HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METALLIFEROUS REGION

NORTH OF OLOVO
Nermin Taletovi mag.dipl.ing.geol1, Dr. sc Almir abovi dipl.ing.geol2, Mr. sc. Eldar
Jaarevi dipl.ing.geol3 Jasmin Isabegovi mag.dipl.ing.geol4
1

Mining Institute Tuzla, Rudarska 72, 75000 Tuzla, e-mail: [email protected]

Mining Institute Tuzla Rudarska 72, 75000 Tuzla, e-mail: [email protected]
3
Mining Institute Tuzla Rudarska 72, 75000 Tuzla, e-mail: [email protected]
4
Mining Institute Tuzla Rudarska 72, 75000 Tuzla, e-mail: [email protected]
2

ABSTRACT
This paperwork included the complex process of collecting and processing data for observed area. Very
complex geological relations in this area have caused complex hydrological conditions which in
combination with the hydrological and climatic characteristics represent a complex hydrogeological
system. Further research in this area would contribute to confidence defining this area in the
hydrological sense.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, geological relations, hydrogeological characteristics

INTRODUCTION

The area north of the town of Olovo - mining area "Olovo", which is localized in the reef
limestone of Upper Triassic. As a major holder of lead is mineral ore Cerussite in mineral wires that
are formed along tectonic fractures in Triassic limestone. Limestone floor seams are usually more
compact in contrast to the roof limestones, which are quite cracked and easily decompose in the finer
fractions. The floor of roofing always shared a sharp fault along which usually is more or less clay
material (fillings). These faults at the same time represent a sharp underlying stratum to contact ore,
while the overlying boundary in many cases is difficult to determine without chemical analysis.
Accordingly, the ore is located in the hanging wall of the cracked limestone.
Hydrographic network in the broad and narrow of lead ore zone is highly developed and reflects
the characteristic hydrological and hydrogeological relations in the studied karst area. Lines and
spatial distribution of water streams are intimately linked to geological and tectonic structure of the
terrain. The water flows are mainly in the deep and steep valleys, often canyon type and typically
represent deep drainage base for karst aquifers in the left and right hinterland river Biostica.

HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HYDROGRAPHIC NETWORK

In the area of Olovo mining region, main waterways are rivers Biotica and Stupanica, which are
at town of Olovo, approximately at the level of 530 m.n.m, merge and form the river Krivaja. Krivaja
is the right tributary of river Bosnia. Krivaja merge with river Bosnia in town of Zavidovici.
When considering the narrow area, the main recipient of the water is the river Biotica. Biotica
rises about 6-7 km northwest of Sokolac. The source consists of a strong karst springs Dubljani, whose
minimum yield is estimated at about 0.3 m 3/s, and the average flow of about 0.9 m 3/s and a few
occasional springs, which occur during rain and snow melt. The source area is located at about 760

m.a.s, and partially capped for water supply Sokolac. The general direction of the flow is to the
northwest, and the sink is largely canyon type with places that are deep several hundred meters (1).
The total length of the stream is 24 km and basin area 411 km2.
One of the major tributaries of Biostica river is the left tributary Kaljina, which drains the
northern slopes of Romanija and eastern slopes of Ozren, and it is positioned approximately 5 km
upstream of the studied area of lead mineralization. Downstream from the confluence of the rivers
Biotica have no longer any left tributary mainly because of the karst nature of the terrain.

Slika 1. Kanjon rijeke Biotice u gornjem toku

At the right waterside of Biotica the catchment area is very limited, however, it appear with few
short permanent or temporary watercourses. Significant stream Bugojevac, which after a very short
flow, sinks into the abyss Kruanje, on the border districts "Okalj" and Prgoevo where it have
underground connection to the source of Zeleni vir.
Hydrographic network and spring network in the wider area of the reservoirs are characterized by
substantial fluctuations in flow rate or yield, during the year - for the most part of the year are
extremely low, and it only grow with rapid snowmelt in the upper parts of the river basins Biotica
and Stupanica. The caves are for the most time practically dry, with small isolated puddles, a more
water occurs during heavy rains or rapid melting of snow.
Measurements and observations of water levels in watercourses and water flow on specific
sections were established in 1984 as part of the Study (Studije povrinskih i podzemnih voda za
investicioni program izgradnje rudnika olova Olovo ( Zavod za vodoprivredu Sarajevo, 1985)),
which provided a set of data of the daily levels and flow rates in several hydrological stations: Biotica
Olovo, Biotica spring, Biotica mine, Biotica Zeleni vir and profundity Bugojevac,
During the war devastation in these stations are not in funcional state. But on the basis of available
data we can provide an average flows as the mean value of the measured data for the period of
observation. In 1984, the average specific swelling are in range from 10 to 25 l/s / km 2, while the

