NAME:.

CLASS:
..
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL
FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES
JS 2 (BASIC 8)
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1.
Revision of last year work.
2.
Classification of Computers (i) Generation (First, Second, Third, Fourth,
Fifth), (ii) Types of Computers (Analog, Digital Hybrid).
3.
Classification of Computers: (iii) Sizes of computers micro-computers,
mainframe, supercomputer (iv) Degree of versatility general purpose,
special purpose.
4&5.
The Computer System: (a) The concept of computer system (b)
Component of computer
system (i) Hardware component system, software, applications
software (iii) People ware
Component: Computer professionals. Computer users.
6.
Computer Software: (a) Definition of computer software (b) Types and
examples of software (i) System software (operating system), (ii)
Application Software (word processing spreadsheet, graphics, etc).
7.
Operating System: (a) Definition of operating system (OS), (b)
Examples of operating system (i) DOS (ii) Windows.
8.
Number Bases: (i) Definition (ii) Binary (iii) Octal (iv) Hexadecimal
(Conversion from decimal to binary and hexadecimal and Vice-versa)
9.
Units of Storage in Computer: Units of storage: Byte, Nibble, Byte,
kilobyte, gigabyte, Word, etc.
10. Revision
11. Examination
WEEK 2
Date:
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: Generations of computers,
Types of computers
CONTENT
- Generations of computers
- Types of computers
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Classify computers by generation
Classify computers by type
CONTENT

The development of electronic computer is divided into stage referred to as

generation. Each generation of computer is associated with a specific
innovation and development in computer technology over the previous
stage.
It is important to note that computer development came in different
types and capacity. Generations of electronic computer are grouped into five
innovations in technological development and advancement as at the date.
The stages are 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4th and 5th generations. The generations of
computers are not static, more stages are imminent as their search for
knowledge and development in the area information and communication
Technology (ICT).
SUB-TOPIC 1: GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
CONTENT
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY GENERATIONS
1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS
These include sets of computer built between 1945-1959. The employed
electronic vales (vacuum tubes) for their circuits. Examples include Leo Mark
III, Atlas Series. Universal Automatics computer (UNIVAC), Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic computer (EDVAC), Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
computer (EDSAC).
FEATURES
It uses punch card
It has valve-based machine and uses vacuum tube for storing and processing
of data.
It has limited internal storage
It consumes too much electronic power and thereby generates too much
heat.
2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS
This computer generation existed between (1960 - 1965). They used
transistor in place of valve. They were smaller in size and faster in operation
compared with the 1st generation. Besides, they were more reliable and then
use English as computer language. High level language like BASIC, FORTRAN,
COBOL etc. Examples are IBM 7000, series 7030, 7090, UNIVAC 1102, LEO
MARK SERIES
FEATURES
It uses transistors instead of valves therefore more reliable.
It is faster in operation more than the first generation computers
It uses magnetic tape as storage medium
It is smaller in size compared to first generation computer
It accepts external storage device like magnetic tape or disk.

3RD GENERATIONS COMPUTERS

The third generation computers mark the beginning of keyboards for
input and video display unit (monitor) for output. It between 1966-1975.
some of the computers, its major component was integrated circuits (IC)
instead of transistor used during second generation. They came in three (3)
different sizes ie mainframe, mini, micro computers. Some of its features
includes:
-

use of circuits instead of transistors used in second generation

it is more reliable than the second generation computers
It has extensive processing storage
It came in three different sizes Mainframe, Mini, and Micro
computers.

4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS

This generation of electronic computer came into existence (1975-1990).
They made use Larger Scale integrated Circuit (LSIC). This marked the ear of
micro processor with input and output devices connected to the system unit.
The arrival of this generation of computer gave rise to more powerful and
less expensive but realistic computers development. Examples IBM 3030 and
7700.
FEATURES
It uses very large scale integrated circuit.
It has high speed and higher storage capacity
It is faster in operation and cheaper than the earlier ones
It has extensive processing storage
5TH GENERATION
The present day computers are classified into this category. The fifth
generation of computers are capable of performing functions of human
experts solving problems that require human intelligent, judgment, insight
and experience.
Fight generation computers can learn, take decisions and perform other
activities exclusive of human beings. It marks the era of Pentium i.e. Pentium
1 Pentium 2, 3, 4, and M which combine artificial intelligence with expert
system.
Artificial intelligence is the ability of the computer to behave like an
intelligent human being while expert system is the capability of computer to
the judgement and decisions like an expert in a specialized field i.e.
Diagnosis and prescription of drugs like a medical doctor.
FEATURES
It uses very large scale integrated circuits (VLSIC)
It appears to be reasoning in some type of work.

It helps in planning financial management

EVALUATION:
1. Mention at least 3 generations of computers and their features.
2. Distinguish between the first generations of computers and the
Second generations of computers.
SUB-TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY TYPES
CONTENT
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY TYPES
When computers are classified according to type, three different groups or
classes of computers are recognized. They are the digital analogue and
hybrid computer.
DIGITAL COMPUTER
This is most common type of computer today. It is used in processing
discrete data that have to do with counting. Digit is a number therefore,
digital computers measure physical quantities by counting. Most applications
of computer have to do with data processing. As such, the digital computer is
so much in use. Many modern devices are now using digital system.
Examples of such devices are: calculator, digital wrist watches, digital fuel
dispenser etc.
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
Analogue computer processes continuous data such as speed, temperature,
heartbeat etc. They are mostly used in scientific measurement which may
require the processing of continuous data. These are the type of specialized
computers you are likely to see in the hospitals connected to patients.
HYBRID COMPUTER
This type of computer combines the features of digital and analogue
computers together. It can count and as well as measure.
EVALUATION:
1. State three type of computers with examples.
2. Explain briefly the most common type of computer.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies(practical
colleges Book 2,pages 4-7,By Niyi Adekolegan.

guide)for schools and

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1._____ Is not a feature of first generation computers
(a)It uses punch card (b)It has limited internal storage (c)It consumes too
much electricity (d)It does not generate much heat.

