Fungicideefficacytiming PDF

FUNGICIDES, BACTERICIDES, AND BIOLOGICALS
FOR
DECIDUOUS TREE FRUIT, NUT,
STRAWBERRY, AND VINE CROPS
2015
ALMOND
APPLE
APRICOT
CHERRY
GRAPE
KIWIFRUIT
PEACH/NECTARINE
PEAR
PISTACHIO
PLUM
POMEGRANATE
PRUNE
STRAWBERRY
WALNUT
James E. Adaskaveg, Professor

University of California, Riverside
Doug Gubler, Extension Plant Pathologist

University of California Davis
Themis Michailides, Plant Pathologist

University of California, Davis/Kearney Agricultural Center
UC Davis, Dept. of Plant Pathology
www.plpnem.ucdavis.edu
UC Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center

www.uckac.edu/plantpath
Statewide IPM Program
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Fungicides and Bactericides...2
Regulation of Pesticides in the United States.2
Maximum Residue Limits (Tolerances) of Pesticides on Agricultural Food Commodities3-4
Fungicide Performance4-5
Fungicides and Their Effects on Non-Target Organisms, Especially Honey Bees5-7
Fungicide Resistance .8-10
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Fungicides..11-13
Properties of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals, Oils, etc. 14-15
Disease and Pathogen Names.16-18
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Bactericides/Biologicals/Natural compounds...19-20
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Synthetic Fungicides (Single Active Ingredients).....21-27
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Synthetic Fungicides (Multiple Active Ingredients).28-30
Almond:
Fungicide Efficacy ................................................................................................................................ 31-32
Treatment Timing....................................................................................................................................... 32
Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups........ .................................... 33-34
Apple and Pear:
Fungicide and Bactericide Efficacy ...................................................................................................... 35-36
Apricot:
Fungicide Efficacy ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Cherry:
Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups........ ......................................... 41
Grapevine:
Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups........ ......................................... 45
Kiwifruit
Peach and Nectarine
Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups........ .................................... 49-50
Pistachio
Plum
Fungicide efficacy ................................................................................................................................. 53-54
Treatment timing ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Pomegranate
Fungicide efficacy ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Treatment timing ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Prune (Dried Plum)
Strawberry
Walnut
Bactericide Efficacy ................................................................................................................................... 60
Fungicide, Bactericide, and Biological Tables for Fruit, Nut, Strawberry, and Vine Crops2015
Page 1
FUNGICIDES AND BACTERICIDES

fungicide (fnjsd). n. A chemical that inhibits, prevents, or stops fungal growth.
bactericide (bak-tr -sd). n. A chemical that inhibits, prevents, or stops bacterial growth.
Fungicides and bactericides prevent or mitigate damage otherwise caused by fungi and
bacteria to living organisms such as people, animals, plants including agricultural crops, as well
as physical structures such as buildings and plant products (e.g., wood). They are developed from
natural sources or are chemically synthesized. In general, pesticides used in modern agriculture
had a critical role in the development of our society by improving crop yields and reducing labor
needed to produce food. This enables society to diversify and endeavor into activities other than
food production. Overall, the benefits of pesticides such as fungicides and bactericides far
outweigh the risks associated with using them, especially when they have been thoroughly
evaluated and characterized by regulatory agencies, universities, and private testing labs.
REGULATION OF PESTICIDES
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees and regulates
all pesticides including fungicides and bactericides. In accordance with the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA),
and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), the EPA regulates the manufacturing, transport, and
use of all pesticides in the United States to protect humans and the environment from potential
adverse effects that may be associated with pesticide exposure. In California and several other
states, additional laws and government agencies are involved in the regulation and oversight of
pesticides. Federal and state laws establish the legal authority of pesticide labels to prohibit the
use of these materials that is inconsistent with the instructions and general guidelines provided on
such labels.
The EPA is responsible for determining the risk associated with pesticides and for
establishing limits or tolerances on the amount of pesticide residues that may remain on food
marketed in the United States to meet safety standards with reasonable certainty of no harm to
the general population. A safe risk is defined as a reasonable certainty that no harm will result
from exposure to a pesticide residue from all anticipated dietary or other potential sources over a
human lifetime based on reliable scientific information. Thus, FQPA established an aggregate
risk assessment to take into account pesticide exposure from all possible sources: food, drinking
water, and structural sources including buildings, public facilities, and landscaping. Additionally,
FQPA established the evaluation of cumulative risk or exposure to a pesticide within a
chemical class of materials that have the same toxic effect or a common mode of action. The law
also established a 10-fold safety factor to account for pre- and post-natal toxicity, as well as to
ensure completeness of pesticide toxicology information to account for pesticide exposure of
infants and children.
When all three components - safe, aggregate, and cumulative risks - are put together, this
determines the amount of a pesticide that can be used each year in the United States or the risk
cup. Safer materials inherently have a larger cup (i.e., can be used more) while less safe
materials have a smaller cup (i.e., should be used less). Some materials such as those that are
derived from natural sources or are known to be generally safer than others are classified as
reduced risk. These materials generally have a lower toxicity to humans and non-target
organisms, have a lower environmental impact (e.g., are non-persistent in soil or water), and/or
enhance integrated pest management (IPM) practices.
Page 2
MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS (TOLERANCES) OF PESTICIDES ON

AGRICULTURAL FOOD COMMODITIES
Residue tolerances are established for all pesticides registered on agricultural commodities. For
synthetic pesticides and materials that are produced by fermentation and which are concentrated
and/or reformulated, maximum residue limits (i.e., tolerances) have been established by national
(country-based) and international regulatory agencies. In the United States, the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), along with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are involved in
establishing limits on agricultural food commodities for all registered products including those
designated as exempt or generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Use limits are set for the latter
materials, whereas all other materials must have analytical procedures available to measure
chemical residues on the commodity. Internationally, the United Nations World Health
Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) created the CODEX
Alimentarius Commission to develop food standards, guidelines, and practice codes.
The main goal of national and international agencies is to protect the health of consumers, ensure
fair practices in food trade, and promote coordination of food standards. The process of
registering a pesticide on a food commodity is rigorous and requires numerous evaluations
ranging from toxicity to environmental persistence and chemical fate studies. The limits of a
pesticide residue on each commodity are established as a maximum residue level or limit (MRL)
which is considered an absolute minimal risk to the consumer. Most countries use the term MRL,
but U.S. regulations refer instead to "tolerances". Both terms indicate the amount of pesticide
residue that is permitted to remain on a plant commodity. Generally, the MRL level is two or
more times higher than what is expected for a residue under labeled pesticide usage.
The CODEX Alimentarius as part the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and
Agricriculture Organization (FAO) provides users with a list of MRL tolerances by commodity,
pesticide, or functional class of the database at
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/index.html. In the United States, the website for
viewing Global MRLs is https://www.globalmrl.com and is provided by Bryant Christie Inc.
Registered pesticide MRLs for many markets around the world may be searched by commodity,
pesticide, and market.
The Global MRL Database is designed for users in the United States. It provides MRL
information from a U.S. viewpoint. This means that other countries' MRLs are only included
if there is a U.S. MRL established for the commodity/active ingredient combination. This
also means that the active ingredient and commodity menus available to search are limited to
those listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 CFR 180 Subpart C for
pesticide specific tolerances.
The following MRL types are included in the US viewpoint of the Global MRL Database:
1. U.S. general, Section 18, regional, and time-limited pesticide MRLs for raw commodities
that are currently in force for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered
active ingredients as listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 CFR
180 Subpart C, and corresponding in force MRLs for other countries.
2. U.S. tolerances specifically designated in the US CFR as import tolerances or without
current U.S. registrations
3. Processed commodity MRLs
Page 3
The Global MRL Database exclusively reflects maximum residue levels that have been
established on a permanent basis under domestic US legislation according to the US CFR. The
following types of MRLs are not included in the database:
Other markets' MRLs in cases where there is no U.S. MRL established
U.S. tolerances for indirect or inadvertent pesticide residues
Pending and proposed MRLs that are not yet officially in force
Active ingredients that are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance in the U.S.
Exemptions in other countries
MRLs for animal feed (except almond hulls and alfalfa), goat, horse, fish, shellfish,
aquatic plants & algae (except seaweed)
Individuals who require more comprehensive MRL data may obtain premium subscriptions of the
Global MRL Database. Access to more information and features include pending and proposed
MRLs, regulation names and effective dates, the ability to save queries, and an MRL change
report with email notifications.
FUNGICIDE PERFORMANCE
Fungicides are registered and labeled for agricultural use only after numerous trials and
years of testing and disease evaluations that demonstrate the activity of the product. In California
and in some other states, efficacy data has to be submitted as part of the registration process. Most
fungicides perform generally well under environmental conditions that occur in California. Still,
their performance is dependent on many factors including physical and chemical properties of the
fungicide, as well as the environmental and biological conditions in the agricultural system where
they are used. Factors including deposition (e.g., application methods, rates, intervals, and
coverage of plant surfaces) and depletion (rate of degradation from water, sunlight, microbial
enzymatic breakdown, volatilization, systemic action, plant growth, etc.) will determine the
persistence of fungicides on plant surfaces and contribute to the overall performance.
The disease triangle (the interaction between host, pathogen, and environment) determines
the disease pressure in any agro-system. Susceptibility of plant cultivars and the conduciveness of
environmental conditions before, during, and after fungicide application will affect disease
development and ultimately, the performance of the fungicide. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the
pathogen to the fungicide may change or shift with usage over time through adaptation or
genetic resistance and thus, this greatly influences the success or failure of any fungicide product
used under field conditions.
In this document, we rated the performance of synthetics, natural products, and biologicals
for managing major diseases caused by fungi and bacteria of temperate tree crops, grapevines, and
strawberries that are major fruit and nut crops in California. The ratings are based on direct
experience from research trials evaluating the performance of the tested products under field
conditions. Environmental conditions and pathogen populations may greatly influence the
performance of the materials. A single + donates limited, ++moderate, +++ good, and
++++ high performance. Generally, +++ and ++++ are commercially acceptable. Ratings
with a / such as +/++ represent variability in performance inversely related to pathogen
population, favorable environments, or host susceptibility. Thus, the performance ratings are
relative in comparison to other products and may change as experience is gained in using the
individual products. Attributes or deficiencies of a product are noted where information is
available. For example, the resistance potential (presence of resistant pathogen populations in
California) and persistence or degradation rate is cited for individual products when this
information is known. Most materials are labeled for the management of the diseases for which
Page 4
ratings are presented. However, some products have been tested but are not labeled for managing
a specific disease. Always consult the product label to ensure that the fungicide is currently
registered for a specific use.
FUNGICIDES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NON-TARGET ORGANISMS, ESPECIALLY
HONEY BEES
Fungicides are currently the state of the art tool in the management of flower, foliar, and
fruit diseases of many crops worldwide, especially when cultivars with natural host resistance are
not available. For example, in almond, stone fruit, grapes, and other fruit and nut crops in
California, some devastating diseases such as brown rot, shot hole, powdery mildew, and
anthracnose have been managed using fungicides since these crops were introduced into the state.
Furthermore, several fungicide chemistries, i.e., dicarboximides, benzimidazoles, and DMIs with
unique modes of action have been used for over 60, 40, and 30 years, respectively. Many of these
diseases initiate their disease cycles during host flowering. Thus, without the use of fungicides for
managing bloom and foliar diseases, these diseases would be limiting to crop production. One
might argue that developing host resistance is the best approach; however, this is very difficult in
perennial tree and vine crops and requires many years. Furthermore, crop characteristics selected
by the breeder to meet consumer demands often result in higher disease susceptibility of the crop.
In registration processes, all pesticides are extensively evaluated for their efficacy against
diseases and their effect against non-target organisms. Toxicity data for new pesticides are
required from each registrant and data are evaluated at federal (US Environmental Protection
Agency) and sometimes at state (California Department of Pesticide Registration) regulatory
agencies. Organisms required to be tested include European honey bees, aquatic invertebrates
(e.g., Daphnia spp.), aquatic plants, and vertebrates (e.g., fish, birds, and mammals). For honey
bees, the tests are directed to determine acute, short-term toxicity levels by contact and ingestion
by adults. If a fungicide is found to be toxic to the adult honey bee, then additional tests are
required against the brood. If any toxicity to non-target organisms is found, then a warning or
prohibition is placed on the label to limit or restrict usage. Currently-registered fungicides are
either non-toxic or are practically non-toxic to adult honey bees exposed to extremely high levels
of the fungicides. All fungicides registered have been approved only after these requirements are
met.
Recently, European honey bees have been affected by Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD),
where worker bees suddenly disappear, leaving the hive without a sustained source of honey and
pollen. The cause of this disorder is still unknown. Numerous factors have come into scrutiny,
including exposure to pesticides. With their longstanding regulatory requirements for pesticides to
protect beneficial insects such as honey bees, the US-EPA, however, has no data demonstrating
that any EPA-registered pesticide used according to the label instructions has caused CCD.
Recent research indicates that it is more likely that a combination of factors, including poor
nutrition, parasites (e.g., varroa mite), new diseases (e.g., Israeli Acute Paralysis virus, Nosema),
and changes in bee management (e.g., insect and mite control with pesticides inside the hives and
migratory stress and drought, etc. brought about by moving honey bees long distances) may be
responsible for the disorder (http://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder).
Other considerations include: changes to honey bee populations due to breeding programs that
render hives more susceptible to environmental stress, pests, and pathogens, as well as apicultural
practices that place bee hives next to highways with high traffic.
Insecticides and Fungicides
Page 5
More recently, many new insecticides have been introduced that have high toxicity to
honey bees and systemic activity in plants. The systemic neonicotinoids and phenylpyrazoles
represent two groups that can directly affect honey bee health and may have long residual activity
in plants. Although new application methods help to minimize direct exposure of bees to these
compounds, the potential negative outcome is that honey bees may instead be exposed to these
pesticides over extended periods of time in pollen, nectar, and plant exudates such as water
guttation from leaves (Johnson et al. 20101) Additionally, the regulatory system governing
pesticide use directly in bee hives may also contribute to the problem. Some of the older miticides
have become ineffective and thus, new hive-applied pesticides have been recently introduced that
may contribute to honey bee management stress.
Chronic exposures to neurotoxic insecticides and their combinations with other pesticides,
including fungicides, are known to increase the toxicity of insecticides and elicit reductions in
honey bee fitness. Still, no direct association of these pesticide combinations has been shown with
CCD. The following guidelines aim to minimize exposure of bees to fungicides applied during
flowering of fruit and nut crops. This information was adapted from Mussen and Brandi, 20102,,
Mussen (U.C. Apiaries Newsletter Jan/Feb 2012), and combined with current fungicide use
strategies.
Current research on colony collapse is focused on four general categories of possible causes.
These include:
1. Pathogens: Among others, scientists are considering Nosema (a pathogenic gut fungus),
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus, and possibly unknown pathogens as possible culprits for
CCD. USDA-ARS research has indicated that the presence of no one pathogen of any
class directly correlates with the majority of CCD incidents. Rather, a higher total
pathogen load of viruses and bacteria correlates more directly with CCD than any one
specific pathogen.
2. Parasites: Varroa mites are often found in honey bee colonies that are affected by CCD. It
is not known if the Varroa mites are directly involved or if the viruses that Varroa mites
transmit (similar to the way mosquitoes transmit the malaria virus) are a factor in causing
CCD.
3. Management stressors: Among the management stressors that are possible contributors
to CCD are poor nutrition due to apiary overcrowding and increased migratory stress
brought on by the honey bees being transported to multiple locations across the country.
4. Environmental stressors: Such stressors include the impact of pollen/nectar scarcity, lack
of diversity in pollen/nectar, availability of only pollen/nectar with low nutritional value,
and limited access to water or access only to contaminated water. Stressors also include
accidental or intentional exposure to pesticides at lethal or sub-lethal levels.
Use of pesticides during flowering of agricultural commodities Insecticides should never be applied with fungicides during the bloom period of tree crops and
many other agricultural crops. Acaricides/insecticides (e.g., all neonicotinoids, all pyrethroids)
may be synergistic with chlorothalonil and all DMI fungicides and the toxicity of the acaricide/
insecticide to honey bee brood may be increased. For example, mixing a pyrethroid, IRAC group
3A, with chlorothalonil or a DMI may increase toxicity of the insecticide. Chlorpyrifos and other
organophosphates (IRAC group 1B), mixed with SDHI and QoI fungicides FRAC groups 7 (e.g.,
boscalid) and 11 (e.g., pyraclostrobin) may increase toxicity of the insecticide to honey bees.
Page 6
Insecticides are often mixed with fungicides for many tree crops in the growing season. When
using systemic insecticides (e.g., neonicotinoids), be aware that they may be long lasting in the
plant and may affect honey bees and other insects for several months after application.
Thus, fungicides are less involved in honey bee colony collapse than previously considered. Still,
for selection and usage:
1) Choose fungicides that do not accumulate in pollen or honey bee products (e.g., bee
bread). These fungicides can be used after bloom for other foliar and fruit diseases during
the season. According to Johnson et al. 20101, fungicides that may accumulate to high
levels in pollen are chlorothalonil, captan, and iprodione.
2) Most fungicides are formulated with adjuvants including wetting agents, spreaders, and
stickers. Unless a registrant specifically indicates on the product label that an adjuvant
should be added, most fungicide products do not need additional adjuvants mixed into the
sprayer tank to improve performance. With few exceptions, adjuvants do not statistically
improve the efficacy of fungicides for managing diseases of fruit and nut commodities.
Although there is limited information on the interaction of adjuvants and fungicides with
honey bees, it is best to follow a conservative approach. Because adjuvants may increase
the wettability of bees and subsequently the potential toxicity of fungicides, adjuvants
should not be used in fungicide applications during bloom or when there is high honey bee
activity in the field.
3) Do not apply fungicides when honey bees are in flight in orchards. Contaminated foraging
worker bees will carry the fungicide back to the hive where other worker bees will clean
them and contaminate the hives food supply.
4) Do not apply fungicides when pollen is available. Pollen is released when temperatures
reach 13C (55F) in the morning and is often removed by honey bees by late afternoon.
Thus, from late afternoon until very early the next morning, the amount of fresh pollen
available is at the lowest levels of the day.
5) Apply fungicides in the evening or at night or when temperatures are less than 13C
(55F).
6) Follow UC guidelines and make a single delayed bloom application at 20-30% bloom if
environmental conditions are not conducive for disease development, to minimize the total
number of fungicide applications during bloom.
7) Follow UC guidelines on fungicide resistance management to limit honey bee exposure to
any one fungicide product by following the RULES (see Fungicide Resistance).
1
Johnson, R. M.; Ellis, M. D.; Mullin, C. A.; and Frazier, M.. 2010. Pesticides and Honey Bee Toxicity
USA.Apidologie 41(3): 312331. doi: 10.1051/apido/2010018 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal00892096/document
2
Mussen, E. and Brandi, G. 2010. Relationships of Honey Bees and Pesticides.
http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/files/147612.pdf (accessed 12/14/2015)
Page 7
FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE
Fungicide resistance is a relative term that describes the reduction in sensitivity to a fungicide
in a fungal population beyond natural variation. The natural variation of a fungal pathogen
population is described as the baseline sensitivity. Baseline sensitivities are derived from a sample
of pathogen individuals that were never exposed to the fungicide. Generally, a normal distribution
of variation occurs that may be skewed based on the pathogen and type of chemistry or selection
pressure. Resistance is an inheritable genetic trait that is distinguished from adaptation where the
same individual reverts back to sensitivity to the fungicide after some period of absence of
exposure. Field-resistance (practical resistance) is the reduction in sensitivity in the pathogen that
is accompanied by crop losses.
Resistance frequency is the relative incidence of a less sensitive variant within a population of
individuals that has the ability to survive under the selection pressure of a fungicide. Variants
arise from genetic mutations that are continuously and spontaneously occurring within
populations of organisms. Some mutations are detrimental, whereas others may allow survival of
individuals under a specific stress such as the presence of a toxicant (i.e., fungicide). Resistance
frequencies are generally very low numbers (e.g., 1 in millions) and as such, resistance is a rare
event. Still, fungi are able to reproduce in great numbers. Thus, although fungicides may
eliminate most of the population, a few survivors can replace the sensitive population in a
relatively short time. Once resistance is selected, then the resistance factor or the magnitude of
resistance can be calculated as compared to the baseline sensitivity level.
Fungicide resistance can be further characterized into two types: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative resistance (monogenic resistance) is when an abrupt change in a sensitive fungal
population occurs that results in a distinct sub-population that is resistant to the fungicide at field
use rates. The benzimidazoles typically show this type of resistance. Different levels of resistance
(i.e., resistance factors) can still occur in individuals reflecting different mutations in the target tubulin gene. These changes result in substitutions of different amino acids and subsequent
different binding potential of the fungicide to the -tubulin molecule. Quantitative resistance
(polygenic resistance) is when mutations of several genes each contribute to the development of
resistance. Fungal populations respond to the fungicide selection pressure in a continuous shift
from sensitive to resistant to highly resistant populations. This is because these mutations can be
additive, resulting in an increased resistance factor. This results in decreased efficacy over time.
The DMI fungicides typically show this type of resistance. Both types of resistance, qualitative
and quantitative can occur in a single fungal species responding to fungicides with different
modes of action. Monilinia fructicola and Podosphaera (Uncinula) necator show qualitative
resistance to the benzimidazole and quantitative resistance to the DMI fungicides.
Kendall and Holloman (1998)3 stated that Unlike insecticide resistance, with fungicides
cross-resistance patterns generally follow modes-of-action, presumably reflecting target site
alterations rather than uptake and detoxification changes. Thus, the most effective way to combat
fungicide resistance is to mix or alternate fungicides with different modes of action (classes of
fungicides) and, if possible, at least one rotational mix partner should be a multi-site material. For
this reason, the Fungicide Resistance Actin Committee (FRAC) has promoted a number system
that is used to group fungicides within the same chemical class and with the same mode of action.
This system simplifies resistance management practices to rotating fungicide usage between
FRAC group numbers.
Factors determining the risk of fungicide resistance development in a pathogen population
include: 1) fungicide chemistry; 2) fungal species; and 3) the interaction of the pathogen and the
Page 8
fungicide in the disease triangle. Specific components of these factors can be outlined as follows
for a pathogen causing disease on a susceptible host:
1) Fungicide
Single-site vs. multi-site mode of action compounds.
Selection pressure: number of applications or the exposure frequency.
Selection pressure: rate effect may be involved with certain types of fungicide
resistance, such as quantitative resistance as opposed to qualitative resistance.
2) Pathogen
Inherent resistance frequency in the population (e.g., 10-4, 10-6, etc.)
Comparative fitness of sensitive and resistant strains (survival attributes of the resistant
population)
a) Pathogenicity and virulence
b) Propagation and survival
Low efficacy, competition, and slow dispersal may help reduce but not prevent the
development of resistance.
3) Interaction: The stability of the fungicide on the plant and the interaction of the fungicide
with the fungus under different environments.
Degradation of the fungicide over time
Changes in concentrations and the effect on selection pressure.
Conclusion: Resistance development is a complex process and has to be determined for each
Pathogen-Fungicide combination in the disease triangle.
The recipe for resistance development follows a general procedure in the lab: expose large
numbers of propagules of the pathogen, expose the same population repeatedly to the same mode
of action, and use low concentrations of the fungicides that may favor quantitative-types of
resistance development. In the field, a parallel situation may occur:
1) Highly susceptible varieties under favorable environmental conditions generally support
high populations of primary or secondary inoculum of the pathogen.
a. Improper timing of fungicide application in respect to host stage, environmental
conditions, or both.
b. Application of fungicide after an epidemic occurs (high populations of the
pathogen)
2) Improper fungicide rate is applied. Off-label rates are used or occur due to alternate row
applications. These may be improperly timed because environmental conditions prevent 3day re-application intervals. This results in pathogen populations that are repeatedly
exposed to low fungicide concentrations. This allows for survivors and resistance.
3) Repeated use of the same fungicide mode of action (Using one FRAC group repeatedly in
a growing season).
UC guidelines on fungicide resistance management can be described as following the RULES a.
Rotate between different fungicide modes of action as indicated by the FRAC number on each
fungicide product (e.g., FRAC 7 should not be followed by FRAC 7; instead use FRAC 7, then
follow with FRAC 3 or FRAC 3/11, FRAC 3/9, and FRAC 7/11).
b. Use labeled rates Fungicide labels often provide a range of rates: use the upper range for high
disease pressure and the lower range for low disease pressure. Proper rates include proper
coverage to minimize survivors from inadequate exposure to the toxicant.
c. Limit the total use of any single-site mode of action fungicide to ideally one or two per growing
season.
Page 9
d.
Educate yourself about the mode of action, spectrum of activity, recommended rates, and the
performance of a fungicide against various diseases. This information is found later in this
document.
e. Start a fungicide spray program with a multi-site mode of action fungicide, pre-mixture, or tank
mixture to reduce the total fungal population that is exposed to any single-site mode of action
fungicide used later in a sequence of fungicide applications. NOTE: Never use a single-site mode
of action fungicide or a pre-mixture when high levels of disease already occur. The possibility of
selecting fungicide resistant individuals is more likely to occur when high populations of a
pathogen are being exposed to the selection pressure.
3
Brent, K. J. and Hollomon, D. W. (1998) Fungicide Resistance: The Assessment of Risk FRAC Monograph No 2,
Global Crop Protection Federation, Brussels, 48pp. http://www.frac.info/docs/defaultsource/publications/monographs/monograph-2.pdf
Page 10
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Fungicides Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit,
Nut, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in the United States
Single active
ingredient
copper
sulfur
mancozeb
Systemic
Class (FRAC number)1 action
Inorganic (M1)
No
Inorganic (M2)
No
Carbamate (EBDC)2 (M3) No
Mode of action
Multi-site
Multi-site
Multi-site
Resistance
potential
Low
Low
Low
Carbamate (EBDC)2 (M3)

