PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009
Edited by
Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011

International Numismatic Council

British Academy

All rights reserved by

The International Numismatic Council
ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6
Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET
Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
II

CONTENTS
Preface
Editors note

18
19

Inaugural lecture
A foreigners view of the coinage of Scotland, by Nicholas MAYHEW

23

Antiquity: Greek
I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

35

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

42

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol: una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

48

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by Rachel
BARKAY

52

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica the case of

Koshary, by Jarosaw BODZEK

58

The colts of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravels

Period V, by Lee L. BRICE

67

Not only art! The period of the signing masters and historical iconography,
by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

73

Les monnaies prromaines de BBT-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by Laurent

CALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

81

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nelloccidente ellenistico,

by Benedetto CARROCCIO

89

La phase postarchaque du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-Albert

CHEVILLON

97

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORF

105

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, by

Antonio CRIS

114

La politica estera tolemaica e larea del Mar Nero: liconografia numismatica

come fonte storica, by Angela DARRIGO

123

CONTENTS

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPERGEORGIADES

131

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by
Dimitar DRAGANOV

140

The royal archer and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in the
Seleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

163

. Retour sur les critres qui

dfinissent habituellement les imitations Athniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

170

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

178

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULISKA

184

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dellantica

Caulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

189

La circulation montaire Argos daprs les monnaies de fouille de lFA

(cole franaise dAthnes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

199

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by Jean

HOURMOUZIADIS

203

Seleucid eagles from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, by

Panagiotis P. IOSSIF

213

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

230

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELE

237

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-Marie

KNOBLAUCH

246

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,

by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

251

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by
Constantine LAGOS

259

vidence numismatique de lexistence dAntioche en Troade, by Dincer Savas

LENGER

265

CONTENTS

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necrpolis Feno-Pnica de

los cuarteles de Varela, Cdiz, Espaa, by Urbano LPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mara
RUIZ TINOCO

269

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by

Evangeline MARKOU

280

Gttliche Herrscherin herrschende Gttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischen

Mnzen, by Katharina MARTIN

285

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Btica costera, by Elena

MORENO PULIDO

293

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend , by Lucian
MUNTEANU

304

Une monnaie grecque indite: un triobole dArgos en Argolide, by Eleni

PAPAEFTHYMIOU

310

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

319

Le trsor des monnaies perses dor trouv Argamum / Orgam (Jurilovca, dp.
de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMACHI & V. IONI

331

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification and

dating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

337

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258

a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

350

Tesoros sertorianos en Espaa: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by Isabel

RODRGUEZ CASANOVA

357

Ninfa eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,

by Grazia SALAMONE

365

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC third
century AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

376

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

382

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by Lavinia
SOLE

393

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

405

CONTENTS

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

417

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by Clive

STANNARD

427

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Ouz TEKIN

436

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Grtyn, by
Burkhard TRAEGER

441

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by Adriana

TRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

447

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria Daniela

TRIFIR

461

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.

TZAMALIS

473

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by

Dubravka UJES MORGAN

487

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by Franck
WOJAN

497

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by

E.V. ZAKHAROV

500

Antiquity: Roman
The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

509

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).

Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins from
the Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIN

514

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by Frank
BERGER

527

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

533

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of
present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORI-BREKOVI

538

CONTENTS

Die Mnzprgung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus
(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

545

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

557

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by

Dario CALOMINO

569

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by Raffaella

CASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

576

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di et antonina del IV municipio

di Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

580

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by Alessia

CHIAPPINI

592

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during the
Tetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEN-REINA, F.J.
FORTES, L.M. CABALN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

595

LOriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna DOTTONE

605

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DE

PACE

613

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRANAYMERICH

621

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth in

the culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

629

Les fractions du nummus frappes Rome et Ostie sous le rgne de Maxence

(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

635

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in the
Flavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