2. The following are examples of fifth generation computers except_____

(a)Pentium I (b) Pentium 2(c) Pentium M (d)Pentium None
3. All of the following are sizes of microcomputers except____
(a)Desktop (b) Laptop (c) Notebook (d) UNIVAC
4. Third generations of computers uses ____ technology in its build-up.
(a)VLSIC (b) IC (c) Vacuum tube (d) Transistor
WEEK 3
Date.
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: By Sizes and Degree of
versatility
OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson students should be able to;
- Classify computers by purpose and degree of versality
- Classify computer by size and capacity
SUBTOPIC 1:
CAPABILITIES

CLASSIFICATION

OF

COMPUTERS

BY

SIZE

AND

CONTENTS
Computer classification according to the size and capacity are grouped into
four (4) categories. These are: micro computers, mini computers, mainframe
and super computers.
MICRO COMPUTERS
This is the smallest and most popular class of computers.
Micro computers are also called personal computers (PC) or desktop
computers. They are the most widely used and the fastest growing type of
computers. They are accessible, relatively cheap and interactive. It is an
example of general purpose computers.
CLASSES OR SIZE OF MICRO COMPUTERS
Micro computers came in different sizes ranging from desktop, laptop,
palmtop, notebook computers etc.
DESKTOP
This category of micro computer can be set on the top of a desk Desktop. It
supports other peripherals and has a very high storage capacity and speed.
LAPTOP COMPUTER
This type of computer can be placed on the lap and also in a belief case.
They can be either AC powered, battery powered or both. They combine the
power of the PC with mobility.

NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS
These are very high PCs but have all the capacities of a PC.
Palm top: They are small enough to be held in the palm of your hand: They
are equally as powerful as the Desktop.
WORK STATIONS
These are more powerful than the PCs. They are used by the engineers and
scientists who process a lot of data. It is a kind of special purpose computer.
MINICOMPUTER
This is a medium size general purpose digital.
It is a multi-user i.e. it allows many users at once and has the ability to
perform many tasks simultaneously. The distinguished features of mini from
micro computers are: memory size, speed of operation, faster input and
output devices and higher cost. They are specially designed to solve and
handle wide variety of commuting problems. It has become a popular and
powerful network server to help manage large internet web sites, corporate
intranet and client server networks.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
These are multi-user and multi-tasking general purpose computers.
They have large storage capacity and cost more than typical mini computers.
They are used by large organizations such as banks, universities, central
bank, national population commission etc.
SUPER COMPUTER
This can be seen as technological improvement on mainframe computers. It
is used in the scientific environment such as for space studies and weather
forecast.
They have higher processing powers and large storage capacities.
SUBTOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY
PURPOSES
CONTENTS
Classification of computer according to purpose can be grouped into two,
namely:
1. General purpose computers
2. Special purposes computers
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS
These are computers designed solely to solve a restricted class of problems
e.g. computer for medical diagnosis, weapon guidance, traffic control, wealth
study and forecast, control of airplanes and production control of refinery and
guidance etc.

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

This class of computers is also called multi-purpose computers and are used
for variety of works. They have the ability to store various programs of
instructions and perform variety of operations such as graphics, database
inventory and sales analysis.
Most computers are general purpose computers and they can handles
different kind of work.
EVALUATION:
1. Classify computers by size and degree of versatility.
2. State and discuss five general characteristics of computers.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read: handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools and
colleges Book 2, pages 14-16, By Niyi Adekolegan.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Computers that are small enough to be held in hands are called_____
(a)Palmtop (b) Desktop (c) Laptop (d) Notebook.
2. Medium-sized computers are also known as _______ computers.
(a)Mini-computers (b) Micro-computers (c) Mainframe computers (d)
Workstations
3. Another for micro-computers is______
(a) Compaq computers (b) Micro-computers (c) Mainframe computers (d)
Apple computers
4. Mainframe computers generate large amount of heat because;
(a) They are very big (b) They consume too much electricity (c) They
occupy so much room space (d) They are very small
5. Computers designed to solve special class of problems are called______
(a) General purpose computers (b) Special purpose computers
(c) Workstations (d) EDSAC Computers
WEEK 4
Date.
TOPIC: THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS: The Concept of computer
Systems, And Component of computer Systems
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
Explain the term computer system
State the components of a computer system
SUBTOPIC 1: THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
CONTENTS

What is a system? A system is a group of interrelated components working

together towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs
in an organized transformation process.
A computer is an example of a system made of input device, processing
device and output device working together to produce the desire result.
THE SYSTEM UNIT: System unit is the major part of a computer system. It
consists of system board or power supply, system board or mother board,
drives, memory and the processor.
Collection of all these components inside a single case or housing is called
system unit. Some people refer to it as CPU. The CPU is an acronym for
Central Processing Unit and the component parts of the system unit. The
system unit came in different sizes, mini tower, full tower or desktop
depending on its physical shape and architectural design.
THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM.
A computer system consists of three main parts otherwise called
components. These are:
1.
Hardware.
2.
Software.
3.
Human ware.
Hard ware component: computer hardware could be defined as the
physical parts of the computer that we can see, feel and handle Computer
hardwire includes the main parts and its peripheral. The main parts are the
two devices: processor and memory unit make up the central processing
unit. The CPU is responsible for all the processing responsible for feeding
data into the system and collecting information from the system.

