Nvis 5586A Final

Advanced 8086 Microprocessor Trainer
Nvis 5586A
Learning Material
Ver 1.0
Designed & Manufactured by:
141-B, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500,
Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.nvistech.com
Nvis 5586A
Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Nvis 5586A
Advanced 8086 Microprocessor Trainer

Nvis 5586A
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Technical Specifications
3.
Safety Instructions
4.
Theory
5.
Capabilities
34
6.
Hardware Description
35
7.
Command Description
36
8.
Memory Address & Port Address
65
9.
Subroutines
68
10.
Serial Communication
95
11.
MASM Macro Assembler
100
12.
Sample Programs
104
13.
On-Board Interface
163
14.
Parallel Communication between two Nvis 5586A

Trainers using 8255 in I/O mode
168
15.
Serial Communication between two Nvis 5586A

Trainers
169
16.
Connector Details
170
17.
Jumper/DIP switch Details
178
18.
Frequently Asked Questions
180
19.
Warranty
188
20.
List of Service Centers
189
21.
References
190
Nvis 5586A
Introduction
General Description:
Nvis 5586A is a single board microprocessor training/development kit configured around the
Intels 16 bit Microprocessor 8086. This kit can be used to train engineers, to control any
industrial process and to develop software for 8086 systems.
The kit has been designed to operate in the maximum mode. Co-processor 8087 and I/O
Processor 8089 can be added on board.
The kit communicates with the outside world through an IBM PC compatible Keyboard with
20x2 LCD Display. The kit also has the capacity of interacting with PC.
Nvis 5586A is packed up with powerful monitor in 128K Bytes of factory programmed
EPROMS and 32K Bytes of Read/Write Memory. The total memory on the board is 144K
Bytes. The system has 72 programmable I/O lines. The serial I/O Communication is made
possible through 8251.
For control applications, three 16 bit Timer/Counters are available through 8253. For real
time applications, the 8 level of interrupt are provided through 8259. Nvis 5586A provides
onboard battery backup for onboard RAM. This saves the users program in case of power
failure.
The onboard resident system monitor software is very powerful. It provides various software
commands like BLOCK MOVE, SINGLE STEP, EXECUTE, FILL etc which are helpful in
debugging/developing software. An onboard line assembler provides user to write program in
assembling language.
Nvis 5586A
Technical Specifications
Central Processor
8086, 16 bit Microprocessor operating in max. mode.
Co-Processor Support:
Support 8087 Numeric Data Processor.
I/O Processor Support:
Support 8089 I/O Processor.
EPROM
128K Bytes of EPROM Loaded with monitor program.
RAM
32K bytes of CMOS RAM with Battery Backup using 3.6V

Ni-Cd Battery.
Parallel
72 I/O lines using three nos. of 8255.
Serial
RS-232-C Interface using 8251.
Interrupt
8 different level interrupt using 8259.
Timer/Counter
Three 16 bit Timer/Counter using 8253.
Keyboard & Display :
105 IBM PC Keyboard & 20x2 LCD Display.
BUS
All address, data and control signals (TTL Compatible)

available at 50 Pin & 20 Pin FRC Connector.
Power Supply
5V/ 2 Amps, 12V/250mA
Physical Size
32.6cm x 25.2cm
Operating Temp.
0 to 50C.
Included Accessories
26 Pin FRC Cable
3 No
50 Pin FRC Cable
1 No
RS232 Cable
1 No
SMPS Supply
1 No
Jumpers
4 No
Phoenix Connector
1No
Keyboard
1No
Keyboard Adaptor
1No
20PinFRC Cable
1No
Nvis 5586A
Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To avoid
any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to the instrument.
Do not operate the instrument if suspect any damage to it.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your safety:

Use proper Mains cord
: Use only the mains cord designed for this instrument. Ensure
that the mains cord is suitable for your country.
Ground the Instrument
: This instrument is grounded through the protective earth

conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock, the
grounding conductor must be connected to the earth ground.
Before making connections to the input terminals, ensure that
the instrument is properly grounded..
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the manual.
1.
Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2.
Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3.
Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
Nvis 5586A
Theory
It is a 16 bit microprocessor. 8086 has a 20 bit address bus can access upto 220 memory
locations (1 MB). It can support upto 64K I/O ports. It provides 14, 16-bit registers. It has
multiplexed address and data bus AD0- AD15 and A16 A19. It requires single phase clock
with 33% duty cycle to provide internal timing. 8086 is designed to operate in two modes,
Minimum and Maximum. It can prefetches upto 6 instruction bytes from memory and queues
them in order to speed up instruction execution. It requires +5V power supply. It is a 40 pin
dual in line package.
Minimum and Maximum Modes:
The minimum mode is selected by applying logic 1 to the MN / MX* input pin. This is a
single microprocessor configuration.
The maximum mode is selected by applying logic 0 to the MN / MX* input pin. This is a
multi microprocessor configuration.
Nvis 5586A
Pin diagram of 8086
Internal Architecture of 8086

8086 has two blocks BIU and EU. The BIU performs all bus operations such as instruction
fetching, reading and writing operands for memory and calculating the addresses of the
memory operands. The instruction bytes are transferred to the instruction queue. EU executes
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instructions from the instruction system byte queue. Both units operate asynchronously to
give the 8086 an overlapping instruction fetch and execution mechanism which is called as
Pipelining. This results in efficient use of the system bus and system performance. BIU
contains Instruction queue, Segment registers, Instruction pointer, and Address adder. EU
contains Control circuitry, Instruction decoder, ALU, Pointer and Index register, Flag
register.
Bus Interface Unit:
It provides a full 16 bit bidirectional data bus and 20 bit address bus. The bus interface unit is
responsible for performing all external bus operations.
Specifically it has the following functions:
Instruction fetching,
Instruction queuing,
Operand fetch and storage,
Address relocation and Bus control.
The BIU uses a mechanism known as an instruction stream queue to implement pipeline
architecture. This queue permits prefetch of up to six bytes of instruction code. Whenever the
queue of the BIU is not full, it has room for at least two more bytes and at the same time the
EU is not requesting it to read or write operands from memory, the BIU is free to look ahead
in the program by prefetching the next sequential instruction. These prefetching instructions
are held in its FIFO queue. With its 16 bit data bus, the BIU fetches two instruction bytes in a
single memory cycle. After a byte is loaded at the input end of the queue, it automatically
shifts up through the FIFO to the empty location nearest the output.
The EU accesses the queue from the output end. It reads one instruction byte after the other
from the output of the queue. If the queue is full and the EU is not requesting access to
operand in memory, these intervals of no bus activity, which may occur between bus cycles,
are known as idle state.
If the BIU is already in the process of fetching an instruction when the EU request it to read
or write operands from memory or I/O, the BIU first completes the instruction fetch bus
cycle before initiating the operand read / write cycle.
The BIU also contains a dedicated adder which is used to generate the 20 bit physical address
that is output on the address bus. This address is formed by adding an appended 16 bit
segment address and a 16 bit offset address.
For example, the physical address of the next instruction to be fetched is formed by
combining the current contents of the code segment CS register and the current contents of
the instruction pointer IP register.
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The BIU is also responsible for generating bus control signals such as those for memory read
or write and I/O read or write.
Execution Unit:
The Execution unit is responsible for decoding and executing all instructions. The EU
extracts instructions from the top of the queue in the BIU, decodes them, generates operands
if necessary, passes them to the BIU and requests it to perform the read or write bys cycles to
memory or I/O and perform the operation specified by the instruction on the operands.
During the execution of the instruction, the EU tests the status and control flags and updates
them based on the results of executing the instruction. If the queue is empty, the EU waits
for the next instruction byte to be fetched and shifted to top of the queue.
When the EU executes a branch or jump instruction, it transfers control to a location
corresponding to another set of sequential instructions. Whenever this happens, the BIU
automatically resets the queue and then begins to fetch instructions from this new location to
refill the queue.
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Minimum Mode Interface