Carbamate (DMDC)3 (M3)
Carbamate (DMDC)3 (M3)
Phthalimide (M4)
Chloronitrile (M5)
No
No
No
No
No
Multi-site
Multi-site
Multi-site
Multi-site
Multi-site
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Guanidine (U12)
Yes
Medium
MBC (1)
MBC (1)
Yes
Yes
Dicarboximide (2)
Yes
Single-site?
Medium
DMI5-triazole (3)
DMI-pyrimidine (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
Single-site
High
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)
DMI-piperazine (3)
DMI-imidazole (3)
Phenylamide (4)
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
High
High
High
High
High4
benzovindiflupyr
boscalid
isofetamid
fluopyram
fluxapyroxad
penthiopyrad
cyprodinil
pyrimethanil
azoxystrobin
kresoxim-methyl
pyraclostrobin
trifloxystrobin
fludioxonil
Mertect
Topsin-M/T-Methyl
/Incognito/Cercobin
Rovral/Iprodione/
Nevado
Inspire
Rubigan/Vintage
Indar/Enable
Topguard/Rhyme
Quash
Rally/Laredo
Tilt/Bumper/Mentor/
Propimax/Propicure/
Propiconazole
Orius/
Tebucon/Toledo/
Tebuconazole/Teb
(Elite/Tebuzol)
Mettle
Bayleton
Funginex
Procure
Ridomil Gold/
Mefenoxam
Aprovia
Endura
Kenja
Luna Privilege
Xemium
Fontelis
Vangard
Scala/Penbotec
Abound
Sovran
Cabrio
Flint/Gem
Scholar
Unknown
(Single-site?)
Single-site
Single-site
SDHI (7)
SDHI6 (7)
SDHI (7)
SDHI (7)
SDHI (7)
SDHI (7)
AP7 (9)
AP (9)
QoI8 (11)
QoI (11)
QoI (11)
QoI (11)
Phenylpyrrole (12)
No
No
No
No
No
No
Slight
Slight
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
No
quinoxyfen
dicloran
fenhexamid
fenpyrazamine
Quintec
Botran/Allisan
Elevate/Judge
Protexio
Quinoline (13)
Aromatic hydrocarbon (14)
Hydroxyanilide (17)
Hydroxyanilide (17)
No
Slight
No
No
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Few
(Multi-site)
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
Single-site
maneb
thiram
ziram
captan
chlorothalonil
dodine
thiabendazole
thiophanatemethyl
iprodione
difenoconazole
fenarimol
fenbuconazole
flutriafol
metconazole
myclobutanil
propiconazole
tebuconazole
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triforine
triflumizole
mefenoxam
Trade name
various
various
Dithane/Manzate/
Penncozeb
Maneb/Manex
Thiram
Ziram
Captan
Bravo/Chorothalonil/
Echo/Equus
Syllit
Very high4
Very high4
High4
High4
High4
High4
High4
Single-site
High4
High4
High4
High4
High4
High4
High4
Medium
Medium
Medium
High4
High4
General properties of Registered and Experimental Fungicides Used on Deciduous Fruit, Nut, Strawberry and Vine Crops2015
Page 11
polyoxin-D
Ph-D/Endorse/Oso/
Tavano
Fungi-Phite,
Prophyt
chitin synthesis inhibitor

No?
(19)
Phosphorous acid and salts Yes
(33)
Single-site
Polyphosphite (33)
Ethyl phosphonates (33)
Unknown
Unknown
Low
Low
mandipropamid
K-Phite
Aliette/Linebacker/
Legion
Revus
Single-site
High
fluopicolide
metrafenone
Presidio
Vivando
Single-site
Unknown
(Single-site?)
High
High?
potassium
phosphite,
phosphorous acid
polyphosphite
fosetyl-Al
Multiple active
ingredients
(Premixtures)
tebuconazole/
trifloxystrobin
benzovindiflupyr/
azoxystrobin
captan/
fenhexamid
chlorothalonil/
tebuconazole
difenoconazole/
cyprodinil
fluopyram/tebuco
nazole
fluopyram/
trifloxystrobin
fluopyram/pyrimethanil
pyraclostrobin /
fluxapyroxad
pyraclostrobin /
boscalid
penthiopyrad /
picoxystrobin
difenoconazole/
azoxystrobin
propiconazole/
azoxystrobin
fludioxonil /
cyprodinil
tebuconazole/
phosphite
Trade name
Adament
Aprovia
CaptEvate
cell wall synthesis inhibitor Yes?

