Mars Orbiter Mission

This article is about the Indian Mars probe. For other may be up to 454 crore (US$74 million).[11][29] The
Mars orbiters, see List of missions to Mars.
satellite costs 153 crore (US$25 million) and the rest of
the budget has been attributed to ground stations and re[30]
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Man- lay upgrades that will be used for other ISRO projects.
galyaan (Mars-craft from Sanskrit mangala,
Mars and yna, craft, vehicle),[9][10] is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was
launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under the guidance of the
Project Director Mylswamy Annadurai.[11][12][13][14]

The space agency had planned the launch on 28 October 2013 but was postponed to 5 November 2013 following the delay in ISROs spacecraft tracking ships to take
up pre-determined positions due to poor weather in the
Pacic Ocean.[5] Launch opportunities for a fuel-saving
Hohmann transfer orbit occur every 26 months, in this
case,
2016 and 2018.[31] The Mars Orbiters on-orbit misThe mission is a "technology demonstrator" project to develop the technologies for design, planning, management, sion life is six-to-ten months.
and operations of an interplanetary mission.[15] It carries Assembly of the PSLV-XL launch vehicle, designated
ve instruments that will help advance knowledge about C25, started on 5 August 2013.[32] The mounting of the
Mars to achieve its secondary, scientic, objective.[16]
ve scientic instruments was completed at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, and the nished spacecraft was
The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-o from the First
2013 for integraLaunch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota shipped to Sriharikota on 2 October [32]
tion to the PSLV-XL launch vehicle.
The satellites
Range SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Sateldevelopment
was
fast-tracked
and
completed
in a record
lite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC
[33]
15
months.
Despite
the
US
federal
government
shut(14:38 IST) on 5 November 2013.[17] The launch windown,
NASA
rearmed
on
5
October
2013
it
would
dow was approximately 20 days long and started on 28
communications and navigation support to the
October 2013.[5] The MOM probe spent about a month provide [34]
mission.
During a meeting in 30 September 2014,
in geocentric, low-Earth orbit, where it made a series
NASA
and
ISRO
ocials signed an agreement to estabof seven altitude-raising orbital manoeuvres before translish
a
pathway
for
future joint missions to explore Mars.
[18]
Mars injection on 30 November 2013 (UTC). After a
One
of
the
working
groups objectives will be to explore
298-day transit to Mars, it was successfully inserted into
potential
coordinated
observations and science analysis
Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.
between MAVEN orbiter and MOM, as well as other curIt is India's rst interplanetary mission[19] and ISRO has rent and future Mars missions.[35]
become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the
Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space The ISRO plans to send a follow-up mission with a greater
Agency.[20][21] It is also the rst nation to reach Mars or- scientic payload to Mars in the 20172020 timeframe;
[36]
bit on its rst attempt, and the rst Asian nation to do it would include an orbiter and a stationary lander.
so.[22][23][24][25]
The spacecraft is currently being monitored from the 1.1 Cost
Spacecraft Control Centre at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore with
The total cost of the mission was approximately 450
support from Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) antenCrore (US$73 million),[37][38] making it the leastnae at Byalalu.[26]
expensive Mars mission to date.[39] The low cost of the
mission was ascribed by K. Radhakrishnan, the chairman of ISRO, to various factors, including a modular
1 History
approach, a small number of ground tests and long (1820 hour) working days for scientists.[40] BBC's Jonathan
The MOM mission concept began with a feasibility study Amos mentioned lower worker costs, home-grown techin 2010, after the launch of lunar satellite Chandrayaan-1 nologies, simpler design, and signicantly less compliin 2008. The government of India approved the project cated payload than NASAs MAVEN.[16] An opinion
on 3 August 2012,[27] after the Indian Space Research piece in The Hindu pointed out that the cost was equivaOrganisation completed 125 crore (US$20 million) of lent to less than a single bus ride for each of Indias poprequired studies for the orbiter.[28] The total project cost ulation of 1.2 billion.[41]
1