645

The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument by Jane DeRose

EVANS

657

La circulation montaire Lyon de la fondation de la colonie la mort de

Septime Svre (43 av. 211 apr. J.C.): premiers rsultats, by Jonas FLUCK

662

CONTENTS

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des exprimentations aux

tudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPNE, Florian
TREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

668

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCABELLIDO

676

Les bronzes dOctave la proue et la tte de blier (RPC 533) attribus

Toulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles dcouvertes, by Vincent GENEVIVE

686

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Roman

coins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DI
GENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

696

Deux mdaillons dAntonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by

Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

709

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:
iconological considerations with special reference to the emperors
correspondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jrgen HAMER

715

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrians eastern silver coinages, by F.
HAYMANN

720

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Roman

empire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

726

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

732

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNS

742

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappe Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

749

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by

Vujadin IVANIEVI & Sonja STAMENKOVI

757

Die augusteischen Mnzmeisterprgungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeld

zwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KTER

765

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aldar KUUN

772

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

780

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius aprs la mort de Csar, by Raphalle

LAIGNOUX

785

CONTENTS

Lultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti

proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

794

Claudiuss issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by Barbara

LICHOCKA

800

La chronologie des missions montaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan et

Siscia, by Jrme MAIRAT

809

La circulation montaire Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin suprieur au

premier sicle aprs J.-C., by Stphane MARTIN

816

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIKEC

822

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare

(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

828

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la coleccin

antigua del Museo Arqueolgico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolom MORA
SERRANO

839

Monete e ritualit funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni

(Ferrara Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

846

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

856

La trouvaille montaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

864

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Stdte des Ostens: ein Projekt der
Kommission fr alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLL

872

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibrica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romana

de Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRS MART, Daniel
VZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

878

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by Andrea

PANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

888

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming from

the N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

893

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

901

Could the unofficial mint called Atelier II be identified with the officinae of
Chteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

906

CONTENTS

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

911

El poblamiento romano en el rea del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): una

aproximacin a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismticos, by Alfredo
PORRA MARTNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

916

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections on

cultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by Vagner
Carvalheiro PORTO

926

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

933

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-eastern

Alps, by Andrej RANT

941

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo
della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

954

Limage du pouvoir impriale de Trajan et son volution idologique: tude des

frappes montaires aux types dHercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

964

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia (Mazowsze) and

Podlachia (Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

973

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,
by Alessia ROVELLI

983

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by Clare

ROWAN

991

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO

& Alessandro CAVAGNA

999

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria and

Mesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

1004

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpine

area and western Pannonia, by Andrej EMROV

1013

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

1019

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione ed

innovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

1020

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

1025

CONTENTS

La corona radiata sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by Giovanni

Maria STAFFIERI

1037

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica in
the second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

1045

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

1056

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors Greek imperial
issues, by Yannis STOYAS

1067

Les monnaies dor dAuguste: lapport des analyses lmentaires et le problme

de latelier de Nmes, by Arnaud SUSPNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &
Michel AMANDRY

1073

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

1082

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. Scott
VANHORN

1092

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., by
Daniela WILLIAMS

1103

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

1115

Antiquity: Celtic
La moneda ibrica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior: consideraciones sobre
su cronologa y funcin, by Marta CAMPO

1135

Les bronzes la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by Philippe

CHARNOTET

1142

Les imitations de lobole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)

entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

1148

Le monnayage la lgende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER

& Julia GENECHESI

1155

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armua de
Tajua, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLS

1165

Donnes exprimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrs, by

Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, Michel
PERNOT & Franois ALLIER

1173

10

CONTENTS

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKI

1182

Les monnaies gauloises trouves Paris, by Stphane MARTIN

1191

Die keltischen Mnzen vom Oberleiserberg (Niedersterreich), by Jii MILITK

1198

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)
and Rheinau (Switzerland) a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,
by Michael NICK