multi-string is in range from 10 to 20 l/s / km 2. Coefficients are ranging from 0.33 to 0.73 and average
about 0.50. These values are in the range expected for areas that have climatic and geological
characteristics similar to the study area.
On the examined area have been developed karstic processes, therefore it is necessary to point out
the need for constant study of karst aquifers, especially in the area of mining operations. It is necessary
to achieve their full security, because the entrance of water to the zone of a larger water channel, could
have tragic consequences for miners and mine. Therefore, in the construction phase of the mine,
should be carried out new research, as well as when the mine is in operation.
When considering the rainfall in the area of Olovo, it's oscillating in a wide range. In 1963
amounted to 2,561 l/m2, and in 1982 only 691 l/m2. Average annual precipitation ranges are from 1000
- 1250 mm. Of course an extreme case represent heavy rains that occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
including the area of the municipality Olovo in May 2014, with big scale of the disaster. It was noted
that during this period over three days in Bosnia and Herzegovina fell from 200 to 250 liters of rain
per square meter, as much as an average fall in three months. As a result, there has been flooding
rivers in Olovo and activation of a large number of landslides, which are deposited huge damage to its
inhabitants.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Ore mineralisation area is positioned in the lower course of the river basin Biostica. The narrow
field of ore and the whole basin Biostica was geologically located in the southwestern part of tectonic
units called "inner Dinarides", or in an area dominated by Triassic and Jurassic sediments with high
degree of tectonic disturbance and brokenness of faults and handles.
From the aspect of hydro-geological characteristics of rocks in the structure of the field, stand out
as hydrogeological collectors in limestone karst rock fracture porosity and Triassic complex
hydrogeological isolators and impermeable sediments (Werfenian sandstones, conglomerates, shales
and aleurolites), who along with Jurassic sediments presented ophiolitic rocks liquid egg (marl, shales
and cherts) form a hydrogeological barrier (hydro insulators).
In such structural and geological conditions of karstification process was dominant diagenetic
process so that this area is characterized by very pronounced fracture karst massif structure and
morphology of the terrain, and is considered the area of mineralization and wider, formed a typical
karst aquifer. The general characteristic of karst aquifers is a close connection hydrogeological,
hydrological characteristics and manifestations, as is the case in the area under consideration.
Fracture-karst aquifer is the only significant intersections returned to date for the region can be clearly
limited in area, defined by mutual spatial relations karstified collectors of middle tertiary limestone
and impermeable to isolators of Lower Triassic clastic rocks and diabase floral formations
(volcanogenic sedimentary series). (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Longitudinal hydrogeological profile of area

In the propagation of aquifers is a larger number of hydro-geological phenomenon of typical karst

character. In addition to the typical karst surface morphology (sinkholes) appear to be numerous types
of hydro-geological karst objects: sinkholes, springs, caves and estavelles.
As a result of intensive underground drainage, in the lower parts of the basin, mainly along
riverbeds Biostica, there is a greater number of permanent and temporary sources. Some have very
high maximum capacity and the most important among them are the Zeleni Vir (> 10 m3 / s),
Kruevaka springs (~ 6 m3 / s) and boiling Boljaci. In addition to the springs that occur along
Biostica, part of the water in the area of karst aquifers left hinterland drains to the north, toward the
riverbed downstream of Krivaja near Olovo. In this area, the most important is the well Orlje (~ 2 m3 /
s), as well as the source in the village Krievii in the trough Orlje, which flows into the paternal and
this wrong. In addition to hot forming Orlja occur and springs in the bed of Krivaje, Tisovac (~ 9 m3 /
s) and Studenac between Boganovi and Krizevici (2).
The source of the Zeleni Vir for the area under consideration ore of lead especially important
because its underground and surface basin encompasses the area of spreading mineral wire solder. The
source consists of two branches, whose total yield is the minimum estimated at ~ 0.11 m3 / s, and the
average is around 0.54 m3 / s. The surface of the sub-basin of the Zeleni Vir is about 40 km 2, although
the border difficult to uniquely determine its dominant karst morphology.