SYSTEM UNIT
C P U
Control Unit

Input
Device

Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU)
Main Memory
RAM/ROM

Output
Device

Secondary
Memory

CPU is the brain of the computer system and sub-divided into the control unit
(CU), Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and storage of memory unit.

1.
Control unit: This is the unit of the computer system that fetches
instructions from the main storage, interprets them and issues all the
necessary signals to the components making up the system. Control unit
direct all hardware operation necessary in obeying instructions.
2.
Arithmetic and logic unit: This part of the CPU is where all the
arithmetic is carried out in the computer. These are adding up, subtracting,
multiplication, division etc. It also carries out any logic functions that are
necessary. Logic functions are decisions which have to be made such as less
than <, equal to (=), greater than etc. Its operations consist of
comparisons.
3.
Storage or memory unit: The memory or storage is the place in the
computer where the program and the data are stored. The computer
memory is divided into two, namely:
1.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
2.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM: Is used by the manufacturer to store general purpose and
permanent instructions as operating system and program utilities to start
and test the computer. You can only read from ROM but cannot write into it
as it is write protected. The information here are permanent and cannot be
lost when the computer is shut down.
RAM: Data can be written into RAM and erased to enable fresh data to come
in. This is the work area for the computer user when the program is being
run.
RAM is electric power dependent and stored data is lost when power goes
off. Information in the RAM is said to be volatile and read faster by the
computer than information stored in the external storage devices. (Read
more on storage devices in chapter six.)
SUB-TOPIC 2: PERIPHERALS
The general name for all input and output devices are called computer
peripherals.
THE PERIPHERALS ARE IN THREE CATEGORIES
1. Input devices (2) Output device (3) Auxiliary storage device. They are
the devices attached to the computer system in order to transfer
information into and out of the system.
Input device: these are the medium through which we can communicate
textual and graphic data etc. with the computer input devices such as
keyboard, joystick, scanner etc. (see book one for more information).
Output devices: These are the computer devices that bring out the
result of processed data or information from the computer e.g. Video
display unit or monitor, printer, speaker etc.
Auxiliary/secondary storage devices:

The auxiliary storage devices are an additional memory or external

storage device. It is otherwise called BACK STORE or BACKUP storage
device. This storage device holds large amount of data, information or
program on a big term basis. They are less expensive than that of main or
primary memory. They also serve as an input and output device i.e.
Floppy, CD ROM, ZIP DISK, FLASH DISK etc.
EVALUATION:
1. State the sizes of the the system unit you know and explain any one of
them
2. Define the term System
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools and
colleges Book 2, pages 17-20, By Niyi Adekolegan.
WEEKEND ASSIGMENT:
1. A group of inter-related components working together towards a
common goal in an organized transformation process is called______
(a)System (b) Computer (c) Couple (d) Devices
2.______ is not a size of the system unit.
(a) Full tower (b) Mini-tower (c) micro-tower (d) Flat tower
3._____ is not a constituent part of a computer system.
(a) Hardware (b) Software (c) People ware (d) Sector ware
4. The Computer memory is divided into ______
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 7
5. The general name for all input and output devices is
called____
(a)
Overall devices (b) Computer basics (c) Computer Peripherals (d)
Group devices
WEEK 5
Date.
TOPIC: THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS: Software
Component
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
Explain term hardware, software and human ware or people ware.
Explain the relationship between each of the three components of a
computer system.
CONTENT
SOFTWARE COMPONENT

Computer hardware without software can be likened to a vehicle without

fuel. A system can only perform based on a set of given instructions that
are to be followed in sequence called program.
Software refers to the collections of all the programs available on a
computer. Basically there are two types of software. These are system
software and application software.
System Software: These are programs written by the computer
manufacturer controls the internal operations of the computer system.
Operating system is an example.
Application software: These are the programs written by the software
expert. They are referred to as application software because they are
applied to solve our problems. These software come in form of package
such as MS-WORD, MS-EXCEL, MS-POWERPOINT etc. Another part of
application software is referred to as users software. User software is a
program written by the computer operator or user of the system to meet
his immediate needs. Read more on this topic in the next chapter.
Human ware component
A computer system is more that just the machine alone; includes all the
other things that make the computer to function. The human aspect of
computer is called peoples ware or human ware. Computer cannot be
treated in isolation without the people that actually operates it. Human
ware is the people working with the computer. It ranges from the
professional users like system analyst, engineer, programmer to
operational users such as data entry operators. Computer professionals
are those who have undergone one form of formal computer training or
the other and are certificated.
EVALUATION:
1. Write short note on the following;
(i)
System software
(ii)
Application package
2. Explain the term people ware
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools
colleges Book 2, pages 17-20, By Niyi Adekolegan.

and

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Auxilliary/Secondary storage devices are otherwise known as______
(a) Backup storage device (b) Expensive storage device (c) Soft store (d) Zip
store
2._____ is not an auxiliary storage device
(a) Flash drive (b) Compact disc (c) Floppy disk (d) Hard disk
3._____ and _____ are two types software;
(a) System software and application software
(b) System software and Chigozie software