1207

Le dpt montaire gaulois de Laniscat (Ctes-dArmor): 547 monnaies de bas

titre. tude prliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &
Grard AUBIN

1218

Antiquity: general
La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. ARVALO
GONZLEZ

1231

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Mnzen und Gemmen,
by Angela BERTHOLD

1240

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by Alessandra
BOTTARI

1247

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches to
reading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

1254

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliski National Institute in Lvov

(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

1261

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,
by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

1266

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG
project, by Marici Martins MAGALHES

1278

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by Rosa

Maria NICOLAI

1292

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by
Isabelle A. PAFFORD

1303

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at the
Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1310

CONTENTS

11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

1323

Il volume 21 delle Antichit Romane di Pirro Ligorio Libri delle Medaglie da

Cesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo, by Patrizia SERAFIN

1334

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the orum Museum, by D. zlem
YALCIN

1344

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

1355

Fribourg en Nuithonie: facis montaire dune petite ville au centre de lEurope,

by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

1360

Die Pegauer Brakteatenprgung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

1372

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

1382

Le retour lor au treizime sicle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by

Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

1392

Le monete a leggenda AN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo di

Antinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

1401

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

1408

La aportacin de los hallazgos monetarios a la crisis del siglo XIV en Catalua,

by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

1411

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

1418

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Frdric ELFVER

1426

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankish

empire, by Hubert EMMERIG

1431

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSY

1436

Mnzen des Moskauer Grossfrstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij Ivanowitsch

Donskoj (1359-1389) (ber die Verffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des Korpus
der russischen Mnzen des 14-15. Jhs.), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1441

12

CONTENTS

Brakteatenprgungen in Mhren in der zweiten Hlfte des dreizehnten

Jahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOV

1452

Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

1458

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by

Wolfgang HAHN

1464

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 10001250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

1470

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by Charlie

KARUKSTIS

1477

Interpreting single finds in medieval England the secondary lives of coins, by

Richard KELLEHER

1492

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & Marcin
WOOSZYN

1500

Die frheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Mnze?, by Ivar
LEIMUS

1509

Coinage and money in the years of insecurity: the case of late Byzantine
Chalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

1517

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

1535

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and its
implications, by Michael MATZKE

1542

berlegungen zum Habsburger Urbar als Quelle fr Whrungsgeschichte, by

Samuel NUSSBAUM

1552

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by

Borys PASZKIEWICZ

1557

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presencia

aragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo
PORRA MARTNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNNDEZ

1564

Latelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMY

TOURNELLE

1570

CONTENTS

13

La ubicacin de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino de

Len, by Antonio ROMA VALDS

1580

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoard

revisited, by Elina SCREEN

1591

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries in
Klapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav EPAROVI

1597

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.

SIMENSEN

1605

A clippe from Femern, by Jrgen SMOD

1614

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by Peter

SPUFFORD

1620

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,

Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

1625

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspects

of German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by Sebastian
STEINBACH

1633

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe sicle, by Stanislaw

SUCHODOLSKI

1640

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.

by Ceren NAL

1649

The hoard of Tetn (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions in

thirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jii MILITK

1664

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by Michal

ZAWADZKI

1671

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Mnzsttte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by
Rahel C. ACKERMANN

1679

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

1687

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in

jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1693

14

CONTENTS

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

1704

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: a

starting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

1713

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

1719

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by

Michael MRCHER

1725

Patrimonio Numismtico Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueolgico

Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORN

1734

Moneda local durante la guerra civil espaola: billete emitido por el

ayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTNEZ
PASTOR & Alfredo PORRA MARTNEZ

1744

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary

problems, by Robert PIEKOWSKI

1748

Representaciones del caf en el acervo de numismtica del Museu Paulista USP, by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

1752

Freiburg im echtland und die Mnzreformen der franzsischen Knige (16891726), by Nicole SCHACHER

1758

La aparicin de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, 1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hiptesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBEZ

1765

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

1774

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins from
Jchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by Petr
VOREL

1778

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to the
English Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

1783

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by
Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

1789

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,

by Pratipal BHATIA

1796

CONTENTS

15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches on

Stanzani Collection history, by Arianna DOTTONE

1807

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

1813

The first evidence of a mint at Miknsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, a

dirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

1821

Lge dor de la numismatique en Chine: lexemple du Catalogue des Monnaies

Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

1826

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.
Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by
Keiichiro KATO

1832

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

1841

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by
KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

1847

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth

nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

1852

Silver fragments of unique Byid and amdnid coins and their role in the Kel
hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVK

1862

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,
by A.V. PACHKALOV

1869

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVIe au XIXe sicles, by
Josette RIVALLAIN

1874

Les imitations des dirhems carrs almohades: apport des analyses lmentaires,
by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

1884

propos du monnayage de Kin Phc (1883-1884), by Franois THIERRY

1890

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,
by Christian WEISS

1897

Medals
Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by
Kathleen ADLER

1907

16

CONTENTS

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection of

the numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

1920

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusin de la efigie de Juan VIII

Palelogo en la peninsula Ibrica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

1931

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse Franois, by Paola GIOVETTI

1937

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in der

deutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

1945

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by Jan
PELSDONK

1959

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenth

century?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

1965

Shines with unblemished honour: some thoughts on an early nineteenthcentury medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

1978

General numismatics
Dalliconografia delle monete antiche allideologia della nazione future.
Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di DAnnunzio sulla nuova monetazione
Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

1985

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

1993

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by Franois de
CALLATA

1999

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by

Fiorenzo CATALLI

2004

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

2012

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz Borba

FLORENZANO

2017

A prosopography of the mint officials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by
Luca GIANAZZA

2022

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by Dagmar

GROSSMANNOV & Jan T. STEFAN

2027

CONTENTS

17

Les collections numismatiques du Muse archologique de Dijon (France), by

Jacques MEISSONNIER

2036

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

2044

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,
by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

2046

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarian

museums a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & Svetoslava
FILIPOVA

2047

Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance, by Ulrike PETER

2058

Le sel a servi de moyen dchange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

2072

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of the

International Numismatic Libraries Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

2082

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

2089

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Mnzsammlung, by

Simone VOGT

2100

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia
presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

2102

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides
Collection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by
Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

