Support Materials

GCE Biology H021/H421:

Version 1.5

AS/A Level Biology

Practical Skills Handbook

AS/A Level GCE

Practical Skills Handbook
GCE Biology
OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Biology H021
OCR Advanced GCE in Biology H421

This Practical Skills Handbook is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced

Subsidiary GCE and Advanced GCE specifications in Biology for teaching from
September 2008.

OCR will update this document on a regular basis. Please check the OCR website
(www.ocr.org.uk) at the start of the academic year to ensure that you are using
the latest version.

Version 1.5
The only change made between versions 1.3 and 1.4 is a minor amendment
to wording for line graphs in section 7. No other changes were made.
The only change made since version 1.4 is an update to Health and Safety
information in Section 6. No other changes have been made.

OCR 2013

Contents
Contents

Introduction

The assessment model

2.1 Summary of the Model

2.2 Downloading Practical Skills Tasks

2.2.1 How to use OCR Interchange

2.2.2 Registering for Interchange

11

2.3 Administration and Regulations

11

2.3.1 Availability of Tasks

11

2.3.2. Security

12

2.3.3 How to use the Tasks

13

2.3.4 The experiments

13

2.3.5 Centres with more than one teaching group

13

2.3.6 Absence at the time of an assessment

14

2.3.7 Candidates with access arrangements

14

2.3.8 Unexpected circumstances

14

2.3.9 Support allowed for candidates

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2.3.10 Supervision

14

2.3.11 Authentication

15

2.3.12 Group work

15

2.3.13 Time allowed for Tasks

15

2.3.14 Submission date for work

15

2.3.15 Internal standardisation

16

2.3.16 Coursework consultancy

16

2.3.17 Repeating Tasks

16

2.4 Marking Advice for Teachers

17

General requirements for AS and A2 practical work

18

Apparatus for Units F213 and F216

19

Resources

20

Health & Safety

21

Data Presentation

23

Command Words

26

Appendix Interchange Help Sheet

28

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Introduction
New GCE A/AS specifications in Biology have been introduced for teaching from September
2008. The new specifications are set out as units, subdivided into teaching modules. Each
teaching unit is assessed by its associated unit of assessment. Guidance notes are provided
within specifications to assist teachers in understanding the requirements of each unit.
This Handbook plays a secondary role to the Specification itself. The specification is the
document on which assessment is based and this Handbook is intended to elaborate on the
content of the specification to clarify how skills are assessed and what practical experience is
necessary to support an assessment. The Practical Skills Handbook should therefore be read in
conjunction with the Specification.
During their study of Biology, candidates are expected to acquire experience of planning,
carrying-out, interpreting, analysing and evaluating experiments and it is important to recognise
that these aspects of practical work require both teaching and continuing practice. Experience
has shown that evaluating experiments and suggesting improvements to the procedures
employed is a difficult skill for candidates to master.
Planning skills will not be directly examined as part of the school-based assessment but may be
tested within the theory papers at both AS and A2 levels. Other skills will be internally assessed
by the centre using the scheme shown on page 6.

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The assessment model

2.1

Summary of the Model

Practical and investigative skills developed within contexts encountered during Advanced
Subsidiary GCE Biology (for Unit F213) or Advanced GCE Biology (for Unit F216) are assessed
by means of three types of task (Qualitative, Quantitative and Evaluative) at each level.
Thus, candidates are required to carry out three tasks at AS and three tasks at A2:
1.

Qualitative task

[10 marks]

2.

Quantitative task

[10 marks]

3.

Evaluative task

[20 marks]

Tasks will be chosen from a selection provided by OCR via the secure Interchange website.
Initially, a choice of three tasks will be offered for each type. All tasks will be refreshed or
replaced each year and additional tasks may be made available. They will be available until 15
May in each year. Tasks for the following year will be available from early June.
The Qualitative and Quantitative tasks will test skills of observation, recording and reaching
valid conclusions.
The Evaluative task will test the ability to analyse and evaluate the procedures followed and/or
the measurements made. Candidates may also be asked to suggest simple improvements that
would increase the reliability or accuracy of an experiment. The Evaluative task will be linked to
either a Qualitative or a Quantitative experiment but no further data collection will be required.
Any additional data required will be supplied within the Evaluative task.
Candidates carry out all of their assessed tasks under direct teacher supervision.
Each task is internally assessed using a mark scheme provided by OCR via the Interchange
website.
Candidates may attempt more than one task from each task type with the best mark from
each type being used to make up the overall mark. A candidate is only permitted one
attempt at each task.
For each candidate, centres will supply OCR with a single mark out of 40.
Each practical skills unit is teacher assessed and externally moderated by OCR.
Although practical tasks can be used throughout the year, entry for the AS and the A2 practical
skills units is available only in the June session of each year.

Qualitative /10
Quantitative /10

Total/40

OCR

Evaluative /20

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The mark schemes supplied by OCR will be based on the following criteria:
Assessable learning outcomes
1. Qualitative Task

Candidates should be able to:

(a) demonstrate skilful and safe practical

Candidates carry out a practical task using

instructions supplied by OCR.

techniques using suitable qualitative

methods;
(b) make and record valid observations.