 Application software and planned software

(d) None of the above
4. Example of Application software includes all, except_____
(a) MS-WORD (b) MS-EXCEL (c) MS-POWERPOINT (d)
QuickBasic
5. Which of these is not an operating system?
(a)
Operating system (b)Centralized system (c) Coordinating system
(d) Logical system
WEEK 6
Date.
TOPIC: THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE: Definition of computer
Software, Types of computer software
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
Explain the term software and give examples to differentiate between
system software and Application software.
CONTENT
Software is the term used to describe computer programs; it is the blood
that flows through the computer system. Compared with the hardware, the
software used on a given computer is relatively easy to change and it is the
attributes, which give computer their flexibility.
Just as there are two types of blood cells in human beings performing
different functions in the computer system. The first is referred to as System
software and the other is the application software. All other forms of software
come under these two board divisions.
Software component of the computer system
Computer hardware without software can be linked to a vehicle without fuel.
A system can only perform based on a set of given instructions that are to be
followed in sequence, called program. Software refers to the collection of all
the programs available on a computer system or in a computer installation.
Software can be divided into two main classes namely;
1.
System Software
2.
application Software
System Software: These are programs written by the manufacturer to
ensure the smooth running of the computer. They are programs that enhance
the performance operations of computer. It is divided into four classes of the
system namely;
1.
Operating system2.
Translators
3.
Database management system (DBMS)
4.
Utilities and service programmers
Application Software: This can be classified into two namely;

1.
User application program,
2. Application Packages
The tree below summarizes the classes of software
Software
Application Software

System Software

Operating system

Utilities
DBMS

Translator

Users Programs

Application Package

i.e
MS Word
Ms Excel
Interpreter
EVALUATION:
MS Access
Computer
1. Distinguish
between system Assemble
software and application software
Page maker
2. List five application packages you know
Corel Draw
Power point Etc.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools
colleges Book 2, pages 23-25, By Niyi Adekolegan.

and

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. How many class of application package do we have?
(a)
2 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 8
2. Which of these software is written by the manufacturer?
(a)
System software (b) application software (c) E-learning software
(d) Language software
3. ______ Can be used to described the software
(a)
Blood (b) Water (c) Toner (d) Anti-virus
4. System software can be divided into how many parts?
(a)
6 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 1
5. An application package that can be used to communicate textual data
to the user is called ______
(a)
Power point (b) Corel draw (c) MS-WORD (d) Excel
6. A collection of all the program available in the computer system or set
of instructions guiding the operation of the computer is called_______
(a)
Software (b) Firmware (c) People ware (d) Hard ware
WEEK 7
Date.
TOPIC: OPERATING SYSTEM:
Examples of Operating system.

Definition

of operating

system

(OS),

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
Define the term operation system
Give examples of operating system
State the functions of operating system
Differentiate between DOS operating system and window operating
system.
SUBTOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
CONTENT
DEFINITION OF AN OPERATIN SYSTEM
A set of instruction or programs designed to efficiently manage the resources
of the computer system is referred to as operating system. It is the operating
system that makes the computer understands the users instructions and
command. It is the life-wire of a computer system. It does the loading and
schedule of all activities going on in a computer system some examples of
operating system are Disk operating system (DOS), Windows Operating
System, Linux Operating System, UNIX and Xenix Operating System. Etc.
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
An operating system can be defined as the collection of programs which are
resident in the computer memory. It controls the general operations of the
computer system.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
There are different types of operating system as specified by their
operational performance. The most commonly used operating system are:
1.
Single user operating system
2.
Multi user operating system
3.
Networking operating system
Single user operating system allows only a single task performed at a
time. It allows a single user to operate the machine time in an interactive
mode and allows one user program to be in the main store and processed at
a time. It does not allow users program. Examples of a single user operating
system includes MSDOS, PCDOS etc.
Multi- User Operating System permits the execution of more than one
task at a time. It shares the system resources to more than one user by
connecting the individual user on the system. Examples are window 98,
windows me, zenix os/2etc.
Networking operating system is used in network environment where
users form different locations are interconnected. Computers connected to a

large network, such as WAN & INTERNET. Examples of a networking

operating system includes window NT, window 2000, window XP, novel
Netware. Etc.
FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
The general functions of the operation system include the following among
others.
1.
It helps in loading and scheduling of programs to provide continuous
processing and give appropriate response to events
2.
It protects software, hardware and data from improper use.
3.
It manages hardware resources.
4.
It performs the loading of programs from external memory to the
main memory.
5.
It provide error correction routine
6.
It makes communication possible between the users and computer
system
7.
It passes control from one job to another in a multi programming
environment.
8.
It handles interrupts and computer language malfunctioning.
EVALUATION:
1. List five functions of the operating system
2. Write short note on the following;
(i) Single user operating system
(ii)Multi-user operating system
(iii)Network operating system
SUBTOPIC 2: DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
CONTENT
Disk operating system is the master program of computer, which can be
located in the computer temporary memory called RAM. It allows the various
parts of the computer to communicate with one another. It allows the
computer users to copy files, format disk and print etc. examples of DOS are:
MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), PCDOS, DOS is a single user
operating system.
DOS COMMAND
There are two types of DOS command and they are:
1.
Internal DOS command
2.
External DOS command
Internal DOS command:
These are command that comes with the new computer; they are the
simplest most commonly used command. It is an invisible command that