(40)
Benzamide (43)
Yes?
actin disrupter (U8)
No
Class (FRAC number) 1

DMI-triazole (3)/QoI
(11)
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Luna Sensation
Phthalimide (M4)/
hydroxyanilide (17)
chloronitrile (M5)/DMItriazole (3)
DMI-triazole (3)/
AP (9)
DMI-triazole (3)/ SDHI
(7)
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Luna Tranquility
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Merivon
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Pristine
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Q8Y78
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Quadris Top
(11)
(11)
Phenylpyrrole (12)/ AP
(9)
DMI-triazole (3)
/phosphonate (33)
Catamaran
Inspire Super
Luna Experience
Quilt Xcel
Switch
Viathon
Yes
Yes
Medium
Unknown (Multi- Low

site?)
Systemic
action Mode of action
Yes?
Single-site
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site/
Single-site
No
Multisite/Single-site
Yes?
Multisite/Single-site
Yes?
Single-site/
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site/
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site/
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site/
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site /
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site /
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site /
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site /
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site /
Single-site
No/
Single-site/
Slight
Single-site
Yes?
Single-site
Single-site
Resistance
potential
Medium
High
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their
registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with
state and federal laws and regulations.
? = Fungicide is generally considered to have systemic action based on performance data, but this characteristic has not been
necessarily proven experimentally using more rigorous assays (e.g., radioactively labeled compounds).
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for
more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance
management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4,
9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group
numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group
number.
2
EBDC = ethylene bisdithiocarbamate.
3
DMDC = dimethyl dithiocarbamate.
Page 12
Resistance has been found in California for certain fungicides with a single-site mode of action. To reduce the risk of resistance
development, take the mode of action into account when choosing a fungicide. At the beginning of a treatment program, use a
fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; for subsequent applications rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action
FRAC numbers. Use labeled rates (preferably the upper range) of the single-site fungicides, and limit the total number of
applications/season.
5
DMI = demethylation (sterol) inhibitor
6
SDHI = Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
7
AP = Anilinopyrimidine
8
QoI = quinone outside inhibitor (strobilurin).
Page 13
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals, Oils, Salts, and Natural
Products Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit, Nut, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in the United States
Trade name
Actigard
AQ-10
Botector
Blossom Protect
Class
SAR
biological
biological
biological
Systemic
action
Yes
No
No
No
Mode of action
(FRAC number)1
Host resistance
Various
Various
Various
Resistance
potential
Unknown
Low
Low
Low
Double Nickel 55
Sonata
Serenade
Taegro
Citrox BC
biological
microbial
microbial
microbial
plant extract
No
No
No
No
No
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
B-lock
VigorCal
Cinnacure
Valero
Vitiseal
Auxigro
Elexa
Messenger/
Employ
OxiDate/StorOx/
Perasan
Kasumin
Omni Supreme
Purespray
JMS Stylet oil
Arabesque
Timorex
Sporatec
Trilogy
Vintre
Mycoshield/FireL
ine/
Bloomtime
Biological FD
Saf-T-Side/Omni
Supreme
ProAlexin
inorganic salt
inorganic salt
natural product
natural product
oil
SAR2-protein
SAR2-protein
SAR2-protein
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Host resistance
Host resistance
Host resistance
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
oxidizer
No
Oxidation
Very low
antibiotic
oil
oil
oil
biological
oil
oil
oil
oil
antibiotic
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Protein Synthesis(24)
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
biological
No
Various
Low
oil
No
Various
Low
plant extract
Yes
Low
natural product
natural product
No
Yes
inorganic salt
No
Various
Low
potassium metalosate
potassium salts
prohexadione calcium
Sporan
Problad
Plus/Fracture
Armicarb,
Kaligreen,
Milstop
VigorK
M-Pede
Apogee
Bioflavonoid
stimulator
Various
Various
No
No
Yes
Various
Various
PGR-inhibitor
Low
Low
Low
Pseudomonas fluorescens A506

Quillaja saponaria
BlightBan
Quiponin
inorganic salt
inorganic salt
plant growth
regulator
biological
natural product
No
No
Various
Various
Low
Low
Active Ingredient
acibenzolar-S-methyl
Ampelomyces quisqualis
Aureobasidium pullulans
DSM14940/14941 (Used with
Buffer Protect)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747
Bacillus pumilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
blend of fruit acids, flavonoids,
chelators, & wetting agents
boric acid and latex paint
calcium metalosate
cinnamaldehyde
cinnamaldehyde
essential oils
GABA/L-glutamic acid
glucosamine protein
harpin
hydrogen dioxide in acetic acid
(peroxyacetic acid)
kasugamycin
low range oil
low range oil
mineral oil
Muscodor albus
natural oil
natural oil blend
neem oil
orange oil
oxytetracycline
Pantoea agglomerans E/325
petroleum oil
plant host defense activator
plant oils (clove, rosemary, thyme)
Lupinus albus
potassium bicarbonate
Low
Low
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals, Oils, and Natural Products Used on Deciduous Tree
Fruit, Nut, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in California 14
Reynoutria sachalinensis
sodium tetraborohydrate
Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108
streptomycin
Trichoderma harzianum
Ulocladium oudemansii
yeast extract
Regalia
Prev-am
Actinovate AG
AgriMycin/FireW
all/ Ag
Streptomycin
Plant Shield
Botry-Zen
KeyPlex 350 DP
natural product
inorganic salt
biological
antibiotic
No
No
No
Yes
Various
Various
Various
Low
Low
Low
High
biological
biological
SAR2-protein
No
No
Yes
Various
Various
Host resistance
Low
Low
Unknown
Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration
withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal
laws and regulations.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more
information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management
program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before
rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two
consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
SAR = Systemic acquired resistance induced in host
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals, Oils, and Natural Products Used on Deciduous Tree
Fruit, Nut, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in California 15
DISEASE AND PATHOGEN NAMES

Disease
Pathogen(s)
Host(s)
Alternaria late blight
Alternaria alternata, A.
arborescens, A. tenuissima1
pistachio
Alternaria leaf spot
Alternaria alternata, A.
arborescens, A. tenuissima1
almond
Angular leaf spot
Xanthomonas fragariae
(bacterium)
strawberry
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum acutatum
almond, peach, strawberry
Anthracnose
Marssonia leptostyla
walnut
Bacterial blast
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

(bacterium)
Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.
Bacterial canker
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

(bacterium)
Bacterial spot
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni

(bacterium)
Band canker
Botryosphaeria dothidea
(Fusicoccum sp.)2
almond
Botrytis decay/Gray
mold
Botrytis cinerea
strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit,

pomegranate
Black foot
Cylindrocarpon destructans/C.
liriodendron
grapevine
Black root rot complex
Cylindrocarpon destructans,
Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia spp.
strawberry
Bot canker
Botryosphaeria canker
Botryosphaeria spp. (Fusicoccum

sp. and Neofusicoccum sp.)2
grapevine, pomegranate, walnut
Botryosphaeria panicle
and shoot blight
pistachio
Botryosphaeria dothidea
(Fusicoccum sp. and Neofusicoccum
sp.)2
Botrytis blossom blight
Botrytis cinerea
cherry
Botrytis blossom and

shoot blight
Botrytis cinerea
pistachio
Botrytis fruit rot
Botrytis cinerea
kiwifruit
Brown rot
Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa
almond and other stone fruits
Brown spot
Cladosporium cladosporioides
grape fruit rot
Bunch rot
Botrytis cinerea
grapevine
Cankers (Eutypa,
Cytospora, and
Calosphaeria cankers)
Eutypa lata, Leucostroma

persoonii, Calosphaeria pulchella
cherry
Common leaf spot
Ramularia tulasnii
strawberry
Crown rot
Phytophthora spp.
strawberry
Dead arm
Phomopsis sp.
grapevine
Downy mildew
Plasmopora viticola
grapevine
Disease and Pathogen Names 16
Disease and Pathogen Names, continued

Disease
Pathogen(s)
Host(s)
Esca (Black measles)
grapevine
Eutypa dieback
Togninia spp. (Phaeoacremonium

spp.), Phaeomoniella
chlamydospora
Eutypa lata
Fire blight
Erwinia amylovora (bacterium)
pome fruit (apple, pear, quince, etc.)
Gray mold
Botrytis cinerea
strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit,

pomegranate
Internal (Heart) fruit rot
Aspergillus niger or Alternaria sp.
pomegranate
Jacket rot/Green fruit

rot
Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa

Monilinia fructicola, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum
all stone fruits
Leaf blight
almond
Leaf spot
Seimatosporium lichenicola
Blumeriella jaapii
Leaf curl
Taphrina deformans
peach, nectarine
Leather rot
Phytophthora cactorum
strawberry
Mucor rot
Mucor piriformis and other species
pome and stone fruit; strawberry
Phomopsis blight
Phomopsis sp.
pistachio
Phomopsis cane and

leafspot
Phomopsis viticola, Phomopsis

spp.
grapevine
Phomopsis fruit rot and

dieback
Phomopsis amygdali
almond
Powdery mildew
grapevine
almond, apple, peach, nectarine
cherry
apricot, cherry, plum, prune, peach
strawberry
Red stele
Erysiphe (=Uncinula) necator

Podosphaera leucotricha
Podosphaera clandestina
Podosphaera tridactyla
Podosphaera (=Sphaerotheca)
macularis
Podosphaera (=Sphaerotheca)
pannosa
Phytophthora fragariae
Rhizopus rot
Rhizopus spp.
strawberry
Root rot
Phytophthora spp.
pome and stone fruit crops including almond;

pistachio, grapevine, strawberry, and walnut
Russet scab
Abiotic (rain during bloom)
prune
Rust
Tranzschelia discolor
almond, nectarine, peach, prune, plum
Scab, almond
Fusicladium carpophilum
(Cladosporium carpophilum)
almond, nectarine, peach
Scab, apple
Venturia inaequalis
apple
Scab, pear
Venturia pirina
pear
Sclerotinia blight
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, prune, pistachio
Shot hole
Wilsonomyces carpophilus
almond, apricot, peach, nectarine
Silver leaf
Chondrostereum purpureum
pome and stone fruit, including almond
apricot, grapevine, cherry, almond, apple, blueberry
cherry
apricot, peach, nectarine, plum

strawberry
Disease and Pathogen Names, continued

Disease
Pathogen(s)
Host(s)
Summer rot (sour rot of

grape)
Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger,

Alternaria tenuis, Botrytis cinerea,
Cladosporium herbarum, Rhizopus
arrhizus, Penicillium sp., and
others
grapevine
Walnut blight
Xanthomonas arboricola pv.

juglandis (bacterium)
walnut
These species are members of the Alternaria alternata complex (A. tenuissima, A. arboricola, A. alternata) and are the most prevalent
in diseases of almond and pistachio.
Other closely related species of Alternaria, however, may also be involved.
2
Other species of Botryosphaeria and their anamorphs have been recently identified in addition to B. dothidea.
FUNGICIDES LISTED BY CHEMICAL CLASS:

BACTERICIDES/BIOLOGICALS
ANTIBIOTICS
Trade name
Ag Streptomycin
AgriMycin
FireLine
FireWall
FlameOut
Kasumin
Mycoshield
Common name
streptomycin
streptomycin
oxytetracycline,
terramycin
streptomycin
oxytetracycline,
terramycin
kasugamycin
oxytetracycline
Company
Makhteshim Agan
NuFarm
AgroSource, Inc./Advan LLC
Activity
systemic
systemic
systemic
AgroSource, Inc./Advan LLC

UPI
systemic
systemic
Arysta LifeScience
NuFarm
systemic
systemic
Mode of action: all are protein synthesis inhibitors but with specifically different modes of action.
Resistance risk: high
Growth effects: inhibits protein production and growth.
BIOLOGICALS
Trade name
Actinovate AG
AQ10
Arabesque
BlightBan
Bloomtime Biological FD
Blossom Protect
Botector
Botry-Zen
Double Nickel 55
Plant Shield
Serenade
Sonata
Taegro
Common name
Streptomyces lydicus
Ampelomyces quisqualis
Muscodor albus
Pseudomonas
fluorescensA506
Pantoea agglomerans
E/325
DSM14940/14941 (Used
with Buffer Protect)
Ulocladium oudemansii
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens D747
Trichoderma harzianum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus pumilis
Bacillus subtilis
Company
Natural Industries, Inc.
Ecogen Inc.
Bayer CropScience
J.R. Simplot/Plant Health
Tech.
Northwest Ag Prod.
Activity
contact
contact
contact
contact
Westbridge Ltd.
contact
Westbridge Ltd.
BotryZen Ltd.
Certis USA, L.L.C.
contact
contact
contact
CircleOne Organics
Bayer CropScience
Bayer CropScience
Syngenta Crop Protection
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
Mode of action: antagonism, mycoparasitism, and/or site exclusion (no antibiosis)
Resistance risk: low
Growth effects: growth inhibition of pathogen by antagonism or mycoparasitism
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Miscellaneous Fungicides/Bactericides 19
NATURAL COMPOUNDS/OILS/INORGANIC SALTS

Trade name
Common name
Company
Armicarb
sodium bicarbonate
Helena Chemica Helena Chemical Co.
B-Lock
boric acid and latex paint
Nutrient Technologies
Cinnacure
cinnamaldehyde
ProGuard IncP Pro-Guard, Inc
Citrox BC
plant extract
Citrox Limited
JMS Stylet Oil
mineral oil
JMS Flower Farms
Milstop
potassium bicarbonate
BioWorks
M-Pede Insecticidal Soap
potassium salts
Dow AgroSciences
Kaligreen
sodium bicarbonate
Toagosei/ArystaLifeSciences
Omni Supreme
low range oil
Helena Chemical
ProAlexin
plant extract
Citrox Limited
Prev-am
sodium tetraborohydrate
ORO Agri. Inc.
Problad Plus/Fracture
Lupinus albus
FMC
Purespray
mineral oil
PetroCanada
Quiponin
Quillaja saponaria
Nor-Natur
Regalia
Reynoutria sachalinensis
Marrone Bio Innovations
Saf-T-Side/Omni Supreme petroleum oil
Brandt Consolidated, Inc.
Sporan
plant oils
EcoSMART Technologies
Sporatec
natural oil blend
Brandt Consolidated, Inc.
Timorex
natural oil
Biomor
Trilogy
neem oil
Certis USA
VigorCal
calcium metalosate
Agro-K
VigorK
potassium metalosate
Agro-K
Vintre
orange oil
OroAgri Inc.
Vitiseal
essential oils
Emerson
Activity
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
systemic
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
Mode of action: various
Growth effects: various
MINERALS
Trade name
Copper and sulfur
Common name
various
Company
various
Activity
contact
Mode of action: both are multi-site inhibitors: copper = FRAC1 Group M1; sulfur = FRAC1 Group M2
copper inactivates numerous enzyme systems; sulfur inhibits respiration
Growth effects: inhibits spore germination: sulfur also inhibits mycelial growth of powdery mildews
Sporulation: no effect
SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE (SAR) STIMULATORS

Trade name
Common name
Company
Actigard
acibenzolar-S-methyl
Apogee
prohexadione calcium
BASF
KeyPlex 350 DP
yeast extract
Morse Enterprises
Messenger/Employ
harpin
Eden Bioscience
ProAlexin
plant host defense activator
Citrox Limited
Activity
systemic
systemic
systemic
systemic
systemic
Mode of action: host resistance
Resistance risk: unknown
Growth effects: unknown
Sporulation: unknown
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Miscellaneous Fungicides/Bactericides 20
FUNGICIDES LISTED BY CHEMICAL CLASS:

SYNTHETIC FUNGICIDES FRAC Group (FG)
(Single Active Ingredients)
ANILINOPYRIMIDINES (AP) (FG 9)
Trade name
Common name
Penbotec***
pyrimethanil
Scala
pyrimethanil
Company
Janssen Pharmaceutica (Dist.
by Cerexagri, Pace
International, JBT, etc.)
Bayer CropScience
Vangard
cyprodinil
Activity
slightly systemic (on
most crops)
most crops)
most crops)
***Postharvest use only
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 9; single-site, methionine biosynthesis inhibitor (protein disruption); has "kick-back" activity against
apple and pear scab and stone fruit fungi.
Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action;
rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the
upper range), and limit the total number of applications/season.
Growth effects: APs inhibits mycelial growth and suppresses spore germination. More effective in spring (lower temperatures) than
summer (higher temperatures)
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (FG 14)