2. Quantitative Task

Candidates should be able to:

(a) demonstrate skilful and safe practical

Candidates carry out a practical task using

instructions supplied by OCR.

techniques using suitable quantitative

methods;

The data collected in one of the tasks may

form the basis of the assessment in the
Evaluative task.

(b) make and record accurate measurements

to an appropriate degree of precision;

(c) analyse, interpret and evaluate

experimentally derived results quantitatively

to reach valid conclusions.
3. Evaluative Task

Candidates should be able to:

(a) process results quantitatively;

This task may extend the quantitative task.

Candidates will analyse and evaluate the

quality of the data.

Candidates will evaluate procedures.

Evaluative tasks will not require additional

data collection.

(b) analyse and interpret data, identify

anomalies and reach valid conclusions;

(c) assess the reliability and accuracy of an

experimental task;
(d) identify and explain the main limitations of

the data collection strategy and identify

weaknesses in experimental procedures
and measurements;
(e) understand and propose simple

improvements to experimental procedures

and measurements.

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2.2

Downloading Practical Skills Tasks

Tasks, Mark Schemes, and Instructions for Teachers and Technicians are provided to Centres
(as separate PDF files combined into one zip file) via OCRs secure website, Interchange
(https://interchange.ocr.org.uk).
Copies of the Practical Skills Handbook and other forms are also available via Interchange and
via OCRs public website (www.ocr.org.uk).
(PDF files require the use of adobe acrobat reader. Free copies of acrobat reader are
available from http://www.adobe.com/uk/products/acrobat; If you use Windows 95, 98,
ME, or NT, a zip program such as WinZip or PKZip can be used to extract the files.
Windows XP has a built-in zip extractor.)

2.2.1 How to use OCR Interchange

OCR Interchange is a secure extranet enabling registered users to administer qualifications online. Your Examinations Officer is probably using OCR Interchange to administer qualifications
already. If this is not the case, then your centre will need to register.
Your Examinations Officer will be able to:
download the relevant documents for you by adding the role of Science Coordinator to
their other roles or
make you a New User (Science Coordinator role) so that you can access the GCE
Biology pages and download documents when you need them.
The website address for Interchange is:
https://interchange.ocr.org.uk
The teacher who has downloaded these materials is responsible for ensuring that they are
stored securely so that candidates do not have the opportunity to access them. A record should
be kept of the dates on which materials are downloaded for possible submission to OCR.
Distribution of the practical tasks is limited to those candidates who are currently undertaking
that task. Task sheets should be photocopied and issued to candidates at the start of the task.
They must be counted out and in; numbering the documents may help to keep track of them.
All unused tasks and candidates scripts must be collected after the assessment and stored
securely or destroyed.
Candidates must not take tasks out of the room where assessments are taking place.
Under no circumstances can candidates be allowed to see the mark schemes.

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Science Materials pages are arranged according to qualification level and subject (see below).

Qualification
level
General GCE
information
Subject
(click to view)

The user simply clicks on the relevant link to access the relevant subject material. Any important
notices are shown at the top of the page along with useful supporting materials (e.g. the
specification, the Practical Skills Handbook, forms) and a Getting started file (which includes
an Abstract and title for each assessment task for the current assessment year). Tasks are
arranged according to level and type (Qualitative, Quantitative and Evaluative, see below).
Hovering the mouse pointer over a Task or document link generates a summary of the file.
Simply clicking on the Task link allows you to download the zipped material to your desktop.
The zip file contains everything you need to complete the task (instructions, task and mark
scheme). All files have a unique name so there is no danger of overwriting material on your
computer.

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Important notices
appear in a box here

Additional information
regarding registering
for e-mail updates

Supporting materials for

download, e.g. forms,
specification, Practical Skills
Handbook, Getting Started file

Document summary
(activated by hovering
the mouse pointer
over a link)

Zipped Tasks
for download

E-mail updates
To be notified by e-mail when changes are made to the GCE Biology page on Interchange
please e-mail [email protected] including your centre number, a contact name and
the subject line GCE Biology. It is strongly recommended that all centres register for e-mail
updates.

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2.2.2 Registering for Interchange

If your Examinations Officer is not already a registered user of Interchange then he/she will
need to register before the Biology tasks can be downloaded.
This is a straightforward process:
Go to the website https://interchange.ocr.org.uk;
The first page has a New User section;
Click on Sign Up to access the OCR Interchange Agreement Form 1;
Download this document and fill in your details;
Return form by post to OCR Customer Contact Centre, Westwood Way, Coventry, CV4
8JQ or fax the form back to 024 76 851633;
OCR will then contact the Head of Centre with the details needed for the Examinations
Officer to access OCR Interchange.

