Sociology - Types of Crime
Sociology - Types of Crime
Sociology - Types of Crime
TYPES OF CRIMES:
Crimes Against Persons
Crimes against persons, also called personal crimes, include murder, aggravated
assault, rape, and robbery. Personal crimes are unevenly distributed in the
United States, with young, urban, poor, and racial minorities committing these
crimes more than others.
White-Collar Crime
White-collar crimes are crimes that committed by people of high social status
who commit their crimes in the context of their occupation. This includes
embezzling (stealing money from ones employer), insider trading, and tax
evasion and other violations of income tax laws.
term by proponents as against the use of the word victimless based on the idea
that there are secondary victims (family, friends, acquaintances, and society at
large) that can be identified.
Political Crime
In criminology, a political crime is an offence involving overt acts or omissions
(where there is a duty to act), which prejudice the interests of state, its
government or the political system. It is to be distinguished from state crime
when it is the states that break both their own criminal laws or public
international law.
States will define as political crimes any behavior perceived as a threat, real or
imagined, to the states survival including both violent and non- violent
oppositional crimes. A consequence of such criminalization may be that a range
of human rights, civil rights, and freedoms are curtailed, and conduct which
would not normally be considered criminal per se (in other words, that is not
antisocial according to those who engage in it) is criminalized at the
convenience of the group holding power.
Thus, while the majority of those who support the current regime may consider
criminalization of politically-motivated behavior an acceptable response when
the offender is driven by more extreme political, ideological, religious or other
beliefs, there may be a question of the morality of a law which simply criminal
ordinary political dissent.
Religious Crimes
Where there is no clear separation between the state and the prevailing religion,
the edicts of the church may be codified as law and enforced by the secular
policing and judicial authorities. This is a highly functionalist mechanism for
enforcing conformity in all aspects of cultural life and the use of the label
crime adds an extra layer of stigma to those convicted.
Ideological Crime
In addition to what is considered traditional organized crime involving direct
crimes of fraud swindles, scams, racketeering and other Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) predicate acts motivated for the
accumulation of monetary gain, there is also non-traditional organized crime
which is engaged in for political or ideological gain or acceptance. Such crime
groups are often labelled terrorist organizations and include such groups as AlQaeda, Animal Liberation Front, Army of God, Black Liberation Army, The
Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord, Earth Liberation Front, Hamas,
Hezbollah, Irish Republican Army, Kurdistan Workers party, Lashkar e Toiba,
May 19th Communist Organizations, The order, Revolutionary Armed Forces of
Colombia, Symbionese Liberation Army, Taliban, United Freedom Front and
Weather Underground.
Terrorism
People convicted or suspected of certain crimes classified as terrorism by the
government of their country (or some foreign countries) reject that
classification. They consider that their fight is a legitimate one using legitimate
means, and thus their crimes should be more appropriately called political
crimes and justify special treatment in the penal system (as if they were soldiers
in a war and therefore covered by the Geneva Convention. States tend to
consider the political nature of the crimes an aggravating factor in the
sentencing process and make no distinction between the terrorists and
ordinary offenders, e.g. the convicted murderers of Action Direct consider
themselves political prisoners.
Organized Crime
Organized crime is crime committed by structured groups typically involving
the distribution of illegal goods and services to others. Many people think of the
Mafia when they think of organized crime, but the term can refer to any group
that exercises control over large illegal enterprises (such as the drug trade,
illegal gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or money laundering).
A key sociological concept in the study or organized crime is that these
industries are organized along the same lines as legitimate businesses and take
on a corporate form. There are typically senior partners who control the
business profits, workers who manage and work for the business, and clients
who buy the goods and services that the organization provides.
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency involves wrong doing by a child or a young person who is
under the age limit specified by law. As per Section 2(k) of the juvenile justice
(Care and Protection of children) Act, 2000 , juvenile or child means a
person who has not completed eighteenth year of age.
A juvenile in conflict
with law is called a juvenile delinquent. A delinquent is a person under age who
is guilty of anti-social act and whose misconduct is an infraction of law. A
juvenile delinquent is a person is a person of 15 and 18 years who breaks the
law , is a vagrant , persist in disobeying orders whose behaviour endangers his
own moral life as well as others moral life.
Sociology
A normative
definition views
crime
as deviant
behavior that
violates
of
crime
and
seeks
to
understand
how
change
and
the
political
environment
shifts,
societies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
1. 21st Century Criminology Volume 2, J. Mitchell Miller.
2. A Sociology of Crime, Stephen Hester.
Websites:
1. www.preservearticles.com
2. www.sociology.about.com