resides in the memory of the computer. Examples of DOS are CLS. DATE, DIR,
DEL, CD prompt MD, VER, File copy etc.
External command
The external DOS command are read from the disk and loaded into the
memory of the computer before they can be executed. They are commands
that have to be purchased and stored in the hard disk. Examples of External
command are Format Disk copy, Back up, Restore, print etc.
Windows Operating system
A window operating system is a graphical user interface that enables you to
communicate with your computer through ICON, MENU, dialog box and
application programs.
Window operating system is the major part of the system software that
controls the interface between the computer and users. It communicates
with the CPU and gives result on the screen. The different versions of window
are as follows; window 95, 98, 2000, millennium and window XP. The latter
versions are more interactive compared to the former. More of latest versions
of windows are coming as technology is advancing daily.
ADVANTAGES OF WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEM OVER DOS
The window operating system has the following advantages over DOS. The
window operating system has the following advantages over DOS.
Window packages are more interactive compared to DOS
Window packages are easier to learn compared to DOS package (ie
once you know about window package you can train yourself on the
other window packages).
Date and time are easier to correct or change on wind system
compared to DOS.
[
EVALUATION:
1.
What do you understand by the Disk operating system?
2.
state any 3 Advantages of windows operating system over disk
operating
3.
In tabular form, differentiate between Disk Operating System and
window Operating System
4.
List four types of Operating System with examples
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools
colleges Book 2, pages 31-42, By Niyi Adekolegan.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. DBMS stands for
(a)
Data base management system
(b)
Data bank monitoring system
(c)
Data base marking system

and

(d)
None of the above
2. There are ______ types of DOS
(a)
3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 5
3._______ packages are more interactive than the DOS
(a) Windows OS (b) Single OS
(c) Double OS (d) None
4. Which of these is the master program of the computer
(a) DOS (b) SOS (c) VLSIC (d) DBMS
5. MSDOS stands for
(a) Microsoft disk operating system
(b) Micro stand disk operating system
Micro disk operating system
(d)None

WEEK 8
Date.
TOPIC: NUMBER BASES: (i) Decimal (ii) Binary (iii) Octal (iv)
Hexadecimal
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to:
- Understand how data and information are represented and
communicated to the computer.
- Add numbers together in base two, base eight, base ten and base
sixteen.
- Covert decimal numbers to binary and hexadecimal number based and
vice-versa.
SUBTOPIC 1: NUMBER SYSTEM
CONTENT
Number System
To effectively use the computer, it is therefore necessary to know how data is
represented and communicated to it.
The Decimal Numbers. These are numbers in everyday use. They are also
denary number or numbers in base 10. Any denary number will contain any
of the 10 symbols i.e 0. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 where (n<10).
Additional in base ten
Addition of numbers in base ten is accomplished in a very simple way. The
digits with the same positional or place value are added together. Starting
from the right.
Find the following sums in base ten
(1)
3
2
810
(2)
5
0
910
+
4
5
910
+ 6
4
210
7
8
710
7
3
410

1 8
8
510
Subtraction in base ten: In subtraction, digits from the subtraction are
subtracted from the corresponding digits form the minuend with the same
positional values.
If digits from the subtraction are greater that the corresponding minuend,
one is borrowed from the immediate neighbor on the left and that one counts
as ten.
Example 4
Evaluate each of the following
(1)
-

8
3
4

3
4
9

2
6
5

110
310
8 10

(2)
-

4
3
1

9
4
5

6
6
0

510
310
210

PLACE OR POSITIONAL VALUE

Consider the numbers 777. Ordinarily, the 3 digits are the same i.e.7, but
when their positional value are considered one is 7 hundred, another is 70
and the last is ordinary 7. The position of a digit affects its value or meaning.
Positional value plays an important role in converting a number from one
base to another.
Example
777 =
700 + 70 + 7
=
7 x 100 + 7 x 10 + 7
=
7 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 7 x 1
=
7 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 7 x 100
Examples
6345 =
6000 + 300 + 40 + 5
=
6 x 1000 + 3 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 5 x 1
=
6 x 10 + 3 x 10 + 4 x 10 x 5 x 10
BINARY SYSTEM
The binary system is a system of numbers, which has two as its base. the
digits in base two are 0and 1.computer is made on the mechanism of a two
way device system.
A two-way device system is a system, which can make a decision that has
two alternatives like;
(1)
True or false statement (2) yes or No (3) Switch ON or OFF in
electrical circuits e.t.c.
In an electro-magnetic device for instance, I can stand for magnetize while 0
stands for demagnetize or in an electrical circuits for switch off. it is for this
reason that the binary systems dominate other number system in computer.
Binary Addition
When adding these digits together, the result will also be 1s and 0s. The
following examples indicate all possible combinations.
(1) 0+0=0 (2) 0+1=1 (3) 1+0=1 (4) 1+1=0(plus a carryover of 1)
Here are some examples of binary addition
Example

Add (a.) 10102 (b)

+ 1012
11112

1010102
+ 110012
10000112

(c)

