Germany: Referat - Clopotel

Germany
Germany (/drmni/; German: Deutschland [dtlant]), officially

the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, is a federal parliamentary republic in West-Central
Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021
square kilometres with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its
capital and largest city is Berlin. With about 81.5 million inhabitants,
Germany is the most populous member state in the European Union.
After the United States, it is the second most popular migration
destination in the world.
Various Germanic tribes have occupied the northern parts of current
Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was
documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the
Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century,
German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.
[8] During the 16th century, northern German regions became the
centre of the Protestant Reformation.
The rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted
in the unification of many of the German states in 1871 into the
Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the
German Revolution of 19181919, the Empire was replaced by the
parliamentary Weimar Republic. The establishment of the national
socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and systematic
genocide. After 1945, Germany split into two states, East Germany
and West Germany. In 1990, the country was reunified.
In the 21st century, Germany is a great power and has the world's
fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the fifth-largest by
PPP. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors,
it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods.
Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living
sustained by a skilled and productive society. It upholds a social
security and universal health care system, environmental protection
and a tuition-free university education.
Germany was a founding member of the European Union in 1993. It is
part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone
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in 1999. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8,

the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th
highest in the world. Known for its rich cultural history, Germany has
been continuously the home of influential artists, philosophers,
musicians, sportsmen, entrepreneurs, scientists and inventors.
The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which
came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the
Rhine.[11] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land
("the German lands") is derived from deutsch (cf. dutch), descended
from Old High German diutisc "popular" (i.e. belonging to the diot or
diota "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the
common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn
descends from Proto-Germanic *iudiskaz "popular" (see also the
Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *eud, descended from
Proto-Indo-European *tewth- "people"
The discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans
were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest
complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were
discovered in a coal mine in Schningen where three 380,000-year-old
wooden javelins 67.5 feet long were unearthed.[The Neander Valley
was the location where the first ever non-modern human fossil was
discovered, the new species of human was named Neanderthal man.
The Neanderthal 1 fossils are known to be 40,000 years old. Evidence
of modern humans, similarly dated, has been found in caves in the
Swabian Jura near Ulm. The finds include 42,000-year-old bird bone
and mammoth ivory flutes which are the oldest musical instruments
ever found, the 40,000-year-old Ice Age Lion Man which is the oldest
uncontested figurative art ever discovered,and the 35,000-year-old
Venus of Hohle Fels which is the oldest uncontested human figurative
art ever discovered. Nebra sky disk is a bronze artifact created during
the European Bronze Age attributed to a site near Nebra, SaxonyAnhalt. It is part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.
The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age
or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north
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Germany, they expanded south, east and west from the 1st century
BC, coming into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul as well as
Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes in Central and Eastern Europe. Under
Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania (an area extending
roughly from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains). In 9 AD, three Roman
legions led by Varus were defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius.
By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had
settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus),
occupying most of the area of modern Germany; Austria, Baden
Wrttemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hessen and the western
Rhineland, however, were Roman provinces.
In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged:
Alemanni, Franks, Chatti, Saxons, Frisii, Sicambri, and Thuringii.
Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled
lands.After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of
Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved further south-west.
Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now Germany
and displaced the smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas (known since
the Merovingian period as Austrasia) were occupied by the Franks,
and Northern Germany was ruled by the Saxons and Slavs.
For 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the
history of the Holy Roman Empire. In 800, the Frankish king
Charlemagne was crowned emperor and founded the Carolingian
Empire, which was divided in 843 among his heirs. The Holy Roman
Empire included the eastern portion of Charlemagne's original
kingdom and emerged as the strongest. Its territory stretched from the
Eider River in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south.
The Ottonian emperors (9191024) consolidated several major
duchies and the German king Otto I was crowned Holy Roman
Emperor of these regions in 962. In 996 Gregory V became the first
German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after
crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed
northern Italy and Burgundy under the reign of the Salian emperors
(10241125), although the emperors lost power through the
Investiture Controversy.
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In the 12th century, under the Hohenstaufen emperors (11381254),

German princes increased their influence further south and east into
territories inhabited by Slavs; they encouraged German settlement in
these areas, called the eastern settlement movement (Ostsiedlung).
Members of the Hanseatic League, which included mostly north
German cities and towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. In the
south, the Greater Ravensburg Trade Corporation (Groe
Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft) served a similar function. The
edict of the Golden Bull issued in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV
provided the basic constitutional structure of the Empire and codified
the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors who ruled some
of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics.
Population declined in the first half of the 14th century, starting with
the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348
50.Despite the decline, however, German artists, engineers, and
scientists developed a wide array of techniques similar to those used
by the Italian artists and designers of the time who flourished in such
merchant city-states as Venice, Florence and Genoa. Artistic and
cultural centers throughout the German states produced such artists as
the Augsburg painters Hans Holbein and his son, and Albrecht Drer.
Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, a
development that played a key role in the Renaissance, Reformation,
the Age of Enlightenment, and the Scientific revolution, and laid the
material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the
spread of learning to the masses.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia which
ended the Thirty Years' War
In 1517, the Wittenberg monk Martin Luther publicised The NinetyFive Theses, challenging the Roman Catholic Church and initiating
the Protestant Reformation. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg
established Lutheranism as an acceptable alternative to Catholicism,
but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his
subjects, a principle called Cuius regio, eius religio. The agreement at
Augsburg failed to address other religious creed: for example, the
Reformed faith was still considered a heresy and the principle did not
address the possible conversion of an ecclesiastic ruler, such as
happened in Electorate of Cologne in 1583. From the Cologne War
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until the end of the Thirty Years' Wars (16181648), religious conflict
devastated German lands.The latter reduced the overall population of
the German states by about 30 percent, and in some places, up to 80
percent.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the
German states.German rulers were able to choose either Roman
Catholicism, Lutheranism or the Reformed faith as their official
religion after 1648
In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of
approximately 1,800 territories.The elaborate legal system initiated by
a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 14501555) created the
Imperial Estates and provided for considerable local autonomy among
ecclesiastical, secular, and hereditary states, reflected in Imperial Diet.
The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the
death of Charles VI in 1740. Having no male heirs, he had convinced
the Electors to retain Habsburg hegemony in the office of the emperor
by agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction. This was finally settled
through the War of Austrian Succession; in the Treaty of Aix-laChapelle, Maria Theresa's husband became Holy Roman Emperor, and
she ruled the Empire as Empress Consort. From 1740, dualism
between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia
dominated the German states in the 18th century. As a consequence of
the French Revolutionary Wars, and the subsequent final meeting of
the Imperial Diet, most of the secular Free Imperial Cities were
annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were
secularized and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved;
German states, particularly the Rhineland states, fell under the
influence of France. Until 1815, France, Russia, Prussia and the
Habsburgs competed for hegemony in the German states during the
Napoleonic Wars.
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Germany: Referat - Clopotel

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Germany

Germany (/drmni/; German: Deutschland [dtlant]), officially

in 1999. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8,

In the 12th century, under the Hohenstaufen emperors (11381254),

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