2.3

Administration and Regulations

2.3.1 Availability of Tasks

Mark schemes, tasks and Instructions for Teachers and Technicians will be available until 15
May in each year. Tasks for the following year will be available from early June.
It is intended that tasks should form part of the normal teaching programme and so may be
taken by candidates at any time during the year. Where possible, a task should be administered
immediately after the knowledge, understanding and skills required for the task have been
taught.
Level

Unit & Task

First Tasks on
Interchange by

Coursework submission
date

AS

F213

June 2008

15 May each year from 2009

June 2009

15 May each year from 2010

Qualitative (3)
Quantitative (3)
Evaluative (3)
A2

F216
Qualitative (3)
Quantitative (3)
Evaluative (3)

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2.3.2. Security
It is the responsibility of the centre to ensure that downloaded tasks, mark schemes,
instructions (including any copies made of these documents), and candidates scripts
are stored securely. Any breach in security must be reported to OCR as soon as possible
by submitting a written report (a blank report form is available on Interchange) from the
Head of Centre to the Subject Officer detailing the circumstances, the candidates
concerned and any action taken.
The instructions for each assessed task contain information to allow teachers to check the
availability of the necessary apparatus and chemicals and for any solutions to be prepared in
advance.
Tasks, mark schemes and instructions can be downloaded at any time throughout the academic
year as long as they are kept secure. You will be provided with information that you can provide
to the candidate prior to each task.
Candidates scripts for all completed tasks must be stored securely and they should be
available for moderation. Centres should retain Tasks securely until such time as they are clear
that candidates will not wish to re-submit work to OCR in future sessions. At this point the work
should be securely destroyed.

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2.3.3 How to use the Tasks

There are at least three tasks available of each type: Qualitative, Quantitative and Evaluative.
These may be used in a variety of ways. For example, candidates may complete all three of the
Qualitative tasks and the teacher can then submit the best mark. Alternatively, the teacher may
use the first task for formative assessment, the second for submission of marks and keep the
third in reserve in case a particular candidate does not perform well on the second task.
A candidate is not permitted to have more than one attempt at a single task, or to re-write or
change a task once it has been submitted to the teacher for marking.

2.3.4 The experiments

The experiments used in the tasks have been trialled. The instructions provided should ensure
that the candidates are able to collect appropriate data in the time available. However, it is vital
that the teacher trials the tasks before they are attempted by the candidates to ensure that:

appropriate materials and equipment are available;

the experiment works and generates the expected data.

Please refer to section 6 (Health and Safety).

On some occasions it may be necessary to provide a data set against which candidates results
can be compared. In such cases this requirement will be stated in the Instructions for Teachers
and Technicians.
Teachers may make appropriate changes to the materials and apparatus listed in the
instructions where these make provision easier/cheaper and they have no impact on the
outcome, or demand, of the experiment. Other changes can be made to, for example,
volumes/concentrations/amounts in order to make the experiment work as intended and to
ensure that candidates are able to make appropriate observations/measurements. All such
changes may be made without OCRs approval, but details must be retained and made
available to the Moderator when work is submitted.
Details of changes made must be notified to OCR by e-mail to [email protected].
Remember to include the centre number on all e-mails.
We will acknowledge all e-mails but will only respond in detail where there are concerns over
suggested modifications. OCR may update the materials on the Interchange website where this
is appropriate. If there are any issues with any of the experiments that cannot be satisfactorily
resolved by the centre, details should be provided to OCR using the same e-mail address.

2.3.5 Centres with more than one teaching group

It is recognised that some centres are likely to have more than one group with lessons
timetabled at different times. In these circumstances, centres are asked to ensure that a
particular task is carried out by all the groups in as short a period as possible.
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2.3.6 Absence at the time of an assessment

If a candidate is absent from a centre when an assessment is carried out, the task may be set at
an alternative time provided that the centre is satisfied that security has been maintained by
keeping all materials secure.

2.3.7 Candidates with access arrangements

Candidates who are eligible for access arrangements and need additional time for the
Evaluative task may be given up to 25% extra time and their name should be recorded on the
Interchange Access Arrangements site. Where other access arrangements are required,
applications should be made to OCR at the beginning of the course using the standard forms
and procedures in the Joint Council regulations and guidance document. However, it should be
remembered that these tasks are intended to assess practical skills. Credit is given to those
skills which the candidate has performed independently. The Disability Discrimination Act lays
no duty on awarding bodies to make reasonable adjustments with respect to the application of a
competence standard or, in this case, the assessment objective being tested.

2.3.8 Unexpected circumstances

If an unexpected problem (such as a fire alarm or other circumstance beyond the teachers
control) occurs while an assessed practical task is taking place, the task may be resumed
subsequently provided the teacher ensures that no candidate is likely to have been advantaged
or disadvantaged by doing so.

2.3.9 Support allowed for candidates

All practical tasks will be accompanied by appropriate instructions and any specific advice for
candidates. Teachers may provide additional safety instructions (including written advice) if this
is felt to be necessary.
Candidates will not be permitted to refer to their class notes, books or the internet during
the task (except where specifically indicated on the task cover sheet and Instructions).
If it becomes necessary for a teacher to provide a candidate with assistance during the course
of a practical task, the work may still be marked alongside the work of other candidates but the
task sheet must be annotated to indicate the assistance given. The teacher should use their
professional judgement to award marks appropriately.