11112
+ 101002
1000112

Binary Subtraction
Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. To subtract, it is necessary to
establish a procedure for subtracting a large number from a smaller digit.
The table for the binary subtraction is as follows;
1. 0-0=0
2. 1-0=0 3. 1-1=0 4. 0-1=1 with a barrow of 1
Example
Evaluate each of the following in base two.
1.
11102
2.
1101
3. 11112
-1102
- 110
- 1102
10002
111
00102
Conversion from binary to denary/ decimal
The following examples illustrate the conversion of binary number the
decimal system. the same type of positional notation is used in the binary
number as in the decimal system.
Example
1.
101=1x22+0x21+1x20 2. 110112=1x24+1x23x0x22x1x21x1x20
= 1x4+0x2+1x1
=16x1+1x8+0x4+1x2+1x1
= 4+0+1=510
=16+8+0+2+1
= 24 + 3 = 2710
3.
1001102 = 1x25+0x24+0x23x1x22+1x21 + 0x20
=1x32+0x16+0x8+1x4+1x2+0x1
=32+0+0+4+2+1
=32+7
=3910
4.
11011101112
9
=1x2 +1x28+0x27+1x26+1x25+1x24+0x23+1x22-+1x21+1x20
=1x512+1x256+1x64+1x32+1x16+1x4+1x2+1x1
=512+256+64+32+16+4+2+1
=88710
Conversion from decimal to binary
The decimal numbers is repeating divided by 2, and the remainder after each
division is used to indicate the coefficient of the binary number to be formed.
It should therefore be noted that binary number is from bottom to the top.
Example
Convert the following denary numbers to binary
15
2
15

2
2
2

7r 1
3r1
1r
0r1

= 11112

29
2
2
2
2
2

29
14 r1
7r 0
3r 1
2r1
0r1

2
2

3. 143
2
143
2
35r 1
2
17r1
2
8 r1
4r0
2r0
2
1r0
1r0
0r1

EVALUATION:
1. Convert 1012 to a number in base 10.
2. Add (a.) 10102
+ 1012
11112

(b)
1010102
+ 110012
10000112

(c)
11112
+ 101002
1000112

SUBTOPIC 2: OCTAL NUMBERS

CONTENT
The Octal number system has a base or radix of 8. eight different symbols
are used to represent Octal numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,and 7. Generally, it
could be express as (n
8) which implies 0, 1, 2, . n-1
EXAMPLE
Convert the following octal numbers to denary number 1.407
2.6348
3.1748
To covert an octal number to a decimal numbers, we use the same sort of
polynomial as used in the binary case, except that we now have radix of 8
instead of 2.
1.

4 x 82x0x81x7x80
= 4x64+0+8+7x1
= 256+0+7 =26310

2.

1748 = 1x82+7x81+4x80
=1x64+7x8+4x1

=384+24+4= 41210

6348
=6x82+3x81+4x80
= 6x64+3x8+4x1

=64+56+4
= 64+60=12410
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO DENARY
The decimal numbers are repeatedly divided by 8 and the remainder after
each division is used to indicate the co-efficient of the octal number to be
formed. Note that the octal number is derived by written from bottom to the
up binary number as in the decimal system.
EXAMPLE
Convert the following binary number to denary
1.101=1x22+0x21+1x20 2.110112=1x24+1x23x022x1x21x1x20
= 1x4+0x2x1x1
= 16x1+1x8+0x4+1x2+2+1x1
=
4x0x1=510 =16+8+0+2+1
= 24+3 = 2710
3.

4.
=
=
=
=

=
1x25 + 0x24 +0x23x1x22+0x20
=
1x 32+0x16+0x8+1x4+2+0x1
=
32+0+0+4+2+1
=
32+7
=
3910
11011101112
1x29 +1x28+0x27+1x26+1x25+1x24+0x23+1x22+1x21+1x20
1x512+1x256+1x64+1x32+1x16+1x4+1x2+1x1
512+256+64+32+16+4+2+1
88710
1001102

CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY

The decimal numbers is repeating divided by 2, and the remainder after each
division is used to indicate the coefficient of the binary number to be formed.
It should be therefore noted that binary number is written from button to the
top.
EXAMPLE
Convert the following denary numbers to binary
1.
15
2
15
2
7 r1
2
3r1
2
1r1
0r1
=
11112

Examples converts the following denary to octal

1.
38510
2. 67410
8
385
8
674
8
48 r 1
8
65 r 1
8
6r0
8
1r2
8
0r 6
0r1
= 60110
= 124110
Conversion between Octal and Binary
Now 8 = 23, so each group of 3 binary digit from right to left an be changed
to the corresponding octal number and vice versa
EXAMPLE
Convert the following binary to octal, each group of binary from right to left.
1.
Octal
Binar
y

1100011

0
000

1
001

100

2
010

3
011

1100011
8
8
8

011

1
1

4
100
100
4

5
101

6
110

011
3

143
17 r 7
2r1
0r1
=
217

2x82 + 1 x81+7x80
2x64 +1x8+71
128 + 8 +7
= 14318
Note: Any one digital in octal represents 3 digital in binary
Examples:
111
001
111
3
1
7
= 31718
217

8
8
8

37
39 r 5
4r7
0r4
475 = 4x82 + 7x81 +7x80

7
111

256
= 3178

+56 + 5

Examples; 110
1
8
8
8
8

101
6

101
5

1655
206 r 7
25 r 6
3 r 15
0r3
=31678
= 3167 = 3x83 + 1x82 + 6x81 +7x80
1536+64 +38+7
1536+115
= 16558.

Note:
(1)
(2)
(3)

Remember that 3 binary digits is equivalent to one octal digit.

The table is just guide to see the relationship between octal
and binary number.
All necessary working must be shown.