5 TELEMETRY AND COMMAND

Objectives

The primary objective of the Mars Orbiter Mission is

to showcase Indias rocket launch systems, spacecraftbuilding and operations capabilities.[42] Specically, the
primary objective is to develop the technologies required
for design, planning, management and operations of an
interplanetary mission, comprising the following major
tasks:[15]
design and realisation of a Mars orbiter with a capability to perform Earth-bound maneuvres, cruise
phase of 300 days, Mars orbit insertion / capture,
and on-orbit phase around Mars;
deep-space communication, navigation, mission
planning and management;
incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations.
The secondary objective is to explore Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and Martian atmosphere
using indigenous scientic instruments.[42]

Spacecraft specications
Mass: The lift-o mass was 1,350 kg (2,980 lb),
including 852 kg (1,878 lb) of propellant.[2]
Bus: The spacecrafts bus is a modied I-1 K structure and propulsion hardware conguration, similar
to Chandrayaan 1, Indias lunar orbiter that operated
from 2008 to 2009, with specic improvements and
upgrades needed for a Mars mission.[42] The satellite structure is constructed of an aluminium and
composite bre reinforced plastic (CFRP) sandwich
construction.
Power: Electric power is generated by three solar
array panels of 1.8 m 1.4 m (5 ft 11 in 4 ft 7 in)
each (7.56 m2 (81.4 sq ft) total), for a maximum of
840 watts of power generation in Mars orbit. Electricity is stored in a 36 Ah Li-ion battery.[2]
Propulsion: A liquid fuel engine with a thrust of
440 newtons is used for orbit raising and insertion
into Mars orbit. The orbiter also has eight 22newton thrusters for attitude control.[43] Its propellant mass is 852 kg.[2]

Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP) a

photometer that measures the relative abundance of deuterium and hydrogen from
Lyman-alpha emissions in the upper atmosphere. Measuring the deuterium/hydrogen
ratio will allow an estimation of the amount
of water loss to outer space.
Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) will measure methane in the atmosphere of Mars, if
any, and map its sources.[4]
Particle environment studies:
Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) is a quadrupole mass analyser capable of analysing the neutral composition of particles in the exosphere.
Surface imaging studies:
Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS)
will measure the temperature and emissivity
of the Martian surface, allowing for the mapping of surface composition and mineralogy of
Mars.
Mars Colour Camera (MCC) will provide
images in the visual spectrum, providing context for the other instruments.

5 Telemetry and command

Further information: Telemetry and Telecommand
The Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry,
Tracking and Command Network performed navigation and tracking operations for the launch with ground
stations at Sriharikota, Port Blair, Brunei and Biak in
Indonesia,[46] and after the spacecrafts apogee became
more than 100,000 km, an 18-metre (59 ft) and an 32
m (105 ft) diameter antenna of the Indian Deep Space
Network were utilised.[47] The 18-metre (59 ft) dishantenna was used for communication with the craft until April 2014, after which the larger 32 m (105 ft) antenna was used.[48] NASAs Deep Space Network is providing position data through its three stations located in
Canberra, Madrid and Goldstone on the US West Coast
during the non-visible period of ISROs network.[49]
The South African National Space Agency's (SANSA)
Hartebeesthoek (HBK) ground station is also providing
satellite tracking, telemetry and command services.[50]

Payload
5.1 Communications

The 15 kg (33 lb) scientic payload consists of ve

instruments:[4][44][45]
Communications are handled by two 230-watt TWTAs
and two coherent transponders. The antenna array con Atmospheric studies:
sists of a low-gain antenna, a medium-gain antenna and a

6.2

Orbit raising manoeuvres

high-gain antenna. The high-gain antenna system is based

on a single 2.2-metre (7 ft 3 in) reector illuminated by
a feed at S-band. It is used to transmit and receive the
telemetry, tracking, commanding and data to and from
the Indian Deep Space Network.[2]

6
6.1

Mission prole

Mars 5.11.13

Earth 5.11.13
Start MOM

MOM Orbit
on 1.12.13

Earth 9.22.14
SUN

Launch

As originally conceived, ISRO would have launched

MOM on its Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV),[70] but as the GSLV failed twice in 2010 and
ISRO was continuing to sort out issues with its cryogenic
engine,[71] it was not advisable to wait for the new batch of
rockets as that would have delayed the MOM project for
at least three years.[72] ISRO opted to switch to the lesspowerful Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). There is
no way to launch on a direct-to-Mars trajectory with the
PSLV as it does not have the thrust required. Instead,
ISRO would rst launch it into Earth orbit and slowly
boost toward an interplanetary trajectory using multiple
perigee burns to maximize the Oberth eect.[70]