2.3.10

Supervision

All tasks must be carried out under the direct supervision of the teacher. However, they are not
practical examinations and there is no requirement for examination conditions to be imposed.
Candidates may need to interact as they collect materials or use particular pieces of apparatus,
but the teacher should set up the tasks so that this interaction is kept to a minimum. The
teacher must ensure that candidates do not copy from, or assist, each other so that s/he can
with confidence authenticate the work of each candidate.

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2.3.11

Authentication

It is the responsibility of the centre to ensure that the work submitted for assessment is that of
the candidate involved (using sheet CCS160).

2.3.12

Group work

Candidates must work individually to collect their own data. However, where a task requires the
collection of a large data set, instructions may include the pooling of data from a number of
candidates and each candidate will then work with the same large data set. It will always be
expected that each candidate contributes his/her data to the pool. In some cases candidates
may need to share equipment or apparatus and the centre must make arrangements for this to
take place without disadvantaging any candidates.

2.3.13

Time allowed for Tasks

Qualitative and Quantitative tasks are not time restricted, but most have been designed to be
conducted in a single practical session lasting about an hour. However, there may be
circumstances in which it is not possible to complete the work in the time available; for example,
there may be difficulties with the experiment, a fire alarm or a shortage of equipment. In all such
cases, candidates work should be collected in and issued to them again at the start of the next
lesson. They must not take the work away with them or complete it without supervision.
Some Quantitative tasks may require the use of two practical sessions. Where this is the case,
the task may be divided to allow a convenient point at which the experiment can be set aside for
completion in the second session. In such cases the candidate task sheets may be provided in
two sections.
Evaluative tasks should be completed within 1 hour.

2.3.14

Submission date for work

Candidates marks must be despatched to the Moderator and to OCR to arrive by 15 May in the
year of the examination.
The following forms (available both from Interchange and www.ocr.org.uk) must be included
with the submitted marks:

Centre authentication sheet (CCS160)*;

Details of any changes made to the experiments must be sent to the moderator with the
candidates work.

Please attach a photocopy of any correspondence with OCR to the candidates work.
The Moderator will ask for a sample of work. If there are ten or fewer candidates at the centre,
all work submitted should be sent to the Moderator to arrive by 15 May.
* If this sheet is not received, this may delay publication of candidates results.
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2.3.15

Internal standardisation

A centre must set up an internal standardisation procedure to ensure that all teachers at the
centre are applying the mark schemes in the same way. This procedure could include double
marking of a sample of candidates, or the remarking of work by a senior member of staff.

2.3.16

Coursework consultancy

OCR offers a coursework consultancy service whereby centres can send up to four photocopies
of marked work to OCR for commentary by a senior Moderator. If a centre wishes to make use
of this service, work should be submitted to OCR no less than 8 weeks before the coursework
submission date (15 May). The coursework enquiry form is available at www.ocr.org.uk and on
Interchange.

2.3.17

Repeating Tasks

Candidates can only attempt a task once. If a candidate under achieves on a task, they may
take another task from within that task-type.

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2.4

Marking Advice for Teachers

The marking schemes provided to centres have been made as explicit and as easy to apply as
possible. Teachers should note that the mark schemes are not hierarchical. A measure of
professional judgement may sometimes be necessary.
Once the work has been collected in, it must be marked by the teacher as it stands. Under no
circumstances can a candidate be allowed to change or elaborate on an answer.
Teachers are reminded that it is possible for a candidate to be assessed on another occasion
using a different task and that the best mark achieved for each task type should be submitted. It
is appropriate for the teacher to provide feedback to explain how the work could have been
improved although details of the mark scheme must not be directly communicated to the
candidate.
Mark tasks clearly, in red ink, and in accordance with the task-specific mark scheme. Annotation
can help the Moderator and staff in the centre who are checking the marking as part of internal
standardisation.
Useful annotations consist of:

ticks and crosses against responses to show where marks have been earned or not
earned;
bod
= benefit of doubt (where professional judgement has been used)
ecf
= error carried forward (in consequential marking)
con
= contradiction (in cases where candidates contradict themselves in the same
response)
specific words or phrases to confirm why a mark has been earned or indicate why a
mark has not been earned (e.g. indicate an omission).

Where a candidate has given an answer not covered by the mark scheme, the teacher should
use his/her professional judgement to decide whether the answer is worthy of credit. If it is, then
the script should be annotated accordingly and the mark(s) awarded.

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3 General requirements for AS and A2

practical work
Suggested practical activities have been included within the specification at the end of each
module. Carrying out these practical tasks during the course is not a requirement. Their purpose
is to ensure that the skills required for assessment will have been covered. Alternative
experiments may be chosen but centres should be careful to consider whether sufficient
experience will have been provided for candidates prior to the use of the assessed tasks.
There are generic skills which should be developed during the study of AS and A2 Biology. The
sophistication required of candidates should increase throughout the course, partly as their
practical experience grows but also through the extra demands expected by more complex
experiments.

General
At both levels, the course aims to provide candidates with the opportunity to:

develop good laboratory technique;

make and record accurate and precise measurements and observations;
use and record the correct units for all measurements taken;
process and present data in an appropriate format;
construct or interpret appropriate graphs from data collected or provided;
use a simple statistical test where appropriate;
interpret the results of experiments and draw conclusions;
establish whether data collected from experiments is valid and reliable;
evaluate experimental technique and scientific method in light of practical experience;
gain knowledge of laboratory safety and safe working.