Trade name
Common name
Botran
dicloran
Allisan
dicloran
Company
Gowan
Gowan
Activity
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 14; mechanism unclear, but lipid peroxidation (disruption of membrane integrity) was proposed.
Resistance risk: medium
Growth effects: interrupts mycelial growth
Sporulation: little effect
METHYL BENZIMIDAZOLE CARBAMATES (MBC) (FG 1)

Trade name
Common name
Company
Mertect, Alumni***
thiabendazole (TBZ)
Cercobin
thiophanate-methyl
Cheminova
T-Methyl
thiophanate-methyl
Arysta LifeScience
Topsin-M
thiophanate-methyl
UPI
Incognito
thiophanate-methyl
ADAMA Agricultural
Solutions Ltd.
Activity
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 1; single-site inhibitors that interfere with -tubulin assembly and mitosis (nuclear division disruption)
Resistance risk: high; levels of resistant populations do not decline in the absence of fungicide use; to reduce the risk of resistance
development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode-of-action
FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of
Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth
Sporulation: inhibits
Fungicides Listed by Chemical Class: Synthetic Fungicides (Single Active Ingredient) 21
BENZAMIDES (FG 43)

Trade name
Presidio
Common name
fluopicolide
Company
Valent (Bayer CropScience)
Activity
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 43; delocalization of cellular spectrin-like proteins resulting in disruption of cell division.
Resistance risk: high; the fungicide should be used following FRAC guidelines and used in mixtures and rotations with other fungicides
effective against target plant pathogens; to reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site
mode of action, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications/season (less than 4).
Growth effects: inhibition of mycelial growth, and lysis of zoospores.
DITHIOCARBAMATES AND RELATIVES (FG M3)

CARBAMATES
Trade name
Common name
Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDC)
Dithane (coordinated product)
mancozeb
Manzate (coordinated product)
mancozeb
Penncozeb (coordinated product)
mancozeb
Dimethyl dithiocarbamates (DMDC)
Thiram
thiram
Ziram
ziram
Company
Activity
Dow AgroSciences
DuPont
UPI
contact
contact
contact
Taminco
UPI
contact
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group M3; multi-site inhibitors that complex with enzymes probably inhibiting respiration.
Growth effects: inhibits spore germination
CARBOXYLIC ACID AMIDES (FG 40)

Trade name
Common name
Revus
mandipropamid
Company
Activity
contact, systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 40; interferes with cellulose synthase and cell wall biosynthesis
rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper
range), and limit the total number of applications/season.
Growth effects: inhibits conidial germination and mycelial growth
Sporulation: reduces
CHLORONITRILES (FG M5)

Trade name
Common name
Bravo
chlorothalonil
Chlorothalonil
chlorothalonil
Echo
chlorothalonil
Equus
chlorothalonil
Company
Arysta LifeScience
Sipcam Agro USA
ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.
Activity
contact
contact
contact
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group M5; multi-site inhibitor affecting various enzymes and other metabolic processes.
DEMETHYLATION (ERGOSTEROL OR STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS) INHIBITORS (DMI OR SBI) (FG 3)

Trade name
Common name
Sub-class
Company
Activity
Bayleton
triadimefon
Triazole
Taminco
systemic (local)
Bumper
propiconazole
Triazole
ADAMA Agricultural
systemic (local)
Solutions Ltd.
Elite
tebuconazole
Triazole
Bayer CropScience
systemic (local)
Indar (Enable)
fenbuconazole
Triazole
Dow AgroSciences
systemic (local)
Inspire
difenoconazole
Triazole
Syngenta Crop Protection systemic (local)
Mentor***
propiconazole
Triazole
Syngenta Crop Protection systemic (local)
Mettle
tetraconazole
Triazole
Sipcam Agro USA
systemic (local)
Orius
tebuconazole
Triazole
ADAMA Agricultural
systemic (local)
Solutions Ltd.
Procure/Viticure
triflumizole
Imidazole
Chemtura
systemic (local)
Propicure
propiconazole
Triazole
Direct AgSource
systemic (local)
Quash
metconazole
Triazole
Valent USA
systemic (local)
Rally (Laredo)
myclobutanil
Triazole
Dow AgroSciences
systemic (local)
Rubigan/Vintage
fenarimol
Pyrimidine
Gowan Co.
systemic (local)
Toledo
tebuconazole
Triazole
Rotam North America
systemic (local)
Teb
tebuconazole
Triazole
Willowood, Inc.
systemic (local)
Tebucon
tebuconazole
Triazole
Repar Corp.
systemic (local)
Tebuzol
tebuconazole
Triazole
UPI
systemic (local)
Tilt
propiconazole
Triazole
Topguard/Rhyme
flutriafol
Triazole
Syngenta Crop
Protection
Cheminova Inc.
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
***Postharvest use on fruit only.
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 3; single-site inhibitors; inhibit demethylation and other processes in sterol biosynthesis; most are
absorbed quickly and move up but not down in the plant; all have little effect on spore germination, but interfere with other early
developmental processes; all inhibit mycelial growth and may stop lesions from sporulating; many have "kick-back" activity against
brown rot, rust, perhaps scab, and apple and pear scab. Systemic action was determined in leaves of annual plants. The requisite tests
using radioactive labeled compounds on flowers, fruit, and leaves of tree crops have not been conducted.
Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth
Sporulation: suppresses
DICARBOXIMIDES (FG 2)
Trade name
Common name
Iprodione
iprodione
Meteor
iprodione
Nevado
iprodione
Rovral
iprodione
Company
Arysta LifeScience
UPI
FMC
Activity
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 2; osmotic signal transduction (MAP / histidine kinase (os-1, Daf1)
Resistance risk: low with low frequency of application; none reported in California; where resistance occurs, no crop losses reported on
stone fruits; resistant populations are less fit and decline in absence of fungicide use.
Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and to a lesser extent spore germination
HYDROXYANILIDES (FG 17)

Trade name
Common name
Elevate
fenhexamid
Judge
fenhexamid
Protexio
fenpyrazamine
Company
Arysta LifeScience
Pace International
Valent USA
Activity
contact
contact
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 17; unknown, probably single-site and related to sterol biosynthesis inhibition.
Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth
PHENYLAMIDES (FG 4)
Trade name
Common name
FarmSaver,
mefenoxam
Mefenoxam
Ridomil Gold
mefenoxam
Company
Activity
contact, systemic
contact, systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 4; interferes with activity of a nuclear RNA polymerase.I
Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth, sporangial development, and zoospore viability
PHENYLPYRROLES
Trade name
Common name
Scholar***
fludioxonil
PacRite FDL***
fludioxonil
Company
Pace International
Activity
contact (except cherrysystemic)
contact (except cherrysystemic)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 12; single-site; interferes with regulatory enzymes of oxidation and osmotic signal transduction (MAP /
histidine kinase (os-2, HOG-1)).
Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and germination
PHOSPHONATES (FG 33)

Trade name
Common name
Aliette
fosetyl-aluminum
Fungi-Phite
potassium phosphite
K-Phite
polyphosphite
Legion
fosetyl-aluminum
Linebacker
fosetyl-aluminum
ProPhyt
potassium phosphite
Company
Bayer CropScience
Plant Protectants, LLC
Plant Food Systems, Inc.
Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. (NovaSource)
Helena Chemical Company
Activity
systemic
systemic
systemic
systemic
systemic
systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 33; reports indicate variable effects on both plant and organism physiology.
Growth effects: may inhibit phosphorus deficiency signaling in the plant.
Sporulation: suppresses sporulation of Phytophthora spp.
Note: K-phite is reported to be active against fungal and bacterial diseases (e.g., Xanthomonas spp,) has higher rates registered than other
phosphonates, and is compatible with copper.
PHTHALIMIDES (FG M4)

Trade name
Common name
Captan
captan
Company
various
Activity
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group M4; multi-site inhibitor that complexes with enzymes probably inhibiting respiration.
POLYOXINS (FG 19)

Trade name
Ph-D/Endorse
Oso/Tavano
Common name
polyoxin-D
polyoxin-D
Company
Arysta LifeScience
Certis USA
Activity
contact
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 19; single-site inhibitor of chitin synthase (disruption of cell wall biosynthesis).
Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth.
QUINOLINES (FG 13)

Trade name
Quintec
Common name
quinoxyfen
Company
Dow AgroSciences
Activity
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 13; probably single-site inhibitor; disrupts early cell signaling events (signal transduction).
Growth effects: suppresses spore germination, early germ tube development and/or appressorium formation
STROBILURINS (QoIs) (FG 11)

Trade name
Common name
Abound
azoxystrobin
Cabrio
pyraclostrobin
Flint/Gem2
trifloxystrobin
Sovran
kresoxim methyl
Aproach
picoxystrobin
Company
BASF
Bayer CropScience
BASF
DuPont
Activity
contact and systemic
2
Gem registered on stone fruit and tree nuts; Flint registered on pome fruit and grape.
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 11; single-site; blocks respiration by interfering with cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site.
rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the
SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITORS (SDHIs) (FG 7)

Trade name
Common name
Company
Endura
boscalid
BASF
Fontelis
penthiopyrad
DuPont
Kenja
isofetamid
ISK Biosciences
Luna Privilege
fluopyram
Bayer CropScience
Aprovia
benzovindiflupyr
Xemium
fluxapyroxad
BASF
Activity
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 7; single-site; blocks respiration by interfering with complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). Several subgroups have different activity and resistance potential. Examples include: pyridine-carboxamides (boscalid), pyrazole-4-carboxamides
(penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, isopyrazam), and pyridinyl-ethyl benzamides (fluopyram).
Growth effects: reduced mycelial growth
Unknown modes of action

BENZOPHENONE (FG U8)
Trade name
Vivando
Common name
metrafenone
Company
BASF
Activity
contact and
systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group U8); single-site; proposed mechanism is actin disruption.
Resistance risk: high?; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of
action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates
(preferably the upper range), follow protective application schedule, and limit the total number of applications/season.
Growth effects: abnormal spore germination, appressorium formation, and secondary hyphal growth (prevents plant infection).
Sporulation: inhibition of spore formation occurs if mycelium on leaf surfaces is treated
PHENYL-ACETAMIDES (FG U6)

Trade name
Common name
Torino
cyflufenamid
Company
Gowan
Activity
contact
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group U6; unknown mechanism.
GUANIDINES (FG U12)

Trade name
Syllit
Common name
dodine
Company
Aceto Ag. Chemicals Corp.
Activity
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group U12; membranes disruption.
MULTIPLE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PRE-MIXTURES

DMI/STROBILURIN (QoI) (FG 3/3)
Trade name
Common name
Inspire XT
difenoconazole/propiconazole
Company
Activity
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Group 3; single-site inhibitor; DMIs (difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole) inhibit demethylation and
other processes in sterol biosynthesis; strobilurins (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin) block respiration by interfering with cytochrome b.
Resistance risk: medium to high; rating is a result of only partial overlap in the spectrum of activity of the two active ingredients. To
reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with
different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total
number of applications/season.
Growth effects: DMIs inhibit mycelial growth.
Sporulation: DMIs suppress sporulation.
DMI/SDHI (FG 3/7)

Trade name
Luna Experience
Common name
tebuconazole/fluopyram
Company
Bayer CropScience
Activity
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 3 and 7; DMI single-site inhibitors (tebuconazole) target demethylation and other processes in sterol
biosynthesis; whereas SDHI fungicides inhibit succinate dehydrogenase (fluopyram). Most DMI fungicides most are absorbed quickly
and move up but not down in the plant; all have little effect on spore germination, but interfere with other early developmental
processes; all inhibit mycelial growth and may stop lesions from sporulating; many have post-infection or "kick-back" activity against
brown rot, rust, perhaps scab, and apple and pear scab.
reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides
with different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the
total number of applications/season.
Growth effects: unknown for SDHI; DMI inhibits only mycelial growth
Sporulation: unknown for SDHI; DMI inhibits sporulation.
DMI/STROBILURIN (QoI) (FG 3/11)

Trade name
Common name
Quadris Top
difenoconazole/azoxystrobin
Quilt Xcel
propiconazole/azoxystrobin
Company
Activity
systemic (local)
systemic (local)
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 3 and 11; both single-site inhibitors; DMIs (difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole) inhibit
demethylation and other processes in sterol biosynthesis; strobilurins (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin) block respiration by interfering with
cytochrome b.
reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with
different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total
number of applications/season.
Growth effects: DMIs inhibit mycelial growth; strobilurins inhibit spore germination.
Sporulation: DMIs suppress sporulation; strobilurins have no effect.
Multiple Active Ingredients in Premixtures 28
DMI/ANILINOPYRIMIDINE (AP) (FG 3/9)

Trade name
Common name
Inspire Super
difenoconazole/cyprodinil
Company
Activity
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 3 and 9; both single-site inhibitors; DMIs (e.g., tebuconazole) inhibit demethylation and other processes
in sterol biosynthesis pathway; whereas AP fungicides are methionine inhibitors (e.g., cyprodinil).
Resistance risk: medium; rating is a result of only partial overlap in the spectrum of activity of the two active ingredients. To reduce the
risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different
mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of
Growth effects: APs inhibit mycelial growth and suppresses spore germination; DMIs inhibit mycelial growth.
Sporulation: APs have no effect; DMIs suppress sporulation.
DMI/PHOSPHONATE (FG 3/33)

Trade name
Common name
Viathon
tebuconazole/phosphite
Company
Luxembourg
Activity
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 3 and 33; both single-site inhibitors; DMIs (e.g., tebuconazole) inhibit demethylation and other
processes in sterol biosynthesis pathway; whereas phosphonate fungicides have an unknown mode of action.
Growth effects: DMIs inhibit mycelial growth; whereas phosphonates affect many aspects of fungal growth.
Sporulation: DMIs suppress sporulation.
DMI/ CHLORONITRILE (FG 3/M5)

Trade name
Common name
Company
Catamaran
tebuconazole/chlorothalonil Luxembourg
Activity
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 3 and M5; single-site and multi-site inhibitors; DMIs (e.g., tebuconazole) inhibit demethylation and
other processes in sterol biosynthesis pathway; whereas chloronitril fungicides effect many different metabolic sites.
Growth effects: DMIs inhibit mycelial growth; whereas chloronitriles affect many aspects of fungal growth.
Sporulation: DMIs and chloronitriles suppress sporulation.
SDHI/STROBILURIN (QoI) (FG 7/11)

Trade name
Common name
Aprovia
benzovindiflupyr/
azoxystrobin
Merivon
fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin
Luna Sensation
fluopyram/trifloxystrobin
Pristine
boscalid/pyraclostrobin
Q8Y78
penthiopyrad/picoxystrobin
Company
Syngenta Crop
Protection
BASF
Bayer CropScience
BASF
DuPont
Activity
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 7 and 11; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors possibly multi-site; whereas QoIs are single-site. The
QoIs (pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, picoxystrobin) block respiration by interfering with cytochrome b; SDHI fungicides inhibit
succinate dehydrogenase (boscalid, fluopyram, penthiopyrad, fluxopyroxad).
reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides
Growth effects: strobilurins inhibit spore germination; unknown for SDHI
Sporulation: no effect for strobilurins; unknown for SDHI
ANILINOPYRIMIDINE/PHENYLPYRROLE (9/12)
Trade name
Common name
Switch
cyprodinil/fludioxonil
Company
Activity
contact/slightly systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 9 and 12; both single-site, anilinopyrimidines (cyprodinil) inhibit methionine; phenylpyrroles
(fludioxonil) interfere with regulatory enzymes of oxidation, osmoregulation, and possibly respiration.
Growth effects: both inhibit mycelial growth and germination
Sporulation: reduction
MBC/PHENYLPYRROLE (FG 1 and 12)