When the Minimum mode operation is selected, the 8086 provides all control signals needed
to implement the memory and I/O interface. The minimum mode signal can be divided into
the following basic groups: address/data bus, status, control, interrupt and DMA.
Address/Data Bus: These lines serve two functions. As an address bus is 20 bits long and
consists of signal lines A0 through A19. A19 represents the MSB and A0 represents the LSB.
A 20-bit address gives the 8086 a 1Mbyte memory address space.
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More over it has an independent I/O address space which is 64K bytes in length. The 16 data
bus lines D0 through D15 are actually multiplexed with address lines A0 through A15
respectively. By multiplexed we mean that the bus work as an address bus during first
machine cycle and as a data bus during next machine cycles. D15 is the MSB and D0 is the
LSB.
When acting as a data bus, they carry read/write data for memory, input/output data for I/O
devices, and interrupt type codes from an interrupt controller.
Status signal:
The four most significant address lines A19 through A16 are also multiplexed but in this case
with status signals S6 through S3. These status bits are output on the bus at the same time
that data are transferred over the other bus lines.
Bit S4 and S3 together from a 2 bit binary code that identifies which of the 8086 internal
segment registers is used to generate the physical address that was output on the address bus
during the current bus cycle.
Code S4S3 = 00 identifies a register known as extra segment register as the source of the
segment address.
Memory Segment Status Codes
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Status line S5 reflects the status of another internal characteristic of the 8086. It is the logic
level of the internal enable flag. The last status bit S6 is always at the logic 0 level.
Control Signals: The control signals are provided to support the 8086 memory I/O
interfaces. They control functions such as when the bus is to carry a valid address in which
direction data are to be transferred over the bus, when valid write data are on the bus and
when to put read data on the system bus.
ALE is a pulse to logic 1 that signals external circuitry when a valid address word is on the
bus. This address must be latched in external circuitry on the 1-to-0 edge of the pulse at ALE.
Another control signal that is produced during the bus cycle is BHE i.e. bank high enable.
Logic 0 on this used as a memory enable signal for the most significant byte half of the data
bus D8 through D1. These lines also serve a second function, which is as the S7 status line.
Using the M/IO* and DT/R* lines, the 8086 signals which type of bus cycle is in progress
and in which direction data are to be transferred over the bus. The logic level of M/IO* tells
external circuitry whether a memory or I/O transfer is taking place over the bus. Logic 1 at
this output signals a memory operation and logic 0 an I/O operation. The direction of data
transfer over the bus is signaled by the logic level output at DT/R*. When this line is logic 1
during the data transfer part of a bus cycle, the bus is in the transmit mode. Therefore, data
are either written into memory or output to an I/O device. On the other hand, logic 0 at
DT/R* signals that the bus is in the receive mode. This corresponds to reading data from
memory or input of data from an input port. The signals read RD and write WR indicate that
a read bus cycle or a write bus cycle is in progress. The 8086 switches WR to logic 0 to
intimate external device about valid write or output data are on the bus. On the other hand,
RD indicates that the 8086 is performing a read of data of the bus. During read operations,
one other control signal is also supplied. This is DEN (data enable) and it signals external
devices when they should put data on the bus. There is one other control signal that is
involved with the memory and I/O interface. This is the READY signal. READY signal is
used to insert wait states into the bus cycle such that it is extended by a number of clock
periods. This signal is provided by an external clock generator device and can be supplied by
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Nvis 5586A
the memory or I/O subsystem to signal the 8086 when they are ready to permit the data
transfer to be completed.
Interrupt signals: The key interrupt interface signals are interrupt request (INTR) and
interrupt acknowledge (INTA). INTR is an input to the 8086 that can be used by an external
device to signal that it needs to be serviced. Logic 1 at INTR represents an active interrupt
request. When an interrupt request has been recognized by the 8086, it indicates this fact to
external circuit with pulse to logic 0 at the INTA output. The TEST input is also related to
the external interrupt interface. Execution of a WAIT instruction causes the 8086 to check
the logic level at the TEST input. If the logic 1 is found, the MPU suspend operation and
goes into the idle state. The 8086 no longer executes instructions; instead it repeatedly checks
the logic level of the TEST input waiting for its transition back to logic 0. As TEST switches
to 0, execution resume with the next instruction in the program. This feature can be used to
synchronize the operation of the 8086 to an event in external hardware. There are two more
inputs in the interrupt interface: the non-maskable interrupt NMI and the reset interrupt
RESET. On the 0-to-1 transition of NMI control is passed to a non-maskable interrupt
service routine. The RESET input is used to provide a hardware reset for the 8086. Switching
RESET to logic 0 initializes the internal register of the 8086 and initiates a reset service
routine.
DMA Interface signals: The direct memory access DMA interface of the 8086 minimum
mode consist of the HOLD and HLDA signals. When an external device wants to take
control of the system bus, it signals to the 8086 by switching HOLD to the logic 1 level. At
the completion of the current bus cycle, the 8086 enters the hold state. In the hold state,
signal lines AD0 through AD15, A16/S3 through A19/S6, BHE, M/IO*, DT/R*, RD, WR,
DEN and INTR are all in the high Z state. The 8086 signals external device that it is in this
state by switching its HLDA output to logic 1 level.
Maximum Mode Interface: When the 8086 is set for the maximum-mode configuration; it
provides signals for implementing a multiprocessor / coprocessor system environment. By
multiprocessor environment we mean that one microprocessor exists in the system and that
each processor is executing its own program. Usually in this type of system environment,
there are some system resources that are common to all processors. They are called as global
resources. There are also other resources that are assigned to specific processors. These are
known as local or private resources.
Coprocessor also means that there is a second processor in the system. In this, both
processors does not access the bus at the same time. One passes the control of the system bus
to the other and then may suspend its operation. In the maximum-mode 8086 system,
facilities are provided for implementing allocation of global resources and passing bus
control to other microprocessor or coprocessor.
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Nvis 5586A
8086 Maximum Mode Block Diagram
8288 Bus Controller Bus Command and Control Signals: 8086 does not directly
provide all the signals that are required to control the memory, I/O and interrupt interfaces.
Specially the WR*, M/IO*, DT/R*, DEN, ALE and INTA, signals are no longer produced by
the 8086. Instead it outputs three status signals S0*, S1*, S2* prior to the initiation of each
bus cycle. This 3- bit bus status code identifies which type of bus cycle is to follow.
S2*S1*S0* are input to the external bus controller device, the bus controller generates the
appropriately timed command and control signals.
The 8288 chip receive the status signal S2*, S1* and S0* and the clock from 8086. Theses
status signals are decoded to generate MRDC* (Memory read command), MWTC* (memory
write command), IORC* (I/O read command), IOWC* (I/O write command), INTA*
(Interrupt acknowledgement) signal. In addition, it can generate advanced memory and I/O
write signals AMWC* (Advanced memory write command), AIOWC* (Advanced I/O write
command) that are enabled one clock cycle earlier than the normal write control signals
because some device require wider cycle.
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Nvis 5586A
MRDC*
MWTC*
IORC*
IOWC*
INTA*
AMWC*
AIOWC*
CEN
IOB
MCE/PDEN*
Memory ReaD Command

Memory WriTe Command
Input/Output Read Command
Input/Output Write Command
INTerrupt Acknowledge
Advanced Memory Write Command
Advanced Input/Output Write Command
Command Enable
Input/output Bus only
Master Cascade/Peripheral Data Enable
The 8288 also can generate bus control signals DEN, DT/R*, ALE, MCE/ (PDEN)* i.e.
Master Cascade/Peripheral Data Enable. The function of the 1 st three signals are the same as
those in the minimum mode. The signal MCE/ (PDEN)* has 2-functions depending on the
mode in which 8288 is operating. The 8288 can either operate in I/O bus mode or system bus
mode. When CEN (command enable) and IOB (I/O bus) input pin are wired high, the 8288
operate in I/O bus mode. In this mode, the signal PDNE* functions in the same way as DEN
but it is active only during I/O instruction. This facility enables 8288 to control 2 set of
buses: System bus and I/O bus separately
With AEN* (Address enable) and CEN inputs low, the 8288 functions in system bus mode.
When multiple processors are sharing the same bus, active processors can be selected by
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Nvis 5586A
enabling the corresponding 8288 via AEN* input. In this mode, the signal MCE (Master
cascade enable) is used for selecting the appropriate interrupt controller.
Bus Status Codes:
The 8288 produces one or two of these eight command signals for each bus cycles. For
instance, when the 8086 outputs the code S2*S1*S0* equals 001; it indicates that an I/O
read cycle is to be performed. In the code 111 is output by the 8086, it is signaling that no
bus activity is to take place. The control outputs produced by the 8288 are DEN, DT/R* and
ALE. These 3 signals provide the same functions as those described for the minimum system
mode. This set of bus commands and control signals is compatible with the Multibus and
industry standard for interfacing microprocessor systems.
Queue Status Signals: Two new signals that are produced by the 8086 in the maximummode system are queue status outputs QS0 and QS1. Together they form a 2-bit queue status
code, QS1QS0.
Following table shows the four different queue status.
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Nvis 5586A
Local Bus Control Signal: Request / Grant Signals:

In a maximum mode configuration, the minimum mode HOLD, HLDA interface is also
changed. These two are replaced by request/grant lines RQ/ GT0 and RQ/ GT1, respectively.
They provide a prioritized bus access mechanism for accessing the local bus.
Minimum Mode 8086 System
In a minimum mode 8086 system, the microprocessor 8086 is operated in minimum mode by
strapping its MN/MX* pin to logic 1. In this mode, all the control signals are given out by the
microprocessor chip itself. There is a single microprocessor in the minimum mode system.
The remaining components in the system are latches, transreceiver, clock generator, memory
and I/O devices. Some type of chip selection logic may be required for selecting memory or
I/O devices, depending upon the address map of the system. Latches are generally buffered
output D-type flip-flops like 74LS373 or 8282. They are used for separating the valid address
from the multiplexed address/data signals and are controlled by the ALE signal generated by
8086. Transreceiver are the bidirectional buffers and sometimes they are called as data
amplifiers. They are required to separate the valid data from the time multiplexed
address/data signals. They are controlled by two signals namely, DEN and DT/R*. The DEN
signal indicates the direction of data, i.e. from or to the processor. The system contains
memory for the monitor and users program storage. Usually, EPROM is used for monitor
storage, while RAM for users program storage. A system may contain I/O devices. The
clock generator generates the clock from the crystal oscillator and then shapes it and divides
to make it more precise so that it can be used as an accurate timing reference for the system.
The clock generator also synchronizes some external signal with the system clock.
It has 20 address lines and 16 data lines; the 8086 CPU requires three octal address latches
and two octal data buffers for the complete address and data separation. The working of the
minimum mode configuration system can be better described in terms of the timing diagrams
rather than qualitatively describing the operations. The opcode fetch and read cycles are
similar. Hence the timing diagram can be categorized in two parts, the first is the timing
diagram for read cycle and the second is the timing diagram for write cycle. The read cycle
begins in T1 with the assertion of address latch enable (ALE) signal and also M/IO* signal.
During the negative going edge of this signal, the valid address is latched on the local bus.
The BHE and A0 signals address low, high or both bytes. From T1 to T4, the M/IO* signal
indicates a memory or I/O operation. At T2, the address is removed from the local bus and is
sent to the output. The bus is then tristated. The read (RD)* control signal is also activated in
T2. The read (RD)* signal causes the address device to enable its data bus drivers. After RD*
goes low, the valid data is available on the data bus. The addressed device will drive the
READY line high. When the processor returns the read signal to high level, the addressed
device will again tristate its bus drivers.
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Read Cycle Timing Diagram for Minimum Mode

A write cycle also begins with the assertion of ALE and the emission of the address. The
M/IO* signal is again asserted to indicate a memory or I/O operation. In T2, after sending
the address in T1, the processor sends the data to be written to the addressed location. The
data remains on the bus until middle of T4 state. The WR* becomes active at the beginning
of T2 (unlike RD* is somewhat delayed in T2 to provide time for floating). The BHE and
A0 signals are used to select the proper byte or bytes of memory or I/O word to be read or
write. The M/IO*, RD* and WR* signals indicate the type of data transfer as specified in
table below.
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Write Cycle Timing Diagram for Minimum Mode

Hold Response sequence:
The HOLD pin is checked at leading edge of each clock pulse. If it is received active by the
processor before T4 of the previous cycle or during T1 state of the current cycle, the CPU
activates HLDA in the next clock cycle and for succeeding bus cycles, the bus will be given
to another requesting master. The control of the bus is not regained by the processor until the
requesting master does not drop the HOLD pin low. When the request is dropped by the
requesting master, the HLDA is dropped by the processor at the trailing edge of the next
clock.
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Bus Request and Bus Grant Timings in Minimum Mode System