2112

Index of Contributors

2118

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN

JUDITH KOLBAS
Ghazan Khan is credited with the most far-reaching and innovative reforms of the Mongols in
Iran, not least because the reforms were reported by the court historian, Rashid al-Din. Because
of him, the reforms are the only recorded ones in the Middle East for the medieval period, a fact
which may well have led to our high opinion of them. Rather, almost all the practices were steadily developed under prior khans to reach their apogee under Ghazan Khan. The financial system
is an excellent example of this process, in particular the revolutionary development of the relationship between gold and silver coinage. This study focuses on Tabriz as the financial centre and
disregards special provinces such as Yazd, Kirman and Shiraz. Moreover, it is a more complete
analysis than appeared previously by the author, which has altered the timing and issues of the
pivotal transformation in the 690/1290s.
In the time of Chingiz Khan (603-24/120627), the Mongols made significant inroads into
Iranian territory. Less than two decades later in 637/1240, they established a civilian government
in the west of Iran which collected taxes in money minted by the Mongol state.1 However, it was
not until Hulagu arrived in 654/1256 with one-fifth of the entire Mongol army that gold was struck
in the west. Nevertheless, the issues were perfunctory, better understood as ransom payments
from the newly conquered areas than as part of a regular monetary policy. The main one was
struck at the fall of Baghdad in 656/1258. Systematic gold coinage was first minted by Hulagus
son, Abaqa (663-80/126582) in Greater Iran at the capital, Tabriz, in conjunction with a major
administrative and financial reform. It was at this point that gold started on its journey to join the
financial system.
Originally in 637/1240, Mongol money was monometallic, based on silver, until the reform of
Abaqa in 671/1273. The reform introduced a modified tri-metallic system of gold, silver and copper common in Islamic lands. Although the reform encountered severe problems at first,2 officials
learned lessons for the second stage, one of the lessons being the need to centralize financial affairs in Tabriz.3 Starting the second stage in 674/1275, officials first transformed silver. It used the
4
common Islamic religious inscription on the obverse of
but the reverse
5
changed from a cryptic general statement about the khan in Arabic of
to a full
statement in Mongolian, which used the Uyghur script, of Khaghan/nereder/Abaghain/deledkeguluk sen / Struck by/Abaqa/in the name/of Khaqan. Then in 676/1277, Tabriz struck the incomparable metal of gold. The issue set purity and weight standards for gold coinage that did not change
until the mid-690/1290s.
Abaqas gold issue was conservative, having the same legend as the earlier silver of 674/1275
but with an added invocation. The inscription read in five lines
6
The margin started at 1 oclock and contained the classic minting formula of
7
The reverse also followed the silver prototype with
Judith Kolbas, The Mongols in Iran (London, 2006), pp. 104-12.
For a summary, Ibid, p. 208.
3
For more detail, Ibid, pp. 211, 228.
4
L ilah ill/Allh./Mu ammad/rasl Allh. / There is no deity except/
God. Muhammad is/the messenger of God. For further details, Ibid, p. 212.
5
Al-Khaghn al-/zam al-dil / the Khaghan, the /Greatest, the Just.
6
Al- amdu li-llahi/l ilah ill Allh./Mu ammad rasl Allh./ alla
1
2

Allahu alayhi/wa sallim. / Praise be to God./There is no deity except God./

Muhammad is the messenger of God./May Gods blessing be upon him/
and be protected from harm. See discussion, Ibid, pp. 214-15.
7
urba hadha al-dinar bi-madina Tabriz sana sitta wa saba in wa
sitamaia / This dinar was struck in the city of Tabriz, year six and seventy
and six hundred.

1842

JUDITH KOLBAS

the legend in the Mongolian language written in Uyghur script. However, the gold added arighu
altan at the bottom to read from the bottom up Pure gold/struck by/Abaqa/in the name/of Khaqan
(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Abaqa Khan, Tabriz, 676 H, 4.34 grams, 21 mm., No. 732, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru.
It was a magnificent issue, which clearly defined the reformed monetary system and allied itself with the earlier silver of 674/1275 through the use of the same basic type. However, there was
a problem using the new gold within the predominant silver system, namely its weight and purity
did not allow it to be exchanged at a practical rate.
The Islamic weight system used in Greater Iran was based on the mithqal, divided into 24
carats. There were four mithqals in use at the time the Mongols arrived, the one used by the
Byzantines still prevalent in western Anatolia, the one retained from the Sassanian rulers of Iran,
a pre-Mongol one used intermittently by the Caliphate and other Islamic states, and the fairly
obscure one that the Mongols adopted from Mardin (Table 1).8 In every case, gold was valued at
and therefore generally struck to the full mithqal while silver was struck to three-quarters, seventenths or two-thirds of the mithqal; that is, at 18, 17 or 16/24ths. Above all, the exchange value was
calculated in whole fractions according to weight.9
TABLE 1. Mithqal Weight Systems

Taken from Ibid, p. 21.

maer Diler in his catalogue, Ilkhanids, Coinage of the Persian
Mongols (Istanbul, 2006), discusses in his Introduction, p. 20, the weight
system of the Mongols. Unfortunately it is confusing, and there are no
8
9

sources for his statements. Moreover, he does not give the gram equivalent
of carats, so the reader is bereft of a comparison between the putative
system and the actual weights of the coins in the catalogue.

