MITRES 6 008S11 Sol04 PDF

4
THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
Solution 4.1
The Fourier transform relation is given by
+C0
X(ejW) = 1
x(n) e-jWn
(a)
thus:
+O0
n=-o
6(n -
X(e") =W
3) e-jwn = e-jw3
n=-o
(b)
1 +
X(e j)
(c) X(e W)
=2
e2 'ejW + 1
2f
an e-jn
=2 (ae jw)n
n=O
+3
n=O
1 - ae
6
n=O
n=-3
7w
e- wn
e-jon = ej3
) =E
(d) X(e
= 1 + cosw
sin(w)
Solution 4.2
(a) In problem 2.4(c) we determined that the convolution of an u(n) and

n u(n) was given by
n+1 _ n+1 u(n)
y(n) =
y(n) =
[n
thus,
(b)
n+l
n+l
a
and
u(n)
n
(n)
From problem 4.1 (c) it follows that
.
H(e 3 ) = 1
1
1
-
a-j
and
X(e j)
-e
S4.1
The Fourier transform of y(n) as obtained in
(a)
00
=2
Y(eS)
n+l _ n+l
e-jwn
n=0
jon
=n
-jwn
n= C,
6 a-
1 -
Be~5"
=(1 -
-a
Se -3w
(1 - ae -
1 -
ae- j
Solution 4.3
+0
+00
Xa(e j)
(a)
kx(n)e-jon
x(n)e-jwn
k X(ej)
x(n
Xb(e)
(b)
k
n=-o
n=-o
n0 ) e-jn
n=-co
Making the substitution of variables
m =
or
n0
Xb (e)
n = m + n0
e-
x(m)
m=-
j(m+n0
e-jon0 x(m)
m=-00
=e-jon 0
X(e jw)
The transform of x(n) is given by
(c)
+0
x(n) e-jwn
X (e w) =
n=-o
thus
dX (ej w)
=
de)
dw
(-jn) x(n) e
n=-o
+C0
or
dX(e j
n x(n)
dw
S4.2
Xc
(e
e-jon
j ton
e-jom
Solution 4.4
(a)
IHa (j)1
-a
e jQ t dt=
h (t)
aeat e-jQ t
0+
|II(jQ)|
Thus
2 + a2
is as sketched below:
IH(jQ) I
Figure
(b)
S4.4-1
hd (n) = cae-anT u(n) = ca(e-aT )n u(n)
thus Hd (e
With
ca
- T e-3
-j
e-aT
jO
) = 1, c
-e-aT
a
a
this choice of c
(1-
IH (eJ ) 12
d
For Hd(e
thus lHd(ejW)I
2e-aT
eaT 2
cos w +
aT
is:
Figure S4.4-2
S4.3
Note in particular that while the frequency response of the

continuous-time filter asymptomatically approaches zero the frequency
response of the digital filter doesn't. However as the sampling period
T decreases, the value of IHd(ejW)| at w = 7 decreases toward zero.
The difference in the minimum values of |Ha(jP)|
of course due to aliasing.
and IHd(e W)I is
Solution 4.5
From the discussion in the lecture, we know that
2:(j
1
A
T
x A (jQ2)
r=-co
and
X(e
+ 2'rr
JW)
W e
X
XA()
XA (j)
IT
Let us assume that XA(j) has some arbitrary shape as indicated below.
Since we are assuming that T is sufficiently small to prevent aliasing,
.
Then XA(jQ) and X(e3W) are as
XA(jQ) must be zero for J|I >
Y(ejW) corresponding to the output of the
filter and YA(jQ) and YA(jQ) follow in a straightforward way and are
as indicated in figure S4.5-1. Thus yA(n) could be obtained directly
by passing x(n) through an ideal lowpass filter with unity gain in
shown in figure S4.5-1.
the passband and a cutoff frequency of 7T rad/sec. For the case in
part (a) the cutoff frequency of the overall continuous-time filter
rad/sec and for the case in part (b) the cutoff frequency
x 10
is
is
S4.4
4
x 10 rad/sec.
XA (j 0)
1
XA
1
-10
7T
7T
XA (e)
Y(e
-2 r
100000
Tr
YA
K>
27T
27T
4
T
K>
K
7T
Tr
2
4 T 4T
-p
YA (j )
7T
7T
Figure S4.5-1
S4.5
Solution 4.6
(1) and (2) can be verified by direct substitution into the inverse
Fourier transform relation.
(3) and (4) follow from (1) since
[x(n))
(5) and (6) follow from (2) since Re[X(ew)]
Re
[x(n)]
(n)j and jIm
[x(n) + x
and jIm [X(e")]
(X (e)
Ix(n) - x
(n).
X(elw) + X (eW)]
X (e~)3
Solution 4.7*
If X(ejW) denotes the Fourier transform of x(n), then
x(O)
X(e j)
dw
-Jr
Thus, with y(n) denoting the convolution of f(n) and g(n) and since
Y(e
) = F(e W) G(e j), we wish to show that