MOM trajectory
Mars 9.22.14
MOM in Orbit

Orbit trajectory diagram (not to scale).

ing manoeuvres were completed with nominal results,

while the fourth was only partially successful. However,
a subsequent supplementary manoeuvre raised the orbit
to the intended altitude aimed for in the original fourth
manoeuvre. A total of six burns were completed while
On 19 October 2013, ISRO chairman K. Radhakrishthe spacecraft remained in Earth orbit, with a seventh
nan announced that the launch had to be postponed by
burn conducted on 30 November to insert MOM into a
a week as a result of a delay of a crucial telemetry ship
heliocentric orbit for its transit to Mars.
reaching Fiji. The launch was rescheduled for 5 Novem[73]
ber 2013.
ISROs PSLV-XL placed the satellite into The rst orbit-raising manoeuvre was performed on 6
Earth orbit at 09:50 UTC on 5 November 2013,[28] with November 2013 at 19:47 UTC when the 440 newtons
a perigee of 264.1 km (164.1 mi), an apogee of 23,903.6 (99 lb ) liquid engine of the spacecraft was red for 416
km (14,853.0 mi), and inclination of 19.20 degrees,[51] seconds. With this engine ring, the spacecrafts apogee
with both the antenna and all three sections of the solar was raised to 28,825 km, with a perigee of 252 km.[52]
panel arrays deployed.[74] During the rst three orbit rais- The second orbit raising manoeuvre was performed on
ing operations, ISRO progressively tested the spacecraft 7 November 2013 at 20:48 UTC, with a burn time of
570.6 seconds resulting in an apogee of 40,186 km.[53][54]
systems.[57]
The third orbit raising manoeuvre was performed on 8
The orbiters dry mass is 500 kg (1,100 lb), and it carries
November 2013 at 20:40 UTC, with a burn time of 707
852 kg (1,878 lb) of fuel and oxidiser. Its main engine,
seconds resulting in an apogee of 71,636 km.[53][55]
which is a derivative of the system used on Indias communications satellites, uses the bipropellant combination The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre, starting at 20:36
monomethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide to achieve UTC on 10 November 2013, imparted an incremental
the thrust necessary for escape velocity from Earth. It was velocity of 35 m/s to the spacecraft instead of the planned
also used to slow down the probe for Mars orbit insertion 135 m/s as a result of underburn by the motor.[56][75] Because of this, the apogee was boosted to 78,276 km inand, subsequently, for orbit corrections.
stead of the planned 100,000 km.[56] When testing the
redundancies built-in for the propulsion system, the ow
6.2 Orbit raising manoeuvres
to the liquid engine stopped, with consequent reduction
in incremental velocity. During the fourth orbit burn, the
Several orbit raising operations were conducted from the primary and redundant coils of the solenoid ow control
Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, valve of 440 newton liquid engine and logic for thrust
Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, augmentation by the attitude control thrusters were beBangalore on 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 16 November by us- ing tested. When both primary and redundant coils were
ing the spacecrafts on-board propulsion system and a se- energised together during the planned modes, the ow to
ries of perigee burns. The aim was to gradually build up the liquid engine stopped. Operating both the coils sithe necessary escape velocity (11.2 km/s) to break free multaneously is not possible for future operations, howfrom Earths gravitational pull while minimising propel- ever they could be operated independently of each other,
lant use. The rst three of the ve planned orbit rais- in sequence.[57] As a result of the fourth planned burn

coming up short, an additional unscheduled burn was performed on 12 November 2013 that increased the apogee
to 118,642 km,[53][57] a slightly higher altitude than originally intended in the fourth manoeuvre.[53][76] The apogee
was raised to 192,874 km on 15 November 2013, 19:57
UTC in the nal orbit raising manoeuvre.[53][76]

REFERENCES

apogee motor was successfully test red at 09:00 UTC

(14:30 IST) on 22 September for 3.968 seconds, about
41 hours before actual orbit insertion.[83][84][85]