Maximum Mode 8086 System
In the maximum mode, the 8086 is operated by strapping the MN/MX* pin to ground. In this
mode, the processor derives the status signal S2*, S1*, S0*. Another chip called bus
controller derives the control signal using this status information. In the maximum mode,
there may be more than one microprocessor in the system configuration. The components in
the system are same as in the minimum mode system. The basic function of the bus
controller chip IC8288, is to derive control signals like RD* and WR* (for memory and I/O
devices), DEN, DT/R*, ALE etc. using the information by the processor on the status lines.
The bus controller chip has input lines S2*, S1*, S0* and CLK. These inputs to 8288 are
driven by CPU. It derives the outputs ALE, DEN, DT/R*, MRDC*, MWTC*, AMWC*,
IORC*, IOWC* and AIOWC*. The AEN, IOB and CEN pins are specially useful for
multiprocessor systems. AEN and IOB are generally grounded. CEN pin is usually tied to
+5V. The significance of the MCE/PDEN* output depends upon the status of the IOB pin. If
IOB is grounded, it acts as master cascade enable to control cascade 8259A, else it acts as
peripheral data enable used in the multiple bus configurations. INTA* pin used to issue two
interrupt acknowledge pulses to the interrupt controller or to an interrupting device. IORC*,
IOWC* are I/O read command and I/O write command signals respectively. These signals
enable an IO interface to read or write the data from or to the address port. The MRDC*,
MWTC* are memory read command and memory write command signals respectively and
may be used as memory read or write signals. All these command signals instructs the
memory to accept or send data from or to the bus. For both of these write command signals,
the advanced signals namely AIOWC* and AMWC* are available. They also serve the same
purpose, but are activated one clock cycle earlier than the IOWC* and MWTC* signals
respectively.
The maximum mode system timing diagrams are divided in two portions as read (input) and
write (output) timing diagrams. The address/data and address/status timings are similar to the
minimum mode. ALE is asserted in T1, just like minimum mode. The only difference lies in
the status signal used and the available control and advanced command signals.
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Maximum Mode 8086 System

Here the only difference between in timing diagram between minimum mode and maximum
mode is the status signals used and the available control and advanced command signals. R0,
S1*, S2* are set at the beginning of bus cycle. 8288 bus controller will output a pulse as on
the ALE and apply a required signal to its DT / R* pin during T1. In T2, 8288 will set
DEN=1 thus enabling transceivers, and for an input it will activate MRDC* or IORC*. These
signals are activated until T4. For an output, the AMWC* or AIOWC* is activated from T2
to T4 and MWTC* or IOWC* is activated from T3 to T4. The status bit S0* to S2* remains
active until T3 and become passive during T3 and T4. If reader input is not activated before
T3, wait state will be inserted between T3 and T4.
Timings for RQ/ GT* Signals: The request/grant response sequence contains a series of
three pulses. The request/grant pins are checked at each rising pulse of clock input. When a
request is detected and if the conditions for HOLD request are satisfied, the processor issues
a grant pulse over the RQ/GT* pin immediately during T4 (current) or T1 (next) state. When
the requesting master receives this pulse, it accepts the control of the bus; it sends a release
pulse to the processor using RQ/GT* pin.
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Memory Read Timing in Maximum Mode
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Memory Write Timing in Maximum Mode
8086 CPU Registers

The 8086 has four groups of the user accessible internal registers. They are the instruction
pointer, four data registers, four pointer and index register, four segment registers. The 8086
has a total of fourteen 16-bit registers including a 16 bit register called the status register,
with 9 of bits implemented for status and control flags. Most of the registers contain
data/instruction offsets within 64 KB memory segment. There are four different 64 KB
segments for instructions, stack, data and extra data. To specify where in 1 MB of processor
memory these 4 segments are located the processor uses four segment registers:
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Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with processor
instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by
instruction pointer (IP) register. CS register cannot be changed directly. The CS register is
automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return instructions.
Stack segment (SS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program
stack. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the stack pointer (SP) and
base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment. SS register can be changed
directly using POP instruction.
Data segment (DS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program
data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general registers (AX, BX,
CX and DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment. DS register can be
changed directly using POP and LDS (Load pointer using data segment) instructions.
Extra segment (ES) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment, usually with
program data. By default, the processor assumes that the DI register references the ES
segment in string manipulation instructions. ES register can be changed directly using POP
and LES (Load pointer using extra segment) instructions. It is possible to change default
segments used by general and index registers by prefixing instructions with a CS, SS, DS or
ES prefix.
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All general registers of the 8086 microprocessor can be used for arithmetic and logic
operations. The general registers are:
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Accumulator register consists of two 8-bit registers AL and AH, which can be combined
together and used as a 16- bit register AX. AL in this case contains the low-order byte of the
word, and AH contains the high-order byte. Accumulator can be used for I/O operations and
string manipulation.
Base register consists of two 8-bit registers BL and BH, which can be combined together and
used as a 16-bit register BX. BL in this case contains the low-order byte of the word, and BH
contains the high-order byte. BX register usually contains a data pointer used for based,
based indexed or register indirect addressing.
Count register consists of two 8-bit registers CL and CH, which can be combined together
and used as a 16-bit register CX. When combined, CL register contains the low-order byte of
the word, and CH contains the high-order byte. Count register can be used in Loop,
shift/rotate instructions and as a counter in string manipulation.
Data register consists of two 8-bit registers DL and DH, which can be combined together and
used as a 16-bitregister DX. When combined, DL register contains the low-order byte of the
word, and DH contains the high order byte. Data register can be used as a port number in I/O
operations. In integer 32-bit multiply and divide instruction the DX register contains highorder word of the initial or resulting number.
The following registers are both general and index registers:
Stack Pointer (SP) is a 16-bit register pointing to program stack.
Base Pointer (BP) is a 16-bit register pointing to data in stack segment. BP register is
usually used for based, based indexed or register indirect addressing.
Source Index (SI) is a 16-bit register. SI is used for indexed, based indexed and register
indirect addressing, as well as a source data address in string manipulation instructions.
Destination Index (DI) is a 16-bit register. DI is used for indexed, based indexed and
register indirect addressing, as well as a destination data address in string manipulation
instructions.
Other registers:
Instruction Pointer (IP) is a 16-bit register.
Flags are a 16-bit register containing 9 one bit flags.
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Nvis 5586A
Overflow Flag (OF): set if the result is too large positive number, or is too small negative
number to fit into destination operand.
Direction Flag (DF): If set then string manipulation instructions will auto-decrement index
register. If cleared then the index registers will be auto-incremented.
Interrupt-enable Flag (IF): Setting this bit enables maskable interrupts.
Single-step Trap Flag (TF): If set then single-step interrupt will occur after the next
instruction.
Sign Flag (SF): Set if the most significant bit of the result is set.
Zero Flag (ZF): Set if the result is zero.
Auxiliary carry Flag (AF): Set if there was a carry from or borrow to bits 0-3 in the AL
register.
Parity Flag (PF) - set if parity (the number of "1" bits) in the low-order byte of the result is
even.
Carry Flag (CF) - set if there was a carry from or borrows to the most significant bit during
last result calculation.
Auxiliary carry Flag (AF) - set if there was a carry from or borrows to bits 0-3 in the AL
register.
Parity Flag (PF) - set if parity (the number of "1" bits) in the low-order byte of the result is
even.
Carry Flag (CF) - set if there was a carry from or borrows to the most significant bit during
last result calculation.
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Nvis 5586A
The 8086 Addressing Modes

Addressing mode indicates a way of locating data or operands. The addressing modes
describe the types of operands and the way they are accessed for executing an instruction.
1. Immediate Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the data is provided in the
instruction.
Example: MOV AX, 0006H
2. Direct Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the instruction operand specifies the
memory address where data is located.
Example: MOV AX, [7000H]
3. Register Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the data is stored in a register and
it is referred using the particular register. All the registers, except IP, may be used in this
mode.
Example: MOV BX, AX
4. Register indirect Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the offset address of data
is in either BX or SI or DI registers. The default segment is either DS or ES.
Example: MOV AX, [BX]
Here data is present in a memory location in DS whose offset address is in BX.
5. Register Relative Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the data is available at an
effective address formed by adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the content of
any one of the registers BX, BP, SI and DI in the default (either DS or ES) segment.
Example: MOV AX, 50H [BX]
6. Indexed Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the offset of the operand is stored
in one of the index registers. DS and ES are the default segments for index registers SI
and DI respectively. 8-bit or 16-bit instruction operand is added to the contents of an
index register (SI or DI), the resulting value is a pointer to location where data resides.
Example: MOV AX, [SI]
7. Based Indexed Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the effective address of data
is formed by adding content of a base register (any one of BX or BP) to the content of an
index register (any one of SI or DI), the resulting value is a pointer to location where
data resides. The default segment register may be ES or DS.
Example: MOV AX, [BX] [SI]
8. Relative Based Indexed Addressing Mode: The effective address is formed by adding
an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the sum of to the contents of a base register (BX or
BP) and index register (SI or DI), in a default segment.
Example: MOV AX, 50 [BX] [SI]
In Nvis 5586A Register relative, Based indexed and Relative based indexed addressing
modes are only supported by entering opcode.
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Nvis 5586A
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Nvis 5586A
Instruction Set of 8086:

1. Data Copy/ Transfer Instructions: This type of instructions is used to transfer data
from source operand to destination operand. All the store, move, load, exchange, input
and output instructions belong to this category.
2. Arithmetic and Logical Instructions: All the instructions performing arithmetic,
logical, increment, decrement, compare and scan instructions belong to this category.
3. Branch Instructions: These instructions transfer control of execution to the specified
address. All the call, jump, interrupt and return instructions belong to this class.
4. Loop Instructions: If these instructions have REP prefix with CX used as count
register, they can be used to implement unconditional and conditional loops. The LOOP,
LOOPNZ and LOOPZ instructions belong to this category. These are useful to
implement different loop structures.
5. Machine Control Instructions: These instructions control the machine status. NOP,
HLT, WAIT and LOCK instructions belong to this class.
6. Flag Manipulation Instructions: All the instructions which directly affect the flag
register, come under this group of instructions. Instructions like CLD, SYD, CLI, STI etc.
belong to this category of instructions.
7. Shift and Rotate Instructions: These instructions involve the bitwise shifting or rotation
in either direction with or without a count in CX.
8. String Instructions: These instructions involve various string manipulation operations
like load, move, scan, compare, store etc. These instructions are only to be operated upon
the strings.
Memory
Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. As the most of the
processor instructions use 16-bit pointers, the processor can effectively address only 64 KB
of memory.
To access memory outside of 64 KB the CPU uses special segment registers to specify
where the code, stack and data 64 KB segments are positioned within 1 MB of memory.
16-bit pointers and data are stored as:
Address: low-order byte
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Nvis 5586A
Address+1: high-order byte