During teaching, teachers should focus on the key areas above whilst developing the
candidates skills through a coherent practical programme.
In carrying out practical tasks, candidates should acquire the necessary experience to be able
to carry out the Qualitative, Quantitative and Evaluative tasks that will be tested by the
assessed tasks.

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Apparatus for Units F213 and F216

All candidates will be expected to have access to standard laboratory apparatus. However, for
specific tasks, other, more specialised equipment may be required.

Apparatus for candidates eligible for access arrangements

Advice about specialist equipment that may be suitable for candidates eligible for access
arrangements (e.g. talking thermometers, talking scales, notched syringes) can be obtained
from the RNIB (www.rnib.org.uk) and other specialist organisations. Before using such
equipment for an assessed task, the awarding body should be contacted to ensure that it does
not interfere with the competence standards being assessed.

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Resources

General resources
There are many resources available to help teachers provide support to candidates. These
include both books and websites.
Books:
Cadogan, A. and Ingram, M. (2002) Maths for Advanced Biology. Thomas Nelson and Sons, UK
Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D.G. (1996) Advanced Biology Principles and Applications: Study
Guide. John Murray, London
Edmondson, A. and Druce, D. (1996) Advanced Biology Statistics. Oxford University Press, UK
Ennos, R. (2006) Statistical and Data Handling in Biology. Prentice Hall, UK
Jones, A., Reed, R. and Weyers, J. (2007) Practical Skills in Biology. Benjamin Cummings, UK
Geatrell, B., Lowrie, P. and Tilley, A. Series editor: Fuller, F. (2008) Biology OCR endorsed
textbook. Heinemann, UK
Biological Nomenclature: Standard Terms and Expressions used in the Teaching of Biology.
(2000) Institute of Biology. Edited by Alan Cadogan.

Useful websites include:

the ASE at www.schoolscience.co.uk

http://www.biozone.co.uk

http://saps1.plantsci.cam.ac.uk

http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk

INSET
OCR runs INSET courses every year, primarily in the autumn term, and these include sessions
either wholly or partly to support internally assessed tasks. More details about INSET provision
are available at www.ocr.org.uk.
Coursework consultancy
OCR offers a coursework consultancy service whereby centres can send up to four photocopies
of marked work to OCR for commentary by a senior Moderator. If a centre wishes to make use
of this service, work should be submitted to OCR no less than 8 weeks before the coursework
submission date (15 May). The coursework enquiry form is available at www.ocr.org.uk and on
Interchange.
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Health & Safety

Useful information can be found at www.cleapss.org.uk

Candidates are expected to be familiar with one or both of the chemical hazard labelling
systems illustrated below. Chemicals provided for assessment tasks should be labelled with the
appropriate hazard symbol or pictogram and should take account of the labelling system that
candidates will recognise and understand. Labels could also include additional information (eg
use a fume cupboard or avoid inhalation) if the risk assessment supported the view that this
information would contribute to the safety of candidates carrying out the activity.

Oxidising

Toxic

Highly
Flammable

Harmful or
Irritant

CHIP system
(being phased out)

Corrosive

Oxidising

Highly
Flammable

Corrosive

Toxic

CLP system
(being phased in)

Indicates that
the chemical
could cause
serious long
term health
effects.

CLP pictograms
are also
accompanied by a
signal word to
indicate the
severity of the
hazard.

Indicates less
serious health
hazards (e.g.
skin irritants).

DANGER for
more severe;
WARNING for
less severe.

In UK law, health and safety is the responsibility of the employer. Employees, i.e. teachers,
lecturers, and technicians have a duty to cooperate with their employer on health and safety
matters. Various regulations, but especially the COSHH Regulations 2002 and the Management
of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, require that before any activity involving a
hazardous procedure or harmful micro-organisms is carried out, or hazardous chemicals are
used or made, the employer must provide a risk assessment. A useful summary of the
requirements for risk assessment in school or college science can be found at