Figure 2: Extract from hydrogeological map of the ore regions in Olovo

At the right hinterland Biostica the karst hydrogeological phenomena less common due to the

nature of rocks in the structure, less karstification and close to the basin watersheds Stupanica. In this
area, the more pronounced surface runoff and the formation of surface flows, than in the west. Very
interesting and significant for the area districts Okalj is the flow stream Bugojevac, which after
surface flow length of about 5 km in the whole ends plunging into the abyss Bugojevac, whose direct
underground connection with the Zeleni Vir has been demonstrated staining experiments. Maximum
capacity of descent is estimated at ~ 0.6 m3 / s.
Maximum capacity of concentrated highlighting groundwater at listed sites, according to the
geological elaborate karst channels can move significant quantities of groundwater. The single pit
mining facilities, hydro-geological mapping has recorded a small number of phenomena sources or
concentrated highlighting groundwater that does not indicate that the cave exploration activities cut off
some of the main directions of groundwater flow.

Filtration characteristics and groundwater aquifers

While in the middle of Karst filtration coefficient, as the speed parameter of the underground flow
in porous media, can be considered representative within the wells of test investigative CA-1, 2 and 3
are experiments conducted permeability tests (VDP), the method of injection of water under pressure,
by Lugeon-in. The results of this assay provide a wide range of filtration coefficient k = 1.0 x 10-5 to k
= 8.2 x 10-8 m / s. These values confirm the heterogeneous structure of the porosity, typical of
fracture-karst media and the flow of the privileged directions. The profile of the drilling are noticeable
individual intervals increased the value of filtration coefficient (izdrobljenosti limestone), but mostly it
is a cracked limestone with fissures filled with clay, calcite and siderite binder. Open cavernous
channels, as privileged directions of turbulent flow, not drilled, nor are observed complete loss of
water during experiments.
In the middle of this distinctive fracture karst structure dominates the underground flow of the
elaborate carstificated channels and in the turbulent regime, so the method of determining the direction
and speed of underground stream customized it. During the previous period were carried out in a
number of field experiments tracing staining for determining the direction and rate of groundwater
flow, and the most in order to establish the connection spring green source with peripheral sinks.
Identified as direct hydraulic connections and lines underground stream between:
- Sink Malinovi Zeleni Vir
- Wells CA-3 (left hinterland, hunt 'Prgoevo ") - Zeleni Vir
- Wells CA-1 (right hinterland hunt "Okalj") - Zeleni Vir
- Sink Kruscanje (Bugojevac) - Zeleni Vir
- Sink Horsehead b. - Spring Tisovac
- Sink Bijambare - Spring Orlja.
Staining experiments have established relatively large apparent velocities underground stream to
the source Green source of 1037 m / day (0.012 m / s) to 250 m / day (0.0029 m / s), as well as in other
directions towards Tisovac (1123 meters / day) and hot Orlje (1900 m / day). These results confirm
that it is a subterranean flow by elaborate karst channels and in the turbulent regime. The spatial
orientation directions of groundwater flow and position of sinks and sources is visible on the cut of
hydrogeological maps in Figure 2.
In the earlier performed piezometric wells CA-1, 2 and 3 the measurements are made only for a
short period in 1985 and can be considered only informational. Table 1 provides an overview of the
measured maximum and minimum values of NPV in this period.

Table 1. Overview of the measured maximum and minimum values NPV

The level of ground water
(NPV m.n.m.)
Max. NPV
Min.
NPV
582,22
571,63

Piesometer

Period of
observation

OPO-1

II-VI.1985

OPO-2

II-VI.1985

570,85

568,83

bank of Biotica

OPO-3

V-VI.1985

707,22

703,40

left bank Prgoevo

Remark
right bank Okalj

CONCLUSION
For a more detailed discussion of the dynamics of groundwater in the limestone aquifer
deposits of lead ore missing sustained and long-term observation of elements of the
underground flow (levels, flow rates, etc.) In the area under consideration. Previous studies
and observations have provided sufficient indicators for the qualitative defining
hydrodynamic regime in the discussion but not enough to be in quantitative terms defined all
elements of the underground flow and balance of groundwater.
The groundwater regime in the area under consideration is undoubtedly a typical karst
character and basic parameters of the underground flow (levels and flows) are in close
functional relationship with hydrological conditions, the infiltration of rainfall and drainage
on the primary hydrographic network. At the same factors infiltration of precipitation
(primarily karst morphology) caused directly limestone aquifer recharge, and factors structure
porosity (the degree of karstification) quickly and directly discharging or draining of aquifers
through basic drainage artery, the river Biostica.
When it comes to significant and frequent changes in groundwater levels, depending on
the amount of rain and snow melt, and also the capacity of the source and flow in the open
channels. Measurements have never been achieved in the continuity and for a longer period of
time or can be assumed high amplitude fluctuations NPV especially in deeper hinterland.
With more detailed measurements and tests of this (with an aspect of a complex geological
area) can gain a detailed insight into the capacity and drainage conditions of the aquifer, and
its potential as a water body.

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