32-bit addresses are stored in "segment: offset" format as:
Address: low-order byte of segment
Address+1: high-order byte of segment
Address+2: low-order byte of offset
Address+3: high-order byte of offset
Physical memory address pointed by segment: offset pair is calculated as:
Address = (<segment> * 16) + <offset>
Program memory: Program can be located anywhere in memory. Jump and call instructions
can be used for short jumps within currently selected 64 KB code segment, as well as for far
jumps anywhere within 1 MB of memory. All conditional jump instructions can be used to
jump within approximately +127 to -127 bytes from current instruction.
Data memory: The processor can access data in any one out of 4 available segments, which
limits the size of accessible memory to 256 KB (if all four segments point to different 64 KB
blocks).
Accessing data from the Data, Code, Stack or Extra segments can be usually done by
prefixing instructions with the DS:, CS:, SS: or ES: (some registers and instructions by
default may use the ES or SS segments instead of DS segment).Word data can be located at
odd or even byte boundaries. The processor uses two memory accesses to read 16-bit word
located at odd byte boundaries. Reading word data from even byte boundaries requires only
one memory access.
Stack memory can be placed anywhere in memory. The stack can be located at odd memory
addresses, but it is not recommended for performance reasons.
Reserved locations:
0000H - 03FFH are reserved for interrupt vectors. Each interrupt vector is a 32-bit pointer
in format segment: offset.
FFFF0H - FFFFFH - after RESET the processor always starts program execution at the
FFFF0H address.
Interrupts
The dictionary meaning of the word interrupt is to break the sequence of operation. While
the CPU is executing a program, an interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of
instructions, diverts its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service Routine
(ISR). After executing ISR, the control is transferred back again to the main program which
was being executed at the time of interruption.
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Nvis 5586A
Whenever a number of devices interrupt a CPU at a time, and if the processor is able to
handle them properly, it is said to have multiple interrupt processing capability. In 8086s,
there are two interrupt pins, NMI and INTR.
The NMI is a non maskable interrupt input pin which means that any interrupt request at
NMI input cannot be masked or disabled by any means. The INTR is of 256 types. The INTR
types may be from 00 to FFH. If more than one type of INTR interrupt occurs at a time, then
an external chip called Programmable interrupt controller is required to handle them.
Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) are the programs to be executed by interrupting the main
program execution of the CPU, after an interrupt request appears. After the execution of ISR,
the main program continues its execution further from the point at which it was interrupted.
Broadly there are two types of interrupt in the 8086 microprocessor. The first out of them is
external interrupt and second is internal interrupt. In external interrupt, an external device or
a signal interrupts the processor from outside or, in other words, the interrupt is generated
outside the processor, for example, a keyboard interrupt. The internal interrupt, on the other
hand, is generated internally by the processor circuit, or by the execution of an interrupt
instruction. The examples of this type are divide by zero interrupt, overflow interrupt,
interrupts due to INT instructions, etc.
Non-Maskable Interrupt
The processor 8086 has a non maskable interrupt input pin (NMI) that has the highest
priority among the external interrupts. TRAP is an internal interrupt having the highest
priority amongst all the interrupts except the Divide by Zero (Type0) exception.
The NMI pin should remain high for at least two clock cycles and is not needed to be
synchronized with the clock for being sensed. When NMI is activated, the current instruction
being executed is completed, and then the NMI is served.
Maskable Interrupts
The processor can inhibit certain types of interrupts by use of a special interrupt mask bit.
This mask bit is part of the flags/condition code register, or a special interrupt register. In the
8086 microprocessor if this bit is clear, and an interrupt request occurs on the Interrupt
Request input, it is ignored.
The processor 8086 also provides a pin INTR, which has lower priority as compared to NMI.
Further the priorities, within the INTR types are decided by the type of the INTR signal,
which is to be passed to the processor through data bus by some external device like the
Programmable Interrupt Controller (8255). The INTR signal is level triggered and can be
masked by resetting the interrupt flag. It is internally synchronized with the high transition of
CLK. For the INTR signal, to be responded to in the next instruction cycle, it must go high in
the last clock cycle of the current instruction or before that. The INTR requests appearing
after the last clock cycle of the current instruction will be responded to after the execution of
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Nvis 5586A
the next instruction. The status of the pending interrupts is checked at the end of each
instruction cycle
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Nvis 5586A
Capabilities
Keyboard Mode:
1.
Examine/Modify the memory byte locations.
2.
Examine/Modify the contents of any of internal register of 8086.
3.
Move a block of Data/Program from one location to another location.
4.
Fill a particular memory area with a constant.
5.
To execute the program in full clock speed.
6.
To execute program in single instruction execution.
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Nvis 5586A
Installation
To install Nvis 5586A the following additional things are required.
1.
Connect the External SMPS Power Supply to AC Power and 5 pin connector to the left
side on Nvis 5586A Kit.
2.
Switch on the Power Supply at the rear end of SMPS supply.
3.
A message NV5586A 8086 Mic.Tr. will come on display (Press RESET if you do
not get - NV5586A 8086 Mic.Tr.
4.
Now Nvis 5586A Kit is ready for the user's experiments for Keyboard Mode
commands.
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Nvis 5586A
Hardware Description
CPU:
8086 is a 16 bit, third generation microprocessor and is suitable for an exceptionally wide
spectrum of microcomputer applications. This flexibility is one of most outstanding
characteristics.
8086 has got 16 data lines and 20 address lines. The lower 16 address lines are multiplexed
with 16 data lines. Hence it becomes necessary to latch the address lines. This is done by
using 74 LS 373. In fact several of the 40 CPU pins have dual functions that are selected by
a strapping pin. In this kit 8086 is used in the max. mode (MN/MX input held logically low).
The 8088 is designed with an 8-bit external path to memory and I/O. Except that the 8086
can transfer 16 bits at a time, the two processors & software are identical in almost every
respect. Software identical in almost every respect. Software written for one CPU will
execute on the other without alteration. The two processors are designed to operate with the
8089 I/O processors and other processors in multiprocessing and distributed processing
systems.
The INTR, TEST & Hold Inputs to 8086 are pulled down and are brought out at PCB FRC
connector.
The mask able interrupt INTR is available to the peripheral circuits through the expansion
Bus. To use the mask able interrupt an interrupt vector pointer must be provided on the data
bus when INTA is active. An interrupt Controller Circuit is provided to take care of more
than one source of interrupt.
Co-Processor 8087:
The 8087 Co-processor hooks have been designed into the 8086 and 8088 so that these
types of processor can be accommodated in the future. A co-processor differs from an
independent processor in that it obtains its instructions from another processor, called a host.
The co-processor monitors instructions fetched by the host and recognizes certain of these as
its own and executes them. A co-processor, in effect, extends the instruction set of its host
computer.
I/O Processor 8089:
The 8086 and 8088 are designed to be used with the 8089 in high performance I/O
applications. The 8089 in conceptually resembles a microprocessor with two DMA channels
and an instruction set specifically tailored for I/O operations. Unlike simple DMA
controllers, the 8089 can service I/O devices directly, removing this task from the CPU. In
addition, it can transfer data on its own bus or on the system bus, can match 8-bit or 16-bit
peripherals to 8-bit or 16-bit buses, and can transfer data from memory to memory and from
I/O devices to I/O device. 8089 has been used here in local mode. The system bus, can
match 8-bit or 16-bit peripherals to 8-bit or 16-bit buses, and can transfer data from memory
to memory and from I/O devices to I/O device. 8089 has been used here in local mode.
Clock Generation:
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Nvis 5586A
The clock generator circuit is an Intels 8284 clock generator/driver. The circuit accepts a
crystal input which operates at a fundamental frequency of 6.144 MHz. (6.14 MHz was
selected since this frequency is a multiple of the baud rate clock and also provides a suitable
frequency for the CPU). The clock generator/driver divides the crystal frequency by three to
produce the 2MHz CLK signal required by the CPU. Additionally, the clock generator
performs a further divide-by-two output called PCLK (peripheral clock) which is the primary
clock signal used by the remainder of the circuits.
The clock generator/driver provides two control signal outputs which are synchronized
(internally) to the 2 MHz CLK signal; RDY (ready) and RST (reset). RST is used to reset
the Nvis 5586A to an initialized state that occurs when the RES input goes low (when power
first is applied or when the SYSTEM RESET key is pressed). The RDY output is active
(logically high) when the RDY 1 input from the wait state generator is active. As will be
explained in the next section, the RDY 1 input is active whenever onboard memory is
addressed or when a selected number of wait states occurs.
The system can operate at either 2 MHz or 1 MHz. This is selected by a set of jumpers JP3
on the right hand side of the 8284 clock generator as shown below:
1. 2 MHz (UPPER)
2. CLK
3. 1 MHz (LOWER)
The Nvis 5586A is supplied in 2 MHz configuration.
Bus Controller:
The 8288 is a Bus Controller which decodes status signals output by an 8089, or a maximum
mode 8086. When these signals indicate that the processor is to run a bus cycle, the 8288
issues a bus command that identifies the bus cycle as memory read, memory write, I/O read,
I/O write, etc. It also provides a signal that strobes the address into latches. The 8288
provides the drive level needed for the bus control lines in medium to large systems.
Memory:
Nvis 5586A provides 128K Bytes of EPROM loaded with monitor and 32K bytes of CMOS
RAM. The total onboard memory can be configured as follows:
EPROM
128K Bytes of EPROM using two 27C512.
RAM
32K Bytes of RAM.
The system provides two 28 Pin sockets for the EPROM area named as EVEN-ROM & ODDROM and two 28 Pin sockets for the RAM area named as EVEN-RAM & ODD-RAM.
EVEN-ROM & ODD-ROM can be defined to have EPROM 27512.
With the 20 bit address of 8086, a total of 1 Mega Bytes of memory can be addressed with
the address slot as 00000 to FFFFF. Although the total onboard memory capacity is 180K
Bytes 128K Bytes of EPROM and 32K Bytes of RAM.
8255:
8255 is a programmable peripheral interface (PPI) designed to use with 8086
Microprocessor. This basically acts as a general purpose I/O component to interface
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Nvis 5586A
peripheral equipments to the system bus. It is not necessary to have an external logic
interface with peripheral devices since the functional configuration of 8255 is programmed
by the system software. It has got three input/output ports of 8 lines each (PORT-A, PORTB and PORT-C). Port-C can be divided into two ports of 4 lines each named as Port-C upper
and Port-C lower. Any Input/Output combination of Port-A, Port-B, Port-C upper and PortC lower can be defined using the appropriate software commands. The Port addresses for
these ports are given here. Nvis 5586A provides nine Input/Output ports of 8 lines each
using three 8255 chips. These ports are brought out at connectors.
8253:
This chip is a programmable interval timer/counter and can be used for the generation of
accurate time delays under software control. Various other functions that can be implemented
with this chip are programmable rate generator. Event Counter, Binary rate multiplier, real
time clock etc. This chip has got three independent 16 bit counters each having a count rate
of up to 2 MHz. The CLK, GATE & OUT signals of these timers are brought out at the
connector.
8251:
This chip is a programmable communication interface and is used as a peripheral device.
This device accepts data characters from the CPU in parallel form and then converts them
into a continuous serial data stream for transmission. Simultaneously it can receive serial
data stream and converts them into parallel data characters for the CPU. This chip will signal
the CPU whenever it can accept a new character for transmission or whenever it has received
a character for the CPU. The CPU can read the complete status of it at any time. 8251 has
been utilized in Nvis 5586A for RS-232-C serial interface.
8259:
The 8259 is a device specifically designed for use in real time, interrupt driven
microcomputer systems. It manages eight levels of requests and has built in features for
expandability to other 8259s. It is programmed by systems software as an I/O peripheral.
A selection of priority modes in which the requests are processed by 8259 can be configured
to match his system requirements. The priority modes can be changed or reconfigured
dynamically at any time during the main program.
Battery Backup:
The Nvis 5586A provides a battery backup for the onboard RAM area using 3.6V Ni-Cd
Rechargeable battery. Nvis 5586A has facility for connecting +5V to the RAM area if the
Ni-Cd battery fails. The selection for +5V or Battery supply Jumper (JP2).
Display:
This display contains 2 lines and each line consists of 20 words (20x2). This is a cursor LCD
display modular. The CPU receives each 8 bits letter which is locked into the internal display
data of RAM (data display of RAM 80 bytes (D.D.RAM) allows 80 characters to be stored),
and transfer to 5x7 dot of array word and appear on the displayed.
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Nvis 5586A
This LCD modular contains the word generator ROM that will supply 160 different 5x7 dot
of array word and also a 64 bytes word generator RAM. Users can define 8 types 5x7 dot of
array word.
The position of word display goes into the LCD Modular through the data bus in CPU. Next
through the instruction register and finally write the words into the data register to display on
a specific location. The LCD Modular will automatically increase or decrease the words in
order to move to different addresses. The user can therefore continue sending in word code.
The cursor as to moved around or moved in the right of left direction.
Specification of Display
Display data RAM
80 x 8 BLT (80 words)
Character generator ROM :
160 of 5x7 dot of array word
Character generator RAM :
8 different users programmed 5x7 dot of array
Kinds of instructions
Clear the display, send cursor home (HOME), ON/OFF

