Studies On The Effect of Feeds Formulated From Local Feedsstuffs On The Growth of Clarias Gariepinus Table of Content

PROJECT CODE: 000007
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDS FORMULATED

FROM LOCAL FEEDSSTUFFS ON THE GROWTH OF
CLARIAS GARIEPINUS
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Declaration
iv
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
vi
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables
List of Plates
xi
Abstract
xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
1

Materials and Method
13
Experimental site
13
Preparation curing and fertilization of tank
13
Method of fertilization, source and collection of zooplankton
15
Inoculation and production/curing of zooplankton

Culture of zooplankton/harvesting of zooplankton
16
17
Preservation of Zooplankton
18
Identification of Zooplankton
19
Water quality parameters
19
Temperature
20
Dissolve oxygen (DO)
20
Total alkalinity
21
Free carbon dioxide
22
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
23
CHAPTER FOUR
Results
24
Temperature
30
Dissolve oxygen
31
Alkalinity
31
Free CO2
32
Biochemical oxygen demand
32
2

Zooplankton abundance
33
Standard mean length and weight
34
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion and conclusion
36
References
39

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1:
Weekly Variation in Temperature (0C)
24
Fig. 2:
Weekly Variation in pH
24
Fig. 3:
Weekly Variation in Dissolved Oxygen (Mg/l) 25
Fig. 4:
Weekly Variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(Mg/l)
25
Fig. 5:
Weekly Variation in Total Alkalinity (Mg/l)
Fig. 6:
Weekly Variation in Free Carbon (iv) oxide

(Mg/l)
26
26
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Mean Standard deviation of Summary of
PhysicoChemical
Parameters
Zooplankton culture tank.
of
Freshwater
23
ABSTRACT
Studies on the effects of feed formulated from local
feedstuffs on the growth of Clarias ganepinus was carried
out with dry pelleted diets for l2weeks. Two diets were
used, one from Soyabean as plant source and the other
from mainly fish and crayfish as the animal source. The
fishes were fed at 3 different rates, 1%, 3% and 5% of their
total body weight. The result obtained showed that the
specific growth rate was greatest in the fishes fed at 3%
body weight this was followed by those fed at 1% and 5%
body weight. The fishes that was fed at 5% body weight
suffered more mortality than others due to turbidity of
water which was caused by excess feed that was not
consumed by the fishes. It is therefore concluded that
African Catfish C. gariepinus be fed at 3% body weight daily
using either protein source of Soya bean or Animal source
of fish and crayfish.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture involves various methods adopted by
man in order to improve the natural production of aquatic
organisms in an enclosed water body or the rearing of
aquatic organisms under semi controlled system.
In recent times, there has been great interest in fish
farming by both the government and private organizations
in the country this may be a reflection of the desire to
produce high protein food in the country. However, this
noble goal may not be achieved if all the facets of fish
culture namely nutrition, desired water quality, breeding
7

seed multiplication and pathology are not understood. In a
bid to fight protein deficiency many countries, the world
over including Nigeria have been making significant
advance in fish farming with nutritional studies as an
important aspect.
Clarias gariepinus belongs to the family clariadae. This
family of catfish is appreciated by consumers for its quality
meat (Pruszyriski 2003) it utilized natural food and
supplemental
feed
for
fast
growth.
In
addition,
it
commands high price in the market because of its tastes

and texture of flesh. It is recognized by its long dorsal and
anal fin which gives it a rather eel like appearance. This
catfish has a slender body and flat pairs of barbells. This
prominent barbells gives it the image of catlike whistlers.
Feed development studies is an aspect of applied
nutrition and the zeal for understanding of the nutrition of
8

animal species has been restricted to relatively few species
beyond man himself. In U.S.A., the success of channel
catfish farming is based among other factors on the
nutritional requirements. In Philippines and other far and
Middle East countries, agricultural facilities are regular
features of the rural economy. In these areas, the
development of pelleted balanced diets gave a tremendous
boost to the development of the industry (Bardach et al.,
1972).
Jamua and Ayinia (2003) reported that feed accounts
for at least 60% of the total cost of fish production which
to a large extent determine the variability and profitability
for cheap alternative source of protein that aim to reduce
production cost without compromising fish quality. This is
so because the dissolved nutrient that promote primary and
secondary production in the natural environment are
seasonal and might be insufficient or may not occur in
9

required proportions to meet the nutritional demand of
cultured fishes (Ugwumba and Ugwumba, 2003). There is
therefore the need to develop and encourage fish farmers
to make use of locally available nonconventional feed
resources (Ibiyo and Olusegun, 2004).
In Nigeria, attempts to articulate fish feed studies
have been haphazard. Efforts so far, include the work of
Dim (1982) on Clarias species; Workers at the Nigeria
Institute of Oceanographic and Marine Research (NIOMR)
Lagos (Igbinosun et al., 1983) have also been contributing
significantly towards the understanding of the requirement
of a few species such as Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The
foregoing
research
work
therefore,
underscores
the
realization the expected role of aquaculture in providing

cheap protein food, may not be achieved if we allow our
cultured species to depend on the natural productivity of
the pond water for growth. Huet, (1972) and Loveil, (1979)
10

appreciated this fundamental fact when they observed that
yield usually increased significantly when supplementary
diets are fed to fish.
Generally,
Large
Scale
aquaculture
production
facilities would have to contend with several factors which

include high investment cost, fish seed and feed supply as
well as skilled manpower among other. Of these, it appears
that adequate feed supply situation would invariably play a
leading role in ensuring an economically attractive return
on aquaculture investment. Hence, cheap and high quality
feed would help to ensure economical production of table
fish with a reasonable period of time.
This research work is one of the several effort aimed
at developing pelleted feed for C. gariepinus from local feed
stuffs. It is hoped that the result of this work would provide
illuminating information militating against aquaculture
11

development in Nigeria and form a springboard for further
research and development in various aspects of nutrition
for C. gariepinus and other related species.
1.2 Objective of the Study
1)
To ascertain which of the protein source (plant or

animal) that is better.
2)
To determine at what percentage body weights is

better to feed the fish.
3)
To produce quality feed for catfish C. gariepinus

using available local materials at cheap price.
12
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PROJECT CODE: 000007