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    This document discusses impedance matching in antenna systems. It explains that impedance matching is important for two reasons: 1) To match the transmitter output impedance of 50 ohms to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the transmission line. 2) To match the transmission line impedance to the antenna impedance to minimize power losses in the transmission line and maximize power delivered to the antenna. It also discusses the concepts of standing wave ratio and transmission line losses related to impedance matching between the transmission line and antenna.

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    This document discusses impedance matching in antenna systems. It explains that impedance matching is important for two reasons: 1) To match the transmitter output impedance of 50 ohms to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the transmission line. 2) To match the transmission line impedance to the antenna impedance to minimize power losses in the transmission line and maximize power delivered to the antenna. It also discusses the concepts of standing wave ratio and transmission line losses related to impedance matching between the transmission line and antenna.

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    This document discusses impedance matching in antenna systems. It explains that impedance matching is important for two reasons: 1) To match the transmitter output impedance of 50 ohms to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the transmission line. 2) To match the transmission line impedance to the antenna impedance to minimize power losses in the transmission line and maximize power delivered to the antenna. It also discusses the concepts of standing wave ratio and transmission line losses related to impedance matching between the transmission line and antenna.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views3 pages

    VVBFGF

    Uploaded by

    sree479
    This document discusses impedance matching in antenna systems. It explains that impedance matching is important for two reasons: 1) To match the transmitter output impedance of 50 ohms to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the transmission line. 2) To match the transmission line impedance to the antenna impedance to minimize power losses in the transmission line and maximize power delivered to the antenna. It also discusses the concepts of standing wave ratio and transmission line losses related to impedance matching between the transmission line and antenna.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    06/05/2016

    W5ALTHome

    AntennaNotes

    ANTENNANOTESFORADUMMY

    Index
    Introduction
    Electromagnetic
    Waves
    BasicConceptsI
    BasicConceptsII
    AntennaScaling
    Balance
    Matching
    SWR?
    RFGround
    AntennaTuners
    Dipoles
    Horizontal
    Dipoles
    VerticalDipoles
    InvertedVee
    Dipoles
    BentDipoles
    ShortDipoles
    GroundPlane
    Verticals
    1/4WaveGP
    Verticals
    Groundvs.
    Radials
    ShortVerticals
    PracticalStuff
    General
    CaseStudy1
    CaseStudy2
    CaseStudy3
    Previous
    Next

    RestrictedSpaceAntennas
    byWaltFair,Jr.,W5ALT

    ImpedanceMatching
    Impedancematchingisanothersubjectwhichoftencausesconfusion.In
    thissectionwe'lltakealookatwhyweshouldworryaboutimpedance
    matchinginantennasystemsandwhateffectmaybeduetoamatched
    orunmatchedcondition.Itwillbeseenthatimpedancematchingis
    importantintwoseparateinstancesforverydifferentreasons:the
    transmittertotransmissionlinematchandthetransmissionlineto
    antennamatch.
    TransmitterPower.We'veallheardthatourtransmittershaveanoutput
    impedanceof50ohms.(No,youcan'tmeasurethatwithanohmmeter
    Itried.)Orperhapsinthetransmitterspecificationsitsaysthatthe
    transmitterwilldeliver100watts,forexample,intoa50ohmload,which
    isthesamething.Whatdoesthatmean?Whatisthesignificanceof50
    ohms?
    First,rememberthatpowerisvoltagetimescurrent:P=EI.Alsofrom
    Ohm'sLawvoltageiscurrenttimesresistance:E=IR.Therefore,we
    cancalculatetheneededvoltageandcurrentfrompowerandresistance
    usingI=SQRT(P/R)andV=SQRT(PR).
    Let'ssaywehaveatransmitteroutputof100watts.Ifthetransmitteris
    connectedtoa50ohmdummyload,thenwecancalculatethatthe
    currentis1.414ampsandthevoltageis70.721volts,forgettingabout
    whetherthatispeak,average,RMSorwhatever.(Youcancheckthat
    1.414x70.721=100)Thismeansthatthemanufacturer(orcircuit
    designer,ifit'shomebrew)iswillingtoguaranteethatthetransmitterwill
    generate1.414ampsat70.721volts,whichiswhatisneededtooutput
    100wattsintoa50ohmload.Andthat'sallitmeans.
    Whathappensifwewanttoput100wattsintoadifferentload,say25
    ohmsor100ohms?Inthesameway,fromOhm'sLawwecancalculate
    thatthecurrentandvoltagefor100wattsintoa25ohmloadare2amps
    and50volts,whilefora100ohmloadthecurrentis1ampatavoltage
    of100volts.Noticethatinthefirstcasethecurrentishigher(2amps
    insteadof1.414amps),whileinthesecondcasethevoltageishigher
    (100volts,insteadof70.721volts).Nowperhapsthetransmitterwill
    handlethat,butthemanufacturerisn'twillingtoguaranteeit.
    Likewise,wecancalculatethecurrentandvoltagerequiredtogenerate
    100wattsintoanytypeofload.Wewillseethatinallcases,eitherthe
    currentwillbehigherthan1.414ampsorthevoltagerequiredwillbe
    higher70.721volts.Soonerorlaterwewillarriveatacurrentorvoltage
    thatexceedsthedesignspecificationsofthetransmittercircuits.Inthat