display. Cursor ON/OFF, character blinking cursor
move to another position, display change position.
When the internal power is on, the circuit is reset.

Internal circuit vibrator:
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Nvis 5586A
Functional Block Diagram

Note: Some models incorporate a temperature compensation circuit within the bias voltage
generator.
The LCD0. modular has 2, 8-bits register-one instruction register (IR) and one data register
(DR).
The instruction register stores the instruction code and address information, which contains
display data RAM and address of character generator RAM. However, the content of IR is
only for read-in but not read-out.
The data register can only temporary store data, the input data first goes through LCD and is
stored in the data register. It will then automatically be transferred to display data RAM or
character generator RAM. When the CPU read the data from the displayed RAM or from the
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Nvis 5586A
character generator RAM, it wills also temporary store the data in the data register. When the
address information is input into the instruction register, the relative data will be moved from
display register RAM or character generator RAM to the data register. Then the data can be
read from data register by using the output instruction of CPU.
One way to select the two registers is to select the register signal (RS) like follow:
RS
R/W
Function
Data Bus > instruction Register
Read out busy flags (BUSY FLAG
DB7)
and address counter (DB0-DB6)
Input into data register and execute
the inner instruction: (D.R.RAM
> D.R.
OR C.G.RAM D.R.)
Get the data out from register, and
execute the inner instruction:
(D.D.RAM> D.R.
OR C.G.RAM> D.R.)
Busy Flag (B.F.):

When busy flag is 1, it indicates that the LCD Modular is executing the inner instruction
and no other instruction can be accepted. The LCD Modular can only accept information
when BF is lower to 0.
Address Counter (A.C.):
The address counter is used to count the display data RAM, or address of character generator
RAM. When the address setting instruction address will be sent into the address counter.
When the data is sent into or read out from display register RAM or from the character
generator RAM, the address counter will automatically add or subtract 1.
When the content of address counter is in RS = 0 and R/W = 1, the output data line is DB0
DB6.
Display Data RAM (D.D. RAM):
This is an 80x8 bit RAM, which can store 80 8-bit character codes as the display data; it can
be sent to CPU as the RAM data section without going through RAM section.
Address setting of data display RAM is as followed:
High level bus
Low level bus
AC6 AC5
AC4
AC3 AC2 AC1

AC0
Data displays RAM and display position of LCD is as followed:

Character Position:
7 8 9 10 1119 20
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Nvis 5586A
(Decimal)
First Line:
(Hexadecimal)
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
08 09 0A..16 17
Second Line:
(Hexadecimal)
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
48 49 4A...56 57
Character Generator ROM (C.G. ROM):

This ROM generates 5x7 dot of array character has 160 different 8-bit character code. The
shape and code are shown in Table 2 and 3.
Character Generator RAM (C.G.RAM):
This RAM stores 8 different 5x7 dot of array character which allows the user to design the
program. When the character codes are stored in the C.G.RAM, which are the same as the
characters in Table 2 and 3, they will be sent to display data RAM. The display data and
characters are shown in Table 4.
Timing Generator:
Sending signals into the inner register during generating process.
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Nvis 5586A
Character Codes:
Note:
1.
The CG RAM generates character patterns in accordance with the users program.
2.
Shaded areas indicate 5x10 dot character patterns.
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Nvis 5586A
Character code:
Note :
1.
The CG RAM generates character patterns in accordance with the users program.
2.
Shaded areas indicate 5x10 dot character patterns.
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Nvis 5586A
Relationship among Character Code:

(DD RAM), CG RAM Address, And Character Pattern (CG RAM)
Character Pattern for 5x7
* Signifies a dont care bit.

Note:
1.
Character code bits 0-2 correspond to CG RAM address bits 3-5. Each of the 8 unique
bit strings designated one of the 8 character patterns.
2.
A CG RAM address bit 0-2 designates the row position of each character pattern. The
8 the row is the cursor position. CG RAM data in the 8 the row is ORed with the
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Nvis 5586A
display cursor. Any 1 bits in the 8 the row will result in the displayed dot regardless
of the cursor status (ON/OFF). Accordingly, if the cursor is to be used, CG RAM data
for the 8 the row should be set to 0.
3.
CG RAM data bits 0-4 correspond to the column position of each character pattern bit
4 corresponding to the leftmost column of the character pattern CG RAM data bus are
not used for displaying character patterns, but may be used as a general.
4.
As shown in tables 2 and 3, character patterns in the CG RAM are accessed by

character codes with bits 4-7 equal to 0. For example, the character code 00 (HEX)
or 80 (HEX), since bit 3 of the character code is a dont care bit (i.e. can take either
value 0 or 1).
5.
CG RAM data 1 produces a dark dot, and data 0 produces a light dot in the
corresponding position on the display panel.
Functions of Reset:
Using the Internal Reset Circuit to Start:
LCD Modular internal has an automatic power supply to be used to RESET when the power
rises. During RESET, the busy flag is set. When the voltage is raised to 4.5V in about 10ms,
it is in the busy stage. The following instructions are then used to set the beginning stage of
LCD.
1.
Clear display
2.
Function set
3.
4.
DL =
8-bit data length interface
N=
(single line display)
F=
The source of 5x7 dot of array character
Display ON/OFF control

D=
Display OFF
C=
Cursor OFF
B=
Character flashing function OFF
Entry mode set

I/D =
Increase mode
S=
Display OFF
Note : If the time for the power to increases from 0.2V to 4.5V is greater than 0.1ms but
less than 10ms, the current cut-off will drop to 0.2V before it rises again. If it takes more
than 1ms, the LCD modular will automatically RESET. Otherwise, it has to depend on an
external software instruction to RESET (As describe below).
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Nvis 5586A
Diagram of module RESET power.

Instruction Set:
Note :
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Nvis 5586A
1.
Symbol * signifies a dont care bit
2.
Correct input value for N is predetermined for each model
Initialization by Instructions:
If the power conditions for the normal operation of the internal reset circuit are not satisfied.
LCD unit must be initialized by executing a sense of the instructions. The procedure fro this
initialization process is as follows.
Instruction Description:
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Nvis 5586A
When the LCD is controlled by the CPU, only the instruction register (IR) and the data
register (DR) can be read directly by the CPU. The commands from outside the modular can
decide the internal operation of LCD. These commands include the register selection (RS)
signals, read/write (R/W) signals, and data buffering signals (DB0-DB6).
Table 5 lists all the useful commands in the LCD modular and the execution time, these
commands are divided into the following group:
1.
Commands of set LCD module
2.
Commands of internal set address RAM
3.
Commands of data transfer in or out from the internal RAM
4.
Other commands
When the LCD modular is executing a command it will reject other commands. Except the
busy flag/read address counter, the internal counting period of busy flag is set to as 1. If
the CPU wants to send in other commands it will have to check the busy flag first, until it is
cleared to 0 before it send in. The explanation is as followed:
Display Clear command:
This command will put the display data into a empty space code (20H), address counter will
be cleared to 0. When executing this command, display OFF, the cursor or the character
blinking function will be moved to the most left side if it is in the set condition.
Display/Cursor Home:
The address counter will be cleared to 0, content of D.D. RAM will not be influenced; but if
the cursor or the character blinking function is in the set condition, it will be moved to the
most left side position.
Entry Mode Set:
I/D bit = 1, 1 is added in the address counter after each time it read/write a display data
RAM character code, so that the cursor or the character blinking function will move one
place to the left and vice-versa when I/D=0. The read/write (R/W) character generator also
has the same function.
S bit = 1, but each time it read/write a display data RAM code, it will move to the display
direction and move one space to the left (I/D=0) or one space to the right (I/D=1). When S=0,
the display will not move.
When data enters the character generator RAM, the display will not move.
Display ON/OFF:
D:
C:
D=1
Display ON
D=0
Display OFF
C=1
Cursor display on the display address of the display counter
C=0
Cursor does not display
50
Nvis 5586A
B:
B=1 Character blinking of cursor position at feq or fosc=250kHz freq,
therefore all black points and character display will exchange with each other. Each
character display and overshadow 409.6ms.
Display/Cursor Shift:
S/C
R/L
Cursor move to the left (AC AC-1)
Cursor move to the right (AC AC+1)
All the characters and cursor move to the left
All the characters and cursor move to the right
Note:
When the display moves, the address counter will not move.
Function Set:
DL
Select data length for the interface circuit.
DL=1 -
Using the 8 bits data length.
DL=0 -
Using the 4 bits data length.
Select the display format (one or two lines)
C.G. RAM Address Set:

Address counter and character generator RAM have address which is driven by the binary 6bit. When this instruction is driven in, data can be sent into the CPU and character generator
-RAM.
D.D. RAM Address Set:
Address counter and display data RAM have addresses which are driven by the binary 7-bit.
When this instruction is driven in, data can be sent into the CPU and the display data RAM.
When N=0 (a single line display), binary code ADD between 00H and 4FH; when N=1 (a
two lines display), the binary code ADD from 00H until 27H as the first line of from 40H
until 67H as the second line.
Read Busy Flag/Address Counter:
The busy flag (BF) in LCD can be read from the CPU, using the instruction of LCD modular
is the execution of the internal instruction BF = 1 represents the busy stage (execution of the
internal instruction), it will not accept any instruction at this time until BF = 0.
Content of address counter and the busy flag will be read out at the same time, it is a 7-bit
binary, the address counter will instruct one of the addresses, either the character generator
RAM or display data RAM. This is determined by the final input address set instruction.
Send Data Into C.G. RAM/D.D. RAM:
51
Nvis 5586A
Data with 8-bit in length can be sent into the character generator RAM or the display data
RAM. The address of the input data is instructed by the address counter, however, the
address of address counter is influenced by the final input address set instruction.
After data input whether the address counter add 1 or minus 1 is determined by the design of
the module. It can also be designed as location movement of the display.
Read Data Out of C.G. RAM/D.D. RAM:
Character generator RAM with 8-bit in length or the display data RAM can be read by the
CPU. The read out data address is instructed by the address counter. The address counter is
instructed by the final input address set instruction.
This instruction has to be set in C.G. RAM/D.D. RAM address, once shift cursor instruction
of the C.G. RAM/D.D. RAM data is read out, no other instruction can be read out.
The address setting instruction will read the data address into address counter.
Shift cursor command will allow the previous address setting to be used again in order to
read the D.D. RAM data. The data can be read from the C.G. RAM/D.D. RAM after the
cursor shift.
After the execution of data address counter add 1 or minus 1 will be set in the LCD modular.
After the execution of data read out, the display will not shift.
The operation of this device is similarly with the operation of IBM PCs DEBUG system.
For convenience, the operation instructions will be displayed when the device is being
switched on or RESET.
This device also has memory ability to preserve data for future use. There is a memory
indicator on the display once the data being kept after Reset. The system program starts from
0000:0000 after reset, in order to check the length of the RAM, there is a byte to be inverted
and returned to the original for every 4K in length, the verifying procedure will be repeated
until none of the byte can be inverted. During this period, avoid using the RESET to prevent
the data from unable to return to the original setting. The RAM address is to be displayed by
4 positions and up to FFFFH, however, 5 positions will be used if it exceeds FFFFH.
Operating Commands:
After power ON the system, it will display as follows:
After pressing <Enter>, the operating commands will be displayed:
52
Nvis 5586A
Command Description
A Assemble:
This command is used to convert the input Assemble Language to the Machine Language in
the memory. Once under this command, first set the address which is similar to the
command D followed by an Enter or an Arrow Down key to go to a new step. However,
only a maximum of 35 words are allowed for input.
The following are some useful keys used to move the cursor around:
Move one space to the left.
Delete the character at the cursor.
Ba ckSpa ce
Spa ce
Simply Press the key A. After the command, an A will appear on the screen:
Assembly language can be input at this time.

1.
Only contains the Effective address but the Segment base is included A 400.
2.
Input includes the segment base and the Effective address A 0000:400.
3.
Totally depends on the built in Segment base and Effective address A.
If one of the above is used, 0400 will appear on the screen and ready for input data.
Example:
Clear second line, display DX value, and DX values are altered by key-in to be displayed at
LCD.
53
Nvis 5586A
Address
Mnemonic
0:0400
MOV DL, C0
0:0402
CALL F000:F078
0:0407
MOV DH, 00C2
0:040A
0:040F
CALL F000:F068
CMP AL, 0D
0:0411
JNE
0:0413
HLT
040A
Before entering the above program connect the system to the power supply properly. Then
the following menu will be displayed on LCD screen, if not, switch off the power supply and
re-check.
The following steps are to be taken:

1.
Press the key A and the LCD display is as shown here:
2.
Now the user enter the segment address and effective address simultaneously as
follows:
3.
Now press Enter key, the effective address will appear.
From now onwards user can enter the program in assembly language. First pick the first
instruction.
While entering this instruction, the following mistakes may happen:

1.
If user has entered the wrong instruction as follows:
54
Nvis 5586A
As user press the Enter key, then above instruction will not be converted into machine
language. And the cursor will point left side of the instruction as follows:
Now by using the <Backspace>

the below of C.
keys, user can move the cursor right side and indicate at
Delete the character by using <Space >keys.
Press Enter key, then this input assemble language will be converted into machine language
in the memory and jump to the next memory location.
2.
Or user has entered the wrong instruction as follows:
As user press the <Enter > key, then above instruction will not be converted into machine
Now just type again the correct instruction it will replace the previous characters.
Press Enter key, then this input assemble language will be converted into machine language
in the memory and jump to the next memory location.
3.
Or user has entered the wrong instruction as follows:
As user press the Enter key, then above instruction will not be converted into machine
55
Nvis 5586A
And user wants to write whole instruction again, and then by using the <Space> keys, the
content at the location 400 will be erased as follows:
Now by using <Backspace> key user can come back again to initial position
Now enter the instruction again.
Press <Enter> key, then this input assemble language will be converted into machine
language in the memory and jump to the next memory location.
Now write the next instruction as follows:
In this way, user can enter the whole program, by pressing <Enter> key.
Now by using GO command, the machine language statements can be executed and the value
of DX will be displayed in the second line of the LCD.
Note : When A and U are being used, the operation used:
0000:1E00
0000:1FFF as the buffer.
D - Display or modify the RAMs Hexadecimal:
56
Nvis 5586A
A.D.U. is the important commands in the compiling. The effective address or both the
effective address and Segment base can be used during input. When the cursor is placed at
the beginning, the key will immediately show F000 as the Segment base and the Effective
address next.
Syntax:
D
(If no input, press Enter key or ARROW UP/DOWN key would allow the
built-in address to be used)
D 0400
(Uses built-in Segment base but specify the Effective address)
D 0:0400
(Specify both the Segment base and Effective address)
If press the <Enter> or the ARROW UP key after specifying the address, the memory will
display the data. Press ARROW UP key will allowed the address to ADD 8 and store in the
memory as a whole number. Otherwise, an ARROW DOWN key indicates an subtraction of
8 in the address and these changes in the memory (as a machine language).
Syntax:
If address is not a whole number 8, the following will show:
The above data shown at the location 400 are the arbitrary datas.
Example:
If the user wants to see the codes of the above program, the following steps are to be taken:
1.
Press F7 key, the menu will display.
2.
Press D key, and write the effective address. The following will be displayed:
3.
Press <Enter> key, then the following will be displayed:
57
Nvis 5586A
Use
key for further view.
F - Fill data into the RAM:

By setting the starting, ending address and the details, an <Enter> key will allow the data to
enter the RAM.
Syntax:
Once F is entered, the command can be preceded.
The ending position has to be bigger than or equal to the starting position, otherwise the
smaller user will become the ending position and the bigger user is the starting position.
G - Proceed to the address for execution:
The GO command, which causes the machine language statements to be executed. This
command executes the loaded program and allows the user to specify the addresses at which
program execution will stop. The syntax is as followed:
When the G key has been applied, the procedure can be taken place.
It shows the address 0000:0400 by default if your program resides on another location than
user have to change address.
Once the GO command has been executed, it will completely leave the system and proceed
to the users program.
Flowchart of G-Command
58
Nvis 5586A
I Interrupt:
Three Interrupts (Effective address) can be set in for the program execution; the CPU will
continuously make a single-step subprogram for checking IP values. When the IP register
has the same value as the Interrupts address, it will enter the Interrupts subprogram. Enter
command I will interrupt the program.
Syntax:
The I key allows interruption to be shown on the screen.
Note:
1.
During interrupt setting, the address alternation register has commands like POP ES,
MOV DS, AS, etc. to execute with the next command.
2.
The program will be delayed for due to the fact that CPU has to send each command
individually into the subprogram.
3.
During the interruption, the commands GO would allow the program to execute until
the next INTERRUPT.
Example:
To break point at 0402, 0407 and 0411 in the example given on Page-3, the following steps
are to be taken:
1.
Press the key F7 and the LCD display is as shown here:
59
Nvis 5586A
2.
Now press the key I and the LCD display is as shown here:
Modify using <Space> and <Backspace >keys as follows:
3.
Press the key F7 and then G. The display will be as follows:
4.
Press the Enter key and then F7.
This indicates the first break-point is at 0402. To proceed further, press G, Enter, and then
F7.
This indicates the second break-point is at 0407. To proceed further, press G, Enter, and then
F7.
This indicates the third break-point is at 0411. One can use any commands including
Examine Register by pressing the key R.
Note:
In above figure observe the command R is also displayed this command only appears during
step execution of program or when Breakpoints are applied at some addresses using I
command.
Display Register:
Command R displays the content in the register. This command allows the user to
examine the content of the register in the CPU. Each time during display, 4 registers will be
shown. The following are some of the display and criteria of the register:
60
Nvis 5586A
The first group register (AX, BX, CX, and DX) will be shown first when enter the command
R. The
key will jump to the second group; the fourth group can return to the first
group.
When the content in the register is displayed, the cursor will not appear, the user therefore
cannot change the content in the register
M - Moving Data:
The command MOVE is used to move data in the memory from a specified address to
another address by input the starting address, the ending address and the desire address. A
RETURN key is then used to execute the changes.
Syntax:
The M key allows the data to be moved to another address:
The ending address must be greater than or equal to the starting address. The sum of the
starting address in plus the corrected ending address in the target cannot exceed FFFF.
Otherwise, it will cause an input error and have to redo the whole procedure.
T - Trace Program (an N-step designed command):
This command is used for program execution. TRACE will enter the INTERRUPT
subprogram every time the program execute. N has a decimal range from 1-99 with 10 as the
rounding off number, and only operate if N is not 0; other-wise it will clear the function.
Syntax:
61
Nvis 5586A
00 - STEP
Decimal TRACE setting
Only 0-9 numerical keys are allowed to use to operate for this command but not any other
keys.
Example:
Enter the following program using A 0000:0400 and press Enter key.
Now if user wants to see the process of the above program, then the procedure is as follows:
1.
After entering the above program, press F7 key, then the menu will be displayed as
follows:
2.
Press the Key T. The screen displays as follows:
3.
Now the user can view the program after the one instruction, two instructions, and so
on by defining the number which is to be entered through keyboard.
Example:
The instruction pointer stops after every single instruction.
After completion, press F7 for a menu display.
62
Nvis 5586A
4.
Press the key G, the menu will appear.
5.
Press Enter key.
6.
Press F7 key, the single stepping will start and the following menu will be displayed:
1ST instruction is executed.
Press G key and next F7 key for further view; the following results will be displayed:
2nd instruction is executed.
3rd instruction is executed.
Press G key and next F7 key for further view, the following results will be displayed:
4th instruction is executed.
Here user can observe the process of program execution, because data 30 is greater than 20
so that carry will not generate and the program execution will jump to the desired label. Now
again press G key and next F7 key
Anywhere during trace command, one can examine/modify the registers using R command
(refer Register Command Description).
Note:
Refer to the INTERRUPT command for precaution.
63
Nvis 5586A
U Unassemble:
The UNASSEMBLE command decodes the value of a group memory location mnemonics,
and display on the displayed. Once enter this command, input the proper design address.
The following is the correct way to input address:
1.
The content of the Unassemble 0400 will start if only the starting address is entered.
The built-in segment base is used here if it is not entered.
2.
The content of the Unassemble 0000:0400 will start if only the starting address is
entered with segment address as 0000:0400.
Press U key would enter the Unassemble design:
Display the address first, then display the machine code (if the machine code is too long, they
will be continued on the second line). The second line displays the assemble program and
the process is completely done. To see further press F7 key and then U again and then again
enter next address.
If the user needs to modify the instruction, press key F7 will move to the command
Assemble (A). And write the address of the instruction which is to be modified. Press Enter
key and write the correct instruction and again press Enter key. Press key F7 another time
would bring the instruction back to the Unassemble.
The U command can be used to examine the program but not more than 127 instructions in
forward direction. When the program reaches the end, the U command can be used to
decode the program again or forward.
Example:
The example entered earlier can be seen as follows:
64
Nvis 5586A
1.
Press U key, and enter the starting address of the program.
2.
Press Enter key, the following will be displayed:
3.
Press F7 and then U and enter the next address for further view.
4.
If the user want to modify at the address 0404, then following steps are to be taken:
a.
Press F7 key, the menu will display.
b.
Press A key and enter the address 0404 as follows:
c.
Press Enter key and write the instruction again.
d.
Press Enter key so that the modifications has been taken place.
Note: When commands A and U are executed, the system program uses 0000:1E001FFF as the buffer, therefore during the execution of A and U, this segment cannot be
used.
65
Nvis 5586A
Memory Address & Port Address