y(O) = f(O) g(Q)
+CO
But
yfn)
f(k)
g(n -
k)
k=-co
so
y(O) =
f(k) g(-k)
k=-o
Since f(k) is zero for k < 0 and g(-k) is zero for k > 0,
g(O)
f(k) g(-k) = f(0)
k=-o
Solution 4.8*
(a)
Method A:
Then
Consider x(n) as a unit-sample 6(n).

g(n)=h(n) and
r(n) = h(n) * g(-n) =

+0
Finally,
k=-o
s(n) = r(-n) =
h(k) h(k + n)
k=-o
h(k) h(k + n)
Consequently, h1 (n) =
k=- 0
S4.6
h(k) h(-n+k)
To show that this corresponds to zero phase, we wish to show that

h (n) = h1 (-n) since from Table 2.1 of the text with h (n), if
h (n) = h1 (-n) then
H (e )W = H
h
(ejW) and hence the frequency response is real.
h(k) h(k -
(-n) =
n)
k=-o
letting k - n = r,
h(n + r) h(r)
h1 (-n) =
k=-o
which is -identical to h (n).
Alternatively we can show that h1 (n) corresponds to a zero-phase
filter by arguing in the frequency domain.
Specifically,
Let
g(n) = g(-n).
Also,
R(e
and
S(ejW)
) = X (e
= R (e
Then
H (e
) = IH(e
) = X (e
G, (e
) H (e W) H(e)
= X (ejW)
) H (e)
IH(e j)12
|H(ejW )12
= X(e W)
Thus,
Ge)
2.
)|
Since H (e )W is real, it has a zero phase
characteristic.
(b)
Method B:
)
G (e
X(e W) H(e )W
R(e W)
X (ej)
H(e )W
Y(e
G (ej)
+ R(e )W
)-=)
-
X(e j)
= X(e j)
[H(ejW) + H*(e
)]
[2 Re H(ejW)]
Therefore H 2 (ejW) = 2 Re H(e
) = 2
IH(e
)I
cos[(arg H(ejW)]) and
consequently is also zero phase.

(c)
H (ejW) and H2(e
) are sketched below.
Clearly method A is the
preferable method.
S4.7
H (eJ])
Figure S4.8-1
(e"')
7
3-7
Figure S4.8-2
S4.8
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
Resource: Digital Signal Processing

Prof. Alan V. Oppenheim
The following may not correspond to a particular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has been
provided by the author as an individual learning resource.
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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4

THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM

The Fourier transform relation is given by

(a) In problem 2.4(c) we determined that the convolution of an u(n) and

n+1 _ n+1 u(n)

From problem 4.1 (c) it follows that

The Fourier transform of y(n) as obtained in

Making the substitution of variables

The transform of x(n) is given by

hd (n) = cae-anT u(n) = ca(e-aT )n u(n)

Note in particular that while the frequency response of the

and IHd(e W)I is

From the discussion in the lecture, we know that

by passing x(n) through an ideal lowpass filter with unity gain in

shown in figure S4.5-1.

the passband and a cutoff frequency of 7T rad/sec. For the case in

part (a) the cutoff frequency of the overall continuous-time filter

Fourier transform relation.

(3) and (4) follow from (1) since

(5) and (6) follow from (2) since Re[X(ew)]

(n)j and jIm

and jIm [X(e")]

If X(ejW) denotes the Fourier transform of x(n), then

) = F(e W) G(e j), we wish to show that

f(k) g(-k) = f(0)

Consider x(n) as a unit-sample 6(n).

r(n) = h(n) * g(-n) =

To show that this corresponds to zero phase, we wish to show that

(ejW) and hence the frequency response is real.

which is -identical to h (n).

Alternatively we can show that h1 (n) corresponds to a zero-phase

filter by arguing in the frequency domain.

Since H (e )W is real, it has a zero phase

Therefore H 2 (ejW) = 2 Re H(e

cos[(arg H(ejW)]) and

consequently is also zero phase.

H (ejW) and H2(e

) are sketched below.

Clearly method A is the

Resource: Digital Signal Processing

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