184 U.S.

676
22 S.Ct. 543
46 L.Ed. 754

FREDERICK C. HOWARD, James L. Lombard, and John C.

Gage, Plffs. in Err.,
v.
UNITED STATES to Use of DAVID STEWART.
No. 121.
Argued January 20, 1902.

Ordered Submitted to Full Bench January 27, 1902.

Submitted February 24, 1902.
Decided march 24, 1902.
Messrs John C. Gage, Sanford B. Ladd, and Frank Hagerman for
plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Edwin A. Krauthoff, David D. Stewart, J. V. C. Karnes, and
Alexander New for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court:

Were the appellants entitled, of right, to bring this case here from the circuit
court of appeals? Has a clerk of a circuit court of the United States authority to
receive money brought into court by a private suitor, and is he responsible upon
his bond if he does not deposit it as required by statute and appropriates it to his
own use? Is the bond of the clerk for the protection of private suitors, as well as
of the United States? Has a private suitor the right, without express statutory
authority, to sue on the bond of the clerk in the name of the United States for
his benefit?

These questions are presented by the record, and will be examined after we
shall have stated the facts set out in the special findings made by the circuit
court.

On the 3d day of March, 1887, Warren Watson was duly appointed clerk of the
circuit court of the United States for the western division of the western district
of Missouri; and on the same day he executed, and the court approved, his bond
to the United States in the penalty of $20,000.

He died March 24th, 1892, while acting as clerk, and an administrator of his
estate was appointed April 2d, 1892. Notices, as required by the local law,
having been previously given for the presentation of claims, the administration
of the estate was closed and the administrator discharged on the 11th day of
September, 1894. At no time did the United States or the relator, Stewart,
exhibit or present any claim against Watson's estate.

Stewart instituted, February 6th, 1891, in the circuit court of the United States,
a suit at law against Henry county, Missouri, upon three bonds of the county,
two for $1,000 each and one for $500. His petition contained three counts. In
the first count he asked for judgment for $1,010, with interest from September
1st, 1887, as the amount due on the first bond of $1,000. The second count was
upon the other bond for $1,000; the third, upon the $500 bond.

On the 3d day of March, 1891, the county filed its answer alleging as to the
first count that on September 6th [1st], 1887, there was due on the bond therein
referred to $1,010, and on that date it had deposited that sum in the National
Bank of Commerce of New York for the payment of the bond and interest, and
tendered the same to the plaintiff as full payment thereof, but that the plaintiff
had refused to accept such payment. The answer further alleged that the
defendant had 'at all times been ready and willing to pay plaintiff said sum of
$1,010 in full payment of said bond and unpaid interest, and now here again
tenders to plaintiff said sum of $1,010 in full payment of said bond and unpaid
interest due thereon, on September 6th [1st], 1887, and now brings the said sum
into court.' The answer to the second and third counts was exactly the same,
except that as to the third count the amount named was $505, instead of $1,010.

On the same day, March 3d, 1891, there was entered on the records of the court
in said cause the following order: 'This day comes defendant by its attorney and
files answer and tenders to the plaintiff and deposits with the clerk the sum of
$2,525 in payment and satisfaction of his cause of action in the petition set
forth. Thereupon a stipulation waiving a trial by jury is filed herein.'

It was found as a fact that Henry county did hand to Watson the sum of $2,525
as recited in that order.

On June 27th, 1891, Stewart, the plaintiff in that suit, filed a reply, which was a
general denial of the facts alleged in the answer.

10

On July 2d, 1894, more than two years after Watson's death, there was entered
on the records of the court in the cause the following: 'This day come the
parties by their attorneys, the plaintiff by Karnes, Holmes, & Krauthoff, and the
defendant by M. A. Fyke, and a stipulation waiving a jury having been
heretofore filed herein, the hearing of this cause is proceeded with before the
court. Thereupon evidence is heard and the case is submitted to the court and
by the court taken under advisement, with leave to the parties to file briefs.'