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    case,mostmoderntransmitterscontainadditionalcircuitrytolimitthe
    currentorvoltage,hencereducingtheoutputpower.Ofcoursethe
    alternativeistoexceedtheratingsoftheinternalcircuitryandburnup
    thetransmitter.
    So,inordertogetthemostpoweroutofthetransmitter,itisneccesary
    toensurethatthetransmitterisconnectedtoa50ohmload.Iftheload
    impedanceisdifferent,thenthetransmitterwillrequireeithermore
    currentormorevoltage,andthemanufacturerisn'twillingtoguarantee
    thatitwilldeliver.That'swhywewanttomatchtheloadimpedanceatthe
    transmitteroutputto50ohms.Ithasnothingtodowiththefunctionor
    efficiencyoftheantenna.Wecandothatinseveralways,includingthe
    useofanantennatuneratthetransmitteroutput.Wearesimplymaking
    surethatthetransmitterisoperatingwithinitsspecifications.Nothing
    more.
    Whenshouldwebeworriedaboutmatchingthetransmittertothe
    transmissionline?Ifthetransmitterisgeneratingfullpowerintotheline,
    thenthereisnomorepoweravailable.Spendingtimeandeffort
    improvingthematchwillnotincreasethepoweroutputofthetransmitter,
    sinceit'salreadyatmaximum.Ifthetransmitterisgeneratinglessthan
    maximumpower,however,improvingthematchwillallowittogenerate
    more.Inthatcasetheeffortmaybeworthwhile.
    TransmissionLines.Thesubjectoftransmissionlinesisanentirefield
    ofstudyinandofitself,sowewon'tcoververymuchhere.However,at
    leastabasicunderstandingoftransmissionlinetheoryisessentialto
    understandingantennasystems.Afterall,thetransmissionlineiswhat
    deliverspowerfromthetransmittertotheantenna,orfromtheantenna
    toareceiver.Wecertainlywanttomakesurethatallthepowergets
    wherewewantittogo.TheARRLHandbook,theARRLAntennaBook,
    ormostanytextbookonantennashasamoredetaileddescriptionand
    discussionoftransmissionlines.
    Itiswellknownthateverycommontypeoftransmissionlinehasa
    characteristicimpedance.Whenyouhearof50ohmcoaxor75ohm
    cableor300ohmtwinlead,the50,75and300ohmnumbersrefertothe
    characteristicimpedanceoftheparticulartransmissionline.Itcanalso
    beshownthatwhenatransmissionlineisterminatedinaloadthat
    matchesitscharacteristicimpedance,thepoweristotallyabsorbedinthe
    load,whichiswhatwewantfromourantennasystems.However,ifthe
    lineisterminatedinanimpedancethatisnotthesameasits
    characteristicimpedance,thenthepowerisnottotallyabsorbedand
    someofitisreflectedbackdownthelinetowardthetranmitter.Whenit
    reachesthetransmitter,itagainisreflectedbacktowardstheload.After
    all,wehopethatthetransmitterisgeneratingpower,notabsorbingit!
    Thisprocessofreflectingpowerbackandforthbetweenthetransmitter
    andloadeventuallyleadstoasteadystateconditionwhereadistribution
    ofcurrentexistsonthetransmissionline.Thepoweralleventuallygets
    absorbedbytheload,butinthemeantimethereisahighercurrenton
    thetransmissionlinethanneedbe.Sinceahighercurrentmeansmore
    losseswithinthetransmissionline,duetowireresistanceandother
    effects,whentheloadisnotmatchedtothetransmissionline,therewill
    bemorelossesintheline.Rememberthatpowerlossesarerepresented
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    AntennaNotes