Memory Section:
Address
0000:0000
0000:7FFF
F000:0000
F000:FFFF
Purposes
RAM AREA
{ODD RAM &
EVENRAM }
ROM MONITOR AREA
{ODD ROM & EVEN
ROM}
I/O Address:
The addresses of the various chips in I/O mapped in Nvis 5586A are as follows:
Device No.
Port No.
8255-I
PPI
70
Port A
72
Port B
74
Port C
76
Control Word
8255-II
PPI
80
Port A
82
Port B
84
Port C
86
Control Word
8255-III
PPI
10
Port A
12
Port B
14
Port C
16
Control Word
8253
Selected Device
PIT
00
Counter 0
02
Counter 1
66
Nvis 5586A
8259
8251
04
Counter 2
06
Control Word
Register
30
Interrupt
controller Data
Word
32
Command/Status
Word
50
Data Register
52
Control Word
Register
RAM Memory:
Address
0000:0000
Purposes
Interrupt Vector Section (INTI,
INT2, INT3 have arranged the
interrupt section and stack
segment
0000:0390
Stack Segment
BUFFER
0000:039B
SYSTEM DATA
0000:93E0
BUFFER (Only if needed)
0000:0400
to
USERS RAM AREA
0000:7FFF
System Data of RAM:
0000:039B
Store 9B, will stop at the

subprogram exit next to
the WAIT command each
time it leave the interrupt
display subprogram, waiting
for F2 to continue execution
(is used in TRACE to convert
to single-step hardware).
0000:039C
0000:039D
TRACE Buffer
67
Nvis 5586A
0000:039F
Flags, function of each byte is

as followed:
BIT:
0
Enter NMI as 1, otherwise as 0
After the G key, will be set to as 0, SHIFT + F7
During subprogram, is set to as 1
Set to 1 after entering INTERRUPT
Use in interrupt system
Use in interrupt System
Set 0 to INTERRUPT, and set 1 to TRACE
Set TRACE or INTERRUPT as TF flags, timer 1

0000:03A0
Buffer of Interrupt setting
0000:03A5
0000:03AE
Preserved battery to test bit
0000:03AF
0000:039E -
Flags, use the command A
0000:03B0
0000:03D8
Data stored in the register monitor during interruption
Note: Address 4350 to 4900 is used for internal operation of trainer and this area in not user
accessible.
68
Nvis 5586A
Subroutines
Address
Text
Description
F000:F000
JMP BCBA
RECORDER PROGRAM
F000:F003
JMP BB00
RS-232 PROGRAM
Practical Use of Subprogram (ROMS Content)

Address
Text
F000:F040
CALL SI
F000:F044
CALL FEE0
WRITE ALS INSTRUCTION INTO LCD
F000:F048
CALL FEF0
WRITE ALS DATA INTO LCD
F000:F04F
CALL FF00
READ LCD AND STORE DATA IN AL
F000:F053
CALL FE7A
INPUT KEYS AND STORE VALUE IN AL
F000:F04C
CALL FE8A
CONVERT INPUT NUMERICAL VALUES INTO ASCII CODE

AND STORE IN AL. IF IT IS NOT A NUMBER THAN IT WILL
BE SET TO C-FLAGS AS 1.
F000:F058
CALL FEA0
CONVERT THE INPUT ALPHABETICAL VALUES INTO

ASCII CODE. IF IT IS NOT AN ALPHABET THEN IT WILL
BE SET TO C-FLAGS AS 1.
F000:F05C
CALL FEB5
CONVERT THE INPUT SYMBOLS INTO ASCII CODE AND STORE

IN AL. IF IT IS NOT A SYMBOL THAN SET TO C-FLAGS AS 1.
F000:F060
CALL FDF5
CONVERT THE INPUT FUNCTIONAL KEYS INTO ASCII CODE

AND STORE IN AL. OTHERWISE, SET TO C- FLAGS AS 1.
F000:F064
CALL FB35
CALL FOR THE ABOVE 4 SUB-PROGRAM AND CHANGE INPUT

KEY INTO ASCII TO STORE IN AL.
F000:F068
CALL EA35
SAVE THE INPUT 4 DIGITS IN DX, DISPLAY POSITION FROM BL

TO BH INSTRUCTION.
F000:F06C
CALL FAA0
STORE INPUT 4 DIGITS IN DX AS SEGMENT BASE

AND ANOTHER 4 DIGITS AS THE EFFECTIVE ADDRESS IN DI
(DX: DI).
F000:F070
CALL FE15
CONVERT THE ASCII CODE IN AL TO HEXADECIMAL.
F000:F074
CALL FE30
CONVERT THE HEXADECIMAL IN AL TO ASCII CODE AND

STORE IN BETWEEN AH AND AL.
F000:F078
CALL FF2B
DELETE ONE LINE
F000:F07C
CALL FCD5
CLEAR THE SCREEN
Description
69
Nvis 5586A
F000:F080
CALL FD20
CURSOR BLINKING MOVEMENT
F000:F084
CALL FDC0
INSERT THE LOWER 4 BITS INTO THE DX WITH BH

INSTRUCTION
F000:F088
CALL FFOA
WRITE THE HEXADECIMAL IN AL INTO CURSOR ADDRESS
F000:F08C
CALL FF20
WRITE THE HEXADECIMAL IN AX INTO CURSOR ADDRESS
F000:F094
CALL F39A
WRITE THE HEXADECIMAL IN AX INTO BL DESIGNATED

ADDRESS
F000:F098
CALL FD4A
READ IN 2 LETTERS FROM BL DESIGNATED

POSITION,CHANGE TO HEXADECIMAL AND STORE IN AX
F000:F09C
CALL FD7A
READ IN 4 LETTERS FROM BL DESIGNATED POSITION,

CHANGE TO HEXADECIMAL AND STORE IN AX
F000:F0A0
CALL FE55
BEEP
F000:F0A4
CALL FEDA
EXTENDED SUBPROGRAM CAN BE PLANNED. PLAN 8253 #2

COUNTER AS THE EXTENDED COUNTING AND CHECK KEY-IN
WHEN LEAVING THE SUBPROGRAM
70
Nvis 5586A
Codes Table:
The key-in code in transferred to ASCII and the ability to transfer the address, FF means
empty codes that have not been defined.
Character Code: (F000:FF60 - FF83)
F000:FF60 :
:FF70
:
FF80
ASCII
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
41
Number
ASCII
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4A 4B 4C
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Alphabet B
ASCII
4D 4E 4F
Alphabet M
ASCII
58
59
5A FF FF FF FF FF FF
Alphabet X
FF FF
Symbols Code: (F000:FF90-FFBF)

F000:FF90
ASCII
FF
3C 3E
Symbols
<
>
26
2A 2B 28
&
ASCII
:FFA0
:FFB0
FF 3D 5F
Symbols
ASCII
29
FF
7E
2C 2E
FF 2F 2D 7F
/
Symbols )
ASCII
3B 3A 22
FF FF
Symbols
ASCII
21
Symbols !
23
24
25
FF FF
5B 5D 7B 7D FF
[
"
2D
0D
FF
94
FI
DEL
D0
D1
D2
EDIT
LIST
SP
90
91
92
CLS GO
20
SP
0D
FF
D4
INS
D3
Note:
Functional key: (F000: FFBC-FF9B)
93
3F
71
Nvis 5586A
1. CTRL ON conditions have not been defined.