Trade name
Common name
Scholar Max MP***
TBZ/fludioxonil
Company
Activity
contact/slightly systemic
Mode of action: FRAC1 Groups 1 and 12; both single-site, MBC (TBZ) binds to betatubulin; phenylpyrroles (fludioxonil) interfere
with regulatory enzymes of oxidation, osmoregulation, and possibly respiration.
Resistance risk: medium to high (if TBZ resistance already exists)
Growth effects: both inhibit mycelial growth and germination
Sporulation: reduction
1
management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9,
11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers,
make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
ALMOND: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Fungicide
Bumper/Tilt/Propicure/
Propiconazole4
Indar
Inspire Super4
Luna Sensation
Pristine
Merivon
Quash4
Luna Experience
Quadris Top
Quilt Xcel
Rovral + oil8
Resistance
risk (FRAC)1
high (3)
Brown
rot
++++
Jacket
rot
+/-
Anthrac
-nose
++++
Shot
hole
++
Scab3
++
Rust3
+++
high (3)
high (3/9)
medium
(7/11)3,7
medium
(7/11)3,7
medium
(7/11)3,7
high (3)
medium (3/7)3
++++
++++
++++
+/++++
++++
+++
++
+++
++++
NL
+++
++++
++
+++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++
+++
medium
(3/11)3
medium
(3/11)3
low (2)
++++
3, 7
ND
Alternaria
leaf spot 3
++
PMlike5
+++
Hull
rot16
++
+
+++
++++
ND
ND
----
++++
ND
ND
ND
+++
+++
+++
++++
+++
ND
+++
+++
+++
++++
++++
+++
ND
++++
++++
+++
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
++++
++++
++++
ND
ND
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
++++
+++
++++
++++
ND
+++
+++
+++
++++
+++
++++
+++
++++
++++
ND
+++
+++
+++
++++
++++
----
+++
+/-
++
ND
+++9
ND
----
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Leaf
blight
Scala
high (9)
++++
++++
++
---+
------ND
Tebucon/Toledo
high (3)
++++
+/+++
++
++
+++
+
++
(Elite**/Tebuzol**)
ND
ND
Viathon
Medium (3/33) ++++
+/+++
++
++
+++
+
++
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/
high (1)2, 7
++++
++++
------+++8
+
+++6
---++
---Incognito2
ND
ND
ND
Vangard
high (9)3, 7
++++
++++
++
---+9
------4
Fontelis
high (7)
++++
++++
++
++++
+++
+++
ND
+++
ND
---Abound4
high (11)3, 7
+++
---++++
+++
++++
++++ +++
+++10
+++
+++
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Elevate
high (17) 7
+++
++++
---+
---ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Protexio
high (17) 7
+++
++++
---+
---Gem4
high (11)3, 7
+++
---++++
+++
++++
++++ +++
+++10
+++
+++
Laredo
high (3)
+++
---++
++
---+
+++
---+++
---ND
Rovral/Iprodione
low (2)
+++
+++
---+++
------++9
------/Nevado
ND
Rhyme*
high (3)
+++
+/ND
+
++
ND
++
ND
ND
NL
NL
NL
Bravo/Chlorolow (M5)
++
+++
+++
+++15 ++++
------thalonil/Echo
/Equus11,12
Captan4,12
low (M4)
++
++
+++
+++
++
---+++6
+
------CaptEvate*
low (M4/17)
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
---+++
+
------+++
ND
Ph-D
medium (19)
++
+++
---++
+++
++++
ND
++
Syllit
Medium (U12) +
---ND
+++
++++
ND
ND
+
ND
---Rally13
high (3)
+++
---++
+/---+
+++
---+++
---Ziram
low (M3)
++
+
+++
+++
+++
---++
+
------ND
Copper14
low (M1)
+/+/---+
+15
------------ND
ND
ND
---Copper + oil14
low (M1)
---+
+++15 ---------NL
NL
NL
---Lime sulfur12
low (M2)
+/---+/++15
++
------Sulfur4,12
low (M2)
+/+/------++
++
------+++
Fracture
low
++
+
------------------------PlantShield***
low
------------------------------Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often
ineffective, ---- = ineffective, NL = not on label, and ND = no data
* Registration pending in California.
**Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California.
*** Section 24C (special local needs) registration approved in California for silver leaf disease of almond.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see
http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one
application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for
fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
Continued on next page . . .
Almonds: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 31
Almond: Fungicide Efficacy, continued

2
Strains of the brown rot fungi Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl have been found in some California almond
orchards. MBC-resistant strains of the jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildew fungi, have been reported in California on crops
other than almond and stone fruits and may have the potential to develop in almonds with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry. MBCresistant strains of the scab fungus, Cladosporium carpophilum, have been found in California.
3
Field resistance of Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium carpophilum to QoI and SDHI fungicides has been detected in almond orchards. AP-resistant
populations of Monilinia spp. have been found on other stone fruit crops in California.
4
Of the materials listed, only sulfur, Abound, Gem, and some of the DMI fungicides (FRAC Group No. 3) are registered for use in late spring and early
summer when treatment is recommended.
5
PM-like refers to a powdery mildew-like disease on almond fruit that is managed with fungicides. Recent information suggests an Acremonium
species is involved.
6
Excellent control obtained when combinations of Topsin-M or T-Methyl and Captan are used.
7
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with
different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of
8
Oils recommended include "light" summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
9
Not registered for use later than 5 weeks after petal fall.
10
Efficacy reduced at high temperatures and relative humidity; experimental for Alternaria.
11
Bravo Ultrex, Bravo WeatherStik, Echo, Echo Ultimate, and Chlorothalonil are currently registered.
12
Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
13
Efficacy is better in concentrate (80-100 gal/acre) than in dilute sprays.
14
The low rates necessary to avoid phytotoxicity in spring reduce the efficacy of copper.
15
"Burns out" scab twig lesions when applied at delayed dormant. (Chlorothalonil can be applied with dormant oil during tree dormancy).
16
Hull rot ratings are for the disease caused by Rhizopus stolonifer. Ratings for the disease caused by Monilinia spp. will be provided in the future.
ALMOND: TREATMENT TIMING

Note: Not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease
Alternaria
Anthracnose2
Bacterial spot
Brown rot
Green fruit rot
Hull rot7
Leaf blight
Scab3
Shot hole4
Rust
Dormant
------+
-------
Pink
bud
---++
--++
----
Bloom
Full
bloom
---+++
+
+++
+++
Spring1
Petal
fall
---+++
++
+
++
---++
+5
----
-----+
----
+++
--++
----
++
++
+++
----
2
weeks
---+++
+++
------
+
+++
+++
----
Summer
5
weeks
++
+++
+++
-------
May
+++
+++
+
-------
---+++
++
+++
---+
---+++
June
+++
++
---------+++
--------+6
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
1
Two and five weeks after petal fall are general timings to represent early postbloom and the latest time that most fungicides can be
applied. The exact timing is not critical but depends on the occurrence of rainfall.
2
If anthracnose was damaging in previous years and temperatures are moderate (63F or higher) during bloom, make the first
application at pink bud. Otherwise treatment can begin at or shortly after petal fall. In all cases, application should be repeated at 7to 10-day intervals when rains occur during periods of moderate temperatures. Treatment should, if possible, precede any late
spring and early summer rains. Rotate fungicides, using different fungicide classes, as a resistance management strategy.
3
Early treatments (during bloom) have minimal effect on scab; the 5-week treatment usually is most effective. Treatments after 5
weeks are useful in northern areas where late spring and early summer rains occur. Dormant treatment with liquid lime sulfur
improves efficacy of spring control programs.
4
If pathogen spores were found during fall leaf monitoring, apply a shot hole fungicide during bloom, preferably at petal fall or when
young leaves first appear. Re-apply when spores are found on new leaves or if heavy, persistent spring rains occur. If pathogen
spores were not present the previous fall, shot hole control may be delayed until spores are seen on new leaves in spring.
5
Dormant copper treatment seldom reduces shot hole infection but may be useful in severely affected orchards and must be followed
by a good spring program.
6
Treatment in June is important only if late spring and early summer rains occur.
7
Make application at 1-5% hull split to manage hull rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer.
Almonds: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 32
ALMOND: SUGGESTED DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS BY FUNGICIDE FRAC1 GROUPS

Note: Not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control (see Treatment Timing Table). If treatments are
needed based on host phenology, weather monitoring, inoculum models, or environmental-disease forecasting
models, suggested fungicide groups are listed for each timing.
How to use this table:
1) Identify the disease(s) that need(s) to be managed. Know the disease history of the orchard, especially from the
previous season.
2) Select one of the suggested fungicide groups. Numbers separated by slashes are pre-mixtures, whereas numbers
grouped by pluses are tank mixtures. If several diseases need to be managed, select a group that is effective against all
diseases. Refer to the fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group. Group numbers are listed
in numerical order within the suggested disease management program.
3) Rotate groups for each application within a season and, if possible, use each group only once per season, except for
multi-site mode-of-action materials (e.g., M2) or natural products/biological controls (NP/BC).
Disease
Dormant
Pink
Pink bud
Bloom
Full
Full bloom
Spring
2
5
2 weeks
5 weeks
Petal
Petal fall
Summer
May
June
Alternaria
----
----
----
----
----
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
19
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
19
Anthracnose
----
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33,
7
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11,

3/33,
7, 7/11,
11
3, 3/9, 3/7, 3/11

3/33,
11,
M3,
M4
3, 3/9, 3/11,
3/7, 3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
M3,
M4
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11,

3/33
7, 7/11,
11
M3
M4
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33
7, 7/11
11
M3
M4
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33
7, 7/11
11
M3
M4
Bacterial spot
M1,
M1+M3
----
M1,
M1+M3
M1,
M1+M3
M1,
M1+M3
M1,
M1+M3
M1
----
Brown rot
----
12
2 +oil
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33
9
12
2 +oil
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11
3/33,
7, 7/11,
9,
11,
19
12
2 +oil
3/11, 3/33
7, 7/11,
9,
19
----
----
----
----
Green fruit rot
----
----
12
2 +oil
3/7, 3/9, 3/11,
7, 7/11,
9
19
12
2 +oil
3/7, 3/9, 3/11,
7, 7/11,
9
19
----
----
----
----
Leaf blight
----
----
12
2
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11
3/33,
11
12
2
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11
3/33,
11
M3
M4
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11, 3/33
11
M3
M4
----
----
----
Almonds: Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups 33
Scab4
M1+oil,
M23
----
----
1 2,
3/7, 3/9, 3/11,
3/33,
7, 7/112
112
M3
M4,
M5
1 2,
3/7, 3/9, 3/11,
3/33,
7, 7/112
112
M3
M4, M5
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11

3/33,
7, 7/112,
112
M23
M3,
M4
M23
M4
----
Shot hole
M1
2
3, 3/7, 3/9,
3/11,
7,
9,
11
2
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11
7, 7/11
9,
11,
19
2
3, 3/7, 3/9, 3/11
7, 7/11
9
11,
19
7, 7/11
11,
19
M3
M4
M5
7, 7/11
11,
19
M3
M4
M5
----
----
Rust
----
----
----
----
----
3, 3/7, 3/11
3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
19
M3
3, 3/7, 3/11
3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
19
3, 3/7, 3/11
3/33,
7, 7/11,
11,
19
1 Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (For more information, see
http://frac.info). Group numbers are listed in numerical order within the suggested disease management program. Fungicides with a different group number are
suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. Refer to the fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group.
2 Strains of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa resistant to Topsin-M, and T-Methyl are present in some California almond orchards. Resistant strains of the jacket rot
fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in California on crops other than almond and stone fruits and may have the potential to
develop in almond with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry.
3 Use liquid lime sulfur in dormant applications and wettable sulfur at and after pre-bloom.
4 Apply petal fall treatments based on twig-infection sporulation model.
Almonds: Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups 34
APPLE AND PEAR: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Fungicide
Bayleton**
Inspire Super
Flint2
Fontelis
Luna Sensation5
Pristine
Procure4
Rally5
Rubigan/Vintage4
Scala
Sovran
Syllit
Tebuzol**
Topsin-M/T-Methyl
/Incognito/Cercobin3
Vangard
Ph-D
Captan6
Dithane/Manzate/
Penncozeb6
Ziram6
Copper6
Lime sulfur6,8
Sulfur7
Ph-D/Oso/Tavano**
Bactericide/
Biological
Ag Streptomycin/AgriMycin /Firewall
Kasumin*
MycoShield/FireLine10
(FlameOut**)
Copper7
Captan6
Dithane/Manzate/
Penncozeb6
Actinovate
Blight Ban
Bloomtime Bio
Blossom Protect
Actigard**
Apogee5
Resistance
risk (FRAC#)1
high (3)
medium (3/9)
high (11)3
high (7)
Medium (7/11)
medium (7/11)
high (3)
high (3)
high (3)
high (9)3
high (11)3
medium (U12)
high (3)
high (1)3
Scab
Protectant
---++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
Eradicant
---++++
++++
++
++
---++++
++
++++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
Powdery mildew
(apple only)
+++
++++
++++
+++
++++
+++
++++
++++
+++
+
+++
---+++
+++
high (9)3
medium (19)
low (M4)
low (M3)
+++
+
+++
+++
+++
+
-------
+++
+++
-------
low (M3)
low (M1)
low (M2)
low (M2)
high (19)
++
++7
---++
++
------++++8
-------
------+++9
++++
ND
Resistance
risk
high
Fire blight11
Contact
Systemic
++++
+++
Phytotoxicity
+/-
Growth
Regulator/SAR
----
high
high
++++
+++
++++
+++
+/+/-
-------
low (M1)
low (M4)
low (M3)
+/++
++
++
----------
+
-------
----------
low
low
low
low
low
low
+/++
+/++
+/++
+/++
-------
------------+
----
+/+/+/+/-------
------------+?11
++11
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable,
+ = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, / = variable, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data.
** Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California.
*** Postharvest fruit registrations in California include: TBZ, Alumni, Penbotec and Scholar.
Continued on next page . . .
Apple and Pear: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 35
Apple and PearFungicide Efficacy, continued

