Hypothalamo Hypophyse
Hypothalamo Hypophyse
Hypothalamo Hypophyse
HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE
Pr Dominique Pri
Universit Paris Descartes, Facult de
Mdecine
DFGSM2 Cours 2016
Email: [email protected]
LAXE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE
LA POST-HYPOPHYSE= NEUROHYPOPHYSE
Scrte:
La vasopressine
Locytocine
2 types de cellules diffrents
9 a.a
Co-peptine 39 a.a
hyperosmolalit, hypernatrmie
hypovolmie
Temps entre synthse et scrtion 1,5 H.
TRPV1
HYPOTHALAMUS MEDIAN :
Noyaux parvocellulaires
HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIEUR :
Noyaux magnocellulaires
Posterior pituitary hormone
producing neurons
Cell body
Hypothalamus
Tanycyte in third
ventricle
ependymoma
Axons
Median
eminence
and
neural
stalk
Synaptosomes
Long portal
vein
Terminal
swellings
Short
portal
vein
HYPOTHALAMUS
TIGE
PITUITAIRE
Superior hypophyseal
artery
Tropic hormone-producing
endocrine cells
Inferior
hypophyseal
artery
HYPOPHYSE
Neurohypophysis
(posterior pituitary)
Adenohypophysis
(anterior pituitary)
Efferent
veins
Neocortex
Reticular
activating
substance
Thalamus
Limbic
system
Optical
system
Sleep/
wake
Pain
Emotion,
Fright,
Rage, smell
Vision
Heat
regulation
(temperature)
Energy
regulation
(hunger,
satiety,
body mass)
Water balance
(blood volume,
Intake-thirst,
Output-urine volume)
ADH
Ocytocine
Autonomic
regulation
(blood pressure,
heart rate,
sweating)
Hypothalamic
centers
Metabolic rate
Stress response
Growth
Reproduction
Lactation
Posterior pituitary
hormones
NEURO
HYPOPHYSE
Anterior
pituitary
hormones
ANTE
HYPOPHYSE
TSH
ACTH
MSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactine
CRH
TRH
GnRH
+
GHRH
+
Somatostatine
Dopamine
(= SRIF)
-
Anthypophyse
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactine
NEURONE HORMONO-SECRETOIRE
RYTHME CIRCADIEN
5HT
STRESS
A. Ch
A. Ch
NA
NORADRENALINE
ACETYLCHOLINE
ACIDE GAMMA AMINO BUTYRIQUE
5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
GABA
CRF
INHIBITION
PRE OU POST
SYNAPTIQUE
GABA
A
-
Hypothalamus
B
Hypophyse antrieure A
H
Glandes endocrines
H
Tissus cibles
A Boucles longues
B Boucles courtes
C Boucles ultra courtes
H hormone
Substrat
FACTEURS HYPOTHALAMIQUES
Hormone'
Localisation*hypothalamique*
prdominante'
TRH':'Thyrotropin5releasing'
hormone'(pyroGlu5His5Pro5
NH2)'
Noyaux'paraventriculaires'
GnRH':"Gonadotropin5
releasing)hormone)(10Ac.&Am.)'
Noyaux'arqus'
CRH':"Corticotropin5releasing)
hormone!(41#Ac.#Am.)'
GHRH':Growth(hormone5
releasing)hormone!(44#Ac.Am.)'
Hormones''hypophysaires'
cibles'
TSH'
Prolactine+(pathologie)'
GH#(pathologie)'
LH':"Hormone"luteinisante'
FSH':"Follicle5stimulating*
hormone'
GH'(pathologie)'
Noyaux'paraventriculaires'
ACTH'
Noyaux'arqus'
GH'
Somatostatine'(SRIF)'
(14528'Ac.Am.)'
Noyaux'priventriculaires'
antrieurs'
Dopamine'
noyaux'arqus'
Prolactin*releasing.factor.
(PRF)?'
0'
PRF$role$dans$le$mtabolisme$nergtique$et$le$stress$
GH'
prolactine'
TSH'
ACTH'
Prolactine'
GH'(pathologie)'
Prolactine'
Cocane,
amphtamine
leptine
+
Froid
-
Leptine
Glutamate
Dopamine
Somatostatine
GABA
Injection CRH T0
Ghrelin
GHRH, SOMATOSTATINE
+
Injection GHRH T0
lvation continue de GH
Pas de dsensibilisation
HORMONES ANTE-HYPOPHYSAIRES
Cellule%
%%de%cellules%de%
lantehypophyse%
Corticotrophe%
15%
Thyrotrophe%
Gonadotrophe%
5%
10%
Somatotrophe%
Lactotrophe%
50%
15%
Produit%%
Cible%
ACTH%(38%ac.%am.)%
surrnale%
6lipocortine%
Tissu%adipeux%
MSH%
mlanocytes%
TSH$(28kda)%
Thyrode%
LH#(28kda)%
Gonades%
FSH%
GH#(22kda)%
tous%les%tissus%
Prolactine+(23kda)% Seins,!Gonades%
ACTH
+
Cortico
surrnale
Cortisol
Hypophyse antrieure
GH
Prolactine
TSH
FSH
LH
FSH
LH
Thyrode
Testicule
T4
Ovaire
Oestrogne
Testostrone
androgne
T3
Progestrone
Tissus cibles
+-
HYPOTHALAMUS
+-
CRF
GnRH
GHRH
TRH
HORMONES
HYPOTHALAMIQUES
SRIF
PIF
GH
PROLACTINE
(MSH)
+-
+-
HYPOPHYSE ANTERIEURE
ACTH
TSH
FSH
FSH
E2
CORTISOL
T3 T4
+
SURRENALE
LH
THYROIDE
TESTICULE
LH
+
OVAIRE
CORTISOL
ALDOSTERONE
ANDROGENES
T4
T3
TESTOSTERONE
OESTROGENES
PROGESTERONE
METABOLITES
CELLULAIRES
+
LPH= lipotropin
Skin
Normal levels of ACTH act on the MC2R to increase cortisol. Supraphysiological levels of ACTH act on both the MC2R and the MC1R on melanocytes and cause skin darkening.
(Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.)
Figure 40-10 Diurnal pattern of serum ACTH. (Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.)
INHIBITEURS
CRH
CORTISOL
CORTISOL
ENKEPHALINES, opiacs
REVEIL
ACTH
STRESS
SOMATOSTATINE
DESORDRES
PSYCHIATRIQUES
(anxit, dpression)
GABA
GONADOTROPHINES
Stress
Dopamine
CRH
Endorphine
Hypothalamus
GnRH
(LHRH)
Mlatonine
Lumire
Scrtion complexe :
Rythmes pulsatiles
circadien ( 7 10 pics/jour)
cyclique (mensuel)
dpendant de l ge
GONADOTROPHINES
endorphins
Scrtion complexe :
Rythmes pulsatiles
circadien (7 10 pics/jour)
cyclique (mensuel)
dpendant de l ge
FSH, LH
sous-unit commune
sous-unit spcifique
Rcepteurs 7 domaines TM
Hypothalamus-pituitary -gon adal axis. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-rel easing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone.
(Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.)
LH
ng/ml
12
10
8
6
GnRH
(LHRH)
pg/10 min
1.8
1.2
0.6
0
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Hours
Fluctuation of peripheral vein plasma LH levels and portal vein plasma LHRH levels
in unanesthetized ovariectomized female sheep. Each pulse of LH is coordinated with a pulse of LHRH.
This supports the view that pulsatility of LH release is dependent on pulsatile stimulation of the pituitary
by LHRH (from Levine, J., et al. : Endocrinology 111 : 1449, 1982).
60
18
50
16
LH
40
14
FSH
30
12
20
10
10
-30
60
120
LHRH
180
Minutes
Plasma LH and FSH responses to GnRH 250 g IV in normal men.
The peak response of LH is greater and occurs earlier than that of FSH. LH (but not
FSH) responses in normal women are affected by the stage of the menstrual cycle,
with the greatest responses occurring at time of ovulation (modified from Snyder P.
et al.: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 : 938, 1975)
Perfusion IV
Testostrone
125
100
75
50
Perfusion IV
Oestradiol
125
100
75
50
(Diminution de la frquence et
de l amplitude des pics de LH)
-6
0
6
12
Temps en heures
18
Prolactine
HYPOTHALAMUS PrRP
TRH
GnRH
-
PIF
Bromocriptine
(dopamine) (dopamine agoniste)
-
HYPOPHYSE ANTERIEURE
+
LH
PROLACTINE
+
+
DEVELOPPEMENT
GLANDE MAMMAIRE
OVULATION
LACTATION OESTROGENES
PLACENTA
Grossesse
SUCCION
Ocytocine ?
Milk
Lactose
Lipid
synthesis synthesis
Receptor
Enzymes Enzymes Casein
Cytoplasmic
tyrosine kinases
Transcription factors
DNA
Ribosomes
mRNA
Mammary gland
EFFETS DE LA PROLACTINE
Priode pubertaire et post pubertaire
PRL (+ oestrognes, progestrone, cortisol, GH
dveloppement des canaux alvolaires mammaires
Grossesse
PRL (+ oestrognes + progestrone)
dveloppement des lobules alvolaires
pas de lactation (inhibe par les oestrognes)
Post Partum
PRL (+ cortisol + insuline)
synthse et scrtion du lait (casine, lactalbumine,
-lactoglobine, lactose, acides gras, phospholipides)
Neuroendocrine reflex caused by suckling at the nipple and leading to secretion of oxytocin and prolactin. In turn, these hormones induce continued milk
production (galactopoiesis) and milk let-down. Prolactin also induces lactational amenorrhea. (Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd
ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.)
Poids du
cerveau
Poids du
corps
GH
plasmatique
Enfance
Adolescence
Adulte
Vieillesse
TESTS DE SECRTION DE GH
Recherche dune hypersecrtion de GH (acromgalie):
test de freination par une charge orale en (75g)
Recherche dun dfaut de scrtion de GH:
mesure de lIGF1 peu sensible
tests de stimulation: Insuline, arginine, GHRH,
glucagon (mcanisme mal compris)
sleep
GH BINDING PROTEINS
2 types: haute et basse affinit
En condition basale liaison GHBP de
forte affinit. Quand concentration
augmente liaison GHBP de faible
affinit.
La liaison GHBP amortit les effets
doscillation mais augmente la demie
vie de la GH.
Hypothalamus-pituitary -l iver axis. ALS, acid labile subunit; GHBP, growth hormone-binding protein; GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factorbinding protein; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; SS, somatostatin. (From Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.)
GHRELINE
Peptide 28AcAm
Synthse:
noyau arqu
estomac