Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Nanoparticle Filled

Polypropylene: Effect of Particle Surface Treatment on

Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Performance
of Composites
Manish Kamal,1 C. S. Sharma,1 Pradeep Upadhyaya,1 Vishal Verma,1 K. N. Pandey,1
Vijai Kumar,1 D. D. Agrawal2
1
Central
2

Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Applied Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Received 21 January 2011; accepted 11 May 2011

DOI 10.1002/app.35319
Published online 2 November 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to see the
effect of surface treatment on nanocomposites with
different fatty acids (stearic acid and oleic acid) having two
different coupling agents (titanate and silane). Nanocomposites were prepared via melt mixing in Haake 90 twin
screw extruder. The characterization of nanocomposites
had been carried out using various advance analytical techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, heat distortion temperature, melt flow
index, and scanning electron microscopy. The strength and
stiffness were also improved with the incorporation of maleic-anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber in PP/
Nano-CaCO3 nanocomposites. The tensile, flexural, and

impact strength properties of PP/MA-g-EPR/treatedCaCO3 and untreated nanocomposites were determined.

These studies revealed that stearic acid treated nanofiller
filled composites had better properties than those of
untreated and oleic acid treated nanofiller filled composites. The SEM studies demonstrated that the dispersion
and distribution of Nano-CaCO3 (nCaCO3) particles within
the polypropylene matrix were dependent on the nature of
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl
surface treating agents. V

INTRODUCTION

industrial cost and modifying the particles of nanoscale

dimension is embedded611 of some characteristics
such as stiffness, electrical insulation, thermal stability,
and optical properties. However, it has been observed
that in most of the cases a loss in mechanical properties
like tensile strength and tenacity is observed, due to a
lack of affinity between the polymer and the filler
resulting in low adhesion. The difference in surface
energy between the composites component is thought
to be the main reason for the weak affinity between filler and polymer.12 Some filler can be treated by organic
compounds coupling agents to overcome this weak affinity and coupling agents may reduce the surface
energy and improve interfacial adhesion.13 Weak affinity can be reduced to a greater extent when filler particles are extremely small, like in nanocomposites
structure. In this class of composites the fillers like
montmorillonites are added, in very low percentage
(15 wt %) to enhance the physico-mechanical thermal
and microphase properties.1416
The extremely high surface area is one of the most
attractive characteristics of nanoparticles because it
facilitates creating a great amount of interphase in a
composite. Introduction of nanoparticles into a polymer changes the intermolecular interaction of the
matrix which is very well documented in

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most important

commodity polymers, which is widely used in technical applications, because of its good process-ability, relatively high mechanical properties, great recyclability, and low cost. However, owing to its low
modulus, high notched sensibility, and poor impact
resistance the usefulness of PP as an engineering
thermoplastic is still limited. Continual efforts have
been made to enhance mechanical, thermal, and
microphase properties. The challenge of increasing
the aforementioned properties of polymer provoked
considerable interest.1
In recent years, organicinorganic nanocomposites
have attracted immense interest, both in industry
and in academia. These nanocomposites are a class
of hybrid materials composed of an organic matrix
and an inorganic reinforcement because they often
exhibit excellent properties.25 The main aim of producing such types of nanocomposites is to reduce

Correspondence to: V. Verma ([email protected]).

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 124, 26492656 (2012)

C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

V

Polym Sci 124: 26492656, 2012

Key words: polypropylene; stearic acid; oleic acid; MA-gEPR; titanate and silane coupling agent

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KAMAL ET AL.

TABLE I
Composition Nomenclature
Sample

Composition

MN-1
MN-2
MN-3
MN-4
MN-5
MN-6

SA-nCaCO3 /MA-g-EPR/T
OA-nCaCO3/MA-g-EPR/T
nCaCO3/MA-g-EPR/T
SA-nCaCO3/MA-g-EPR/S
OA-nCaCO3/MA-g-EPR/S
nCaCO3/MA-g-EPR/S