On 24 September 2014, at IST 04:17:32 satellite communication changed over to the medium gain antenna.
At IST 06:56:32 forward rotation started and locked the
position to re, at IST 07:14:32 an attitude control manoeuvre took place with the help of thrusters after eclipse
6.3 Trans-Mars injection
started at IST 07:12:19 and LAM (Liquid Apogee Motor) started burning at IST 07:17:32 and ended at IST
Further information: Trans-Mars Injection
place, the
On 30 November 2013 at 19:19 UTC, a 23-minute en- 07:41:46. After that reverse manoeuvre took[69][86][87]
spacecraft successfully entered Martian orbit.

7 Status

Simulated view of Mars Orbiter Mission along with (left to right)

Mars, Earth, Mercury and Sun on 3 October 2014 at 1700 UTC.
The Mars Orbiter Mission satellite is at an altitude of about 1300
miles from Mars at the time

The orbit insertion put MOM in a highly elliptical orbit around Mars, with a period of 72 hours 51 minutes
51 seconds and a periapsis of 421.7 km (262.0 mi) and
apoapsis of 76,993.6 km (47,841.6 mi).[7] Commissioning and checkout operations are planned over the coming weeks to prepare MOMs instruments for science
operations.[1][88] At the end of the orbit insertion, MOM
was left with 40 kg of fuel as against the 20 kg that was
thought necessary for the six-month life span.[89]
On 28 September 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission published
its rst global view of Mars. The image was captured by
the Mars Colour Camera (MCC).[90]

gine ring initiated the transfer of MOM away from Earth

orbit and on heliocentric trajectory toward Mars.[77] The
probe travelled a distance of 780,000,000 kilometres On 19 October 2014, the ISRO reported that the Mars
Orbiter Mission is healthy after the Comet Siding Spring
(480,000,000 mi) to reach Mars.[78]
yby of Mars earlier that day.[91]

6.4

Trajectory correction manoeuvres

Four trajectory corrections were originally planned, but

only three were carried out.[60] The rst trajectory correction manoeuvre (TCM) was carried out on 11 December 2013, 01:00 UTC, by ring the 22 newtons (4.9
lb ) thrusters for a duration of 40.5 seconds.[53] As observed in April 2014, MOM is following the designed trajectory so closely that the trajectory correction manoeuvre planned in April 2014 was not required. The second trajectory correction manoeuvre was performed on
11 June 2014, at 16:30 hrs IST by ring the spacecrafts
22 newton thrusters for a duration of 16 seconds.[79] The
third planned trajectory correction manoeuvre was postponed, due to the orbiters trajectory closely matching the
planned trajectory.[80] The third trajectory correction was
also a deceleration test 3.9 seconds long on 22 September
2014.[69]

6.5

Mars orbit insertion

The plan was for an insertion into Mars orbit on 24

September 2014,[8][81] approximately 2 days after the arrival of NASAs MAVEN orbiter.[82] The 440N liquid

8 See also
Atmosphere of Mars
Department of Space
Exploration of Mars
Indian Space Research Organisation
List of missions to Mars
Mars Express
MAVEN

9 References
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[3] Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft. ISRO. 5 November

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[21] Indias low-cost space mission reaches Mars orbit. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

[4] Mars Orbiter Mission Payloads (PDF). Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO. October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.

[22] Indias Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing

country into space elite. The Guardian. 24 September
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the rst nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars
on its rst attempt, and the rst Asian nation to do so.

[5] India to launch Mars Orbiter Mission on November 5.

NDTV. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
[6] Mars Orbiter Mission Launch Vehicle. ISRO. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
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[8] India becomes rst country to enter Mars orbit on their
rst attempt. Herald Sun. 24 September 2014 in Morning 8:15 Indian Time. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Check date values in: |date= (help)
[9] Mangalyaan. ISRO. NASA. 2013.
September 2014.