11

On the 11th day of February, 1895, the following order was made in that case:
'A jury having heretofore been waived in writing by the parties hereto, and this
cause having been submitted to the court on the pleadings and evidence and
argument of counsel, and taken under advisement by the court, and the court
being now fully advised in the premises, doth find the issues as follows, to wit:
On the first count of the petition the court finds that the principal and interest
on bond No. 204 was duly tendered by defendant at the place of payment on
the 1st day of September, 1887, and that after the plaintiff instituted this action
in this court, and at the filing of the answer herein, the defendant duly paid said
sum into court for the use and benefit of plaintiff, and that plaintiff is entitled to
judgment therefor on the first count of the petition in the sum of $1,010.' The
findings on the other counts differed only as to amounts.

12

The order in the same case then proceeded: 'It is therefore ordered and
adjudged by the court that the plaintiff have judgment for the recovery of the
sum of twenty-five hundred and twenty-five dollars ($2,525), the aggregate
amount found to be owing to him under the three counts of the petition, and that
plaintiff pay the costs of this action, and that execution issue therefor. And it
further appearing to the court that the said sum of $2,525, so paid into court as
aforesaid, was paid to and received by Warren Watson, the then clerk of this
court, who has since departed this life without having accounted for said sum
of money so received by him as said clerk, and that said money has never been
turned over to his successor in office, the present clerk of this court, nor has the
same been otherwise accounted for by said Warren Watson as clerk, or
otherwise: It is found and adjudged by the court that the plaintiff is entitled to
have and recover said money so received by said Warren Watson as clerk
aforesaid, and plaintiff is authorized to proceed therefor on the bond of said
Warren Watson given as clerk as aforesaid.'

13

No appeal was taken from this judgment, and the same became final and

remained in full force and effect and unpaid.

14

No order or direction as to this money was ever made except as indicated in the
order of February 11th, 1895.

15

When the $2,525 was paid by Henry county to Waston, he deposited it the
same day in a bank to his individual credit, and it was not at any time treated by
him as in the depository of the court. He never presented to the court any
account of the money, nor paid it either to Henry county or to Stewart. During
the pendency of the Stewart suit against the county neither party took any steps
for an order in relation to the money, other than was actually made as above
stated, nor made any objection to the method in which the money was received.
Stewart, however, had no knowledge of the acts of Watson.

16

It was further found that no demand was ever made on the defendants or on
Watson for the money other than is to be inferred from the institution of the
suit.

17

The present action was brought October 19th, 1895, against the sureties in
Watson's bond, in the name of the United States, at the relation and to the use
of David D. Stewart. One of the sureties, McDonald, pleaded his discharge in
bankruptcy, and that plea was sustained. Judgment was entered against the
sureties (except McDonald) for the sum of $2,525, with interest at 6 per cent
from the commencement of this suit, making total of $3,057.77. 93 Fed. 719.
That judgment was affirmed in the circuit court of appeals. 42 C. C. A. 169,
102 Fed. 77.

18

1. The first question is one of the jurisdiction of this court. The defendant in
error insists that the judgment of the circuit court of appeals was final, and that
therefore no writ of error lay to this court.

19

Is this a correct interpretation of the statutes defining and regulating the

jurisdiction of the courts of the United States?

20

In all cases in which the judgments of a circuit court of appeals are not made
final by the act of March 3d, 1891, chap. 517, there is of right an appeal or writ
of error to this court where the matter in controversy exceeds $1,000 in value
besides costs. 26 Stat. at L. 826, 828.

21

Among the cases in which the judgments or decrees of the circuit courts of

appeals are made final are those in which the jurisdiction of the circuit court 'is
dependent entirely upon the opposite parties to the suit or controversy being
aliens and citizens of the United States or citizens of different States.' 26 Stat. at
L. 828, chap. 517.
22

The opposite parties here are Stewart, the relator, a citizen of Maine, for whose
benefit the suit was brought, and the sureties on the bond of Watson, who are
all citizens of Missouri. The government is the nominal, while Stewart is the
real, plaintiff. His citizenship is to be regarded in any inquiry as to jurisdiction.
Browne v. Strode, 5 Cranch, 303, 3 L. ed. 108; McNutt v. Bland, 2 How. 9, 11
L. ed. 159; Maryland use of Markley v. Baldwin, 112 U. S. 490, 28 L. ed. 822,
5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 278.