1
rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two
consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
High resistance potential to trifloxystrobin for apple and pear scab pathogen populations.
3
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides
total number of applications/season. Cercobin is registered only on apples.
4
On pear, use only before white bud and after full bloom.
5
Labeled on apple only in California.
6
These materials show some efficacy and should be used in mixtures with antibiotics as a component of resistance management programs. Captan
is registered on apples, whereas Dithane is registered on apples and pears.
7
Though copper may be effective for scab and blight control under low disease pressure, copper products may cause fruit scarring or russeting.
8
"Burns out" scab twig lesions when applied at delayed dormant and disrupts pseudothecial (or ascostroma) development when applied to leaves
in fall. CAUTION: LIME SULFUR IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH MOST OTHER PESTICIDES WHEN USED AFTER BUDBREAK.
CHECK BEFORE USE.
9
In-season application eradicates powdery mildew.
10
Labeled on pear but not on apple.
11
Growth regulators such as prohexadione calcium (Apogee) can be used in an integrated approach to reduce host susceptibility but do not have
antibiotic activity against fire blight. Thus, Apogee was not included in the fire blight activity ratings.
APPLE AND PEAR: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Fall
Delayed dormant
Scab1
Powdery mildew3
Fire blight
++2
-------
++2
-------
Green tip
/White bud
+++
-------
Pink bud
+++
+++
+++
Petal Fall/
Cover Sprays
+++
+++
+++4
1
Protection of early tissue is important. Additional applications should be made according to infection periods as determined by the Mills
table.
2
Disruption of pseudothecial (or ascostroma) development (fall) and inactivation of overwintering twig lesions (delayed dormant) occurs;
effects of these treatments on disease control uncertain.
3
Early application is most effective; added treatments are made if mildew continues.
4
Start management program at the beginning of bloom and continue through bloom including "rat-tail" bloom throughout spring. Several
models are available for forecasting infection periods and treatment timing. Models include: Maryblyt, Cougar Blight, etc.
Apple and Pear: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 36
APRICOT: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Note: Do not use sulfur at any time on apricot trees or use captan preharvest on apricot fruit.
Fungicide
Bumper/Tilt/Propiconazole
Elite/Tebuzol**
Indar
Inspire Super
Quash
Luna Sensation*
Merivon
Pristine
Luna Experience*
Quadris Top
Quilt Xcel
Rovral5 + oil6
Scala7
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/
Incognito 3
Vangard7
Fontelis
Quintec
Rally
Rovral/Iprodione/
Nevado5
Elevate
Abound
Ph-D/Oso/Tavano**
Botran
Bravo/Chlorothalonil/Echo/Equus9,10
Captan10,11
Gem
Copper
Ziram
Brown rot2
Resistance
1
Blossom
Fruit
risk (FRAC#)
high (3)
++++
++++
high (3)
++++
++++
high (3)
++++
++++
high (3)
++++
++++
high (3)
++++
++++
medium (7/11)4 ++++
++++
medium (7/11)4 ++++
++++
medium (7/11)4 ++++
++++
medium (3/7)
++++
++++
medium (3/11)
++++
++++
medium (3/11)
++++
++++
low (2)
++++
NL
high (9)3,4
++++
+++7
4
high (1)
++++
++++
Jacket
rot
---+
---++++
++
+++
+++
+++
+
+
++
++++
+++8
++++
Powdery
mildew2
+++
+
ND
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
---ND
+++
Shot
hole
+/+
---+++
++
++++
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
+++
++
----
Eutypa
+++
------------------------------------++++
high (9)3,4
high (7)
high (13)
high (3)
low (2)
++++
++++
---+++
+++
+++7
+++
---+++
NL
+++8
++++
------+++
ND
++++
++++
+++
----
++
++++
------+++
---------+++
----
high (17)4
high (11)4
high (19)
medium (14)
low (M5)
+++
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
++
++
+++
---+++
+++
++
++
ND
+++
ND
----
+
+++
+
ND
+++
----------------
low (M4)
high (11)4
low (M1)
low (M3)
++
++
+/+/-
----11
+
-------
++
------+
---ND
-------
+++
+++
++
++++
-------------
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic,
+/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data, and NL = not on label
1
make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
Do not use fungicides with the same FRAC number and high resistance risk more than twice in one year.
3
Strains of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl have been reported in some California apricot
orchards. Resistant strains of the jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, have been reported in California on crops other than almond and
stone fruits and may have the potential to develop in apricots with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry. Sub-populations of
both Monilinia spp. have been shown to be resistant to AP (FRAC 9) fungicides on prune in CA.
4
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix
fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range),
and limit the total number of applications/season.
5
Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
6
The oil is a "light" summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
7
High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.
8
Has not been tested on apricot but is effective against the jacket rot pathogens.
9
Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
10
11
Causes fruit browning or staining as a preharvest spray.
Apricot: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 37
APRICOT: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Brown rot1
Eutypa
Jacket rot
Powdery mildew
Shot hole3
Dormant
---+4
----------
Red bud
+++
-------------
Popcorn
+++
-------------
Full bloom
+++
---+++
+++
++
Until pit
hardening
---------+++2
+++
Preharvest
1 to 3 weeks
+++
---++
-------
1
Begin at red bud, add one or two more sprays if weather favors disease.
Repeated treatment at 7- to 14-day intervals may be necessary; earlier treatments are most effective.
3
If pathogen spores were found during fall leaf monitoring, apply a shot hole fungicide during bloom, preferably at petal fall or when
young leaves first appear. Re-apply when spores are found on new leaves or if heavy persistent spring rains occur. If pathogen
spores were not present the previous fall, shot hole control may be delayed until spores are seen on new leaves.
4
Applications are made to pruning cuts.
2
Apricot: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 38
CHERRY: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Resistance
Fungicide***
risk (FRAC#)1
Adament**
medium (3/11)
Bumper/Tilt
high (3)
Elite**/Orius/Tebuzol high (3)
**/Tebuconazole/
Toledo/Tebucon
Indar
high (3)
Luna Sensation
medium (7/11)5
Pristine
medium (7/11)5
Merivon
medium (7/11)5
Quash
high (3)
Luna Experience*
medium (3/7)
Quadris Top
medium (3/11)
Quilt Xcel
medium (3/11)
Rovral6 + oil7
low (2)
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/ high (1)5
Incognito4
high (7)4
Fontelis
Abound
high (11)5
Cabrio
high (11)5
Elevate
high (17)5
Gem
high (11)5
8
Procure
high (3)
Quintec
medium (13)
Rally8
high (3)
Rovral, Iprodione,
low (2)
Nevado6
Rubigan/Vintage
high (3)
Botran
medium (14)
Ph-D, Oso/Tavano** high (19)
Bravo/Chlorothalonil/ low (M5)
Echo /Equus9,10
Captan10
low (M4)
Copper
low (M1)
Sulfur10
low (M2)
Vitiseal
low (?)
Ziram
low (M3)
Brown rot 2
Blossom
Fruit
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++12
Botrytis
Blossom/Fruit
++
---++
Jacket rot/
Powdery
Green fruit rot mildew 2
++
+++
---+++
++
++
Eutypa
---+++
+++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
+++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
NL
NL
---+++
+++
+++
++
+++
++
++
++++
++++
---+++
+++
+++
++
+++
++
++
++++
++++
+++
++++
+++
++++
+++
++++
+++
+++
++
+++
---------------------------++++4
++++
+++
++++
++++
++++
----
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
ND
+++
+++
+
++
+++
++
+++
ND
+++
NL
------++++
------ND
---+++
------++++
------ND
---+++
++
++
+
++
++++
++++
++++
----
------------------+++
----
+++
++
++
++
+++
++
++
NL
---+++
+++
++
---+++
+++
++
++++
---+++
----
-------------
++
+/+/---+/-
++
---------NL
++
-------------
++
-------------
------+++
-------
---------++++
----
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and
often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data, NL = not on label, and ? = insufficient data or unknown
*** Postharvest fruit registrations in California include: Penbotec and Scholar. Judge is no longer registered in California but
can be purchased and used for postharvest applications according to label directions until December 31, 2016.
1
2
3
4
6
7
information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program.
In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a
fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive
applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
Do not use the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry more than twice in one year.
Shot hole and leaf spot occur infrequently on cherry in California; control usually is not necessary.
Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl are present in some California cherry orchards. Resistant strains of the jacket
rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in California on crops other than almond and stone fruits and may
have the potential to develop in sweet cherry with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry.
different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number
of applications/season.
Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall
Oil to use is a "light" summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
Cherry: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 39
More effective when applied as a concentrate (80-100 gal/acre) than as a dilute spray.
10
9
CHERRY: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Botrytis
Brown rot2
Jacket rot/Green fruit
rot
Powdery mildew
Rating:
Late
Budbreak/
Pre-bloom
----------
Popcorn
+++
+++
----
++3
++
Full bloom
+++
+++
+++
+++
Petal fall
++
++
++
2-3 weeks
later
----------
+++
+++
Preharvest
1-10 days1
+++
+++
---+
+++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
Select broad-spectrum fungicides (or combinations) that have activity against both brown rot and Botrytis fruit rots.
2
Begin at popcorn and repeat every 10 to 14 days through bloom if rains continue.
3
Use sulfur at late bud break and other fungicides for later treatment. Treat immediately if mildew is found on shoots or leaves on inner scaffolds.
Cherry: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 40
CHERRY: SUGGESTED DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS BY FUNGICIDE FRAC1

GROUPS
needed based on weather monitoring or environmental monitoring models, suggested fungicide groups are listed
for each timing.
1) Identify the disease(s) that need(s) to be managed. Know the disease history of the orchard especially from the previous
season.
2) Select one of the suggested fungicide groups. Numbers separated by slashes are pre-mixtures, whereas numbers grouped by
pluses are tank mixtures. If several diseases need to be managed, select a group that is effective against all diseases. Refer to
fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group. Group numbers are listed in numerical order within
the suggested disease management program.
3) Rotate groups for each application within a season and, if possible, use each group only once per season, except for multisite mode of action materials or natural products/biological controls (i.e., M2, NP/BC).
----
----
13
2 +oil
34
13
2 +oil
34
3/7, 3/11
3+17
7/11
17, 19
2 +oil
7, 7/11
17
19
----
34
3+17
7/11
17
19
Brown rot blossom

blight/Fruit rot
----
----
13
2 +oil
3, 3/11,
7
19
13
3, 3/7
3/11, 3+17
7, 7/11
17
19
----
----
3, 3/11
7, 7/11
17, 19
Powdery mildew
M22
M22
2 +oil
3
13
3, 3/7,
3/11
7, 7/11
13
19
7, 7,11
13
19
M22
NP/BC5
3, 3/11
7, 7/11
11,
13
19
M22
NP/BC5
3, 3/11
3+17
7/11
11
19
4
5
Petal fall
Preharvest
1-10 days
Botrytis blossom
blight/Gray mold
fruit decay
Full bloom
2-3 weeks
later
Dormant
Prebloom
White Tip
/Popcorn
Disease
information, see http://www.frac.info/). Group numbers are listed in numerical order within the suggested disease management program.
Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. Refer to the fungicide efficacy table for
fungicides belonging to each FRAC group.
Use liquid lime sulfur in dormant applications and wettable sulfur at and after prebloom.
Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Topsin-M, and T-Methyl are present in some California cherry orchards. Resistant strains of the
jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in California on crops other than almond and stone fruits and
may have the potential to develop in sweet cherry with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry.
Among the group 3 fungicides, Elite/Tebuzol/Orius and Quash have some activity against Botrytis cinerea.
NP/BC = Natural Products/Biological Controls such as copper, sulfur, potassium bicarbonate (Kaligreen), Streptomyces lydicus (Actinovate
AG), Bacillus pumilus (Sonata), and Bacillus subtilis (Serenade).
Cherry: Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups 41
GRAPEVINE: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY Conventional Chemistry

Resistance
risk
(FRAC#)1
high (11)2
Fungicide
Abound
Flint
high (11)
Rot
Powdery
mildew
++++
Downy
mildew
++++
Botrytis
bunch rot
----
++++
+++
++
++
Summer rot
Phomop
sis cane
and leaf
spot
+++
Dead
Arm
(Phomopsis
sp.)
----
Eutypa
dieback
NR
Bot
Canker
----
++
NR
----
----
Orius/Tebucon/Tol
edo/Tebuconazole
(Elite/Tebuzol)**
Quadris Top
high (3)
++++
----
++
++
----
NR
----
----
high (3/11)
++++
++
++
++
NR
----
----
Inspire Super
medium
(3/9)
medium (3/7)
++++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
++++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
Luna
Tranquility***
Mettle
medium (7/9)
++++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
high (3)
++++
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Kenja*
high (7)
++++
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Aprovia*
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
++++
++++
++++
+++
+++
NR
----
----
Procure
medium
(7/11)2
medium
(7/11)2
high (3)
++++
----
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Quintec
high (13)
++++
----
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Rally
high (3)
++++
----
----
----
----
+++
++
++
Rally+Topsin-M5
high (1/3)
++++
----
----
----
++++
----
++++
++++
Revus Top
medium
(3/40)
high (3)
++++
++
++
++
NR
----
----
Luna Experience
Pristine
Rubigan/Vintage
++++
++++
----
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Sovran
high (11)
++++
++++
++
++
++++
----
----
----
Sulfur
low (M2)
++++
----
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Rhyme
high (3)
++++
----
----
----
----
NR
----
----
Topsin-M/TMethyl/Incognito
Torino
Vivando
Bayleton**
high (1)2
++++
----
++
++
++++
----
----
high (U6)
high (U8)
high (3)
++++
++++
++
----------
----------
----------
----------
------NR
----------
----------
Copper
low (M1)
++
+++
++
+++
----
----
----
high (17)
++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
Protexio
high (17)
++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
Ph-D
medium (19)
++
----
+++
+++
ND
NR
----
----
Elevate
Rovral + Oil
low (2)
++
----
++++
----
----
NR
----
----
Scala
high (9)2
++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
Switch
low (9/12)
++
----
++++
+++
----
----
----
----
Vangard
high (9)
++
----
++++
++
----
NR
----
----
Tavano/Oso
medium (19)
----
+++
+++
ND
NR
----
----
Botran
medium
(14)
low (M4)
----
----
+++
----
----
----
----
----
----
+++
+++
+++
NR
----
----
low
(M4/17)
low (M3)
----
+++
+++
----
----
----
----
----
++
----
+++
----
----
----
high (43)
----
++++
----
----
----
----
----
----
Captan
CaptEvate**
Dithane/Manzate/
Penncozeb
Presidio
GRAPEVINE: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY Conventional/Soft Chemistries 42
Revus
high (40)
----
++++
----
----
----
----
----
----
Ridomil Gold/
(Mefenoxam**)
Rovral/Iprodione/
Nevado
Ziram
high (4)
----
++++
----
----
----
----
----
----
low (2)
----
----
+++
----
----
----
----
----
low (M3)
----
++
+++
----
----
----
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often
ineffective, ---- = ineffective; ND = no data and NR = not recommended.
*** Registered only on wine grapes in California.
GRAPEVINE: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY Soft Chemistry (Biological and Natural Products)

Bunch rot
Fungicide
Armicarb
B-Lock*
Cinnacure
Elexa**
JMS Stylet oil4
Kaligreen
Milstop
Regalia
Taegro
Serenade
Sonata
Botector
Purespray
Vintre
Actinovate
Fracture
HiPeak*
Employ*
Prev-am *4
Sporan
Timorex* 4
VigorCal*
VigorK*
Double Nickel
Sporatec
Vitiseal
Resistance
risk (FRAC#)1
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low (44)
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
Powdery
mildew
+++
---+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
ND
+++
+++
++
+++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
+
+
----
Downy
mildew
Botrytis
Summer
Phomopsis cane
and leaf spot
Eutypa
dieback
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+++
---------++
++
++
+
---------++
---------------------+
-------
-------------++
---------+
+
NR
-------------------------------------NR
-------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---++++
------NR
------------------------------------------++
------------------++++
Bot
Canker
---++
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dead
Arm
(Phomopsis
sp.)
---NR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable under low to medium disease pressure (high disease pressure will result in
reduced efficacy with a rating of +/++), ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- =
ineffective; and NR = not recommended.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information,
see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California,
make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different
mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to
fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of
Causes severe phytotoxicity on Concord grape.

