International Journal of Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD)

Volume 6, Issue 2, July-Dec 2015, pp. 01-11, Article ID: IJIERD_06_02_001

Available online at
http:// http://www.iaeme.com/issue.asp?JType=IJIERD&VType=6&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976 6979 and ISSN Online: 0976 6987
IAEME Publication

STUDY ON THE SERVICES OFFERED BY

NON VESSEL OPERATING COMMON
CARRIERS (NVOCC) IN CHENNAI
Dr. J. Rengamani
Associate Professor, AMET Business School, AMET University
V. Venkatraman
Research Scholar, AMET University
ABSTRACT
Shipping is the lynchpin of the Indian economy. Without shipping,
container trade, the bulk transport of raw materials, and the import/export of
affordable food and manufactured goods would simply not be possible.
Seaborne trade continues to expand, bringing benefits for consumers across
the world as well as India through low and decreasing freight costs. Thanks to
the growing efficiency of shipping as a mode of transport and increased
economic liberalization, the prospects for the Indian industrys further growth
continue to be strong. In the current study, the researcher has done a
competitor analysis of major shipping lines and their core competencies in the
Chennai sector. The shipping lines such as MAERSK and APL are leading in
exports & imports of containerized cargo from Chennai port to various ports
of the world. The future growth of major shipping lines has also been
predicted by the researcher. The services offered by the shipping lines have
been analyzed through their NVOCCs by using survey method. Most of the
shipping lines are offering competitive freight rates and less transit time for
the export & import of containerized cargo. There is yet another core
competency identified by the NVOCCs with regard to the selection of the
shipping line, which is the online/internet services. NVOCCs would like to
accomplish their operations/activities at their ease and hence give more
importance to Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) based services.
Key words: NVOCCs, Liners, Ports, Shipping Services
Cite this Article: Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman. Study on The
Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai, International Journal of Industrial Engineering Research and
Development, 6(2), 2015, pp. 01-11.
http:// http://www.iaeme.com/issue.asp?JType=IJIERD&VType=6&IType=2

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Study on The Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai

INTRODUCTION
India is one of the oldest seafaring nations and historically has had a large and vital
shipping industry. Its shipping fleet occupies a place of importance in India's overseas
trade and is currently the 14th largest fleet in the world in terms of deadweight
tonnage.
India is among the top 20 maritime nations in the world.. The long coastline and
the large number of ports have made shipping a crucial activity for the rapidly
growing Indian economy. India's greatest strengths as a maritime nation are its ship
breaking facilities and the high quality maritime manpower. The Indian Shipping
Industry is worth $ 5.5 Billion (Coastal + Overseas) - The fact that 68% of Indian
exports (in value terms) and 90% (in volume terms) is carried out through shipping
bears testimony to the fact that the development of the shipping industry in India is
pivotal to the overall growth of the Indian economy.
Shipping is a global industry and its prospects are closely tied to the level of
economic activity in the world. A higher level of industrial activity would generally
lead to higher demand for industrial raw materials. This in turn would boost imports
and exports. The shipping market is cyclical in nature and freight rates generally tend
to be highly volatile. Freight rates and earnings of shipping companies are primarily a
function of demand and supply in the markets. While demand drivers are a function of
trade growth (growth in world trade) and trade patterns, the supply drivers are a
function of new ship building orders as well as scrapping of existing tonnage.

GROWTH OF SHIPPING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

The natural advantage of an extensive coastline of 7,517 kilometers requires India to
use sea transport for the bulk of cargo transport. Following the policy of
liberalization, the Indian shipping industry and major ports have been thrown open to
the private sector. Shipping activity is buoyant and the number of ships registered
under the Indian flag has reached 480. The average age of the shipping fleet in India
is 13 years, compared to 17 years of the international shipping fleet. India is also
among the few countries that offer fair and free competition to all shipping companies
for obtaining cargo. There is no cargo reservation policy in India. However, the
shipping industry doesn't move faster. The Indian shipping industry needs to ensure a
level playing field. The biggest challenge in the future will not be the quality of ships,
but the sea-farers who are moving to tax-free havens.