23

But does it not appear from the petition itself that the case was one of which the
circuit court could take cognizance independently of the citizenship of the real
parties in interest? This question must receive an affirmative answer. The suit
was directly upon a bond taken by the circuit court in conformity with the
statutes of the United States, and the case depends upon the scope and effect of
that bond and the meaning of those statutes. It was therefore a suit arising under
the laws of the United States, of which the circuit court (concurrently with the
courts of the state) was entitled to take original cognizance, even if the parties
had been citizens of the same state. 25 Stat. at L. 434, chap. 866. This court has
heretofore decided that a suit upon a bond of a marshal of the United States was
one arising under the laws of the United States. Feibelman v. Packard, 109 U.
S. 421, 423, 27 L. ed. 984, 985, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 289; Bachrack v. Norton, 132
U. S. 337, 33 L. ed. 377, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 106; Reagan v. Aiken, 138 U. S. 109,
34 L. ed. 892, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 283; Bock v. Perkins, 139 U. S. 628, 630, 35 L.
ed. 314, 315, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 677. The same principle must be held to be
applicable to suits upon the bond of a clerk of a court of the United States. It
could not be that a suit upon the bond of a marshal was one arising under the
laws of the United States, and that a suit upon the bond of a clerk of a court of
the United States was not of that class.

24

It results that, although the petition shows a case of diverse citizenship,

jurisdiction was not dependent entirely upon such citizenship. Jurisdiction was
likewise invoked, and rightfully, upon Federal grounds. And as the case was
one which could not have been brought here directly from the circuit court, the
final judgment of the circuit court of appeals could be reviewed in this court
upon writ of error sued out by the defendants.

25

2. We now come to the merits of the case. The bond in suit was taken under the
authority of 795 of the Revised Statutes as amended by the act of February

22d, 1875 (18 Stat. at L. 333, chap. 95). That section reads: '795. The clerk of
every court shall give bond, in a sum to be fixed and with sureties to be
approved by the court which appoints him, faithfully to discharge the duties of
his office, and seasonably to record the decrees, judgments, and determinations
of the court of which he is clerk; and a new bond may be required whenever the
court deems it proper that such bond should be given. A copy of every bond
given by a clerk shall be entered on the journal of the court for which he is
appointed, and the bond shall be deposited for safe keeping as the court may
direct. A certified copy of such entry shall be prima facie proof of the execution
of such bond and of the contents thereof.'
26

The conditions of the bond, as set forth in this section, were the same as those
prescribed by the judiciary act of 1789 (1 Stat. at L. 76, chap. 20).

27

It will be observed that 795 does not name the obligee in the bond, and leaves
its amount to be fixed by the court. But the 3d section of the act of 1875
provided, as did the judiciary act of 1789, that the clerks should give bond to
the United States. The act of 1875 also required bond 'in the sum of not less
than five and not more than twenty thousand dollars, to be determined and
regulated by the Attorney General of the United States.' And the same act
authorized the Attorney General to require a bond in a sum not to exceed
$40,000 whenever the business of the courts should make it necessary.

28

It must be taken as indisputable that the money in question was paid by Henry
county in satisfaction of Stewart's claim or cause of action. It must also be
taken as indisputable, upon this record, that the deposit was made with Watson
as clerk in the presence and with the assent of the court, although no order was
entered expressly requiring the money to be paid to the clerk or expressly
directing him to receive it. But all this is necessarily to be implied from the
terms of the order of March 3d, 1891, which states that Henry county
presumably in the presence of the court deposited the money with the clerk. It
would be a very narrow interpretation of the words of that order to hold that the
money was paid to Watson without the knowledge, approval, or sanction of the
court, or that it was paid to him as an individual, and not in his capacity as
clerk. The order was equivalent to one expressly stating that the money was
paid by direction of the court to Watson as clerk.

