Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 95 views

    Byzantine Empire

    Uploaded by

    Elaine Jean Uayan
    Constantine converted to Christianity in the early 4th century AD, making it the official religion of the Roman Empire. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. After Constantine's death, the empire split into Eastern and Western halves, with the more powerful Eastern half based in Constantinople becoming known as the Byzantine Empire. Justinian was a significant Byzantine ruler in the 6th century who expanded the empire's territory through military campaigns and standardized Roman law. A schism in 1054 divided Christianity into the Western Catholic Church led by the Pope and the Eastern Orthodox Church led by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire influenced Eastern Europe through conversion efforts until Constantin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Byzantine Empire

    Uploaded by

    Elaine Jean Uayan
    95 views5 pages
    Constantine converted to Christianity in the early 4th century AD, making it the official religion of the Roman Empire. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. After Constantine's death, the empire split into Eastern and Western halves, with the more powerful Eastern half based in Constantinople becoming known as the Byzantine Empire. Justinian was a significant Byzantine ruler in the 6th century who expanded the empire's territory through military campaigns and standardized Roman law. A schism in 1054 divided Christianity into the Western Catholic Church led by the Pope and the Eastern Orthodox Church led by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire influenced Eastern Europe through conversion efforts until Constantin

    Original Description:

    Philosophy of Man

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Constantine converted to Christianity in the early 4th century AD, making it the official religion of the Roman Empire. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. After Constantine's death, the empire split into Eastern and Western halves, with the more powerful Eastern half based in Constantinople becoming known as the Byzantine Empire. Justinian was a significant Byzantine ruler in the 6th century who expanded the empire's territory through military campaigns and standardized Roman law. A schism in 1054 divided Christianity into the Western Catholic Church led by the Pope and the Eastern Orthodox Church led by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire influenced Eastern Europe through conversion efforts until Constantin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    95 views5 pages

    Byzantine Empire

    Uploaded by

    Elaine Jean Uayan
    Constantine converted to Christianity in the early 4th century AD, making it the official religion of the Roman Empire. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. After Constantine's death, the empire split into Eastern and Western halves, with the more powerful Eastern half based in Constantinople becoming known as the Byzantine Empire. Justinian was a significant Byzantine ruler in the 6th century who expanded the empire's territory through military campaigns and standardized Roman law. A schism in 1054 divided Christianity into the Western Catholic Church led by the Pope and the Eastern Orthodox Church led by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire influenced Eastern Europe through conversion efforts until Constantin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    BYZANTINE EMPIRE

    EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

    306 AD he became the Roman Emperor


    Stopped the persecution of Christians
    Converted to Christianity himself after he wins the Battle of Milvian Bridge
    Christianity becomes the official religion of the empire
    330 AD moves the capital city from Rome to Byzantium
    Renames new capital Constantinople (Means city of Constantine)
    People living around Constantinople still called Byzantines

    THE ROMAN EMPIRE SPLITS

    After the death of Constantine, the Roman Emperors who followed him continued to rule from
    Constantinople
    Roman Empire splits in two
    Eastern half is based in Constantinople
    Called The Byzantine Empire
    Eastern half is more powerful
    Western half is based in Rome
    Western half is weak
    476 AD Western half falls to the Barbarians

    JUSTINIAN (REIGNS 527-565)


    Most significant Byzantine ruler
    1. Military gains and huge expansion to rebuild original Roman Empire
    Gains in North Africa and Italy
    2. Systemizes Roman legal code
    Influences future law codes in Europe
    Reduces legal confusion; united and organized the new empire
    3. Projects to renovate Constantinople
    Hagia Sophia engineering and architectural achievements (dome)
    Light, Minarets, Mosaics
    4. Makes Greek language official
    BYZANTINE POLITICS

    Rulers saw themselves as Roman emperors and as ordained by God; government was seen as
    continuation of Roman Empire
    Emperors were head of government and church
    Complex bureaucracy (open to all classes but aristocrats dominate).
    Bureaucracy helped to organize empire politically, socially, and economically.
    Provincial governors appointed
    Spy system created loyalty
    Troops recruited locally and given land for services
    Hereditary military leaders gain too much power

    BYZANTINE CULTURE

    Creativity in Architecture (domed buildings)


    Richly colored religious mosaics in a distinct Byzantine style
    Flat, frontal, formal
    Icon paintings (paintings of saints and religious figures)
    Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity
    Trade: silk production learned from China

    A RELIGIOUS DISPUTE

    The Catholic Church and the Pope in Rome were still very strong
    The Byzantine Emperor outlaws icons
    The Pope disagrees with this and banishes the Emperor from the church
    Byzantines felt the Pope was wrong to do this
    This argument leads to a schism
    in 1054 AD
    This results in two Christian Churches