Retrieved 27

[10] Indias First Mars Probe Makes Historic Red Planet Arrival. Space.com. 23 September 2014. The MOM
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Craft), executed a 24-minute orbital insertion burn Tuesday night, ending a 10-month space journey that began
with the spacecrafts launch on Nov. 5, 2013
[11] Walton, Zach (15 August 2012). India Announces Mars
Mission One Week After Landing. Web Pro News. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
[12] Sta (15 August 2012). Manmohan Singh formally announces Indias Mars mission. The Hindu. Retrieved 31
August 2012.
[13] Bal, Hartosh Singh (30 August 2012). BRICS in Space.
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[14] Patairiya, Pawan Kumar (23 November 2013). Why India Is Going to Mars. New York Times. Retrieved 23
November 2013.
[15] Sta (September 2012). Mangalyaan -Mission Objectives. Indian Space Science Data Centre. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
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Mars mission is so cheap - and thrilling. BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2014. Its measurements of other
atmospheric components will dovetail very nicely with
Maven and the observations being made by Europes Mars
Express. It means we'll be getting three-point measurements, which is tremendous.""
[17] Indias Mars Mission Mangalyaan to be launched on
November 5. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
[18] Mars Orbiter Mission Update. Retrieved 30 November
2013.
[19] Sta (25 September 2014). Indias Mars Shot. New
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[20] India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission. Retrieved 6
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[23] India becomes rst Asian nation to reach Mars orbit,

joins elite global space club. The Washington Post. 24
September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. India
became the rst Asian nation to reach the Red Planet when
its indigenously made unmanned spacecraft entered the
orbit of Mars on Wednesday
[24] Indias spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history.
CNN. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Indias Mars Orbiter Mission successfully entered Mars
orbit Wednesday morning, becoming the rst nation to arrive on its rst attempt and the rst Asian country to reach
the Red Planet.
[25] Harris, Gardiner (24 September 2014). On a Shoestring,
India Sends Orbiter to Mars on Its First Try. New York
Times. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
[26] Mangalyaan successfully placed into Mars Transfer Trajectory. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
[27] Cabinet clears Mars mission. The Hindu. 4 August
2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[28] Indias Mars mission gets Rs. 125 crore (19 March
2012)". Marsdaily.com. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
[29] "'We are planning to send our rst orbiter to Mars in
2013'". Deccan chronicle. 12 August 2012. Retrieved
13 August 2012.
[30] Rocket science: how ISRO ew to Mars cheap. Hindustan Times. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 4 February
2014.
[31] India plans mission to Mars next year. The Daily Telegraph. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
[32] Isro kicks o Mars mission campaign with PSLV assembly Times of India Retrieved 6 August 2013
[33] Indias Mission Mars: The journey begins. NDTV. 3
October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013. |rst1= missing
|last1= in Authors list (help)
[34] NASA Rearms Support for Mars Orbiter Mission.
ISRO. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[35] U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, EarthObserving Mission. NASA News (Toronto, Canada). 30
September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
[36] India plans another Mars mission in 20172020. The
Times of India. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 23 September
2014.
[37] India Successfully Launches First Mission to Mars; PM
Congratulates ISRO Team. International Business Times.
5 November 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2014.

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[38] Bhatt, Abhinav (5 November 2013). Indias 450-crore

mission to Mars to begin today: 10 facts. NDTV. Retrieved 13 October 2014.

[58] Hindustan Times (1 December 2013). Mars Orbiter successfully placed in Mars Transfer Trajectory. Retrieved
1 December 2013.

[39] Vij, Shivam (5 November 2013). Indias Mars mission:

worth the cost?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13
October 2014.

[59] Isros Mars Orbiter Mission successfully placed in Mars

transfer trajectory. 1 December 2013. Times of India.