29

But it is suggested that, in the absence of a statute distinctly so providing, the

clerk was not entitled to receive the money deposited in payment and
satisfaction of Stewart's claim. It is true that no statute declares in words that a
clerk may receive money brought into court for the purposes of a pending suit.
But it is clear that Henry county was entitled to bring into court and tender to

its adversary the amount it was willing to pay in satisfaction of his claim. It
cannot be that it was the duty of the judge of the court himself to have received
the money and personally deposited it as required by law. No one has ever
supposed that a judge was under obligation to perform such services. Who,
then, was to receive the money? Plainly it was the duty of the clerk, who was
the arm of the court, kept its records showing money paid in by suitors or
officers, and was under bond conditioned that he would faithfully perform all
the duties of his office. He was allowed by statute a commission 'for receiving,
keeping, and paying out money in pursuance of any statute or order of court.'
Rev. Stat. 828. It was well said by Judge Caldwell, delivering the unanimous
judgment of the circuit court of appeals, that 'for more than a century the clerks
of the circuit courts of the United States have been receiving and paying out the
moneys of suitors in those courts in the usual and costomary manner, and
during that time neither the clerks nor the suitors nor the court ever dreamed
that they were performing this service as private individuals, and were not
officially responsible for the moneys they were receiving as such clerks.'
30

That the clerk was authorized, with the sanction or by order of court, to receive
money paid into court in a pending cause, is clearly to be implied from the
legislation of Congress. It will be well to trace the history of this question
through the statutes enacted from time to time.

31

By the act of March 1st, 1793, chap. 20, clerks of district courts were allowed 1
1/4 per cent commission on 'all money deposited in court.' 1 Stat. at L. 332,
333; Ibid. 625, chap. 19, 3. Money received by a marshal in a prize cause was
held by Mr. Justice Story to be properly paid over to the clerk, and that he was
entitled to commissions under the statute. That practice, he held, was of great
importance for the 'security of suitors.' The Avery (1814) 2 Gall. 308, 311, Fed.
Cas. No. 671. See also Blake v. Hawkins, 19 Fed. 204; Re Goodrich, 4 Dill.
230, Fed. Cas. No. 5,541; Smith v. Morgan City, 39 Fed. 572. In Fagan v.
Cullen, 28 Fed. 843, 844, Mr. Justice Brown held that moneys received by the
marshal should, under 995 and 996 of the Revised Statutes, either be
immediately deposited by him 'or paid to the clerk and by him deposited.'

32

By an act approved April 18th, 1814, chap. 62, it was provided that upon the
payment of money into a district or circuit court, to abide the order of the court,
the same should be deposited in an incorporated bank to be designated by the
court, there to remain until it was decided to whom it of right belonged. If there
was no such bank, then the court could 'direct' the money to be deposited
according to its discretion. 3 Stat. at L. 127. Could not such direction have been
given to the clerk?

33

The act of 1814 was supplemented by one approved March 3d, 1817, chap.
108, making it the duty of circuit and district courts 'to cause and direct' all
moneys remaining in such courts, and all moneys subject to their order, to be
deposited in a branch of the Bank of the United States, in the name and to the
credit of the court. 1. The same direction was given by the act as to all
moneys thereafter paid into said courts, 'or received by the officers thereof.' 2.
All payments out of such moneys were to be entered of record by the clerk. 3.
It was further provided that if any 'clerk of such court,' or other officer thereof,
'receiving any such moneys,' should refuse or neglect to obey the order of the
court for depositing the same, such clerk or other officer was liable to be
forthwith proceeded against by attachment for contempt. 4. The same act
imposed upon the clerk the duty of presenting an account at each session of
court of all moneys remaining therein. 5. 3 Stat. at L. 395.

