Overview of Programming: CSE115: Computing Concepts

Lecture 02
Overview of Programming
CSE115: Computing
Concepts
Computer Hardware
Components
Components of a PC
Input / Output Devices

Input Devices
Accepts information from the user and

transforms it to digital codes that the
computer can process
Example: keyboard, mouse, scanner
Output Devices
An interface by which the computer

conveys the output to the user
Example: monitor, printer
Main Memory
A semiconductor device which stores the

information necessary for a program to run.
2 types
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Contains information that is necessary for the computer to boot

up
The information stays there permanently even when the
computer is turned off.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Contains instruction or data needed for a program to run

Gets erased when the computer is turned off.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Does most of the work in executing a program
The CPU inside a PC is usually the microprocessor
3 main parts:
Control Unit
Fetch instructions from main memory and put
them in the instruction register
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Executes arithmetic operations
Registers
Temporarily store instructions or data fetched
from memory
Storage Devices
A magnetic device used to store a large
amount of information.
Store the software components or data
needed for the computer to execute its
tasks.
Can be read only or writable.
Example: Hard drive, CD ROM, floppy
disks
But is hardware enough?

A body does not work without soul
Similarly, a computer does not work
without any software/program
More specifically, computer is just a tool
that can be used to achieve many goals
Certain software/program are needed to
achieve certain goals; e.g.
l
Windows: to operate the computer
l
MS Word: to edit documents
l
MS Paint: to draw pictures
What is a program?
A program is a list of instructions for the
computer to perform a specific action or a
specific task such as:
'Calculate the sum of the numbers from 1 to 10
'Print I like programming
'Output the current time'
What is Programming?
Programming is instructing a computer to do
something for you
But computer can only understand 0 and 1!
l
It doesn't understand our language
l
How can we tell computer what to do and
how?
We can do this with the help of a
programming language
Programming Language
Can be classified into:
Machine Languages
Assembly Languages
High-Level Languages
Machine Language
The only language that the processor actually
'understands
Consists of binary codes: 0 and 1
Example: 00010101 (add 010 and 101)
11010001 (subtract 001 from 010)
01001100 (multiply 001 with 100)
Each of the lines above corresponds to a specific task

to be done by the processor.
Programming in machine code is difficult and slow
since it is difficult to memorize all the instructions.
Mistakes can happen very easily.
Processor and Architecture dependent
Assembly Language
Enables machine code to be represented in words
and numbers.
Example of a program in assembler language:
MOV A, 010
ADD A, 101
Easier to understand and memorize (called

Mnemonics), compared to machine code but still
quite difficult to use.
Processor and Architecture dependent
High-Level Language
Use more English words. They try to resemble English
sentences. Therefore, it is easier to program in these
languages.
The programming structure is problem oriented - does not
need to know how the computer actually executes the
instructions.
Processor independent - the same code can be run on
different processors.
Examples: Basic, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, C, C++, Java
A high level language needs to be translated (or, compiled)
into machine code so that it can be executed by the
processor.
l compiler is a software that can do this translation
C Programming Language
Why 'C' ?
Because based on 'B'; developed at Bell
Laboratories
Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell
Laboratories in the 1960s
In cooperation with Ken Thomson it was used
for Unix systems
A Simple Program in C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello world!\n");
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
standard Library, input-output, header-file
int main()
{
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
Beginning of program
int main()
{
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{ Start of Segment
return 0;
} End of Segment
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
Function for printing text
return 0;
}
End of statement
Output
Hello world!

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Lecture 02

Input / Output Devices

Accepts information from the user and

An interface by which the computer

A semiconductor device which stores the

Contains information that is necessary for the computer to boot

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Contains instruction or data needed for a program to run

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

But is hardware enough?

Each of the lines above corresponds to a specific task

Easier to understand and memorize (called

standard Library, input-output, header-file

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