    byI2R,sodoublingthecurrentwillcause22=4timesmorelosses.
    Inaddition,thecurrentreflectedbackandforthcreatesstandingwaves
    onthetransmissionline.Thatmeansthatthevoltageandthecurrent
    varyalongthelinewhentheloadisnotequaltothecharacteristic
    impedanceoftheline.WecanuseanSWR(StandingWaveRatio)
    metertomeasurethemagnitudeofthesewaves.TheSWRmetergives
    theratioofthehighestandlowestvoltagealongtheline,whichisthe
    sameastheratioofthehighesttolowestcurrentsontheline.Aperfect
    matchisastandingwaveratioof1:1,meaningthatthehighestand
    lowestvoltagesandcurrentsareequalinotherwords,thereisno
    variationalongtheline.
    Whenshouldwebeworriedaboutmatchingourantenna,whichisthe
    load,tothetransmissionline?Asshowninmostbooksaboutantennas
    andtransmissionlines,thepowerlossesonthelinedependontheline
    length,thetypeoftransmissionline,thefrequencyandtheSWRonthe
    line.So,inordertodeterminewhetherthelossesduetomismatchare
    important,itisneccesarytodeterminethefeedlinelosses.
    Parallellinesnormallyhavearelativelylowlossandarenotseverely
    affectedbyhighSWRormismatch.Generallyspeaking,rarelywillthere
    beamajorbenefitfromimprovingthematchtoparallellines,unlessthe
    frequencyisveryhighorthelineisverylong.AtnormalHFfrequencies
    andlineslessthan100feetlong,theimprovementwillnotusuallybe
    noticable.
    Coaxialcables,however,generallyhaveahigherlossandaremore
    dramaticallyaffectedbyhighSWRandmismatch.Especiallyforlonger
    linesandhigherfrequencies,improvingthematchbetweentheantenna
    andthefeedlinemaywellyieldasignificantimprovementinantenna
    performancebyreducingtransmissionlinelosses.Forbothparalleland
    coaxialtransmissionlines,refertothechartsinmosttextbooksto
    determinethemagnitudeofthelosses.
    Anotheroftheconceptsrelatedtotransmissionlineswasdiscussedin
    theprevioussectiononantennabalance.Itmustbenotedthatthe
    consequenceofamismatchisentirelydifferentfromtheconceptof
    balance.Theyhaveabsolutelynothingtodowitheachother.Itis
    possibletohaveamatchedsystemwithaSWRof1:1andstillhavean
    unbalancedfeedline.Likewise,itisquiteeasytohaveabalanced
    feedlineandhaveaterribleSWRandhightransmissionlinelosses.
    Finally,wenotedthatmatchingthetransmittertothetransmissionline
    andmatchingthetransmissionlinetotheantennaserve2verydifferent
    purposes.Notethatmatchingthetransmissionlinetotheantennamay
    wellensurethatallpowerisabsorbedbytheantennaandtherefore
    radiated,butitwillnotensurethatthetransmitterisoperatingat
    maximumefficiency.Likewise,matchingthetransmittertothe
    transmissionlinewillnotaffectthetransmissionlinelosses,sincethose
    aredeterminedonlybythematchbetweenthetransmissionlineand
    antenna.
    Previous
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