34

The acts of 1814 and 1817 were technically repealed by the act of March 24th,
1871, entitled 'An Act Relating to Moneys Paid into the Courts of the United
States.' 17 Stat. at L. 1, chap. 2. But the act of 1871 retained substantially all
the provisions of the two former acts, and added others. That act provided,
among other things, that all moneys in the registry of any court of the United
States, or 'in the hands or under the control of any officer of such court, which
were received in any cause pending or adjudicated in such court,' should within
thirty days after the passage of the act be deposited with the Treasurer, an
assistant treasurer, or a designated depositary of the United States, in the name
and to the credit of such court; that all such moneys which were thereafter paid
into such courts, 'or received by the officers thereof,' should be forthwith
deposited in like manner; that if any clerk or other officer of a court of the
United States deposited any money belonging in the registry of the court in
violation of that act, or should retain or convert it to his own use, or to the use
of any other person, he should be deemed guilty of embezzlement, and on
conviction be punished by a fine of not less than $500 and not more than the
amount embezzled, or by imprisonment for a term of not less than one year nor
more than ten years, or both, at the discretion of the court; and that if any
person should knowingly receive from a clerk or other officer of a court of the
United States any money belonging in the registry of the court as a deposit,
loan, or otherwise, in violation of the act, he should be deemed guilty of
embezzlement, and be punished as therein provided.

35

These provisions of the act of 1871 have been substantially reproduced in the
following sections of Revised Statutes:

36

' 798. At each regular session of any court of the United States the clerk shall

present to the court an account of all moneys remaining therein, or subject to its
order, stating in detail in what causes they are deposited, and in what causes
payments have been made; and said account and the vouchers thereof shall be
filed in the court.'
37

' 995. All moneys paid into any court of the United States, or received by the
officers thereof, in any cause pending or adjudicated in such court, shall be
forthwith deposited with the Treasurer, an assistant treasurer, or a designated
depositary of the United States, in the name and to the credit of such court:
Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the delivery of any
such money upon security, according to agreement of parties, under the
direction of the court.

38

' 996. No money deposited as aforesaid shall be withdrawn except by order of

the judge or judges of said courts respectively, in term or in vacation, to be
signed by such judge or judges, and to be entered and certified of record by the
clerk; and every such order shall state the cause in or on account of which it is
drawn.'

39

' 5504. Every clerk or other officer of a court of the United States who fails
forthwith to deposit any money belonging in the registry of the court, or
hereafter paid into court or received by the officers thereof, with the Treasurer
[and] assistant treasurer, or [of] a designated depositary of the United States, in
the name and to the credit of such court, or who retains or converts to his own
use or to the use of another any such money, is guilty of embezzlement, and
shall be punished by fine not less than five hundred dollars, and not more than
the amount embezzled, or by imprisonment not less than one year, nor more
than ten years, or by both such fine and imprisonment; but nothing herein shall
be held to prevent the delivery of any such money upon security, according to
agreement, of parties under the direction of the court.

40

' 5505. Every person who knowingly receives, from a clerk or other officer of
a court of the United States, any money belonging in the registry of such court
as a deposit, loan, or otherwise, is guilty of embezzlement, and shall be
punished as prescribed in the preceding section.'

41

The statutory provisions to which we have referred, taken in connection with

828 of the Revised Statutes, giving commissions to clerks for receiving,
keeping, and paying out money in pursuance of any statute or order of court,
show the relation in which clerks of district and circuit courts have laways
stood to moneys paid into court in pending causes. They manifestly proceed on

the ground that money paid into court, under its sanction, may be received by a
clerk, his duty upon receiving it being forthwith to deposit the amount with the
Treasurer, assistant treasurer, or designated depositary of the United States, in
the name and to the credit of the court. As soon as he receives the money be
becomes responsible for it under his bond, and that responsibility does not
cease until he deposits it as required by law. If after receiving the money he
appropriates it to his own use, or, which is the same thing, if he deposits it in
bank to his individual credit, he becomes liable on his bond for the amount so
misappropriated.
42

