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    Glycolysis: Step 1: Hexokinase

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    Airra Ramos
    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps involving 10 different enzymes within the cell's cytoplasm. Glucose is phosphorylated in the first step, then undergoes a series of chemical reactions including isomerization, phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, and rearrangement of phosphate groups. This ultimately converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while net generating two ATP per glucose molecule. The pyruvate can then undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on the cell's conditions and metabolic abilities.

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    Glycolysis: Step 1: Hexokinase

    Uploaded by

    Airra Ramos
    38 views6 pages
    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps involving 10 different enzymes within the cell's cytoplasm. Glucose is phosphorylated in the first step, then undergoes a series of chemical reactions including isomerization, phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, and rearrangement of phosphate groups. This ultimately converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while net generating two ATP per glucose molecule. The pyruvate can then undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on the cell's conditions and metabolic abilities.

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    Glycolysis

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    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps involving 10 different enzymes within the cell's cytoplasm. Glucose is phosphorylated in the first step, then undergoes a series of chemical reactions including isomerization, phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, and rearrangement of phosphate groups. This ultimately converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while net generating two ATP per glucose molecule. The pyruvate can then undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on the cell's conditions and metabolic abilities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views6 pages

    Glycolysis: Step 1: Hexokinase

    Uploaded by

    Airra Ramos
    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps involving 10 different enzymes within the cell's cytoplasm. Glucose is phosphorylated in the first step, then undergoes a series of chemical reactions including isomerization, phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, and rearrangement of phosphate groups. This ultimately converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while net generating two ATP per glucose molecule. The pyruvate can then undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on the cell's conditions and metabolic abilities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    GLYCOLYSIS

    Glycolysis is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and
    anaerobic cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Glucose
    is a six- membered ring molecule found in the blood and is usually a result of the
    breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. It enters cells through specific transporter
    proteins that move it from outside the cell into the cells cytosol. All of the glycolytic
    enzymes are found in the cytosol.
    The overall reaction of glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm is represented simply
    as:
    C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P > 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2
    NADH + 2 H+

    Step 1: Hexokinase

    The first step in glycolysis is the


    conversion of D-glucose into glucose6-phosphate.
    The
    enzyme
    that
    catalyzes this reaction is hexokinase.
    Details:
    Here,
    the
    glucose
    ring
    is
    phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is the
    process of adding a phosphate group
    to a molecule derived from ATP. As a
    result, at this point in glycolysis, 1
    molecule of ATP has been consumed.
    The reaction occurs with the help of
    the enzyme hexokinase, an enzyme
    that catalyzes the phosphorylation of
    many six-membered glucose-like ring
    structures. Atomic magnesium (Mg) is
    also involved to help shield the
    negative charges from the phosphate
    groups on the ATP molecule. The result
    of this phosphorylation is a molecule
    called
    glucose-6-phosphate
    (G6P),
    thusly called because the 6 carbon of
    the glucose acquires the phosphate
    group.

    Step 2: Phosphoglucose
    Isomerase

    The
    second
    reaction
    of
    glycolysis is the rearrangement of
    glucose
    6-phosphate
    (G6P)
    into
    fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose
    phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose
    Isomerase).
    Details:
    The second step of glycolysis involves
    the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate
    to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). This
    reaction occurs with the help of the
    enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase
    (PI). As the name of the enzyme
    suggests, this reaction involves an
    isomerization reaction.
    The
    reaction
    involves
    the
    rearrangement of the carbon-oxygen
    bond to transform the six-membered
    ring into a five-membered ring. To
    rearrangement takes place when the
    six-membered ring opens and then
    closes in such a way that the first
    carbon becomes now external to the
    ring.

    Step 3: Phosphofructokinase

    Phosphofructokinase,
    with
    magnesium as a cofactor, changes
    fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6bisphosphate.
    Details:
    In the third step of glycolysis, fructose6-phosphate is converted to fructose1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). Similar to the
    reaction that occurs in step 1 of
    glycolysis, a second molecule of ATP
    provides the phosphate group that is
    added on to the F6P molecule.

    This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase,


    which catalyzes the cleavage of FBP to
    yield two 3-carbon molecules. One of
    these
    molecules
    is
    called
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    (GAP)
    and
    the
    other
    is
    called
    dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

    Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase

    The enzyme that catalyzes this


    reaction is phosphofructokinase (PFK).
    As in step 1, a magnesium atom is
    involved to help shield negative
    charges.

    Step 4: Aldolase

    The
    enzyme
    triophosphate
    isomerase rapidly inter- converts the
    molecules
    dihydroxyacetone
    phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde
    3-phosphate (GAP). Glyceraldehyde
    phosphate is removed / used in next
    step of Glycolysis.
    Details:

    The enzyme Aldolase splits


    fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two
    sugars that are isomers of each other.
    These
    two
    sugars
    are
    dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
    and
    glyceraldehyde
    3-phosphate
    (GAP).
    Details:

    GAP is the only molecule that


    continues in the glycolytic pathway. As
    a result, all of the DHAP molecules
    produced are further acted on by the
    enzyme triphoshpate isomerase (TIM),
    which reorganizes the DHAP into GAP
    so it can continue in glycolysis. At this
    point in the glycolytic pathway, we
    have two 3-carbon molecules, but
    have not yet fully converted glucose
    into pyruvate.

    Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate Dehydrogenase

    Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    dehydrogenase
    (GAPDH)
    dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic
    phosphate
    to
    glyceraldehyde
    3phosphate,
    producing
    1,3bisphosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    In this step, two main events take
    place: 1) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    is
    oxidized
    by
    the
    coenzyme
    nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    (NAD);
    2)
    the
    molecule
    is
    phosphorylated by the addition of a
    free phosphate group. The enzyme
    that
    catalyzes
    this
    reaction
    is
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
    The
    enzyme
    GAPDH
    contains
    appropriate structures and holds the
    molecule in a conformation such that
    it allows the NAD molecule to pull a
    hydrogen off the GAP, converting the
    NAD to NADH. The phosphate group
    then attacks the GAP molecule and
    releases it from the enzyme to yield
    1,3 bisphoglycerate, NADH, and a
    hydrogen atom.

    Phosphoglycerate
    kinase
    transfers a phosphate group from 1,3bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form
    ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    In this step, 1,3 bisphoglycerate is
    converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by
    the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase
    (PGK). This reaction involves the loss
    of a phosphate group from the starting
    material. The phosphate is transferred
    to a molecule of ADP that yields our
    first molecule of ATP. Since we actually
    have
    two
    molecules
    of
    1,3
    bisphoglycerate (because there were
    two 3-carbon products from stage 1 of
    glycolysis), we actually synthesize two
    molecules of ATP at this step. With this
    synthesis of ATP, we have cancelled
    the first two molecules of ATP that we
    used, leaving us with a net of 0 ATP
    molecules up to this stage of
    glycolysis.
    Again, we see that an atom of
    magnesium is involved to shield the
    negative charges on the phosphate
    groups of the ATP molecule.

    Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase


    Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

    The enzyme phosphoglycero


    mutase relocates the P from 3phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon
    to the 2nd carbon to form 2phosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    This
    step
    involves
    a
    simple
    rearrangement of the position of the
    phosphate
    group
    on
    the
    3
    phosphoglycerate molecule, making it
    2 phosphoglycerate. The molecule
    responsible for catalyzing this reaction
    is called phosphoglycerate mutase
    (PGM). A mutase is an enzyme that
    catalyzes the transfer of a functional
    group from one position on a molecule
    to another.
    The reaction mechanism proceeds by
    first adding an additional phosphate
    group to the 2 position of the 3
    phosphoglycerate. The enzyme then
    removes the phosphate from the 3
    position leaving just the 2 phosphate,
    and thus yielding 2 phsophoglycerate.
    In this way, the enzyme is also
    restored to its original, phosphorylated
    state.
    Step 9: Enolase

    The enzyme enolase removes a


    molecule
    of
    water
    from
    2phosphoglycerate
    to
    form
    phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
    Details:

    This step involves the conversion of 2


    phosphoglycerate
    to
    phosphoenolpyruvate
    (PEP).
    The
    reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
    enolase. Enolase works by removing a
    water group, or dehydrating the 2
    phosphoglycerate. The specificity of
    the enzyme pocket allows for the
    reaction to occur through a series of
    steps too complicated to cover here.

    Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase

    The enzyme pyruvate kinase


    transfers
    a
    P
    from
    phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to
    form pyruvic acid and ATP Result in
    step 10.
    Details:
    The final step of glycolysis converts
    phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate
    with the help of the enzyme pyruvate
    kinase. As the enzymes name
    suggests, this reaction involves the
    transfer of a phosphate group. The
    phosphate group attached to the 2
    carbon of the PEP is transferred to a
    molecule of ADP, yielding ATP. Again,
    since there are two molecules of PEP,
    here we actually generate 2 ATP
    molecules.
    Steps 1 and 3 = 2ATP
    Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP
    Net visible ATP produced = 2.

    Immediately
    upon
    finishing
    glycolysis, the cell must continue
    respiration in either an aerobic or
    anaerobic direction; this choice is
    made based on the circumstances of
    the particular cell. A cell that can
    perform aerobic respiration and which
    finds itself in the presence of oxygen
    will continue on to the aerobic citric
    acid cycle in the mitochondria. If a cell
    able to perform aerobic respiration is

    in a situation where there is no oxygen


    (such as muscles under extreme
    exertion), it will move into a type of
    anaerobic
    respiration
    called
    homolactic fermentation. Some cells
    such as yeast are unable to carry out
    aerobic
    respiration
    and
    will
    automatically move into a type of
    anaerobic respiration called alcoholic
    fermentation.

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