Consequence: ITD WA/A2F2
Consequence: ITD WA/A2F2
Consequence: ITD WA/A2F2
V, 140
From the Department of Applied Mechanics, Yale University, P.O. Box 2159, New Haven,
CT 06520, U.S.A.
Summary.-Those concerned with acoustic cavitation often use different measures
and nomenclature to those who employ ultrasound for medical purposes. After
illustrating the connections between the two, acoustic cavitation phenomena are
divided into two classes: (1) relatively moderate amplitude changes in the bubble
size that occur during each acoustic cycle, as with rectified diffusion and resonant
bubble motion, and (2) rather dramatic changes in the bubble radius that occur in
one cycle. It is seen that pulse-echo diagnostic equipment can excite the dramatic
changes whereas continuous wave therapeutic equipment will excite the slower, but
no less important, changes. The ranges of the acoustic variables and material states
for which these phenomena are possible are quantified. It is shown that whereas
the concept of an ultrasonic (energy) dose may be appropriate for the effects of
acoustically induced heating or resonant bubble motion, it is inappropriate when
discussing the effects of the transient type of cavitation that can occur from short,
high amplitude acoustic pulses.
ITD = W/7T(D2/4)
In focal region:
141
ACOUSTIC CAVITATION
p (peak at focus) =
1P22 x 103 ipl/2(0); ip(O), in W/m2
or p estimated assuming uniform distribution across transducer face and in focal
region
I_'F
Tr x PRF
1i73x103 / WRxA \1/2
FA
rp x PRF
115f j 'xA 1/2 Win watts
F \-rpxPRF) ' for water (1)
=22pcx
(2)
p =46xlx4Pa-0*46 bars
Whereas the ultrasonic exposure (energyT
dose) is much lower for diagnostic equipment than for therapeutic equipment, the
peak acoustic pressures are much higher
in the diagnostic equipment! As we shall
see, this is an important consideration in
assessing the likelihood and type of
cavitation and its potential bioeffects.
Symbol
p(t)
f,
A
I-p
PRF
Po
Yo
Ci
PC"
p
/1
k
c
Pv
R(t), (Ko)
R max, Rmin
R
Pi
Y1i
Rr
Xr
=PoRr
[iX r(1
(3)
142
R. E. APFEL
Temporal measures
Nominal (centre) frequency
Pulse width, defined in terms of time between first and last zero
crossings in the wave form at which the instantaneous pressure
is i of the peak pressure
Pulse repetition period (rate)
* Some nomenclature taken from Carson et al., 1978.
Symbol
W
ITD
IF
I(O)
IO.5
Ip(O)
ip(O)
Ro.5
F
D
A = TD2/4
Derr
Gp
~~~~~~~~A
2
A
AF
f
Tp
PRP (PRF)
143
ACOUSTIC CAVITATION
<0-2,r
0-
(4)
xacp
._
-6
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Peak Accustic Pressure Amplitude (BARS 105 Pa)
144
R. E. APFEL
fMHz R14'm ,3
(p
(5)
p1'2
p_6.
Time-Averaged Intensity
per Pulse and
102
[T
X 102
103 1.5 X
103
i05Pa)
145
ACOUSTIC CAVITATION
Pulsed
1. Dynamic cavitation
2. Bubble break-up and new growth of
several bubbles-collective
cavitational effects
3. Significant mechanical activity
146
R. E. APFEL
REFERENCES
APFEL, R. E. (1981a) Acoustic cavitation. In
Ultrasonics. Ed. P. Edmonds. Methods of Experimental Physics Series, Ed. Marton. New York:
Academic Press.
APFEL, R. E. (1981b) Acoustic cavitation prediction.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 69, 1624.
BLAKE, F. G. (1949) Tech. memo 12, Acoustic
Research Lab., Harvard University.
CARSON, P. L., FISCHELLA, P. R. & OUGHTON, T. V.
(1978) Ultrasonic power and intensities produced