3. But it is said that, the bond in suit having been given to the United States, it
must be deemed an instrument for the sole benefit of the government, and
therefore no suit can be maintained on it for the benefit of an individual suitor,
although such suitor may have been damaged by the failure of the clerk to
discharge his duty. This results, it is supposed, from the fact that there is no
statute expressly authorizing such a suit. If this position be well taken, it would
follow that the bonds required to be given by clerks of the Federal courts are
not in any case for the protection of private suitors. We are of opinion that
Congress never intended that any such condition of things should exist, but
intended that the bond of a clerk should be for the protection of all suitors,
public and private, and to that end authorized his bond to be increased to
$40,000. It is impossible to suppose that, when requiring a clerk to give bond to
the United States 'faithfully to discharge the duties of his office, and seasonably
to record the decrees, judgments, and determinations of the court,' Congress
had in mind the interests of the United States alone, and purposely refrained
from making any provision whatever for the security of private suitors in the
Federal courts. Such a conclusion would be inconsistent with the practice of a
century, and would greatly surprise the profession. As may well have been
anticipated when those courts were first established, the great mass of litigation
in the district and circuit courts of the United States has always been between
individuals, and consequently the words above quoted, it must be assumed, had
reference to individual suitors as well as to the United States. In our opinion,
the bond of the clerk is for the benefit of every suitor injured by the failure of
that officer faithfully to discharge his duties or seasonably to record the
decrees, judgments, and determinations of the court. It must have been so
understood when the courts of the United States were established and provision
made for the appointment of clerks who should be entitled to receive the
moneys of suitors when paid into court under its sanction or pursuant to any
statute.

43

A well-considered case upon this general subject is that of McDonald v. Atkins,

13 Neb. 568, 14 N. W. 532. That was an action on a clerk's bond to recover the

amount received by him from a sheriff who had collected it on an execution.

The point was made that the clerk was not authorized by statute to accept
payment of a judgment, and so the court of original jurisdiction held in that
case. The supreme court of the state said: 'No one can doubt, we think, that this
ruling was in direct conflict with the general understanding of the legal
profession of this state as to the duty of court clerks in the receipt and
disbursement of money paid upon judgments, from the first organization of our
judicial system, through all its changes, down to the present time. Indeed, we
doubt exceedingly that anyone, especially a practising lawyer, has ever
supposed that upon the rendition of a money judgment, the defendant could not
prevent a further accumulation of costs an interest, and have a satisfaction
legally entered of record, by at once paying to the clerk of the court the amount
which it calls for. If he could notif clerks are really without authority to
receive money on judgments in their custody, then to whom, in the absence of
the plaintiff and his attorney, could payment be legally made? . . . While it is
true that we have no statute which in express terms declares that the clerks of
the several courts shall accept payment of judgments in their custody, it is very
evident that the legislature contemplated and intended that they should do so. . .
. And, even in the absence of such provision, can it be doubted that a party
against whom a money judgment is sought by action may, upon being
summoned, pay the amount demanded 'into court,' and thereby prevent the
making of any further costs? But how is it to be effected? In the case of inferior
courtsthose not of record, and unprovided with clerksthe payment can, of
course, only be made to the judge or magistrate in person; but in courts of
record, where all the steps taken in the progress of the case, from the
commencement to the satisfaction of final judgment, are recorded and
preserved, and where a clerk for the performance of this duty is specially
provided, it is otherwise. In these courts payments of money are never made to
the judge, but the uniform practice in this state has always been to make them
to his clerk, to whose cutody and care the files, records, and whatsoever else
relates to cases in court, are confided. And this practice, so universal, although
not positively directed by any act of the legislature, conflicts with none, and, as
we have shown, is recognized by and in perfect harmony with several.' These
observations are strikingly applicable in the present case.
44

Two cases often cited in support of the contrary view are Com. v. Hatch, 5
Mass. 191, and Crocker v. Fales, 13 Mass. 260. These cases will be found,
upon examination, to rest upon grounds not applicable here.

45

Com. v. Hatch was a suit upon a bond given by an inspector of beef for the
faithful performance of his duties. The suit was brought in the name of the
commonwealth for the benefit of one alleged to have been injured by the

unfaithfulness of the inspector in his office. It was held that the action could
not be sustainedthe decision being placed, in part, upon the ground that it
appeared 'by the statute directing the bond, and by the bond, that it was given
for the sole use of the commonwealth.' Surely, it cannot be said that it appears
by the statutes and by the bond in the present case that it was given for the sole
use of the United States.
46