[40] Saritha Rai (7 November 2013). How India Launched

Its Mars Mission At Cut-Rate Costs. Forbes. Retrieved
September 2014.
[41] PALLAVA BAGLA (25 September 2014). A faster,
cheaper Mars orbiter. The Hindu. Retrieved September
2014.
[42] Indias First Mission to Mars to Launch This Month.
Space.com. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October
2013. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[43] Mars orbiter mission. ISRO. Retrieved 23 November
2013.
[44] Chellappan, Kumar (11 January 2013). Amangal to budget from Mangalyaan, say experts. Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
[45] Mars mission gets October, 2013 launch date deadline
as India reaches out to the stars. The Indian Express. 4
January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
[46] Bangalore centre to control Mars orbiter henceforth.
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[47] Mars baton shifts to ISTRAC. The Hindu. 6 November
2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
[48] Mars orbiter well on its way. The Hindu. 18 December
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[49] NASAs Deep Space Network to Support Indias Mars
Mission. space.com. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[50] Mars mission: India gets help from South Africa to monitor 'Mangalyaan' Times of India 3 December 2013
[51] Mars Mission on track; orbit to be raised on Thursday
Economic Times 6 November 2013
[52] ISRO scientists raise orbit of Mars spacecraft. Times of
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[53] Latest Updates Indian Space Research Organisation: Mars
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[54] Second orbit raising manoeuvre on Mars Mission performed Indian Express 8 November 2013.
[55] ISRO successfully completes third orbit raising manoeuvre of Mars probe Zee News 9 November 2013

[60] Lakdawalla, Emily. Mars Orbiter Mission ready to y

onward from Earth to Mars. The Planetary Science. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
[61] ISRO successfully performs rst TCM on Mars Orbiter
Zee News 11 December 2013
[62] Mangalyaans next successful step: a tricky mid-course
correction NDTV 24x7 11 December 2013
[63] Special Correspondent (11 December 2013). Mars orbiter gets its rst course correction. The Hindu. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
[64] ISROs Mars Orbiter Mission MOM Facebook page 9
June 2014
[65] Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Crosses Half Way Mark of its
Journey ISRO 9 April 2014
[66] Health parameters of Mars Orbiter are normal The Hindu
2 March 2014
[67] Trajectory correction of Mars mission likely by June 11
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[68] Mangalyaan on track, no path correction in August Hindustan Times New Delhi, 1 August 2014
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[70] Lakdawalla, Emily (31 October 2013). India prepares
to take ight to Mars with the Mars Orbiter Mission
(MOM)". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2 December
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[71] First image of earth from ISRO. The Veracious. 20
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[72] Isros Mars Mission: Why Mangalyaans path is full of
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[73] India to launch Mars Orbiter Mission on November 5.
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[74] Mars mission: Scientists start raising Mangalyaans orbit
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[56] Mars mission faces rst hurdle, 4th orbit-raising operation

falls short of target. Times of India. 11 November 2013

[75] Lakdawalla, Emily (10 November 2013). A hiccup in the

orbital maneuvers for Mars Orbiter Mission. Planetary
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[57] Mars mission: After glitch, ISRO plans supplementary

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[76] Mars mission: Isro performs last orbit-raising manoeuvre. PTI. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November
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[77] MOM- Latest Updates. ISRO. 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
[78] Indian spacecraft soars on historic journey to Mars.
[79] ISRO performs TCM-2 on Mars Orbiter Mission. The
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[80] Srivastava, Vanita (1 August 2014). Mangalyaan on
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[81] Rao, V. Koteswara (15 September 2014). Mars Orbit
Insertion (PDF). ISRO. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
[82] Indias rst mission to Mars to launch this month. CBS
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[83] Mars Orbiter Mission: ISRO to test re engine today.
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[84] Pre-MOI Press Brieng by Scientic Secretary ISRO.
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[85] Mars spacecraft test-red successfully Times of India 22
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[86] Indias Maiden Mars Mission Makes History.
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[87] India becomes rst Asian nation to reach Mars orbit,
joins elite global space club. Washington Post. Retrieved
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[88] Mars Orbiter Mission Updates (24 September 2014).
[89] Mars Orbiter Mission looks to sni methane on comet.
India: The Times of India. 2014. Retrieved 4 October
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[90] http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/
09290843-mars-orbiter-mission-delivers.html
[91] I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting.
The Hindu. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October
2014.

10

External links

Mars Orbiter Mission Home Page

Website for the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission
Mission brochure of Mars Orbiter Mission
NASA Canberras DSN webpage list of current
tracked space missions
Photo of Martian atmosphere tweeted by ocial
ISRO MOM Twitter account
Mangalyaan and Indian space program debate (Sarcanomics; March 2014).