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN

1843

Abaqas gold and that of his immediate successors averaged 4.28 grams for the single coin,10
which does not match any of the above mithqals. However, an analysis of the purity can explain the
situation. Gold issues from his reign and the next two khans have not been tested for fineness, but
those from the following khan, Gaykhatu, and his successors have been. In those issues, purity was
about seventy-seven to eighty per cent (Table 2).11 Nevertheless, since the weight was the same for
issues from Abaqa through Gaykhatu, it is likely that purity also remained constant. The following
study is based on this assumption, namely that weight and purity were basically constant.
TABLE 2. Gold purity

If alloy and weight were consistent, a gold coin weighing 4.28 grams at about seventy-eight
per cent purity would have had a true value of 3.36 grams of pure gold or 18 carats or three-quarters of the 4.48-gram mithqal.12 This value placed it on a recognized accounting basis of whole
fractions, making it possible to calculate gold for exchange operations and tax purposes.
Unfortunately, silver was not on the same mithqal. In Abaqas first phase in 671/1273, it was
struck to the Caliphal mithqal of 4.125 grams, the unit coin being two-thirds of that mithqal or 16
carats at 2.75 grams. Then in 678/1279 during the protracted second stage of the reform, silver was
changed to the 4.48-gram mithqal, which matched the one that gold was already on. Gold and sil10
The weights of gold coins are as follows taken from the website of
Zeno.ru, Oriental Coin Database, mer Dilers catalogue. and the authors
data collection. There are enough of these rare coins to produce a reliable
histogram to determine a weight profile.
Abaqa: 4.34, 4.37 (Zeno.ru); 4.30 (Diler, A 87, p. 264. He cites a
published coin as 667 H. This date is from the Spink, June 1990, catalogue,
which this author easily read as 676 H. Other published dates Diler lists as
670 and 677 H, which are highly suspect and may have occurred because of
an incomplete or worn flan.); 4.23, 4.28, 4.27 (author from Spink, March
1987, Lot 463; Spink, June 1990, Lot 383).
Tegudar: 4.31 (Diler, Ah 129); 4.29 (author from Spink, March 1987,
Lot 464).
Arghun: Plate 2 is not included because the measurement is not detailed
enough.

Gaykhatu: Type 1: 4.31 (Diler, GY 231, p. 328. He mentions variations

of the obverse without explanation. He cites other published references
with dates from Tabriz of 692 and 693 H, unconfirmed by this author);
4.23 (author from Spink, June 87, Lot 927). Type 2: 4.18, 4.24 (author from
Sotheby, May 86, Lot 611; British Museum 1965.1.5.6). Type 3: 4.23, 4.68,
4.20, 4.30, 4.29, 4.24 (author from Sotheby, June 1987, Lot 976; Sotheby,
June 1987, Lot 827 +; Sotheby, October 1986, Lot 707; Spink, 7 June 1986).
Baydu: 4.25 (Diler, Ba 248, p 694); 4.63 (Zeno.ru - example in text,
no. 47940); 3.24, 4.03, 4.30, 4.38, 4.38, 4.38, 4.31, 4.45, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47
(author from Sotheby, June 1987, Lot 871, 927; Sotheby, October 1986,
Lot 908; Spink, June 1986; Antiker Kunst, December 1987, Lot 395).
11
Taken from Kolbas, p. 24.
12
Ibid, p. 286.