GOVERNMENT EFFORTS
Shipping in India is not growing as fast as shipping in other countries due to nonconducive fiscal and regulatory policies, says Kiran Dhingra, Director General of
Shipping. "The efforts of the shipping industry would lead to changes in policies,
which will let it grow bigger and faster. The government would adopt a positive
attitude towards the Indian shipping industry because of the economic growth that has
taken place due to its greater efficiency in operations," she said.
The Industry body CII has called for evolving a new mechanism for reviving
India's maritime sector to increase private sector investments and enable more
efficient management. Development of core infrastructure, port sector in particular, is
crucial for the sector to become globally competitive, CII said in a release. The
chamber said that with the increase in the number of ships at the Indian ports,
providing facilities like ship repair would not only strengthen the sector but also result
in generating job opportunities for the local population. The chamber said that though
http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman

Indian ports have a price advantage over other international ports, there is a need to
develop conducive policies to provide growth opportunities to private players so that
they are at par with the international players.
The Planning Commission of India also agrees that the shipping industry was
performing below its potential as the government failed to respond to the changing
market scenario and suggested that the problems impeding the sector's growth needed
due attention. The need for increased government support - particularly in regard to
the various taxes imposed on the shipping industry, has been noted by analysts too.
The core competencies of Shipping Lines are adjudged based on the following
factors through NVOCCs.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Length of service in the shipping business

Frequency of visits by the sales personnel from the shipping line
Time taken to provide the Freight Rates
Services offered by the Shipping Lines

Availability of Telephone numbers & concerned person at the time of need

Courtesy extended by the line at the time of attending to your calls
Prompt response at the time of attending to your queries
Visits/Calls made by Liner Companys Sales representative.
Filling of EGM & IGM
Timely Feedback about Vessel Schedules, Vessel Cut off time, Providing Freight
quotation, Arrival notices, Providing EGM & IGM nos at the time of need, Providing
THC, Detention & other related charges at the time of need
Timely and Prompt issue of Delivery and Carting order
Availability of Containers at container yard such as Timely availability of empty
container and Condition of containers
Stuffing/Movement operation at CFS & Nominated Yard: Availability of space at
stuffing shed, Timely movement of containers to CFS/Nominated yard and Services
provided at CFS/Nominated yard
After Sales Service offered by Sales/Customer service department such as Shipped on
board details and Transhipment details
After Sales Service offered by Documentation department such as Courtesy extended
at B/L counter, Promptness in issuance of B/L and Error free documentation
Container Tracking
Online services/Internet based services provided by the liner
Receiving Brokerage/Refund Cheques (if any)

INEVITABILITY OF NVOCCS
An NVOCC is an agent for the exporter in moving cargo to an overseas destination.
These agents are familiar with the import rules and regulations of foreign countries,
the export regulations of the home country, the methods of shipping, and the
documents related to foreign trade. NVOCCs are licensed by the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) to handle airfreight and the Federal Maritime
Commission to handle ocean freight.
NVOCCs assist exporters in preparing price quotations by advising on freight
costs, port charges, consular fees, costs of special documentation, insurance costs, and
their handling fees. They recommend the packing methods that will protect the

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Study on The Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai

merchandise during transit or can arrange to have the merchandise packed at the port
or containerized. If the exporter prefers, NVOCCs can reserve the necessary space on
a vessel, aircraft, train, or truck. The cost for their services is a legitimate export cost
that should be included in the price charged to the customer.
Once the order is ready for shipment, NVOCCs should be reviewing all
documents to ensure that everything is in order. This is of particular importance with
letter of credit payment terms. They may also prepare the bill of lading and any
special required documentation. After shipment, they can route the documents to the
seller, the buyer, or to a paying bank. NVOCCs can also make arrangements with
customs brokers overseas to ensure that the goods comply with customs export
documentation regulations. A customs broker is an individual or company that is
licensed to transact customs business on behalf of others. Customs business is limited
to those activities involving transactions related to the entry and admissibility of
merchandise; its classification and valuation; the payment of duties, taxes, or other
charges assessed or collected; or the refund, rebate, or drawback thereof.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The researcher has thoroughly reviewed the literature with regard to the field of
shipping. There are many researchers who have done excellent research work in
analyzing the operations of Chennai port, Indian major ports, Indian minor ports,
Container types, Benefits of containerization, Container Terminal, Container Freight
Stations (CFS), Inland Container Depots (ICD), Liner shipping, Liner Trade, EXIM
operations, EXIM documentation, Liner services, B/L research, Letter of Credit (LC),
Optimum Freight Rates research, Transit Time computation, Voyage estimation,
Demurrage/Despatch computations, General cost analysis such as Terminal Handling
Costs, Importance of NVOCCs, Consolidation, FCL/LCL research and Customs
House operations.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To identify the services offered by the major shipping lines to the NVOCCs in the
container trade
To analyze the core competencies of shipping lines through NVOCCs