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http://www.ase.org.uk/resources/health-and-safety-resources
For members, the CLEAPSS guide, Managing Risk Assessment in Science* offers detailed
advice. Most education employers have adopted a range of nationally available publications as
the basis for their Model Risk Assessments. Those commonly used include:
Safety in Science Education, DfEE, 1996, HMSO, ISBN 0 11 270915 X.
Now out of print but sections are available at
http://www.ase.org.uk/resources/health-and-safety-resources;
Topics in Safety, 3rd edition, 2001, ASE ISBN 0 86357 316 9;
Safeguards in the School Laboratory, 11th edition, 2006, ASE ISBN 978 0 86357 408 5;
CLEAPSS Hazcards, 2007 edition and later updates*;
CLEAPSS Laboratory Handbook*;
Hazardous Chemicals, A Manual for Science Education, 1997, SSERC Limited
ISBN 0 9531776 0 2.
Where an employer has adopted these or other publications as the basis of their model risk
assessments, the teacher or lecturer responsible for overseeing the activity in the school or
college then has to review them, to see if there is a need to modify or adapt them in some way
to suit the particular conditions of the establishment.
Such adaptations might include a reduced scale of working, deciding that the fume cupboard
provision is inadequate or the skills of the candidates are insufficient to attempt particular
activities safely. The significant findings of such risk assessment should then be recorded, for
example on schemes of work, published teachers guides, work sheets, etc. There is no specific
legal requirement that detailed risk assessment forms should be completed, although a few
employers require this.
Where project work or individual investigations, sometimes linked to work-related activities, are
included in specifications this may well lead to the use of novel procedures, chemicals or
microorganisms, which are not covered by the employers model risk assessments. The
employer should have given guidance on how to proceed in such cases. Often, for members, it
will involve contacting CLEAPSS (or, in Scotland, SSERC).
*These, and other CLEAPSS publications, are on the CLEAPSS website. Note that
CLEAPSS publications are only available to members. For more information about CLEAPSS
- go to www.cleapss.org.uk. In Scotland, SSERC (www.sserc.org.uk) has a similar role to
CLEAPSS.

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Data Presentation

These guidelines are adapted from the Institute of Biology publication: Biological Nomenclature:
Standard Terms and Expressions used in the Teaching of Biology. (2000) Institute of Biology.
Edited by Alan Cadogan.
Tables
The following guidelines should be followed when presenting results in tables.

All raw data in a single table with ruled lines and border.

Independent variable (IV) in the first column; dependent variable (DV) in columns to the right
(for quantitative observations) OR descriptive comments in columns to the right (for
qualitative observations).

Processed data (e.g. means, rates, standard deviations) in columns to the far right.

No calculations in the table, only calculated values.

Each column headed with informative description (for qualitative data) or physical quantity
and correct SI units (for quantitative data); units separated from physical quantity using
either brackets or a solidus (slash).

No units in the body of the table, only in the column headings.

Raw data recorded to a number of decimal places and significant figures appropriate to the
least accurate piece of equipment used to measure it.

All raw data recorded to the same number of decimal places and significant figures.

Processed data recorded to up to one decimal place more than the raw data.

Graphs
The following general guidelines should be followed when presenting data in graphs.

The type of graph used (e.g. bar chart, histogram, line graph, pie chart or scattergram)
should be appropriate to the data collected.

The graph should be of an appropriate size to make good use of the paper.

There should be an informative title.

Guidelines for specific types of graphs follow.

Bar charts and histograms
These are used when the dependent variable on the y-axis is discrete, i.e. whole numbers,
fractions are impossible and the data under consideration deal with frequencies.
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Bar charts
Bar charts are used when the independent variable is non-numerical, e.g. the number of
different insect species found on trees. These data are discontinuous.

They can be made up of lines, or blocks of equal width, which do not touch.

The lines or blocks can be arranged in any order, but it can aid comparison if they are
arranged in descending order of size.

Each axis should be labelled clearly with an appropriate scale.

Histograms
These are used when the independent variable is numerical and the data are continuous. They
are sometimes referred to as frequency diagrams.

One axis, usually the x-axis, represents the independent variable and is continuous. It
should be labelled clearly with an appropriate scale.

The number of classes needs to be established. This will largely depend on the type and
nature of the data. However, five times the log of the number of observations is one
approach.

The blocks should be drawn touching.

The edges of the blocks should be labelled, so a block might be labelled 7 at the left and 8
at the right; this is expressed as a class range 7 - 8 units but it is implied that 7.0 is included
in this range but 8.0 is not. 8.0 will be included in the next class range, 8 - 9.

The other axis, conventionally the y-axis, represents the number or frequency, and should
be labelled with an appropriate scale.

Pie charts
These can be used when displaying data that are proportions or percentages.

Sector angles are calculated by dividing their percentage by 100 and multiplying the answer
by 360o (if figures are proportions then just multiply by 360o).

When comparing two or more pie charts, the sequence of segments should be the same.

The size of the pie circle can be made proportional to the size of the sample.

Pie charts should not contain more than 6 to 7 sectors, otherwise they become confusing.

There should be segment labels or a key.

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Line graphs
Straight lines should join points. A smooth curve is only drawn if there is reason to believe
that intermediate values fall on the curve.
The independent variable should be plotted on the horizontal axis (x) and the dependent
variable plotted on the vertical axis (y).
Axis labels should be stated horizontally and in lower case, using SI units.
Axes should have an arrow end when there is no scale. If the origin (0,0) is not included in a
printed graph, the axis should be broken.
Points should be plotted with encircled dots ( ) or saltire crosses ( x ). When multiple
curves are being plotted, vertical crosses ( + ) can be employed.
If a graph shows more than one curve, then each curve should be labelled to show what it
represents.
Scattergrams
These are used when investigating the relationship between two variables of a sample or
replicate and observations are in pairs. The data can then be used to establish if there is a
relationship between the variables. The relationship can be a positive correlation, a negative
correlation or no correlation at all.

The two axes of the graph are marked out with appropriate scales.

The two variables are plotted for each sample as a point so that each point on the graph
represents an individual.