1844

JUDITH KOLBAS

ver might have been exchanged then; however, the unit silver coin was struck to 13 carats or 2.43
grams.13 Later, in 683/1284, silver was put on the 4.24-gram mithqal, the unit coin weighing on
average 14 carats or 2.47 grams.14 The numbers 13 and 14 are both not whole fractions in a base-24
system, so the Mongols completely broke away from the normal method for evaluating different
metals with each other. These two divisions of the mithqal were unique in the Mongol state and
were ultimately abandoned. In this period, not only did the carat levels most certainly prevent any
integration of gold and silver into a single monetary system but the different mithqals did as well.
However, throughout all of these changes, silver was generally between 90 to 95 per cent pure.15
The reduction to a lower mithqal weight in 683/1284 did not mean that the unit silver coin
itself was lowered. Rather, raising it one carat from 13 to 14 made the actual weight of the coin
heavier by 0.04 of a gram from 2.43 to 2.47 grams. It seems that a good deal of these changes in
silver were partly in conjunction with increased external trading activities.16 Moreover, the reforms
worked if there was a strong state to enforce them and no intention to integrate different metals.
Therefore, the second stage of Abaqas reform abandoned the goal of the initial one. In fact, these
changes in the silver system did not affect gold, which stayed at the same average weight with the
perceived 18 carats of pure metal at the same mithqal of 4.48 grams. As a result, it was not possible
to determine value based on weight between the two metals because they operated on different
mithqals. Instead of working within one mithqal in different proportions, as in the Islamic system,
this Mongol practice used two mithqals, the heavier one for gold and the lighter one for silver.
Abaqas immediate successors continued to back away from integration. Abaqas brother,
Tegudar (680-83/1282-84), who took the Islamic name of Ahmad, became the next khan. He followed the same design, only matching it with the silver by placing his name in the reverse field in
Uyghur script and adding it in Arabic script at the bottom. However, he set a precedent of issuing
gold only to celebrate inaugurations.17 Abaqas son, Arghun (683-90/128491), also issued gold
but just as sparingly on special occasions. The only possible coin known is indicated in Plate 2.
The style is that of Tabriz from the first years of his reign, but the area for the mint is too worn
to read. It could have been issued at his inauguration, but after that Arghun did not strike gold in
Tabriz in spite of his major silver reform in 683/1284, already mentioned (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Arghun Khan, 4.2 grams, 25 mm, Tabriz, Date?, No. 64367, Oriental Coin Database, Zeno.ru
On the other hand, Arghuns successor, Gaykhatu (690-94/129195), formulated a new policy.
The financial officials did not alter silver but now concentrated their efforts on gold. It was produced
on an unprecedented scale,18 suggesting that the regime intended gold to become a fully functional
part of the monetary system. However, neither the purity nor weight changed from the level of previous khans. In 691/1292, Tabriz produced two types of obverses and two reverses.19 Both obverses
13

687/1288.

14

17
First, he issued gold in 681/1282 using Abaqa dies, then in his own
name later in the same year.

Ibid, p. 219.
Ibid, p. 273.
15
Ibid, Table 1.2, 22.
16
Ibid, p. 204. Increased trade is more readily evident in the reform of

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN

1845

had the minting formula around the margin. The first obverse had the mint also written vertically at
the right edge, thereby
Tabrz was listed twice on the obverse. That obverse was combined in
Type 1 with a reverse silver die that had the mint in Arabic in the middle of the Uyghur lines following the Khurasani mint tradition. Therefore, Type 1 listed the mint three times. It was not necessary
to employ such an overstatement, but this was a new programme that grabbed whatever dies it could.
In Type 2, the same obverse with the mint at the right edge was paired with a different reverse die of
Uyghur that did not state the mint, following that standard Tabriz silver type (Fig. 3 type 2). Type
3 used the same reverse as Type 2 but changed the obverse, which dropped the extra mint at the right
edge. The last type identified the mint, Tabriz, only once in the normal minting formula.