literature.17 As estimated by Regnaud et al.,18 an

interphase of 1 nm thickness represents roughly
0.3% of the total volume of polymer in the case of
microparticles filled composites, whereas, it can be
30% of the total volume in the case of nanocomposites. Uniform distribution of nanoparticles over a
polymer matrix has become mandatory to improve
nanopartiles/matrix interaction. Tremendous amount
of investigations have been conducted in thermoplastic based composites filled with nanofillers.1928
In the present communication, an attempt has been
made to see the influence of coupling agents and compatibilizer on treated and untreated nanocomposites based
on PP-CP/CaCO3 and also to analyze the behavior of
CaCO3 nanoparticles and their effect on overall properties of the resultant nanocomposites so derived. Various
macroscopic properties such as thermal, mechanical, and
morphology at nanometer regime have been analyzed
and correlated with the overall performance of nanocomposites. More over in recent years, in addition to traditional modifiers, such as rubber particles and micro,
nanosize fillers have also been introduced to improve
physical, thermal, and mechanical properties.2934

method. High speed mixer having high shear rate

was used to disperse the stearic acid and oleic acid
consistently. The powdered form of nCaCO3 was
mixed with stearic acid in the mixer for 1 h at a speed
of 3500 rpm. Heat generated due to friction then acid
melted (above 80
C) and gave a uniform coating on
CaCO3. The same process was adopted for oleic acid
coating on CaCO3 nanoparticles.
Composite preparation
Prior to mixing the PP copolymer and surface treated
and untreated nCaCO3 were dried at 80
C for 12 h in
vacuum oven. The nanocomposites were prepared with
the help of Haake Rheocord 90 corotating twin screw
extruder at 170210
C at a screw speed of 100 rpm with
using surface treated and untreated (210%) nCaCO3
and MA-g-EPR (5%) followed by mixing 1% silane/titanate. The standard size specimens were prepared by
Texair-40 semiautomatic injection molding machine at
170210
C and the sheets were prepared by Nuchem
semiautomatic compression molding machine.
Formulations
All batches comprised of 100% PP, 5% MA-g-EPR,
1% coupling agent and 2-10% nCaCO3.
Maleic anhydride grafted EPR (MA-g-EPR), Titanate coupling agent (T), Silane coupling agent (S);
Stearic acid surface treating agent (SA) and Oleic
acid surface treating agent (OA) have been used in
the preparation of nano-composites. The compositions with their nomenclatures are given in Table I.
Mechanical testing

EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
The material used in this study was impact copolymer
polypropylene (PP-ICP) grade MI3530 supplied by Reliance Polymer, compatibilizer (MA-g-EPR) OPTIM P613 with MFI 4.0 g/10 min at 190
C temperature and
2.16 kg weight according to ASTM D 1238 supplied by
Pluss Polymers Pvt. India, and coupling agents titanate
grade EB-1019A supplied by industrial Products Mfg.,
India and Silane (3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 98%),
grade RM6592 supplied by Himedia (India). Surface
modifiers stearic acid and oleic acid of 98% purity were
procured from Loba Cheme Pvt., India and Qualigen
Pvt.,India, respectively. Nano-CaCO3 (grade-CC 301)
particle size 40 nm without surface modification was
supplied by Yuncheng Chemical Industrial (Taiwan).

The tensile and flexural testing of composites were

determined by using INSTRON 3382 Universal testing
machine at room temperature. The tensile tests (ASTM
D 638) were performed at a crosshead speed of 50 mm/
min. For Flexural tests (ASTM D 790), a three point
loading system was used, and the support span length
was adjusted to 100 mm, the crosshead speed was 5
mm/min. According to ASTM D256, the notched izod
impact strength was performed. The result reported
were the average of five individual measurements.
Differential scanning calorimetry
Diamond DSC manufactured by PerkinElmer (New
Jersey, USA) was used to study the melting behavior
of PP/nCaCO3 nanocomposite at temperature range 0
220
C in nitrogen atmosphere at heating rate: 20
C/
min and cooling rate: 15
C/min. The percentage crystallinity was calculated from the DSC traces as follows:

Nano-CaCo3 particle surface treatment

Physical treatment of nano-CaCO3 (nCaCO3) by stearic acid and oleic acid has been performed by dry
Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/app

% Crystallinity

DHc observed
 100
DHc 100% crystalline

CaCO3 NANOPARTICLE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE

2651

TABLE II
Mechanical Properties Test Results
Properties

nCaCO3 (in %)