METHODOLOGY
In the current study, the researcher has collected information about the core
competencies of 12 major shipping lines from the NVOCCs who are doing business
in the Chennai sector. The Primary data are collected from the NVOCCs who are
utilizing the services of the major shipping lines in the Chennai sector. The
information from the NVOCCs has been collected with the help of a structured
questionnaire. Here Samples are collected based on referrals. Initially a few set of
samples were selected based on the convenience of the researcher and the sample base
were increased by obtaining further reference from the samples. The researcher has
selected a sample size of 80 (out of an approximate population of 700 NVOCCs)
based on the ad-hoc basis. It means that the researcher has collected information from
80 NVOCCs in Chennai who are doing freight forwarding business with 12 major
shipping lines.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman

QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS
Table 1 Length of Service in the Freight Forwarding Business
Age
Response Percentage
<2
5
6.25
2-5
9
11.25
5-10
28
35.00
10-15
21
26.25
>15
17
21.25
TOTAL
80
100.00
Inference: From TABLE-1, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 35% of the
respondents are doing the freight forwarding business for 5-10 years. This is followed by
year groups 10-15 and >15 with 26% & 21% respectively.
Table-2 Shipping Line Used For Exports & Imports
Liner
Response Percentage
9
11.25
APL
10
12.5
CMA
4
5
HANJIN
5
6.25
HL
2
2.5
HMM
4
5
KLINE
17
21.25
MAERSK
8
10
NYK
4
5
PIL
12
15
PONL
3
3.75
RCL
2
2.5
SCI
80
100
TOTAL
Inference: From TABLE 2, it can be understood that out of 80 respondents, 21% of the
respondents are utilizing the services offered by MAERSK line and this is followed by
PONL, CMA, APL and NYK with 15%, 13%, 11% & 10% respectively.
Table 3 Frequency of Sales Personnel Visit
Visit
Response Percentage
18
22.5
Weekly
16
20
Fortnightly
5
6.25
Monthly
41
51.25
On request
0
0
Never
80
100
Inference: From TABLE 3, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 51% of the
respondents have specified that the frequency of Sales personnel visit to their company is
based on request.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Study on The Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai
Table 4 Time Taken To Provide the Freight Rates
Time taken
Response
Percentage
Instantly
18
22.5
Few hours
2
2.5
One day
5
6.25
More time
17
21.25
Depends
38
47.5
TOTAL
80
100
Inference: From TABLE 4, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 48% of the
respondents have specified that the time taken by the shipping line to provide the Freight
Rates Depends on various factors that are normally considered.
Table 5 Opinion on the Freight Rates
Opinion on Freight Rates
Response Percentage
Expensive
5
6.25
Competitve
36
45
Nominal
11
13.75
Attractive
7
8.75
Relatively Cheaper
21
26.25
TOTAL
80
100
Inference: From TABLE 5, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 45% of the
respondents have indicated that the Freight rates quoted by the shipping lines are competitive.
Table 6 Importance of Transit Time in Selecting Shipping Line
Transit Time Selection
Response
Percentage
Important
8
10
Based on FR
20
25
Urgency
32
40
Cargo
18
22.5
Least important
2
2.5
TOTAL
80
100
Inference: From TABLE 6, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 40% of the
respondents have specified that the consideration of Transit Time depends on the Urgency
of taking the cargo to its due destination.
Table 7 Satisfaction of Transit Time Provision
Transit Time Satisfaction
Response
Percentage
Very much satisfied
10
12.5
Satisfied
46
57.5
OK
22
27.5
Dissatisfied
2
2.5
Very much dissatisfied
0
0
TOTAL
80
100
Inference: From TABLE 7, it can be inferred that out of 80 respondents, 58% of the
respondents are satisfied with the Transit Time provided by their shipping lines.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman

Table 8 (I) Services Offered By Shipping Lines
SERVICES OFFERED

Poor

Below
Satis
Weighted
Good Excellent
Average factory
Average

Availability of persons on need

26

41

13

20.47

Courtesy extended by the line

17

55

20.73

Prompt Response to queries

11

54

14

21.40

Visits-Calls made by liner sales rep

19

49

11

20.67

Filling of EGM & IGM

21

43

16

21.00

Vessel Schedules

14

64

25.47

Vessel Cut off time

11

68

25.80

Providing Freight quotation

73

26.20

Arrival notices

11

68

25.80

Providing EGM & IGM

71

26.07

Providing THC, Detention

70

25.73

Timely and Prompt issue of DO

73

26.00

Availability of empty container

21

38

19

20.93

Condition of containers

26

35

14

19.87

Space at stuffing shed

11

51

17

21.60

Timely movement

61

11

21.53

Services provided

59

13

21.53

Shipped on board details

11

65

25.40

Transhipment details

17

61

25.27

B/L counter

38

34

23.07

Issuance of B/L

25

48

24.07

Error free documentation

24

55

24.93

Container Tracking

67

25.53

Online services/Internet

75

26.27

Receiving Brokerage

19

49

12

20.87

Timely Feedback

Availability of Containers at yard

Stuffing/Movement operation at CFS

Sales/Customer service department

Documentation department

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Study on The Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai
Table 8(II) Services Offered By Shipping Lines-Consolidated
Consolidated
Weighted Average
20.47
20.73
21.40
20.67
21.00
25.84
26.00
20.40
21.56
25.33
24.02
25.53
26.27
20.87

SERVICES OFFERED
(a) Availability of persons on need
(b) Courtesy extended by the line
(c) Prompt Response to queries
(d) Visits-Calls made by liner sales rep
(e) Filling of EGM & IGM
(f) Timely Feedback
(g) Timely and Prompt issue of DO
(h) Availability of Containers at yard
(i) Stuffing/Movement operation at CFS
(j) Sales/Customer service department
(k) Documentation department
(l) Container Tracking
(m) Online services/Internet
(n) Receiving Brokerage

GRAPH 1: SERVICES OFFERED BY SHIPPING LINES-CONSOLIDATED

Weighted Average of Liner Services

27

Weighted Average

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

Services

Inference: From TABLE 8 (i), TABLE 8 (ii) & GRAPH-1, it can be inferred that the
weighted average of Online services/Internet 26.27 is higher than the weighted averages
of all other services offered by the shipping lines. This means that the NVOCCs expectations
are more towards the provision of Online services of various shipping lines. The NVOCCs
would like to complete their operations at a faster pace and also with higher accuracy. To
satisfy their requirements, each and every shipping line has come out with an array of
online/internet services. Using these online services, it would be possible for the NVOCCs to
accomplish their tasks at great ease. This might be the reason for the selection of this service
by the NVOCCs.

This is followed by the services such as Timely and Prompt issue of Delivery
Order by the shipping line, Timely Feedback of operational details (such as Vessel

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

[email protected]

Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman

arrival, Vessel schedules, provision of EGM/IGM, etc), Container Tracking &

Services offered by the Sales/Customer service department of shipping line with
weighted averages of 26.00, 25.84, 25.53 & 25.33 respectively.
It is very much evident that the NVOCCs expectations with their shipping lines
are oriented more towards the provision of information on-time. The reason may be
due to the urgency of taking the containerized cargo to their due destinations at the
quickest possible time with less money spent on the freight rates. Moreover these
people bother more about the whereabouts of the containerized cargo while they are
in transit.
Table 9 Core Competencies of Shipping Lines
LINER
APL
CMA
HANJIN
HL
HMM
KLINE
MAERSK
NYK
PIL
PONL
RCL
SCI
Total

Availability of Container Online

Container
Tracking Services
1

1
3

1
1

2
2

Freight
Rates
5
6
4
2
1
2
6
3
2
7
1
2
41

Transit
Time
3
4
1
1
1
5
2
2
5
2
26

Total
9
10
4
5
2
4
17
8
4
12
3
2
80

GRAPH 2 CORE COMPETENCIES OF SHIPPING LINES

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

C.TRACKING

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

ONLINE

[email protected]