Annotations

Whilst a label might be the name of a tissue, an annotation adds a descriptive quality such
as shape, size or colour.

Drawings from a microscope

Single, clear lines drawn with a sharp pencil.

No shading or colour on the diagram.

Informative title to be included.

Scale included (e.g. high power, low power, x80, x10) to show approximate magnification.

Low power tissue plans may not include cells.

High power diagrams show a few adjacent cells only; adjacent cells must have complete
lines.

Cells or tissues should be in correct proportions.

Label lines drawn in pencil using a ruler.

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Command Words

Analyse
Annotate
Apply
Assess
Calculate
Comment

Separate information into components and identify their characteristics.

To provide notes of explanation.
Put into effect in a recognised way.
Make an informed judgement.
Generate a numerical answer, with working shown.
Present an informed opinion or infer points of interest relevant to the context of
the question.
Compare
Identify similarities.
Complete
Write the information required.
Consider
Review and respond to information provided.
Contrast
Identify differences.
Deduce
Draw conclusions from information provided.
Define
Specify meaning of the word or term.
Demonstrate Provide clear evidence.
Describe
Provide a detailed account (using diagrams/data from figures or tables where
appropriate). The depth of the answer should be judged from the marks allocated
for the question.
Determine
The quantity cannot be measured directly but can be obtained by calculation. A
value can be obtained by following a specific procedure or substituting values
into a formula.
Discuss
Give a detailed account that addresses a range of ideas and arguments.
Distinguish Recognise and identify difference(s).
Draw
Produce a diagram or to infer.
Estimate
Assign an approximate value.
Evaluate
Judge from available evidence.
Examine
Investigate closely.
Explain
Set out reasons or purposes using biological background. The depth of treatment
should be judged from the marks allocated for the question.
Identify
Recognise or select relevant characteristics.
Illustrate
Make clear by using examples or provide diagrams.
Interpret
Translate information provided.
Justify
Present a reasoned case.
Label
To indicate (by using a straight line).
List
Provide a number of points with no elaboration. If you are asked for two points
then give only two!
Measure
Establish a value using a suitable measuring instrument.
Name
To provide appropriate word(s) or term(s).
Outline
Restrict the outline to essential detail only.
Plot
Mark out points on a graph or illustrate by use of a suitable graph.
Predict
Suggest possible outcome(s).
Recall
Repeat knowledge from prior learning.
Recognise To identify.
Record
Report or note.
Relate
Make interconnections.
Sketch
Produce a simple, freehand drawing. A single clear sharp line should be used.
In the context of a graph, the general shape of the curve would be sufficient.
State
Produce a concise answer with no supporting argument.
Suggest
Apply your biological knowledge and understanding to a situation which you may
not have covered in the specification.
Summarise Present main points in outline only.
Use
Apply the information provided or apply prior learning.

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Additional Clarification:
How:
What:
Why:

Describe in what way or by what means

Provide specific information
Explain the reason or purpose

Accuracy:

The accuracy of an observation, reading or measurement is the degree to which

it approaches a notional true value or outcome. For example: closeness to a
line of best fit; accuracy of apparatus on percentage error.

Precision:

The ability to be exact (degree of precision).

Reliability:

The measure of confidence that can be placed in a set of observations or

measurements.
For example: confidence limits of statistical tests or
concordance of repeats or standard deviation.

Validity:

The implication that the outcome of an activity is not being distorted by

extraneous factors.

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Appendix Interchange Help Sheet

Questions and answers

Where can I get the Practical Skills Assessment Tasks?
The live Tasks must be downloaded from Interchange, OCRs secure web portal. Printed copies
will not be sent to Centres. Do not confuse the live assessment Tasks on Interchange with the
Specimen Assessment Materials (SAMs) on the public OCR website the SAMs must not be
used for live assessment.
What is the web address for Interchange?
https://interchange.ocr.org.uk (Note: do not add www. before the word interchange.)
How do I obtain a username and password to log in to Interchange?
If your Centre is not already registered to use Interchange, your Examinations Officer will need
to follow the information about how to register given in the Appendices of the GCE
specifications and in the subject specific Practical Skills Handbook. Once registered, your
Examinations Officer (or whoever holds the role of 'Centre Administrator') must either set you up
as a new user with the role of 'Science Coordinator' to allow you to download the Tasks, or (less
preferably) assign the role of 'Science Coordinator' to themselves so that they can download the
Tasks and pass them to you.
How does my Examinations Officer set me up as a new user with the role of 'Science
Coordinator'?
Your Examinations Officer (or whoever holds the role of 'Centre Administrator') should follow
these steps in Interchange:
1. Hover the mouse cursor over Admin in the left-hand menu, and then select Manage centre
users from the pop-up menu that appears. A list of all current users at your Centre will be
loaded.
2. Click the 'Add New User' link (above the list of current users).
3. Enter user details.
4. Select the 'Roles' tab.
5. Select the role of 'Science Co-ordinator' on the left-hand side of the screen.
6. Click the '>' button. The 'Science Co-ordinator' role moves across to the right-hand side of the
screen.
7. Click the 'User' tab.
8. Click 'Add'.
You will receive notification on screen of whether the new user was added successfully or not.
Errors are indicated by a red asterisk (*) and are detailed on screen. Please note that it usually
takes approximately 20 minutes for the new user to be able to access Interchange.