Evaluate each of the followings in base 8

(1)
3
7
48
(3)
6
2
4
68
-3
6
4
28
2
Therefore, 3748 + 2468, = 6428
645 3528
(2)

5
+7
15
Therefore,

6
18
4
38
2
48
5618 + 7438 = 15428

4
58
5
28
7
38
= 273

(4)

4
7
58
-3
2
68
1
4
78
4758-3268 = 1488

Relationship between binary and octal numbers

Note: That 8 = 23. For this reason, there is a close relationship between
number in base 2 and 8.
The digits of octal number have been given special codes

TABLE
Digital of base 8
0
1

Equivalent numbers in base 2

0
10

Special codes
000
001

2
3
4
5
6
7

11
100
101
111
1000
1001

010
011
100
101
110
111

EVALUATION:
1. Convert the following octal numbers to denary number 1.407
2.6348
3.1748
2. Convert the following denary numbers to binary
(i) 16 (ii) 20 (iii) 32
SUBTOPIC 3: HEXADECIMALS
CONTENT
The special codes for 8 digits are called 3-bit equivalent forms. Hexadecimal
Numbers (HEX).
A number system using 16 as its base is called a hexadecimal system. The
hexadecimal system has the following digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,Eand F.
Where A=10, B=11,C=12,D=13,E=14,and F=15
Example: Write each of the following numbers using the expanded notations;
(a)52D416 (b) 7B3C16 (c) E4B316 (d) AB3816
(a)52D4= 5*163 + 2*162 + 13*161 +4*160
(b)7B3C=7*163 +11*162 +3*162 +12*162
E4B3=14*163+4*162 +11*161+3*160
(d)AB38=10*163+11*162+3*161+8*160
EVALUATE: Evaluate each of the following in base sixteen:
1. F A 6 D16
+8 B C 916
1 8 6 3 616
2. 3 F 4 C16
+B 5 2 D16
F 4 F 916
3. E 7 4 216
-C 4 8 B16
2 2 B 716
4. F 9 B 816
-D 4 6 E16
2 5 4 A16
conversion between hexadecimal and denary

Convert the following Hexadecimal to base 10.

1.305=3*162+161+5*160 =768+0+5=77310
2.2EC=2*162+14*161 +12*160=512+252+12=512+264=77810
3.11F=1*162+1*161+15*160=256+16+15=28710
Conversion from denary to hexadecimal
Example
(1)
4 6 910
16
469
16
40 r 9
16
2r8
0r2
=28916

2)

78310

16
16
16

783
48 r 15
3r0
0r3
= 30F16
16172
1010 r 12
63 r 2
0r3
=3F2C16

(3)
16
16
16

Relationship between Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers

Recall that 16 and 8 are multiple of 2 for this reason; there is a close
relationship between numbers in base2, base 8 and base 16. Similar the
digits of hexadecimal numbers are given special codes.
Table:
Digital of base 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Equivalent numbers in base 2

0
10
11
100
101
111
1000
1001
1010
1011

Special codes
000
0001
0010
0011
0100
01010
0111
0111
1000
1001

A
B
C
D
E
F

1100
1110
1100
1110
1111
1111

1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
11

EVALUATION:
1. Evaluate:
FA6D16
+8BC916

(i)

(ii)F9B816
D46E16
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read handbook on computer studies (practical guide) for schools
colleges Book 2, pages 43-48, By Niyi Adekolegan.

and

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
ATTEMPT REVISION EXERCISE IN PAGE 42 OF STUDENTS TEXT BOOK, BY NIYI
ADEKOLEGAN

WEEK 9
Date.
TOPIC:

UNITS OF STORAGE IN COMPUTER: Units of

Storage; Bits, Nibble, Byte, Kilobyte, Gigabyte, etc.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
State the various units of storage and their values
Convert from one unit to another
Differentiate between Kilometer, Kilogram and Kilobyte
Distinguish between Kilobyte, Megabyte and gigabyte.
SUBTOPIC 1: THE COMPUTER MEMORY
The memory or storage is that part of the computer system that stores data
for later use. Computer has types of memory namely; main or internal

memory and the auxiliary or external memory. The main memory is referred
to as the computer primary storage and resides in the computer casing or
system unit. The computer has two kinds of main memory. One is
permanently stored and cannot be affected when the machine is turned off
and there can be no loss of information. This memory kind is called Read
Only Memory (ROM). It is mostly used by the computer manufacturer to store
general purpose and permanent instructions on the computer, e.g operating
system. The other memory is temporary. The temporary memory is affected
when the machine is turned off and there is loss of information. This kind of
memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM), it is the memory that holds
data input and the users software while working on them. The amount of
RAM varies from one computer to the other.
Auxiliary memory is a secondary storage unit. It is to supplement the main
memory. It is also called backing memory or external memory. It is a mass
storage unit because it stored large amount of information. Secondary
storage is needed due to the volatile nature of RAM and its inability to store
large volume of data.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROM AND RAM
ROM
RAM
It is an acronym for
It is an acronym for
Read Only Memory
Random Access Memory
Information are stored on a
Information are stored for a
Permanent basis
Short period of time
Information are retained when Information are cleared when
computer is turned off
computer is turned off
Information stored is permanent
Information can be written to it
Instruction cannot be written on it and volatile
but it can be read
Information can be written to it
and also be read from it.
TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMORY
There are different types of secondary memory. Some of them are.
(1)
Magnetic tapes
(2) Magnetic disk
(3)
Optical disk.
MAGNETIC DISK
Magnetic disk is another form or auxiliary storage device. It is used to write
and data on a disk called disk drive.
There are two types of magnetic disks. These are floppy disk and hard disk.
OPTICAL DISK
CD ROM is an example of optical disk. It is usually driven by the CD ROM
Drive, CD ROM has a larger storage capacity. There are two types of CD ROM.
Writable CD and Re-writable CD ROM. Writable CD ROM are used to store
data or information which does not require alternations as the contents of
the medium cannot be altered while the content of RE- writable CD ROM can