Fig. 3. Gaykhatu Khan, Tabriz, 691 H, 4.3 grams, 23mm., No. 67565, Oriental Coins Database,
Zeno.ru
Gaykhatu was replaced by Baydu (694/1295), who lasted only six months. During his reign,
there was much political turmoil and civil war. Nevertheless, the financial system continued to
evolve. He also produced a good deal of gold, and his issues of 694 and 695 closely followed the last
type of Gaykhatu (Plate 4). Although the legend was practically indistinguishable from and the fineness stayed the same as Gaykhatus coinage, Baydu increased the weight of the average coin. The
normal one weighed 4.36 grams, but at seventy-nine per cent purity, it had 3.44 grams of pure gold
or 20 carats on the 4.125-gram mithqal. For the first time, gold moved off the 4.48-gram mithqal
and surprisingly fell below the mithqal for silver. Therefore, the coinage was a curious mixture of a
lower mithqal but a higher carat level of pure gold. However, 20 did not produce a whole fraction
in the base-24 carat system; so this gold stood on its own, again without any conversion possibility.

Fig. 4. Baydu Khan, Tabriz, 694-5 H, 4.63 grams, 22mm, No. 47940, Oriental Coins Database,
Zeno.ru
Ghazan became the next khan (694-703/12951304) and continued the relentless push to refine the monetary system. His reform, starting in 696/1297, adopted the standard of the 4.24-gram
mithqal from silver. However, the single coin was struck two carats below the previous silver
coinage to 12 carats or 2.12 grams. Significantly, this weight applied not only to silver but to gold
Contemporaries considered the khan to be thoroughly profligate.
Presumably, all the gold he issued helped to create this view without the
sources testifying to the financial reform. Note Wassafs diatribe but not a
negative word from Rashid al-Din; The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5,
18

The Saljuq and Mongol Periods , ed. J.A. Boyle; J.A. Boyle, Dynastic and
Political History of the Il-Khans, pp. 303-421, 374.
19
This analysis changes the types put forward in Kolbas, p. 286.

1846

JUDITH KOLBAS

as well, putting the unit coin of both at half a mithqal. Finally, exchange calculations could hardly
have been easier. In this reform, both gold and silver alloys were ninety-five to ninety-eight per
cent pure. Ghazan also continued the practice of issuing large amounts of gold (Fig. 5). The drastic
reform followed Baydus lead by abandoning previous practice, but Ghazans reform simplified
the system to conclude the integration of gold and silver.

Fig. 5. Ghazan Khan, Shiraz, 700 H, 8.65 grams, 27.1 - 27.4 mm, No. 45557, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru
Uljaytu (703-17/130417) maintained his brothers policy, only slightly changing the obverse
design (Fig. 6), and then advancing policies in his own reform of 709/1309. By this point, gold and
silver were firmly on the same mithqal and struck in the same units according to regional practice.
The Islamic concept of different proportions for exchanging the two metals had been completely
abandoned. There was no turning back after the final reform of Ghazan Khan.

Fig. 6. Uljaytu Khan, Kashan, 706 H, 4,26 grams, 19.6 mm, No. 52797, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru
In conclusion, the Mongols completely transformed the frozen, archaic and awkward Islamic
pattern, in which weight and pure metal jostled in various proportions to determine the exchange
rate between gold and silver. Rashid al-Din made this clear in the statement that valuation of
gold and silver is by the quantity of fineness.20 The old pretence had probably rarely worked
anyway, but the Mongols grasped reality and made it possible to allow market forces to determine
the value of gold to silver, as Rashid al-Din noted: (Ghazan) continuously checks What is the
price of pure gold? Then he orders that they should mint it with a result that appropriately they
set the price (for buying and selling), which is not any different (from the market price).21 A simple exchange between the two metals was now possible because gold and silver were issued, first,
at the same weight and, second, at the highest level of purity. These aspects altered fundamental
relationships between metals, standards of account and monetary liquidity. In short, the continuous Mongol reforms significantly advanced the theory and practice of money in the Middle East.
20
For the beginning of this activity, Ibid, pp. 219-20; Rashid al-Din for
later acknowledging it in Ghazans time, Chapter 20, Jami al-Tawarkh,

various editions; translation in Ibid, pp. 315-16; then discussion on p. 326.

21
Rashid al-Din, Ibid., Chapter 20, Translation in Ibid, pp. 315-16.