MN-1

MN-2

MN-3

MN-4

MN-5

MN-6

2
6
8
10
2
6
8
10
2
6
8
10
2
6
8
10
2
6
8
10

21.20
21.53
22.48
21.83
330.00
354.00
389.00
339.00
51.51
52.63
53.52
53.15
1096.00
1163.00
1268.00
1232.00
192.00
212.00
236.00
228.00

20.98
21.21
21.63
21.48
317.00
351.00
364.00
348.00
51.26
52.55
52.36
53.06
1084.00
1148.00
1217.00
1196.00
186.00
197.00
218.00
205.00

24.12
24.32
24.56
24.89
490.38
512.52
599.35
537.86
46.50
47.91
48.85
50.15
1039.22
1097.21
1129.70
1195.33
152.89
169.46
178.23
187.50

20.84
21.02
21.53
21.22
310.00
347.00
358.00
343.00
50.98
51.47
53.07
52.37
1059.00
1068.00
1145.00
1115.00
180.00
186.00
195.00
192.00

20.64
20.98
21.25
21.12
300.00
338.00
345.00
339.00
40.73
50.89
52.59
51.92
1006.00
1027.00
1089.00
1063.00
184.00
189.00
193.00
191.00

23.98
24.11
24.33
24.49
457.32
493.54
515.43
505.13
43.44
44.79
46.12
48.66
995.54
1029.40
1114.86
1130.73
130.35
133.00
137.32
138.55

Tensile strength (MPa)

Tensile modulus (MPa)

Flexural strength (MPa)

Flexural modulus (MPa)

Impact strength (J/m)

where DHc (observed) is the enthalpy associated with

melting of the material and DHc (100% crystalline) is the
enthalpy of 100% crystalline PP having value 146.5 J/g.35

USA, under nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature

dependence frequency is taken 1 Hz in temperature
range () 50120
C at a heating rate of 3
C/min.

Melt flow index

X-ray diffraction

Melt flow index studies were conducted as per

ASTM D 1238 by Y. Rosand (UK) melt flow tester at
2.16 kg load and 230
C temperature.

XRD studies were performed using SIETRONICS

XRD SCAN model with a diffraction angle 2060

and intensity in the range of 0400 cps.
The particle size distribution of nCaCO3 was
measured with Scherrers formula.

Heat distortion temperature

Heat distortion temperature (HDT) was studied according to ASTM D 648 by Wallace (UK) HDT apparatus.
Specimens used were rectangular bar in shape having
dimensions 127.0  12.3  36.0 mm3 at 0.45 MPa load.
Thermo gravimetric analysis
Thermo gravimetric analysis was carried out in
nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 20
C/min.
in the temperature range of 0850
C.
Scanning electron microscopy
Microphase properties were analyzed from LEO-430
(UK) scanning electron microscope. Prior to SEM analysis specimens were gold coated for 2 min with the
help of gold sputtering unit to avoid the charging effect
and to enhance the emission of secondary electrons.
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Dynamic mechanical thermal properties were determined on a TA Instrument (Q-800) New Castle, DE,

Particle size dA0 K  k= D2h cosh

where K order of reflection,
k (Wave length) 1.542 and y diffraction angle.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mechanical properties
It is well established fact that fillers are added in
plastic materials to enhance the mechanical properties. It is also a bare fact that the compatibility
between filler and polymer improves when the filler
surface is treated with organic materials.
Tensile strength of nanocomposite changes slightly
with increase of nCaCO3 percentage. Tensile
strength of nCaCO3 with titanate coupling agent
shows higher value than that of surface treated
nCaCO3. It has also been observed that tensile modulus is a direct function of amount of nCaCO3 upto
8% and beyond that it shows decline behavior in its
value data given in Table II. This observation indicates greater affinity of nCaCO3 particles towards
Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/app

2652

KAMAL ET AL.

Figure 1 DSC graphs of different samples.

the matrix in every stage of loading. With titanate

modulus of elasticity increases than silane coupled
nanocomposites because of the fact that it is a good
coupling agent than silane. It can be concluded that
SA surface treated nCaCO3 nanocomposite with titanate coupling agent shows best mechanical properties as depicted in Table I. This might be due to
increase in surface energy and there by felicitating
good wettability resulting in good interfacial adhesion between matrix and filler.