Crocker v. Fales was an action upon a bond of a clerk in the penalty of $1,000,
the obligee being a county treasurer, and the action being in his name for the
use of one claiming to be injured by his neglect to pay certain moneys that came
to his hands. The court held that the action could not be maintained, assigning
as reasons for that conclusion that there was 'nothing in the act' under which the
bond was taken showing 'a design to protect individual sufferers against the
negligence of the clerk to pay over moneys which may come into his hands;'
that the penalty between fifty and three hundred poundswas discretionary
with the court, 'the largest of these sums being wholly inadequate if it was
intended to cover all possible delinquencies of a clerk;' that the damages
recovered by one plaintiff 'might consume the whole penalty; and the public be
left without any of the security which was intended for the preservation of the
records;' and that, in addition, 'the statute makes such an appropriation of the
sum which may be recovered by the treasurer on a suit as is wholly inconsistent
with the supposition that an individual has an interest in the bond.' Of course,
these things cannot be predicated of the statutory provisions relating to the
bonds of clerks of Federal courts, and therefore the case cited is not in point
here.

47

The suggestion that the amount of the bond was insufficient to protect both the
United States and private suitors is not controlling; for, by the act of March 3d,
1863 (12 Stat. at L. 768, chap. 93), reproduced in 795 of the Revised Statutes,
the court could fix the amount of the bond, and require a new one whenever it
deemed proper, and by the act of February 22d, 1875 (18 Stat. at L. 333, chap.
95), the Attorney General could require a bond for as much as $40,000.

48

4. A further contention is that, even if the bond was for the protection of
individual litigants, it could not be put in suit by a private person, unless with
the consent of the United States expressed in an act of Congress.

49

It is supposed that the case of Washington v. Young, 10 Wheat. 406, 409, 6 L.

ed. 352, 353, is authority for this position. That was an action brought in the
name of the corporation of Washington for the use of one McCue and others, to
recover from a manager of a lottery scheme the prize drawn by the purchasers
of a certain ticket. The lottery was drawn in pursuance of an ordinance of the

corporation, and the bond of the manager, in the penalty of $10,000, was
conditioned 'truly and impartially to execute the duty and authority vested in
him by the ordinance.' The suit was brought in the name of the corporation
without its previous assent. Upon examination of the record in that case it will
be found that the lottery was drawn under an act of Congress, approved May
4th, 1812, chap. 75, amending the charter of the city of Washington, and which
gave the corporation of Washington power 'to authorize the drawing of lotteries
for effecting any important [public] improvement in the city which the ordinary
funds or revenue thereof will not accomplish; provided, that the amount to be
raised in each year shall not exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars; and
provided also that the object for which the money is intended to be raised shall
be first submitted to the President of the United States, and shall be approved of
by him.' 2 Stat. at L. 721, 726, 6. Chief Justice Marshall, speaking for the
court, said: 'They [the proprietors of the ticket] had undoubtedly 'a right to
apply to the corporation to direct the suit, and the corporation could not,
consistently with their duty, have refused such application,' if the purpose of the
bond was to secure the fortunate adventurers in the lottery, not to protect the
corporation itself. But the propriety of bringing such suit was a subject on
which the obligees had themselves a right to judge. If the proprietors of one
prize ticket had an interest in this bond, the proprietors of every other prize
ticket had the same interest; and it could not be in the power of the first bold
adventurer who should seize and sue upon it, to appropriate it to his own use,
and to force the obligees to appear in court as plaintiffs against their own will.
No person who is not the proprietor of an obligation can have a legal right to
put it in suit, unless such right be given by the legislature; and no person can be
authorized to use the name of another, without his assent given in fact, or by
legal intendment.'
50

That case undoubtedly is authority for the proposition that, generally speaking,
an obligation taken under legislative sanction cannot, in the absence of a statute
so providing, be put in suit in the name of the obligee, the proprietor of the
obligation, without his consent. But it also sustains the proposition that consent
may, under some circumstances, be assumed to have been given; that is, may
arise by legal intendment. In the case just cited it was deemed plain from the
ordinance of the corporation that the bond was taken, primarily at least, for its
protection, and not for the benefit of ticket holders. The object for which the
corporation was empowered to establish lotteries was in its nature temporary
and local, namely, to aid in making important public improvements. It was to
secure the accomplishment of that object that the managers were required to
execute bond. It was not unreasonable to suppose that in taking such a bond the
corporation had in mind to protect itself in making the public improvements
which it was authorized to undertake. In the present case, courts of the United