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After logging in to Interchange, where can I find the Tasks?

Hover the mouse cursor over Coursework and tests in the left-hand menu, and then select
Science co-ordinator materials from the pop-up menu that appears. Near the top of the new
page that opens click the GCE AS/A2 link. Finally, select the appropriate specification name.
I don't have the Coursework and tests and/or 'Science co-ordinator materials' options in
the left-hand menu
You need to be given the role of 'Science Co-ordinator'. Your Examinations Officer (or whoever
holds the role of 'Centre Administrator') must assign the role of 'Science Co-ordinator' to you, as
follows: step 1 above, click on the relevant username, steps 4 7 above, then click Update).
When I click on the specification name nothing happens / I get an error message / I get a
warning about blocked content
When you click on a subject heading (or click on the 'More detail' link to the right of the
heading), the rest of the page should slide down to reveal the Tasks and other materials
available to download for the specification you selected. This works using Javascript, so your
browser may alert you to active content or blocked content. Please ensure that you select the
appropriate option to allow all content to run. In Internet Explorer, the alert may appear as a
pale yellow bar at the top of the page; you will need to click on the pale yellow bar and select
Allow blocked content.
Check also that Javascript is enabled in your browser. In Internet Explorer, go to the 'Tools'
menu and select 'Internet Options'; select the 'Advanced' tab on the far right; scroll down the list
of check boxes to the coffee cup icon next to the heading 'Java (Sun)'; ensure that the 'Use
Java for <applet>' check box (or similar) is ticked; click the 'OK' button; close Internet Explorer
and then re-open it and log back in to Interchange. You should only ever have to do this once,
unless you move to a different computer.
How do I download the Task zip files?
Click on the Task that you want to download. If you are prompted whether to 'Open' or 'Save'
the file, select 'Save'. You will be prompted for a location to which to save the file - select an
appropriate location on your hard drive or USB stick. It is your responsibility to keep the Tasks
strictly confidential after download, so choose a location that only you have access to.
Remember that Tasks can only be used for assessment in the period stated on the Task cover
(e.g. between 1 June 2009 and 14 May 2010). For future sessions, new Tasks need to be
downloaded from Interchange.
What is a zip file? / How to I get the Tasks from the zip file?
The zip file for each Task is a single file that has several PDF documents compressed inside it,
namely the candidates Task sheet, the Instructions for Teachers and Technicians and the Mark
Scheme, together with any additional files pertinent to the Task. You will need to extract the
compressed PDF files before you can use them.
In Windows XP and Windows Vista you can look inside the zip file by double-clicking it, or by
right-clicking it and selecting 'Explore'; once inside the zip, click on the 'File' menu, and then
select 'Extract all'. If you use an older version of Windows (e.g. 95, 98, 2000, ME, or NT) you will
need to download and use third-party zip extractor software such as WinZip or PKZip to extract
the files.
Mac OS X version 10.3 (Panther) and later releases have built-in support for zip files. If you
are using an older release, or if you experience difficulty extracting the PDF documents from the
zip file, try downloading and using third-party zip extractor software such as StuffIt Expander
to extract the files.

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I get an error message saying that the zip file is corrupt

OCR has tested the files to ensure that they can all be downloaded successfully. If you are
having problems with one of the files you have downloaded, delete the file and download it
again or try downloading it on a different computer. Also check with your IT administrator to
ensure that a virus scanner or firewall on your Centre's network is not disrupting the file.
Some of the Tasks / Mark Schemes are missing
Tasks for all GCE science specifications will be uploaded from 1st June each year. The
previous years Tasks will have been taken down during May, and must not be used for
assessment in the current session. If all of the Tasks are not available the first time you log in,
check back in subsequent weeks for the latest additions, or register for e-mail updates to be
alerted when new Tasks are uploaded (see below). Mark Schemes for all of the Tasks will be
uploaded from 1st September each year.
Do I have to keep logging in to Interchange to check for updates?
No. Just above the Tasks for each specification is a notice about e-mail updates. To be notified
by e-mail when changes are made to the Task pages, send an e-mail to
[email protected] including your name, Centre number and Centre name, and state
the name of the specification(s) for which you wish to receive updates in the subject line.
Is there a way to see titles/summaries the Tasks without downloading them all?
The document called Getting Started in the Support Materials box on each specification page
gives titles and summaries for all Tasks that are available for assessment in the current session.
Click the Getting Started link to download the document.

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https://interchange.ocr.org.uk
(Do not add www. before interchange!)

Hover
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Coursework
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andtests
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4
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GCE
GCEAS/A2
AS/A2

Click
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Science
Scienceco-ordinator
co-ordinatormaterials
materials

Click
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More
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click More detail

Sign
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Tasks
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Getting
GettingStarted
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gives
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titlesand
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summariesofof
all
Tasks
for
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all Tasks for easy reference
Click
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downloaditit

Available
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download
downloaditit

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