Differential scanning calorimetry

Effect of the surface treatment on thermal properties
of nanocomposites have been analyzed by DSC. The
change in melting behavior of PP/Ma-g-EPR/
nCaCO3 nanocomposite with compatiblizer and different surface treating agent has been studied at a
heating rate of 20
C/min. The results are shown in
Table III and Figure 1.
Nanocomposite of PP/MA-g-EPR/nCaCO3 shows
increased melting temperature. In the presence of
compatbilizer (MA-g-EPR), the compatiblizer also
acts as nucleating agent thus leading to an increase
of the crystallization.36 The change in crystallization
behavior of nanocomposite with different surface
modifiers in combination with different coupling
agents are shown in Table II. The value of crystallinity is highest for untreated nCaCO3/Ma-g-EPR/S
because of excellent arrangement of chains while
among surface treated nanocomposites SA-nCaCO3/
Ma-g-EPR/S show the highest crystallinity. The crystallinity decreases as well as the dispersion of filler
increases. Thus the arrangement of chains is
reduced.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/app

Melt flow index

MFI of nanocomposites changes with varying percentage of nCaCO3 and modifiers. MFI also depends
on the nature of modifiers. The surface treated
nCaCO3 nanocomposites have higher MFI than
untreated nCaCO3 nanocomposite due to fatty acids
which acts as flow promoters. SA treated nCaCO3
has higher MFI as compared to OA treated. Because
of better coupling between matrix and filler, titanate
increases MFI value higher than silane. The results
depicted in Table IV reveal that flow rate increases
upto 8 wt % of surface treated nCaCO3 but above
this value the flow rate is reduced. It has also been
observed that in the case of nanofilled composites
the value of MFI increases upto 8 wt % and above
it reduces because of nCaCO3 does not disperse in
adequate manner as the filler concentration
increases.
Heat distortion temperature
HDT of PP increases with addition of nCaCO3,
whereas, slight declination in HDT value is observed
in the case of surface treated nCaCO3 as compared
TABLE III
Differential Scanning Calorimetric Results
Composition

Tm
(oC)

DH
(J/g)

REA
(mJ)

Crystallinity
(%)

MN-1
MN-2
MN-3
MN-4
MN-5
MN-6

167.21
164.71
167.69
164.17
162.65
166.69

21.681
21.973
23.644
27.631
18.333
33.644

188.970
191.519
207.824
240.800
159.794
291.654

14.7993
14.9986
16.1392
18.8607
12.5139
22.9651

CaCO3 NANOPARTICLE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE

2653

TABLE IV
Melt Flow Index Results
MFI at 2.16 kg and 230
C (g/10min),
% nCaCO3
Sample

10

MN-1
MN-2
MN-3
MN-4
MN-5
MN-6

3.36
3.04
2.56
3.12
3.02
2.10

3.56
3.17
2.33
3.18
3.08
1.95

4.01
3.28
2.03
3.27
3.20
1.80

3.87
3.25
1.82
3.23
3.15
1.32

TABLE V
Heat Distortion Temperature Results
HDT (
C) % nCaCO3
Sample

10

MN-1
MN-2
MN-3
MN-4
MN-5
MN-6

112
110
114
108
107
110

114
113
118
111
109
112

116
115
120
113
112
114

118
116
121
115
113
116

to untreated nCaCO3 nanocomposites. With titanate

coupling agent because of better bonding between
filler and PP matrix, the HDT value is higher than
silane treated nanocomposites. The change in HDT
generates with surface modification by two different
fatty acids. HDT data as given in Table V, shows
increasing trend with increase of nCaCO3 upto 10%
in both surface treated and untreated composites.
Thermo gravimetric analysis
Figure 2 shows that the surface treated nCaCO3
nanocomposites have higher thermal stabilities than
untreated nCaCO3. During thermal degradation, the
TGA plots depict a double step degradation behavior. The first step shows the degradation of PP,

Figure 2 TGA graphs of samples.

while the second one shows the degradation of additives. TGA plats show no change in weight upto
300
C while above 300
C weight loss is observed.
The improvement in the thermal stability PP/
nCaCO3 nanocomposites is because of formation of
char residues (at 690
C), which hinders the out-diffusion of the volatile decomposition products. The
stability after surface treatment increases appreciably
due to better dispersion of filler and better coupling
within PP matrix.