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Mars Orbiter Mission Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission?oldid=630945223 Contributors: Patrick, Molinari,

Ambarish, Micru, Utcursch, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Brianhe, Vsmith, Huntster, Nesnad, Neitram, Pytom, Axeman89, GregorB, David
Levy, Sj, Drbogdan, Marasama, Bruce1ee, Naraht, Henristosch, Bgwhite, Wjfox2005, Cyferx, RadioFan, Hydrargyrum, Rsrikanth05,
Muruga86, Vaikunda Raja, TonyRush, Arthur Rubin, Smurrayinchester, Premkudva, Nickst, Gilliam, Skizzik, Chris the speller, Cattus,
Jayanta Sen, Hibernian, Weltanschaunng, WDGraham, The PIPE, DMacks, Ohconfucius, Ashinpt, John, JorisvS, IronGargoyle, JMK,
Newone, Rtandon, Bobamnertiopsis, Guruerk, DSachan, N2e, Keithh, Icek, Cydebot, Adithyakv, Ashok srinath, Tewapack, JamesAM,
Jmg38, James smith2, WolfmanSF, Swpb, Senlog, BatteryIncluded, Srikanthyalavarthi, Dharmadhyaksha, Sachi bbsr, Abecedare, Kadoo,
Salih, Om2520, In Transit, Nwbeeson, Niketchaudhari, RjCan, Manchurian candidate, MCTales, Truthanado, Roland zh, Buddyonline7,
Hulo, Flyer22, Ks0stm, Aumnamahashiva, Sitush, Randy Kryn, ImageRemovalBot, LikeFunYouAre, Krzna, Binksternet, Heracletus,
Great.constantine1, Wesleyneo, Piledhigheranddeeper, Excirial, Teju2friends, Another Believer, Rinuthomas90, Rishidigital1055, Harlock81, Foreverknowledge, CrackDragon, GDibyendu, Addbot, Alwez13, Danielchaitanya, Zarcadia, OliverTwisted, Lihaas, Obsidianspider, 84user, Yobot, Sdtte345, AnomieBOT, Archon 2488, Victorvvk, Anthony 1l, B.saketh, Kart777, Simon the Likable, Materialscientist,
Citation bot, Ynyrhesolaf, Knielsen81, Engineering Guy, Gilo1969, Johnxxx9, Omnipaedista, Wasifwasif, Dasrohith, Jay314, Aleksa Lukic, Thorenn, Sae1962, Cannolis, I dream of horses, Abductive, Amitrc7th, Savemaxim, Diannaa, Ashish.exe, Galactic Penguin SST,
Rakeshmallick27, Tinss, GoingBatty, JustinTime55, Lucas Thoms, ZroBot, Hajananth, Anir1uph, Surya Prakash.S.A., JingleJim, BabbaQ, Llightex, Whoop whoop pull up, ClueBot NG, Ronakshah1990, Anand7sem, LogX, This lousy T-shirt, Chotunawab, Anandtr2006,
Antiqueight, Abhishekc2q, Irrigator, Anupmehra, Somatrix, Gaurav Pruthi, Saurabh.agrawal92, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Ketan.wa, Mark Arsten, Ninney, Snowcream, Jayadevp13, M.soumen, BattyBot, Pratyya Ghosh, Mrt3366, Samuelled, BrightStarSky, Arshad.mohammed18, BigJolly9, Magentic Manifestations, Bilingual2000, Mogism, Makecat-bot, Gfosankar, Bombayboom, Skydoc28,
Thebharatam, Leptus Froggi, Zaldax, Numancia, Soumyavardhansingh, WBRSin, King jakob c, Mayurai, Wiki GSD, Dwiti.k.das, Joeinwiki, Loup Solitaire 81, Shubhamkanodia, Royroydeb, Epicgenius, Andrej 1950, Adityaroongta40, Raviteja338, Evilan123, Evano1van,
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IRW0, Pran2025, Noah pearlman, Saish ap, AaaPowar15, Bhishek, VinitAstronaut, Banerjee786, RegistryKey, Mehta.anuj, Saraonen,
Slackerbob212, Falguni2, Sumeetbhatia.29, Myhiggsymind, JuicyJace, Simsar009, Grizzles1000, VARUN DAGUR, 94141mohit and
Anonymous: 268

11.2

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