kpbl^l^^L^\mbhg.'/',h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+'
Concise: 5.6.3
?hkljnZk^\henfgl!^r (a^j "(!^s ([^j"6F>]r(F>]s'
C9.5 Circular column charts

BgZlbfbeZkfZgg^kmh<2',%ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk\bk\neZk\henfgl:lfZr[^^lmbfZm^]
_khfma^\aZkmlbg?b`nk^l<.Z"mh<.]"'
Bgma^l^\aZkml3
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_rd 6 .))FIZ
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6 !: l _ rd (a +_ \d"a + _ \d (_ rd
pa^k^!:l _rd (a+_\d"bl]^kbo^]_khfma^ZiikhikbZm^]^lb`g\aZkmbgm^kiheZmbg`Zlg^\^llZkr'
](a6 ^__^\mbo^]îma(ho^kZee]bZf^m^k'
C9.6 Links
Ebgdl bg \henfgl lahne] [^ Zm e^Zlm 1 ff hk fZqbfnf ]bZf^m^k h_ ehg`bmn]bgZe [Zkl(- bg
]bZf^m^kZg]Z]cZ\^gmmh[^ZflZg]leZ[lliZ\^]Zmmaê^Zlmh_3
N *+mbf^lma^fbgbfnf]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zk%
N /)h_maê^ll^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg%hk
N +-)ff'
209
k /h 2
fc
k
1.2
Ratio d/h = 0.6
fy
0.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.3
0.4
NEd /h2fck
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.1
0
0.4
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.2
Kr =1
0.1
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.07
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5a)
Circular columns ]/a = 0.6
k /h 2
fc
k
1.2
0.2
Ratio d/h = 0.7
fy
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.8
NEd /h2fck
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.8
0.2
Kr =1
0.1
0
0
Figure C5b)
210
0.02
0.04
0.06
MEd /h3fck
0.08
0.10
0.12
Af
s y / 2
k h f
c
1.2
0.2
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.8
NEd /h2fck
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
0
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.7
Kr =1
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.10
MEd /h3fck
0.12
0.16
0.14
0.18
0.20
Figure C5c)
Af
s y /h 2
k
f
ck
1.2
0.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
Ratio d/h = 0.9

d
0.3
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.7
NEd /h2fck
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.9
1.0
Ratio d/h = 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
0
Kr =1
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5d)
211
Eurocode 2 resources
Publications
Concise Eurocode 2
<<BI&)).%Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/
:aZg][hhd_hkma^]^lb`gh_bg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmh>nkh\h]^+Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

<<BI&))-%Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/
@nb]Zg\^_hkma^]^lb`gZg]]^mZbebg`h_Z[khZ]kZg`^h_\hg\k^m^ê^f^gmlmh>nkh\h]^+
Economic concrete frame elements to Eurocode 2

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:lê^\mbhgh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gmlbgfnemb&lmhk^r[nbe]bg`l
Precast Eurocode 2: Design manual

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:aZg][hhd_hkma^]^lb`gh_ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+Zg]bmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Precast Eurocode 2: Worked examples

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Phkd^]^qZfie^l_hkma^]^lb`gh_ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmh>nkh\h]^+Zg]bmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Concrete buildings scheme design manual

<<BI&).*%Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^+))2
:aZg][hhd_hkma^BLkn\m>\aZkm^k^]f^f[^klabi^qZfbgZmbhg%[Zl^]hg><+
Properties of concrete for use in Eurocode 2

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Standard method of detailing structural concrete

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Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2

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BS EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2 Part 1-1: Design of concrete structures

General rules and rules for buildings
;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]lBglmbmnmbhg%+))-
National Annex to Eurocode 2 Part 1-1

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Software
RC spreadsheets: V3. User guide and CD
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Websites
Eurocode 2 www.eurocode2.info
Eurocodes Expert www.eurocodes.co.uk
The Concrete Centre www.concretecentre.com
Institution of Structural Engineers www.istructe.org
212
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Licensed copy from CIS: IMPERIAL, IMPERIAL COLLEGE, 12/11/2015, Uncontrolled Copy.

A single copy of this document is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the

Worked Examples to Eurocode 2

Revisions required to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2

Page Where Old text

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

? Allowable l/d = 25.6 u 1.36 = 34.8

F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.50

3.2.10a) Crack control

However, as a check on end span:

End supports: effects of partial fixity

End supports: effects of partial fixity

Try H12 @ 450 (251 mm2/m) U-bars at

Try H12 @ 500 (226 mm2/m) U-bars at

3.2.10b) End span, bottom reinforcement

End span, bottom reinforcement

3.2.10b) Supporrt B bottom steel at support

Support B bottom steel at support

57/58 3.3.5b) Span AB: Deflection

For convenience use H12 @250 B1 (452

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

3.3.10b) Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment

Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment

3.3.10d) Figure 3.17

3.4.5b) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

Vs = Vsn (As,req/As,prov) 1/G

Vs = Vsn (As,req/As,prov) 1/G

3.4.7b) Allowable l/d = N u K u F1 u F2 u F3

Spans 12 and 23:

Spans 12 and 23:

F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.50

Vs in simple situations = (fyk/JS)

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

4.3.5b) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

F3 = As,prov /As,req 1.50

4.3.7d) F3 = 310/Vs 1.5

Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 ? OK

Figures 4.22 and 4.23

300 mm flat slabs All columns 500 mm sq

Delete existing text. See G below

310/Vs using characteristic load

In either case the modification factor is

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

A Amends to p 51 Figure 3.7

B Amends to p 65 Figure 3.15

C Amends to p 70 Figure 3.17

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

D Amends to p 92 Figure 3.26

E Amends to p 124 Figure 4.20

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

F Amends to p133 Figures 4.22 and 4.23

G Amends to p190 B1.1

310/Vs using characteristic load combinations

In either case the modification factor is restricted to a

Amends to Worked Examples to Eurocode 2 - Jan 2012.doc

H Amends to p190 B1.2

combination values of actions

J Amends to p191 B1.4

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