Phytotoxic if used within 2 weeks of Captan or sulfur.
5
Tank mixture applied post-pruning (dormant or delayed dormant).
4
GRAPEVINE: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Botryosphaeria
canker (Bot canker)
Botrytis Bunch Rot
Brown spot
Dead arm
Downy mildew
Esca (Black measles)
Eutypa Dieback
Powdery mildew
Phomopsis
Summer bunch rot
(sour rot)
Dormant
+++
Bud
break
----
Full bloom
----
Pre-close
----
Veraison
----
+++2
---+++
---+++2
+++
+++2
+++
----
------+++
+++
------+++3
+++
----
+++1
------+++
------+++3
-------
+++1
+++
------------+++4
-------
+++1
+++
------------------+++1
Preharvest/
Postharvest5
---+++1
+++
------------------+++1
1
Apply only if rain is forecasted.
2
Use 10 gallons lime sulfur per acre in at least 100 gallons water.
3
Apply bud break and full bloom treatments every year.
4
Apply as needed (a disease risk assessment model is available to help determine need for spray).
5
Preharvest treatments for postharvest decay control.
GRAPEVINES: SUGGESTED DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS BY FUNGICIDE

FRAC1 GROUPS
needed based on weather monitoring or environmental monitoring models, suggested fungicide groups are
listed for each timing.
1) Identify the disease(s) that need(s) to be managed. Know the disease history of the orchard especially from the previous
season.
2) Select one of the suggested fungicide groups. Numbers separated by slashes are premixtures, whereas numbers grouped
by pluses are tank mixtures. If several diseases need to be managed, select a group that is effective against all diseases.
Refer to fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group. Group numbers are listed in numerical
order within the suggested disease management program.
3) Rotate groups for each application within a season and, if possible, use each group only once per season, except for multisite mode-of-action materials or natural products/biological controls (i.e., M2, NP/BC).
Disease
Dormant
6
Pre-close
Veraison
Preharvest
NP (lime
sulfur)3
----
----
----
----
Botrytis
----
----
3/7, 3/9
7/112 ,
9/12, 9,
17
19
M4
3/7, 3/9
7/112
9/12, 9
17
19
3/7, 3/9
7/112
9/12, 9, 17
19
4
40
43
NP,
4
40
43
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
3, 3/7, 3/9
7/11
11,
13,
BC6
M4
NP6
U8
----
3, 3/7, 3/9
11
13
19
M4
U8
----
----
----
3/9,
7/11
9, 9/12
M1
Oil
3/9,
7/11
9, 9/12
M1
3/9
7/117
97, 9/12
M17
Esca
Eutypa
Full bloom
Botryosphaeria
canker
Downy mildew
Bud break
NP6 (lime
sulfur)3
1
NP6 (BLock),
Powdery
mildew4,5
NP6 (lime
sulfur)
Oil
M2
Oil
3/7, 3/9
7/11
13
17+11
19
U8
Phomopsis cane
and leafspot
----
2
11
M4/M3
----
Summer bunch
rot (sour rot)
----
----
----
---3/7, 3/9
7/11
9/12, 9,
17
19
information, see http://www.frac.info/). Group numbers are listed in numerical order within the suggested disease management program.
Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. Refer to the fungicide efficacy table
for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group.
Apply only if rain is forecasted. When using one class do not follow with the same class.
Use 10 gallons lime sulfur per acre in at least 100 gallons water. Use liquid lime sulfur in dormant applications and wettable sulfur at and after
prebloom.
4
Apply bud break and full bloom treatments every year.
5
Apply as needed (a disease risk assessment model is available to help determine need for spray).
6
NP/BC = Natural Products/Biological Controls such as B-Lock, Sonata, Serenade, Kaligreen, Cinnacure, etc.
7
Apply when insect and bird damage present or when rainfall is forecasted.
KIWIFRUIT: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Resistance risk
(FRAC number)1
high (9)3
high (17)3
Fungicide
Vangard2
Judge***
Tavano/Oso
medium (19)
Scholar***
high (12)
Botrytis
Fruit Rot
+++
+++
+++
+++
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable,
+ = limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective; and NR = not recommended
*** Scholar is for postharvest use only. Judge is no longer registered in California but can be purchased and used
for postharvest applications according to label directions until December 31, 2016.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of
actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to
alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with modeof-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number;
for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide
with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
Vangard preharvest registration for California is approved for the 2010 fall season as of Feb. 2010.
3
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or
mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the
KIWIFRUIT: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Botrytis
fruit rot
Rating:
1
2
Bud
break
Full
bloom
Preharvest Interval1
14 day
7 day
1 day
Postharvest
----
++2
++
++++
+++
++++
++++ = most effective, +++ = highly effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective,
---- = ineffective
Apply as needed. A predictive model BOTMON is available using ONFIT methods for disease detection.
Apply only if rain is forecasted.
Kiwifruit: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 47
PEACH AND NECTARINE: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Fungicide***
Resistance
Risk (FRAC#)1
Brown rot 2
Blossom
Fruit
Powdery
mildew2
Scab
Rust
Leaf
curl
Bumper/Tilt
high (3)
++++
++++
+++
++
+++
---Elite**/Orius/Tebuzol
high (3)
++++
++++
+++
++
+++
---**/Tebuconazole
Indar
high (3)
++++
++++
+++
++
ND
---Inspire Super
high (3/9)
++++
++++
+++
++
ND
---Quash
high (3)
++++
++++
+++
ND
+++
---Pristine
medium (7/11)4
++++
++++
+++
+++
ND
ND
Merivon
medium (7/11)4
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
ND
medium (7/11)4
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
ND
Luna Sensation*
Luna Experience*
medium (3/7)
++++
++++
+++
---+++
---Quadris Top
medium (3/11)
++++
++++
+++
---+++
---Quilt Xcel
medium (3/11)
++++
++++
+++
---+++
---Rovral5+ oil6
low (2)
++++
NL
+
+
++
---Scala7
high (9)3,4
++++
+++7
ND
ND
ND
---Topsin-M /T-Methyl
high (1) 3,4
++++
++++
+++
+++
+
---/Incognito
Vangard7
high (9) 3,4
++++
+++7
ND
ND
ND
---4
Fontelis
high (7)
++++
+++
++++
+++
ND
---Elevate
high (17)4
+++
+++
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rally
high (3)
+++
+++
++++
---------Rovral/Iprodione
low (2)
+++
NL
------------/Nevado5
high (19)
++
++
++
ND
ND
ND
Ph-D, Oso/Tavano**
Rhyme*
high (3)
+++
++
+++
ND
ND
---Abound
high (11)4
++
+
++
++++
+++
---Botran
medium (14)
++
+
ND
ND
ND
ND
Bravo/Echo/Equus8,9
low (M5)
++
------+++
+
+++
Captan9
low (M4)
++
++
---+++
------Gem
high (11)4
++
+
++
++++
+++
---Quintec
high (13)
------++++
---------Syllit
medium (U12)
+
-------+++
---++
Copper
low (M1)
+/------------+++
Sulfur9
low (M2)
+/+/+++
+++
+++
---Thiram11
low (M3)
+/------+++
---++++
Ziram
low (M3)
+/------+++
---++++
+/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data, and NL = not on label
**Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California
*** - Postharvest fruit registrations in California include: Penbotec, Scholar, and Mentor (Section 18). Judge is no
longer registered in California but can be purchased and used for postharvest applications according to label directions
until December 31, 2016.
1
Shot
hole
+/+
+/+/+++10,12
++++10,12
++++10,12
++++10,12
+/+/+/++
+
---+
+++10,12
ND
------ND
+10
++
ND
+++
+++10,12
++
---+++
+++
---+++
+++
rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than
two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
Do not use fungicides with the same FRAC number and high resistance risk more than twice in one year.
3
Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl are present in some peach and nectarine orchards. Resistant strains
of the jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in California on crops other than almond and
stone fruits and may have the potential to develop in peach and nectarine with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry. Subpopulations of both Monilinia spp. have been shown to be resistant to AP (FRAC 9) fungicides on prune in CA.
4
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides
with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the
5
6
Oil is a "light" summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
7
8
9
10
Not effective if used as a dormant treatment.
Peach and Nectarine: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 48
11
12
For use on peach only; not registered on nectarine.

For shot hole management, dormant treatments with copper, ziram, and dodine are highly effective. Petal fall treatments should be used
to complement the management program.
PEACH AND NECTARINE: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Brown rot
Powdery
mildew
Leaf curl3
Rust
Scab
Shot hole5
Dormant
-------/ND
+++
+4
---+++
Bloom
20-40%
80-100%
++
+++
++
+++
+
---+
+
------++
+
3-6 weeks
postbloom
+
+++2
---+++
+++
++
Preharvest1
3 weeks
1 week
++
+++
---------++
-------
-------------
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, ---- = ineffective, and ND = no data but needs to
be evaluated.
1
2
3
4
5
Timing not exact; weather conditions determine need for treatment.

Apply until pit hardening.
Treatment should be made before bud break and preferably before bud swell.
Dormant treatment with liquid lime sulfur.
Fall application before winter rains begin is the most important; additional spring sprays are seldom required but may be
needed to protect the fruit if heavy persistent spring rains occur.
Peach and Nectarine: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 49
PEACH AND NECTARINE: SUGGESTED DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS BY

FUNGICIDE FRAC1 GROUPS
needed based on weather monitoring or environmental monitoring models, suggested fungicide groups are
listed for each timing.
1) Identify the disease(s) that need(s) to be managed. Know the disease history of the orchard, especially from the
previous season.
2) Select one of the suggested fungicide groups. Numbers separated by slashes are pre-mixtures, whereas numbers
grouped by pluses are tank mixtures. If several diseases need to be managed, select a group that is effective against
all diseases. Refer to fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group. Group numbers are
listed in numerical order within the suggested disease management program.
3) Rotate groups for each application within a season and, if possible, use each group only once per season, except for
multi-site mode-of-action materials or natural products/biological controls (e.g., M2, NP/BC).
Disease
Dormant
Bloom
20-40%
80-100%
13
2 +oil
34, 3/7
3/11
7/11
9, 9/11
17
19
13
3, 3/7, 3/11
7/11
Brown rot
----
13
2 +oil
3, 3/7
3/11
9, 9/11
17
19
Powdery
mildew
----/M22
13
2+oil
3, 3/7, 3/11
Leaf curl
M1
M3
M5
M7
M3
M5
U12
----
Rust
M22
----
----
Scab
----
13
3
3/11
7/11
9/11
M3
M4
M7
13
3
3/11
7/11
9/11
M4
M5
M7
Shot hole
M1
M3
M5
M7
2
M3
M4
M5
M7
2
7/11
M3
M4
M5
3-6 weeks
postbloom
3
3/11
7/11
9/11
17
Preharvest
3 weeks
1 week
3
34
3/7, 3/11
3/7, 3/11
7/11
7/11
9/11
9/11
17
17
19
19
3, 3/7,
7, 7/11
11
19
M22
NP/BC5
----
----
----
----
----
13
3
7/11
11
M22
13
3
3/11
7/11
9/11
11
M22
M4
M7
3
7/11
11
M22
----
----
----
7/11
11
M4
----
----
more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Group numbers are listed in numerical order within the suggested disease
management program. Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program.
Refer to the fungicide efficacy table for fungicides belonging to each FRAC group.
Peach and Nectarine: Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups 50
Peach and NectarineDisease Management Programs, continued

2
Efficacy of liquid lime sulfur in dormant applications has not been determined for powdery mildew. Use liquid lime sulfur in dormant
applications and wettable sulfur at and after pre-bloom.
3
Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Benlate (label withdrawn), Topsin-M, and T-Methyl are present in some California
peach/nectarine orchards. Resistant strains of the jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in
California on crops other than almond and stone fruits and may have the potential to develop in peach/nectarine with overuse of
fungicides with similar chemistry. Subpopulations of both Monilinia spp. have been shown to be resistant to AP (FRAC 9) fungicides on
prune in CA.
4
Among the group 3 fungicides, only Elite/Tebuzol/Orius and Quash have some activity against Botrytis cinerea.
5
NP/BC = Natural Products/Biological Controls such as copper, sulfur, potassium bicarbonate (Kaligreen), Streptomyces lydicus
(Actinovate AG), Bacillus pumilus (Sonata), and Bacillus subtilis (Serenade)
Peach and Nectarine: Suggested Disease Management Programs by Fungicide FRAC Groups 51
PISTACHIO: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide
Abound
Adament**
Bravo/Chlorothalonil/(
Echo**)
Bumper/Tilt
Cabrio
Inspire Super
Elevate
Fontelis
Gem
Quash
Luna Experience
Luna Sensation
Merivon
Pristine
Ph-D (Polyoxin-D)
Quadris Top
Quilt Xcel
Viathon
Regalia
Scala
Switch
Tebucon/Teb/Toledo
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/
Incognito7
Vangard
Copper
K-Phite
Liquid lime sulfur8
Resistance
risk (FRAC#)1
high (11) 2,3
medium (3/11)3
low (M5)
Alternaria
late blight
+++
++
++
Botrytis
blossom &
shoot blight
---+++
----
Botryosphaeria
panicle & shoot
blight
+++
++
++
high (3)
high (11) 2,3
medium (3/9)
high (17)3
high (7)
high (11) 2,3
high (3)
medium (3/7)
medium (7/11)3
high (7/11)
high (7/11)3
medium (19)
medium (3/11)3
medium (3/11)3
medium (3/33)
low (natural
product)
high (9)3
high (9/12)3
high (3)
high (1)
++
+++
++
ND
++++
+++
++++
++++
++++4
++++
++++4
+++
+++
++++
+++
++
+
---+++
++++
+++
---+++(+)
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
------+
----
++5
+++
+++(+)
ND
+++(+)
+++
+++5
++++
++++
++++
++++
+++
+++(+)
+++(+)
+++5
++9
++
+++
+++
----
+++
+++
+
++
+++6
++
+++5
++
high (9)3
low (M1)
low (33)
low (M2)
+++
+
ND
----
++++
---ND
----
------++(+)9
+/-
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited
and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, and ND = no data
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different
modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are
suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of
fungicides with mode-of-action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different
mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive
applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number.
2
Field resistance of Alternaria spp. to Abound and to other strobilurin fungicides (Gem and Cabrio) is widespread
in pistachio orchards.
3
To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action;
rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled
rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications/season.
4
Resistance to the SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor) boscalid has been detected in high levels (80-90%)
in some orchards; Pristine should not be applied if resistance to this fungicide is detected in an orchard. Crossresistance of SDHI fungicides (FRAC Group 7) may occur.
5
Do not apply Bumper/Tilt within 60 days of harvest, Quash within 25 days of harvest, or tebuconazole
fungicides (Tebucon/Teb/Toledo/Viathon) within 35 days before harvest.
6
Under low and moderate disease pressure.
7
Registered for bloom treatment only.
8
Dormant treatment only.
9
Tested only under low disease pressure.
Pistachio: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Training 52
PISTACHIO: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Dormant
Bloom/termi
nal shoot 1 inch.
(April)
Alternaria3
Botryosphaeria4
Botrytis
---+?5
----
---+++6
+++
Succulent
shoot
growth
/before shell
lignification
(May)
----+++6
+7
Early Fruit
development
/after shell
lignification
(June)1
Fruit
Fruit
development maturation
/kernel
(August)2
development
(July)
+++
+++
----
+++1
+++
----
+?
+?
----
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective (+/? under revision), and ---- = ineffective
1
If only one application is done, the best timing is late June to early July.
Sprays not later than the first week in August.
3
Three applications during the season are recommended.
4
Treat once at bloom when the terminals on female trees are 1-2 inches long. Begin summer applications in late May or early
June. Treat at 2-3 week intervals until mid-August. For resistance management, do not apply consecutive applications of any
strobilurin (Abound, Flint/Gem or Cabrio) or strobilurin-containing fungicides (Pristine, Luna Sensation), and make no
more than two applications of a strobilurin or strobilurin-containing fungicide per season.
5
Liquid lime sulfur: some efficacy in some trials, whereas no efficacy in other trials.
6
Early season sprays timed before and/or after rains are effective timings in April and May.
7
Protect young clusters if rain and cool weather occurs.
2
Pistachio: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Training 53
PLUM: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Note: Spring brown rot and shot hole control is not necessary for most plum cultivars in California.
Fungicide***
Bumper/Tilt
Elite6/Tebuzol**/
Tebucon6
Indar
Inspire Super
Fontelis
Luna Sensation*
Merivon
Pristine
Quash
Luna Experience*
Quilt Xcel
Quadris Top
Rovral7 + oil8
Scala9
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/
Incognito5
Vangard9
Quintec
Elevate
Rally
Rovral/Iprodione/
Nevado7
Oso/Tavano**
Abound
Botran
Bravo/Chlorothalonil/
Echo/Equus11,12
Captan12
Gem
Copper
Sulfur12
Resistance
risk (FRAC#)1
high (3)
high (3)
Brown rot
Blossom2
Fruit
++++
++++
++++
++++6
high (3)
high (3/9)
high (y)
medium (7/11)5
medium (7/11)5
medium (7/11)5
high (3)
medium (3/7)5
medium (3/11)5
medium (3/11)5
low (2)
high (9)5,10
high (1)5
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
NL
+++9
++++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
---ND
+++
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
high (9)5,10
high (13)
high (17)
high (3)
low (2)
++++
---+++
+++
+++
+++9
---+++
+++
NL
ND
++++
+
+++
----
ND
---ND
ND
ND
high (19)
high (11)5
medium (14)
low (M5)
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
++
++
ND
ND
----
ND
ND
ND
ND
low (M4)
high (11)5
low (M1)
low (M2)
++
++
+/+/-
++
++
---+/-
---ND
---+++
ND
ND
ND
ND
Powdery
mildew3
+++
+++
Shot
hole4
ND
ND
+/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, NL = not on label, and ND= no data
*** Postharvest fruit registrations in California include: Tebucon, Penbotec and Scholar. Judge is no longer registered
in California but can be purchased and used for postharvest applications according to label directions until December
31, 2016.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions
(for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a
resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Group
numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for fungicides with
other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-ofaction Group number.
2
Brown rot blossom blight is seldom observed on most plum cultivars and usually does not require treatment during bloom.
3
Powdery mildew seldom is observed on most plum cultivars and control usually is unnecessary.
4
Shot hole disease rarely occurs on plums in California. The small holes often observed on leaves in spring are caused by
either a genetic disorder or by other agents including environmental factors.
5
fungicides with different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper
6
Registered for pre- and postharvest applications on plum.
7
Plum: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 54
Oil = "light" summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.