Study on The Services offered by Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC) In
Chennai
Inference: From TABLE 9 & GRAPH 2, it can be inferred that the core competencies of all
the shipping lines are Freight Rates quoted and the Transit Time offered by them. This
essentially means that the NVOCCs expect a sort of competitive freight rates and lesser
Transit Time in taking the containerized cargo in both exports & imports. And it is very
much evident that most of the NVOCCs have chosen these two options with regard to the
core competencies of shipping lines. The NVOCCs would never mind in switching to the
rival shipping line if the rival is going to offer better freight rates and lesser transit time.
Hence these two options are considered to be the most sought-after Core Competencies in the
selection of the shipping line.
Table 10 Overall Performance of The Shipping Line
LINE
Poor Moderate C.B
Good Excellent Total
0
0
4
4
1
9
APL
0
2
3
5
0
10
CMA
0
0
1
2
1
4
HANJIN
0
0
1
2
2
5
HL
0
0
1
1
0
2
HMM
0
0
0
3
1
4
KLINE
0
2
5
6
4
17
MAERSK
0
0
1
5
2
8
NYK
0
0
1
3
0
4
PIL
0
1
2
5
4
12
PONL
0
0
1
2
0
3
RCL
0
0
1
1
0
2
SCI
0
5
21
39
15
80
Total
Inference: From TABLE 10, it can be inferred that the NVOCCs who are doing business
with MAERSK shipping line are very much satisfied with the services offered by them. This
essentially means that the services of MAERSK line are excellent. This is followed by
PONL, NYK, CMA and APL.

CONCLUSION
The following are the services that are normally offered by the Shipping Lines to their
NVOCCs:

Availability of Telephone numbers & concerned person at the time of need

Courtesy extended by the line at the time of attending to the calls
Prompt Response to the queries
Visits-Calls made by liner sales representatives
Filling of EGM & IGM
Timely Feedback on vessel schedules & other related details
Timely and Prompt issue of Delivery Order
Availability of Containers at container yard
Stuffing/Movement operation at CFS
Services offered by Sales/Customer service department
Services offered by Documentation department
Container Tracking
Online services/Internet based services
Receiving Brokerage/Refund Cheques

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

10

[email protected]

Dr. J. Rengamani and V. Venkatraman

The Core competencies of the major shipping lines have been analyzed through
their NVOCCs. The core competencies of the shipping lines are Freight Rates,
Transit Time, Availability of containers, Online services and Container tracking. The
decision to fix up a particular shipping line largely depends on the Freight rates
offered by the line. It essentially means that the shipping line which offers lesser
freight rates would obviously be selected by the NVOCCs in the container trade. This
will force all the shipping lines to set a sort of competitive freight rates to stay alive in
the market.
Transit time is also given an equal importance in the selection of a shipping line.
Hence the shipping lines have seamlessly increased the transit time to take the
containerized cargo from Chennai sector to various destinations of the world.
The containers are made available to the NVOCCs by the shipping line through
Container Freight Station (CFS) or Inland Container Depots (ICD). The CFS/ICD
service offered by the shipping line will dramatically reduce the burden of
loading/unloading of cargo into the containers. Nowadays, this service is given a
predominant importance in the selection of the shipping line in the container trade and
has ultimately become a core competency.
The online/internet services offered by the shipping line will facilitate the
accomplishment of various activities/operations that are connected with the export
and import of containerized cargo in the container trade.
The NVOCCs have started giving more importance to the Container tracking
facility offered by the shipping line. The container tracking facility will put the
NVOCC to know the exact location of the containers which are loaded with the cargo.
This facility will be immense use in the process of identifying the whereabouts of the
containers and hence this service has also become a core competency in the selection
of the shipping line.

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]

D.K.Sharma, "The growing ports of India", Lakshmi Publications, New Delhi,

2003
J.M.Ravath, "Golden years of Indian Ports", Sanmar publications, Mumbai, 2002
Dr.K.V.Hariharan, "Containerization and Multimodal Transport in India", 4th
Edition, Shroff Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, 2003
Mark D.Booker, "Containers - Conditions, Law & Practice", Derek Beattie
Publishing, 1997
M.Padmashree, "Tale of Two Ports", Newsun publications, 1999
Philip Kotler, Principles of Marketing, Prentice-Hall of India, 2002
S.P.Gupta, Statistical Methods, Sultan & sons Publishers, 2006
Vijaendra Acharya, "Indian Port Report: 10 years of Reforms and Challenges
ahead", MBD publications, New Delhi, 2004
Performance of Major Indian Ports during 1995-96, Ministry of Surface
Transport Annual Report.
Dr.Jose Paul, "Containerization in India". Express Exim review, Mumbai, 1997
Eric Rath, "Container Systems", John Wiley & Sons, New York
A.K.Kohli, "Container Corporation of India", The Link Publishers, 2002

http://www.iaeme.com/IJPTM.asp

11

[email protected]