Scanning electron microscopy

SEM micrographs in Figure 3 indicate that agglomeration can be reduced significantly by surface treatment using different modifiers in presence of different coupling agents. The SEM micrographs show
homogeneous dispersion of the nanofiller within the
polymer matrix. It is also observed that MA-g-EPR
domain size is decreased as the percentage of filler
is increased. It is clearly evident from micrographs

Figure 3 SEM Images at 200 magnifications.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/app

2654

KAMAL ET AL.

TABLE VI
DMA Results
Sample

Tan Delta (J/g)

MN-1
MN-2
MN-3
MN-4
MN-4
MN-5
MN-6

32.59
32.02
35.58
32.21
32.21
31.75
34.47

that addition of surface modification enhances the

surface morphology of nanocomposite. SA treated
nCaCO3 shows better dispersion than OA treated
nCaCO3 as is evident from the SEM micrographs
depicted in Figure 3.
Dynamic mechanical analysis
A gradual decrease in storage modulus is observed
with increasing temperature from 50 to 120
C. DMA
studies show that the storage modulus drastically
decreases about 20% in case of surface treated
nCaCO3 nanocomposite. The glass transition temperature (Tg) steadily increases from 163 to 167
C as a
function of nCaCO3 loading due to the reinforcing
influence of nCaCO3 participles into the PP matrix.
As expected, storage modulus (E0 ) of PP/nCaCO3
with titanate and silane coupling agent is higher
than that of virgin PP-CP matrix during the entire
range of testing temperature.
It has been noted that at low temperature stearic
acid treated nCaCO3 with titanate coupling agent
shows higher storage modulus. In the presence of
nCaCO3, displacement of the relaxation peaks
towards lower temperature shows that the presence
of the nCaCO3 filler increases the mobility of polymer chains. The loss factor represents mechanical
damping or internal friction in a viscoelastic system.
The increase in storage modulus shows that the reinforcement increases and compatibilizer m-g-EPR
facilitates to increase the surface area and reinforcement. It is observed that stearic acid treated nCaCO3
nanocomposites show higher values than oleic acid
treated nCaCO3. The DMA results are dipicted in
Table VI and Figure 4(ac).
XRD of untreated/treated nCaCO3
The XRD pattern of untreated and treated (stearic
acid and oleic acid) nCaCO3 is shown in Figure 5(a
c). XRD pattern of stearic acid and oleic acid treated
nCaCO3 shows an increase in interlayer spacing
which is an indicative of
(d001) from 14.29 to 22.39 A
the fact that after surface treatment the nCaCO3
Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/app

Figure 4 (a) DMA storage modulus graph, (b) DMA Loss

modulus graph, and (c) DMA Ten delta graph. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
at www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com].

become hydrophobic in nature due to increase in

interlayer spacing between the galleries nCaCO3.
This facilitates the PP matrix to enter into the

CaCO3 NANOPARTICLE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE

2655

The coupling agents show the significant effect on

nanocomposites properties; titanate gave the best
properties compared to silane.
It has been exposed that the phase morphology of
nanocomposites increases with surface modification.
The dispersion of nCaCO3 in the PP matrix depends
on the nature of coating (stearic acid or oleic acid).
Stearic acid treated nCaCO3 effectively improves the
mechanical properties. Tensile properties show significant changes in untreated nanocomposies, while
notched impact strength increases significantly with
surface treated nCaCO3 at 8% the value increase upto
21%. TGA results show that the thermal stability
increases with surface treated nCaCO3. SEM reveals
that adequate homogeneous dispersion is seen in surface treated nCaCO3. The overall results reveal that
stearic acid treated gives fairly good properties than
those of the oleic acid treated nanocomposites.
References

Figure 5 (a) XRD Pattern of nCaCO3, (b) XRD Pattern of

SA-nCaCO3, and (c) XRD Pattern of OA-nCaCO3.

interlayer spacing and creating an intercalation or

exfoliation structure of nanocomposites.

CONCLUSIONS
The Stearic acid and oleic acid surface treated
nCaCO3 nanoparticles were prepared via chemical
surface modification method with two different coupling agents. Uses of surface treated nCaCO3 and
MA-g-EPR increase the mechanical properties of
nanocomposites.

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