be altered and written CD ROM is an acronym for Compact Disk Read Only
Memory.
EVALUATION:
1. What is computer memory?
2. Mention two types of computer memory. Give examples.
SUBTOPIC 2: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAIN MEMORY AND AUXILLIARY
MEMORY
CONTENT
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAIN MEMORY AND AUXILIARY MEMORY
MAIN MEMORY
1. It is primary storage
2. It is internal storage
3. It acts as main memory
4. It is volatile
5. It is expensive
6. It has small memory
Capacity

AUXILIARY MEMORY
it is secondary storage
it is external storage
it acts as backup for main
it is non volatile
it is less expensive
it ahs less memory capacity

MAGNETIC TAP: This is similar to the tape used in audio tape recorder.
Magnetic tapes are made of a long thin film covered with iron oxide. The thin
film is wound round a plastic container in a form of a reel. Data can be
written from tape to tape and placed into the main memory. It performs the
function of an input and output devices. It is a sequential access storage
device.
BIT:
BYTE:
NIBBLE:
WORD:

This is a binary digit i.e. binary digit i.e. 0 and 1

byte is a bit of eight digit i.e. 01011101, 11110110 01010110 etc
This is half of a byte (i.e. 4 bits 0101, 1110, 0101, 1101, 1001
etc) it is also called a group of two words.
A word is a group of fixed numbers of bits in a given computer. It
is also described as a group of two.

BYTES:
KILOBYTE:
MEGABYTE:
GIGABYTE:
TERABYTE:

This is equivalent of 210 =1024

A megabyte is equivalent to 210x210 1024kilobyte= IMB.
A gigabyte is equivalent to 210
x210x210megabytes
A
terabyte
is
240
=1,099,511,628,000,
40
2 =1,099,511,628,000bytes

thus

WORKING EXAMPLES
A byte = 8 bit
1 kilobyte (KB)=210=1024
1 megabyte (MB) = 210 x210 x210=220=1,048,576 bytes
I gigabyte (GB) = 210 x210x210=1,073,741,824 bytes
I terabyte (TB)= 210x210x210x210=240 thus240=1,099,511,628,000bytes
FURTHER WORKINGS
Bit = 0 or 1
4 bits = I nibble
2 nibbles = 8 bit and 8 bit = 1 byte
3 nibbles = (3 x4) bits = 12bit
4 nibbles = (4x4) bits = 16 bit
5 nibbles = (5 x4) bits = 20 bits
Conversion of bytes to bits
1 bytes = 8 bits
2 bytes = 16 bits
3 bytes = 24 bits
5 bytes = 40 bits
Unlike the metric system where I kilometer (km) is equal to 1000 meter the
sub-units of byte are converted as follows.
EXAMPLES 1
Converts 2 kilobytes to byte
1 KM = 1024bytes = 2048 bytes
2 KM = 2(1024) bytes = 2048 bytes.
Convert 4KM to Byte
Note IKB = 1024 bytes
4KB = 4(1024) bytes
4096 bytes
EXAMPLES 3
Convert 2048 bytes to kilobytes
Recall 1024 bytes = IKB
2048 bytes = 2048bytes
1024bytes = 2 kilobyte.
EXAMPLES 4
Change 3 megabytes to byte
IMB = 1048, 576 bytes
3 MB = 3(1048, 576 bytes) =3,145,728 bytes
3 145, 728 bytes = 3 MB
1048 576 bytes
Convert words to bytes
Recall I word = group of 2 bytes

1 word = 2 bytes
2 bytes = 16bytes
2 word = 2(2bytes = 2x 16bits)
= 32 bits
4 word = 4(2 bytes)
= 8bytes
8 bytes = 64 bits
Change 3, 145, 728 Byte to MB
Solution: To change 3, 145, 728 to MB
1, 048,576B = 1MB
3, 145,728 = 3,145, 728
1,048,576
3MB
EVALUATION;
I. Explain the following terms
(a)
Nibble (b) Word (c) Double words (d) word nipple (e) Byte (f) Kilobyte
(g) Megabyte (h) Gigabyte
2. Convert, (i) 3 bytes to bits (ii) 5 nibbles to bit (c) 2word to byte
3. Convert the followings: (i) megabyte to kilobyte (ii) kilobyte to byte (iii)
6bytes to nibble.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read to revise this lesson again, and be prepared for questions on it
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. A type of memory that supplements the main memory is called______
(a)Main memory (b) Auxiliary memory (c) Active memory (d)
None
2. A type of memory that cannot be affected by power failure is
called______
(a)
RAM (b) ROM (c) Optical disk (d) Magnetic disk
3. A group of fixed numbers of bits in a given computer is called_____
(a)
Word (b) Nibble (c) Bit (d) Bytes
4. 4 kilobytes is equivalent to ____ bytes
(a)
3096 (b) 4096 (c) 9069 (d) 1000
5. Which of the following storage device is used to store data or
information that does not require alteration
(a)Writable CD-ROM (b) RE-Writable CD-ROM(c) Optical disk
(d)Magnetic disk