10
Strains of the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl are found in other stone fruit orchards in
California. Brown rot is so seldom found in plum orchards that the resistance levels in plum orchards have not been assessed.
Subpopulations of both Monilinia spp. have been shown to be resistant to AP (FRAC 9) fungicides on prune in CA.
11
12
9
PLUM: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Brown rot1
Powdery mildew
Shot hole2
Dormant
----------
Green bud
+
+
----
Popcorn
++
+
----
Full bloom
+++
+++
----
Until pit
hardening
---+++
----
Preharvest
+
-------
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective.
1
2
One early application should suffice; a second treatment should not be needed.
No treatment is recommended for shot hole because the shot holes found on plum leaves only rarely are caused by the shot hole fungus.
Plum: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 55
POMEGRANATE: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide
Ph-D
Scholar***
Resistance Risk
(FRAC Group)
high (19)
high (12)
Alternaria
fruit rot
Botrytis
fruit rot
/Gray mold
+
---
+
+++
+/- = minimal and often ineffective, and ---- = ineffective.
*** In California, postharvest fruit registration only.
POMEGRANATE: TREATMENT TIMING

Disease
Alternaria fruit rot
Botrytis fruit rot
Dormant
-------
Early
Bloom
+1
ND
MidBloom
+
ND
Latebloom
+
ND
Preharvest
---+2
Postharvest
---+++
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = inconsistently effective, ---- = ineffective, and ND= no data.
1
2
Pomegranates have a long protracted bloom, thus apply when conditions are favorable for disease (i.e., wet conditions).
Preharvest treatments are highly variable in efficacy due to difficulty in fungicide coverage into the fruit crown.
Pomegranate: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 56
PRUNE (DRIED PLUM): FUNGICIDE EFFICACY

Brown rot
Fungicide
Adament**
Bumper/Tilt2
Distinguish**
Elite**/Tebucon/Teb/Toledo2,7
Indar2
Inspire Super
Resistance risk
(FRAC#)1
medium (3/11)
high (3)
medium (9/11)
high (3)
high (3)
high (3/9)
Blossom
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
Fruit2
++++
++++
++
++++
++++
++++
Russet
scab
-------------------
Rust
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
+++
Luna Sensation*2
Merivon
Pristine2
Quash 2
Luna Experience*
Quadris Top2
Quilt Xcel2
Rovral5 + oil
Scala6
Topsin-M /T-Methyl/Incognito+ oil2,4
Vangard6
Fontelis
Elevate2,7
Rovral5/Iprodione /Nevado
Topsin-M/T-Methyl/Incognito 2,3
Abound
Oso/Tavano**
Botran
Bravo/Chlorothalonil/Echo/Equus8,9,10
Captan7,8,10
Gem7
Rally2
Sulfur10
medium (7/11)4
medium (7/11)4
medium (7/11)4
high (3)
medium (3/7)4
medium (3/11)4
medium (3/11)4
low (2)
high (9)3,4
high (1)4
high (9)3,4
high (3)
high (17)4
low (2)
high (1)4
high (11)4
high (19)
medium (14)
low (M5)
low (M4)
high (11)4
high (3)
low (M2)
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
+++
+++
+++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
+/-
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
NR
+++6
++++
+++6
+++
+++
NR
+/+
++
++
++
++
+
++
+/-
ND
ND
ND
---ND
ND
ND
---------------ND
------------ND
++
+++
----------
ND
ND
ND
+++
++++
++++
++++
NR
ND
---ND
+++
---NR
---+++
ND
ND
----9
---+++
---++
Rating: ++++= excellent and consistent, +++= good and reliable, ++= moderate and variable, += limited and erratic, +/- = often
ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ? = insufficient data or unknown, NR=not registered after bloom, and ND=no data
1
2
Fruit brown rot treatments for fungicides in FRAC Groups 1,2, 3, 17, 7/11 are improved with the addition of 2% light summer oil.
The oil is "light" summer oil (1-2% vol/vol). If applied in summer, fruit will loose their waxy bloom and look red. They will dry to
normal color.
3
Strains of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa resistant to Topsin-M and T-Methyl have been reported in some California prune
orchards. No more than two applications of Topsin-M or T-Methyl should be made each year. Resistant strains of the jacket rot
fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and powdery mildew fungi have been reported in California on crops other than almond and stone fruits
and may have the potential to develop in prune with overuse of fungicides with similar chemistry. Subpopulations of both
Monilinia spp. have been shown to be resistant to AP (FRAC 9) fungicides on prune in CA.
4
fungicides with different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper
5
6
7
Registered for use on fresh prunes only.
8
9
10
Do not use sulfur, captan, or chlorothalonil in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
Prune (Dried Plum): Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 57
PRUNE (DRIED PLUM): TREATMENT TIMING

Note: Timings listed are effective but not all may be required for disease control. Timings
used will depend upon orchard history of disease, length of bloom, and weather conditions
each year.
Disease
Brown rot1
Russet scab2
Rust3
Green bud
+++
-------
White bud
+++
-------
Full bloom
+++
+++
----
May
------+
June
+
---++
July
++
---+++
1
Flowers are susceptible beginning with the emergence of the sepals (green bud) until the petals fall but are most
susceptible when open.
2
A physiological disorder; no pathogens involved.
3
More severe when late spring rains occur.
Prune (Dried Plum): Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 58
STRAWBERRY: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide
Copper
Sulfur
Bumper/Tilt
Mettle
Procure
Quilt Xcel
Rally
Topsin-M/TMethyl/Incognito
Quadris
Merivon
Pristine
Ph-D/Oso/Tavano
Fontelis
Cinnacure
Elevate
Protexio
M-Pede
Quintec
Rovral/Iprodione/Nevado
Switch
Captan
Thiram
Fracture
3, 7
Aliette/Legion
Fungi-Phite, KPhite, Prophyt
Ridomil Gold SL4
Resistance
risk
(FRAC)1
low (M1)
low (M2)
high (3)
high (3)
high (3)
medium
(3/11)
high (3)
very high
(1)2
medium
(11)2
medium
(7/11)2
medium
(7/11)2
medium
(19)
high (7)
low
high (17)2,6
high (17)2,6
low
high (13)
low (2)
++++
NR
ND
++++
++++
---++
+
+++
Angular
leaf
spot
+++5
------ND
-------
++++
+++
---+++
++
----
+++
++
+++
Powdery
mildew
---+++
++++
Gray
mold
----------
Anthr
acnose
------++
Common
leaf spot
------+++
Mucor
rot
----------
Rhizopus
rot
----------
ND
ND
ND
-------
---ND
---+
-------
++++**
++
-------
++
----
----
++++
ND
----
+++
++++
ND
+++
++
+++
+
+/+/+
++++
----
++++
---++++6
++++6
------+++
high (9/12)
very low
(M4)
low (M3)
low
low (33)
low (33)
-------
high (4)2
Leather
rot
----------------
Crown
rot
----------------
Red
stele
----------------
ND
ND
ND
-------
-------
-------
-------
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
----
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
----
----
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
++
ND
ND
----
----
----
----
----
ND
ND
-------------------
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
---+++
+++
----------
-------------------
---------------++
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
++++
+++
+++
+++
-------
-------
+
+
+++
----
-------
-------
-------
---++
-------
++
+
-------
++
----------
-------------
-------------
-------------
-------------
------+++
+++
------++
++
------++
++
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
+++4
++
++
Rating:
++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic,
+/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, NR = not registered, and ND = no data
1
2
fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range),
and limit the total number of applications/season.
3
Foliar applications provide systemic treatment.
4
Ridomil Gold SL is the only formulation registered. If the GR formulation is applied to a previous crop that must be removed, it has
a 0-day plantback interval.
5
More than 4 applications causes severe stunting.
6
Nonpersistent resistant populations of Botrytis cinerea to fenhexamid occur with repeated use of FRAC Group 17 fungicides.
7
Plant dip or foliar spray.
Strawberry: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 59
STRAWBERRY: TREATMENT TIMING

Preharvest1
At Planting
Disease
Anthracnose3
Preplant
fumigation2
+++
Clean
nursery
stock
+++
Dips or
water
washing
+++
Before
overhead
irrigations
+
Foliar
+
Fruit
+++
Botrytis fruit rot3

Mucor fruit rot
Rhizopus rot
Angular leaf spot
Common leaf spot3
Powdery mildew3
---------+
+
----
---------+++
+++
+++
---------+
+++
----
+
+
---+++
+++
----
++
+
---+
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
---+
+
Leather rot4
Phytophthora crown rot4
+++
+++
---+
-------
++
++
---+
++
----
Red steele4
Verticillium wilt
++
+++
++
++
-------
+
----
++
----
-------
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective.
1
Preharvest treatments include applications of fungicides before heavy fog, dews, or rain.
Preplant fumigation includes methyl bromide/chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin or chloropicrin followed by metam sodium
or metam potassium or solitary applications of 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin or chloropicrin.
3
Integrated programs required for management, including rotation of fungicides of different classes.
4
In-season foliar treatments include phosphite or fosetyl-aluminum products or soil applications.
2
Strawberry: Fungicide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 60
WALNUT: BACTERICIDE AND FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Material
Actinovate
Bordeaux2
Fixed coppers2
Fontelis
Copper-mancozeb
(Manzate/Dithane)
Coppermancozeb
surfactant4
Kasumin*
Kasumin-copper*
Kasuminmancozeb*
K-Phite
Luna Experience
Luna Sensation
Merivon
Pristine
Quadris Top
Quash
Tebucon/Teb/
Toledo
Viathon
Quilt Xcel
Regalia
Regalia-Copper
Blossom Protect
Serenade
Zinc-Copper
Bordeaux
Resistance
risk
(FRAC#)1
low
(biological)
low (M1)
medium (M1)
high (7)
low (M1/M3)
Walnut
blight2
++
Phytotoxicity
NP
Anthra
cnose
Botryosphae
ria blight***
----
---------+++
++
+++
+++
NP
++3
----
----
++++
NP
------ND
----
low (M1/M3)
NP
----
----
high (24)
low (24/M1)
low (24/M3)
+++
++++
++++
NP
NP
NP
----------
-----------
low (33)
medium (3/7)
medium (7/11)
medium (7/11)
medium (7/11)
medium (3/11)
high (3)
high (3)
+?
----------------------
+
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
ND
++++
++++
ND
ND
ND
+++
++
++++
+++
+++
++++
+++
medium (3/33)
medium (3/11)
low (natural
product)
low (natural
product)
low
(biological)
low (44)
low (M1)
ND
----
++
ND
NP
NP
ND
++++
ND
+++
-------
++
NP
----
----
+/++
NP
----
----
+
+++
NP
NP
ND
----
----
ND
ND
++++
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and erratic, ---- =
ineffective, NP = not phytotoxic, and ND = no data.
* Registration pending in California
** Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California
*** Research is ongoing to determine the most efficacious materials and the optimum timing of treatments for management of
Botryosphaeria blight of walnut.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of
actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate
in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action
Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Group number; for
fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a
different mode-of-action Group number.
2
Copper resistance occurs within sub-populations of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis.
3
Phytotoxicity of fixed coppers can be reduced with the addition of lime or agricultural oils to the tank mixture.
5
A single application with a surfactant is not recommended because of build up of populations on buds that may increase
disease in subsequent years.
Walnut: Bactericide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 61
WALNUT: TREATMENT TIMING

Note: Timings listed are effective, but not all may be required for disease control. Timings used
will depend upon orchard history of disease and weather conditions each year.
Disease
Walnut blight 3
Catkin
emergence
++
Terminal
bud break
+++
1 week after
bud break
+++
7-10 day
intervals1
++1
May2
+
A temperature-leaf wetness model (e.g., XanthoCast) is available for determining optimum timing of bactericide applications.
Late spring rains are less conducive to disease, provided bloom is not delayed by low chilling.
3
Male and female flowers are susceptible beginning with their emergence, depending on wetness and temperatures conducive to disease
development.
2
Walnut: Bactericide Efficacy and Treatment Timing 62

Fungicideefficacytiming PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fungicideefficacytiming PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fungicideefficacytiming PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FUNGICIDES, BACTERICIDES, AND BIOLOGICALS

James E. Adaskaveg, Professor

Doug Gubler, Extension Plant Pathologist

Themis Michailides, Plant Pathologist

UC Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center

FUNGICIDES AND BACTERICIDES

MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS (TOLERANCES) OF PESTICIDES ON

Carbamate (EBDC)2 (M3)

chitin synthesis inhibitor

cell wall synthesis inhibitor Yes?

Class (FRAC number) 1

SDHI (7)/QoI (11)

SDHI (7)/QoI (11)

SDHI (7)/QoI (11)

SDHI (7)/QoI (11)

Unknown (Multi- Low

Pseudomonas fluorescens A506

DISEASE AND PATHOGEN NAMES

Alternaria late blight

Alternaria leaf spot

Angular leaf spot

almond, peach, strawberry

Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.

Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni

Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.

strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit,

Black root rot complex

Botryosphaeria spp. (Fusicoccum

grapevine, pomegranate, walnut

Botrytis blossom blight

Botrytis blossom and

Botrytis fruit rot

Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa

almond and other stone fruits

grape fruit rot

Eutypa lata, Leucostroma

Common leaf spot

Disease and Pathogen Names 16

Disease and Pathogen Names, continued

Esca (Black measles)

Togninia spp. (Phaeoacremonium

Erwinia amylovora (bacterium)

pome fruit (apple, pear, quince, etc.)

strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit,

Internal (Heart) fruit rot

Aspergillus niger or Alternaria sp.

Jacket rot/Green fruit

Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa

all stone fruits

Mucor piriformis and other species

pome and stone fruit; strawberry

Phomopsis cane and

Phomopsis viticola, Phomopsis

Phomopsis fruit rot and

Erysiphe (=Uncinula) necator

pome and stone fruit crops including almond;