    Leader
    Language
    Icons

    Roman Catholic Church


    Pope in Rome
    Latin
    Yes

    Eastern Orthodox Church


    Patriarch in Constantinople
    Greek
    No (Until ban was lifted

    SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

    Eastern Europe is influenced by Byzantine conquest, Christian missionaries and conversion efforts,
    and trade routes
    9th c.: Byzantine Christian missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) helped bring Orthodoxy northward
    into Russia and the Balkans
    Create new alphabet: Cyrillic script
    Create literacy base in eastern Europe

    THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

    70,000 Turks surround the city of Constantinople


    Turks drag their ships over land and then launch them into the harbor
    Turks bring cannons to blast away the city walls
    Defending the city were only 7,000 Byzantines
    Finally, in 1453 AD, after the defenders hold out for 2 months, Constantinople falls
    The Byzantine Empire is no more
    The city is renamed Istanbul and to this day continues to be the capital city of the country of Turkey

    ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
    UNITY, DISCIPLINE, ORGANIZATION

    ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD


    THE ARABS:

    During ancient times, the Arabs inhabited much of the area from the Arabian Peninsula to the
    Euphrates River.

    POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FEATURES:

    The Arab world in the early 7th century had no stable, large-scale political entities. People
    belonged to close-knit clans, or extended families, that formed tribes. Most Arabs were
    pagans, but small minorities were Jewish and Christian.

    ECONOMIC COMPONENTS:
    Bedouins
    Farmers
    Traders
    MECCA : was the most important trade center in Arabia. It was dominated by the powerful tribe
    of the Quraysh (KOOR-aysh).
    THE KAABA: Mecca was also the location of the shrine known as the Kaaba, founded
    according to Arab tradition by Abraham. For centuries people from all over Arabia had made
    pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the Kaaba, site of a huge black meteorite.
    MUHAMMAD (MOHAMMED, MUHAMMAD)

    Muhammad is born into this harsh Arab/Bedouin culture around 570 AD.
    He is born in Mecca and becomes a wealthy merchant
    He is famous for being a wise man and very spiritual

    GABRIEL VISITS MUHAMMAD

    One day Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel who tells him that Muhammad is to be
    Gods prophet
    Gabriel recites the Quran (Koran) to Muhammad to memorize since Muhammad is illiterate

    ISLAMS PROPHETS

    Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last prophet, but not the only one.
    Previous prophets include all the Jewish and Christian prophets like Moses and even Jesus
    (they do not believe he is Gods son)

    KORAN (QURAN)

    The Quran is Islams holy book. It is word-for-word, the words Gabriel told Muhammad to
    learn
    Also is a book of the prophet Muhammads sayings called the Hadith and a book detailing his
    actions called the Sunnah.
    Together, these books are the guiding documents for Muslims

    ISLAM

    Means submission (to God)


    People who practice Islam are called Muslims, which means one who submits (to God)

    The Five Pillars of Islam


    Shahad
    a
    Salah
    Zakat
    Sawm
    Hajj

    Accepting God.
    Say: There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.
    Prayer
    Muslims must face Mecca five times daily and pray.
    Alms
    Means giving to the poor.
    Fasting
    Muslims must fast during Ramadan to atone for Sins.
    Pilgrimage
    Able-bodied Muslims who can afford it must travel to Mecca

    THE ISLAMIC STATE

    It was a theocracy, in which government and religion were inseparable and there was no
    distinction between secular and spiritual authority.
    Thus, Islam was more than a religion. It was also a system of government, society, law, and
    thought that bound believers into an all-encompassing community.

    FORMULA FOR SUCCESS

    Islam gave the many Arab tribes the unity, discipline, and organization to succeed in their
    wars of conquest.
    Under the first four caliphs, who ruled from 632 to 661, the Arabs overran the Persian
    Empire, seized some of Byzantiums provinces, and invaded Europe

    JIHAD

    Muslim warriors believed they were engaged in a holy war (jihad) to spread Islam to
    nonbelievers and that those who died in the jihad were assured a place in paradise.

    A desire to escape from the barren Arabian Desert and to exploit the rich Byzantine and
    Persian lands was another compelling reason for expansion.

    THE ARAB EMPIRE, stretching from Spain to India, was unified by a common language
    (Arabic), a common faith, and a common culture.
    MUSLIM WOMEN

    According to the Quran, men and women are equal before God. Today, Muslims offer these
    practices as evidence of equality:
    Islam sees a woman, whether single or married, as an individual in her own right, with the
    right to own and dispose of her property and earnings.
    A marital gift is given by the groom to the bride for her own personal use, and she may keep
    her own family name rather than adopting her husband's.
    Roles of men and women are complementary and collaborative.
    Rights and responsibilities of both sexes are equitable and balanced in their totality.

    CLOTHING: Muslims say that both men and women are expected to dress in a way that is
    simple, modest and dignified, but that specific traditions of female dress found in some Muslim
    countries are often the expression of local customs rather than religious principle. Likewise, they
    admit that treatment of women in some areas of the Muslim world sometimes reflects cultural
    practices which may be incon-sistent, if not contrary, to authentic Islamic teachings.

    You might also like