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INTRODUCTION OF MILLING
Milling is a cutting process that uses a milling cutter to remove material from the
surface of a workpiece. The milling cutter is a rotarycutting tool, often with multiple
cutting points. As opposed to drilling, where the tool is advanced along its rotation
axis, the cutter in milling is usually moved perpendicular to its axis so that cutting
occurs on the circumference of the cutter. As the milling cutter enters the workpiece,
the cutting edges (flutes or teeth) of the tool repeatedly cut into and exit from the
material, shaving off chips (swarf) from the workpiece with each pass. The cutting
action is shear deformation; material is pushed off the workpiece in tiny clumps that
hang together to a greater or lesser extent (depending on the material) to form chips.
This makes metal cutting somewhat different (in its mechanics) from slicing softer
materials with a blade.
The milling process removes material by performing many separate, small cuts. This
is accomplished by using a cutter with many teeth, spinning the cutter at high speed,
or advancing the material through the cutter slowly; most often it is some
combination of these three approaches. [2] The speeds and feeds used are varied to
suit a combination of variables. The speed at which the piece advances through the
cutter is called feed rate, or just feed; it is most often measured in length of material
per full revolution of the cutter.
There are two major classes of milling process:
In face milling, the cutting action occurs primarily at the end corners of the
milling cutter. Face milling is used to cut flat surfaces (faces) into the workpiece,
or to cut flat-bottomed cavities.
In peripheral milling, the cutting action occurs primarily along the

circumference of the cutter, so that the cross section of the milled surface ends
up receiving the shape of the cutter. In this case the blades of the cutter can be
seen as scooping out material from the work piece. Peripheral milling is well
suited to the cutting of deep slots, threads, and gear teeth.
Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material[1] from a
workpiece advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool. [2]
[3]
It covers a wide variety of different operations and machines, on scales from small
individual parts to large, heavy-duty gang milling operations. It is one of the most
commonly used processes in industry and machine shops today for machining parts
to precise sizes and shapes.
Milling can be done with a wide range of machine tools. The original class of
machine tools for milling was the milling machine (often called a mill). After the
advent of computer numerical control (CNC), milling machines evolved into
machining centers (milling machines with automatic tool changers, tool magazines or
carousels, CNC control, coolant systems, and enclosures), generally classified as
vertical machining centers (VMCs) and horizontal machining centers (HMCs). The
integration of milling into turningenvironments and of turning into milling
environments, begun with live tooling for lathes and the occasional use of mills for
turning operations, led to a new class of machine tools, multitasking machines
(MTMs), which are purpose-built to provide for a default machining strategy of using
any combination of milling and turning within the same work envelope.
INTRODUCTION OF LATHE
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling,drilling, or deformation, facing, turning,
with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about
an axis of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying,
parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the bestknown design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes
can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw
threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of
incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or
two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to
accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include
clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate,
using clamps or dogs.
Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe
include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats,
musical instruments (especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.

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INTRODUCTION OF MILLING

In peripheral milling, the cutting action occurs primarily along the

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