States were established in order that its jurisdiction might be invoked by all
entitled to do so, and the requirement that the clerk should execute a bond for
the faithful discharge of his duties and for the seasonable recording of the
judgments, decrees, and determinations of the courtno distinction being
made between public and private suitorswas an assurance to all suitors that,
within the limit of the penalty of any bond taken from him by the government,
their rights would be protected against any act or omission on his part resulting
to their injury. By the terms of the statute a clerk's bond remained in the
custody or subject to the order of the court. In our opinion, Congress intended
that the required bond should protect private suitors as well as the United
States, and therefore, no statute forbidding it, a private suitor may bring an
action thereon for his benefit in the name of the obligee, the United States.
Such must be held to be the legal intendment of existing statutory provisions.
The United States, or rather the court which had custody of the bond, is to be
regarded as a trustee for any party injured by a breach of its conditions.
51

Murfree in his Treatise on Official Bonds says: ' 323. It is usually provided in
statutes authorizing official bonds to be required of state, county, or municipal
officers, that suits may be brought upon them in the name of the official obligee
'upon the relation' or 'to the use' of the party injured by the breach of the bond
or interested in its enforcement. Whenever, however, this express provision is
omitted in the statute itself the deficiency is supplied by the construction given
to such statutes by the courts whenever a proper case for such a ruling is
presented. In a Maryland case (1858), State use of Baltimore v. Norwood, 12
Md. 177, 194, the court held that it was not necessary for a plaintiff before
instituting a suit upon an official bond payable to the state, to obtain the state's
permission to do so; and this although there was in the statute which prescribed
the bond no specific provision for making the bond payable to the state, or for
giving the party interested the right to sue upon it. The court adds, however,
that 'there is no doubt that it is incumbent on the party suing on the bond to
show that he has an interest in it, before he could recover in a regular trial
prosecuted to verdict.' The rationale of official bonds is well expressed by the
court in this case: 'The laws which provide for the execution of bonds similar to
the one before us do not require them for the purpose of protecting the rights of
the state alone. They are also designed to secure the faithful performance of
official duties, in the discharge of which individuals and corporations have a
deep interest, and, therefore, they should have the privilege of suing [on] such
bonds for injuries sustained by them, through the negligence and malconduct of
the officers." The same author: 'Many bonds of a strictly official character are
executed by persons in places of public trust, prescribed by statute, and made
payable to the 'state,' 'people,' or 'commonwealth,' or else to the governor,
president, or other chief officer, which are designed not only to secure public

interests, but to redress wrongs to individuals. Actions on such bonds must, of

course, be brought in the name of the obligee, whether the object of the suit be
to enforce the rights of the state or to protect private interests. In the latter case
it is usual to bring the suit as by the obligee, 'at the relation' or 'for the use' of
the real party in interest.' [ 475.]
52

Stress is laid upon the fact that in the case of a marshal of the United States the
statute expressly gives a right of action upon his bond to any one injured by his
neglect of duty,the suit to be in the name of the party injured and for his sole
use. Rev. Stat. 784; 2 Stat. at L. 372, 374, chap. 21. A similar provision is
made in the case of consular officers who are required to give bond for the
faithful performance of their duties,such suit to be in the name of the United
States for the use of the person injured. Rev. Stat. 1735. These provisions in
relation to marshals and consular officers undoubtedly furnish some ground for
the contention that Congress, having made no such express provision in the
case of the bonds of clerks, did not intend that private suits should be
maintained upon their bonds. We are of opinion that this argument, although
not without force, ought not to prevail against the legal intendment of the
statutory provisions relating to clerks, who hold a peculiar relation to the courts
appointing them, as well as to the public.

53

As the clerk had the right to receive the money in question; as he failed, to the
injury of the suitor from whom he received it, with the sanction of the court in a
pending cause, to deposit it as required by law, and appropriated it to his own
use; and as his bond was for the protection of private suitors as well as for the
government, there is no sound reason why the plaintiff could not enforce his
rights by a suit in the name of the United States for his benefit.

54

Perceiving no error in the record the judgment is affirmed.