2. SP and
area use under the key SHIFT ON and OFF.
Checking section of interrupt vector position

After RESET, the system program will allow the stored data to begin from 0:0000 until
Interrupt vector position. FF is the undefined interrupt that for the user to decide.
F000:FFC0
FFD0
FFE0
FF
FF
FF FF
CA
30
F7
INT2
FF
FF
FF
FF
00 F0
1A
INT3
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
F7
INT1
F7
00
F0
00
F0
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
Sub-Program:
The 8086/8088 subprogram has both the same segment calling and the different segment
calling. The different segment calling is used towards the different. The different segment
calling is used towards the different segment of subprogram. The subprogram of this system
program has to be all in the same segment in order to call the same subprogram (the same
segment and different segment subprogram are different from RET command). For user
convenience, the system program will start from F000:F040 as the catalog section of the
subprogram. In the subprogram catalog segment, if the same segment subprogram RET is
changed to different segment subprogram RET is changed to different segment subprogram
RETF. The user can therefore choose the different segment calling from any segment to call
one of the subprogram in the catalog segment.
Another method of using system subprogram is to use the M command to move all the
programs in the system into the users segment. This allows direct access to the calling
commands in the segment. Since there are other subprogram that can be called from the
subprogram, all the programs have to be moved together in order to protect each other
address (when every subprogram is being used in the catalog, it should start moving from
F000:EA00-FF4F), it is therefore a waste of space.
The user can add new program into the empty space of catalog section.
Operation description of sub-program:
1. CALL F000:F040
The calling of the implied address will allow the subprogram address to be registered into the
SI calling if a called program is not in the catalog section.
Input Parameter
:
The calling of subprogram address is instructed by SI. However,
others depend on the needs of the subprogram calling.
Output Parameter :
Depends on the execution of subprogram.
2. CALL F000:F044
Write all the commands in the AL into the LCD.
72
Nvis 5586A
Input Parameter
Output Parameter
:
:
AL stores the LCD modular orders that have been written in.
None
3. CALL F000:F048
In this subroutine, we enter hex data in AL and get its ASCII equivalent into the cursor
position of the LCD (the position of the address counter).
Input Parameter
Output Parameter
:
:
Written data (hex) is stored in AL

None
4. CALL F000:F04C
Read out data from cursor position of LCD (the instructed position of address counter) into
AL.
Input Parameter
:
None
Output Parameter :
AL stores the read in data.
5. CALL F000:F050
Read out the key-in from 8279 (execute only when the key is pressed).
Input Parameter
:
None
Output Parameter :
The key-in value is stored in AL.
6. CALL F000:F054
Change the numerical key-in value into ASCII code; clear the C-Flag to 0 for numerical key
otherwise set 1 for non-numerical key without changing AL value.
Input Parameter
:
The key-in value is stored in AL
Output Parameter :
If it is a numerical key, transfer into the relative ASCII values,
store in AL and clear all flags. All non-numerical keys are set in C-Flag, and AL value changes.
7. CALL F000:F058
Change the alphabetical key-in value into ASCII code; clear the C-Flag to 0 for alphabetical
keys otherwise set 1 for non-alphabetical keys without changing the AL value.
Input Parameter
:
The key-in value is stored in AL
Output Parameter :
If is an alphabetical key, transfer to ASCII code to be stored in
AL and clear the C-Flags. Otherwise, the AL value will not change.
8. CALL F000:F05C
Change the signs key-in into ASCII code, the undefined signs key will be transferred to FF to
be stored in AL, and clear the C-Flag to 0; otherwise set the flags to 1 without changing the
AL values.
Input Parameter
The key-in value is stored in AL.
Output Parameter :
If it is a sign, transfer to ASCII code to be stored in AL and
clear the C-Flag, otherwise, set the C-Flags to 1 without changing AL values.
73
Nvis 5586A
9. CALL F000:F060
Change the functional keys into the key-in values (Enter and SP keys as the ASCII code,
whereas others are set by the system program), those undefined one will be stored as FF in
AL and clear the C-Flag to 0.
Input Parameter
The key-in codes are stored in AL.
Output Parameter :
If it is functional key, transfer to key-in code to be stored in AL
and clear the C-Flags, otherwise set the C-flags to 1 without changing AL values.
10. CALL F000:F064
A combination of (6) (7) (8) (9) function.
Input Parameter
The key-in values are stored in AL.
Output Parameter :
The AL not only transfers the code but also clear the C-Flags to
0. Otherwise set the C-Flag to 1 without changing AL values.
11. CALL F000:F068
Input a 4 digits number at the BX appointed location and store in DX in order to be displayed
in LCD modular. BL will appoint the first position. BH will appoint BL where to start, BH
has to be smaller than 4 & follows the address counter in the LCD modular. When
BL=X0XX XXXX, it is the first line; when BL = X1XX XXXX, it is the second line. The
exact location is the sum of BL and BH. If the key-in function is changed to key code, it will
leave the subprogram after it is stored in AL.
The BH is set to 0 for first time entry; the rest will be according to the key-in to determine
the code.
Input Parameter:
DX
The first displayed number after the entry
BL
The display location of word at the most left side.
BH
Which location from BL the character starts.
Output Parameter:
AL
The code used for storing functional key.
DX
Store the displayed numbers.
12. CALL F000:F06C

The appointed location of BL and BH, the code of input section and effective address are
stored consequently in DX and DI (i.e. DX: DI).
The displayed location of most left side character is instructed by BL, BH instructs the
position from the first character onwards. If BH is smaller than 9 but not equal to 4, BL add
to BH will be the exact location of display location.
74
Nvis 5586A
The keys, are used to operate the cursor while input numbers. It will also allow the cursor to
move between segment and effective address. Other than these three functional keys, the rest
will transfer to code number and jump out of subprogram.
Input parameter
BL
Instruct the most left side word to display location. The rules are
the same as (1).
BH
Instruct the position starting from BL, first entry into the
subprogram is set to 0, program execution will follow the
operation whether to add or subtract.
Output Parameter :
AL stores the key-in code of functional keys.
13. CALL F000:F070

Transfer the numbers in AL from ASCII code to hexadecimal to be stored in lower 4 bits of
AL, clear to C-Flag at the same time to 0. But set the C-Flag of non-numerical ASCII code to
1, without changing the code of AL.
Input Parameter
ASCII code of numbers that are stored in AL.
Output Parameter
The ASCII code of the numbers in AL will be transferred to

hexadecimal to be stored in the lower 4 bit, clear the C-flag to
0 otherwise set C-Flags to 1 with-out changing the AL code.
14. CALL F000:F074

After changing the ASCII in AL to HEX code, the higher level is stored in AH and the lower
level is stored in AL.
Input Parameter
AL stores the exchanged hexadecimal.
Output Parameter
AH stores the higher level ASCII, AL stores the lower level

ASCII.
15. CALL F000:F078

Clear the first line display of the BL, display of D.D. RAM will be stored into the blank code
20, and then the cursor will move back to the starting point.
BL = X0XX XXXX means clearing the first line.
BL = X1XX XXXX means clearing the second line.
Input parameter
BL indicates the number of cleared lines.
Output Parameter
BL stores 80 (first line) or CO (second line).
16. CALL F000:F07C

75
Nvis 5586A
Clear display (blank code 20 is stored in the display)

Input Parameter
None
Output Parameter
None
17. CALL F000:F080

The cursor blink, wait for the key to jump out.
Input Parameter
None
Output Parameter
AL stores the key-in code from 8279.
18. CALL F000:F084

Insert the AL lower 4 bit hexadecimal into the DX, the location is determined by BH. BH
must be smaller than r, BH = 0 represents it is inserted into the most left-sided position of
DX.
Input Parameter
The AL lower 4 bit means an insert into hexadecimal.

DX - means inserted numbers.
BH - indicates inserted location.
Output Parameter
DX is the code after insertion.
19. CALL F000:F088

Write the AL code into cursor location (inside the address of the address counter).
Input Parameter
AL stores the code that is ready for input.
Output Parameter
None
20. CALL F000:F08C

Write the AX code into the cursor location.
Input Parameter
AX stores the code that is ready for input.
Output Parameter
None
21. CALL F000:F094

Write the AX code into the BL indicated location of LCD, BL indicates the first line or
second line as in (11).
Input Parameter
BL indicates the most left-sided location of the word.

AX stores the codes that are ready for input.
76
Nvis 5586A
Output parameter
None
22. CALL F000:F098

The LCD which instructed by BL read out 2-bit and change it to hexadecimal to be stored in
AL, also clear the C-Flag as 0. If it is a non-numerical character, the C-Flag will be set to 1
and return once AL is back. The instruction of BL location is the same as (11).
Input Parameter
BL indicates the read-in of the first word on the left.
Output Parameter
If read a number, then will transfer to hexadecimal to be stored

in AL. The C-flag has to be cleared to 0, otherwise it is taken
back to AL, and moreover the C-Flag is set to 1 in order to
return.
23. CALL F000:F09C

The LCD which is instructed by BL read out 4-bit, changes to hexadecimal to be stored in
AX, and Clear the C-Flag to 0. If it is non-numerical code, the C-Flag is set to 1 and is also
taken back into AX before it returns. BL instructed the number on the most left, the rule ins
the same as in (11).
Input Parameter
BL instructs the first word that is ready to read out from the
most left side.
Output Parameter
The number read will be transfer to hexadecimal to be stored in

AX, and clear the C-Flag to 0. Otherwise, the AL code will
return and the C-Flag will be set to 1.
24. CALL F000:F0A0

Make a beep sound.
Input Parameter
None
Output Parameter
None
25. CALL F000:F0A4

Delay subprogram that can be designed, the delay is counted by the counter # 2 of 8253. It
will check the key at the end, in order to jump out the subprogram after it read.
Input Parameter
Before input, counter # 2 of 8253 has to be programmed. The

subprogram will check counter # 2 and Jump out once reach
the end.
Output Parameter
ALAL code 00 represents no key-in, otherwise AL code will

be the key-in code. If AH is influenced, it will change
(indefinite value).
77
Nvis 5586A
Practical Examples of Subprogram:

Note:
Programs in Assembly language directly compile on Trainer Assembler while writing
program in Assembly language in Trainer do not add prefix Zero (0) or any postfix like H as
shown in figure and use address of label names in place of Label name in trainer.
Example 1:
Input alphabetical key, and display at LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0:0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01
0:0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:0407
B0 0D
MOV
AL, 0D
0:0409
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:040E
0:0413
9A 50 F0 00 F0
9A 58 F0 00 F0
CALL
CALL
F000:F050
F000:F058
0:0418
72 F4
JB
040E
0:041A
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048
0:041F
E9 EC FF
JMP
040E
0:0422
F4
HLT
Comment
CLEAR DISPLAY COMMANDS TO BE
STORED IN AL
CALLING INSTRUCTION IS INPUT INTO
LCD RAM
COMMAND THAT DISPLAY ON/OFF IS
STORED IN AL0D= 0000 1101 LETTER
BLINKING CURSOR OFF DISPLAY ON
DISPLAY ON/OFF ORDER
CALL FOR WRITE-IN INSTRUCTION
SUBPROGRAM
CALL FOR THE READ KEY-IN
CALL THE ALPHABETICAL KEY CODE
AND TRANSFER INTO THE SUBPROGRAM
IGNORE THE ALPHABETICAL KEY-IN,
RETURN
TO
ORIGINAL
KEY-IN;
OTHERWISE
EXECUTE
THE
NEXT
INSTRUCTION.
KEY-IN CODE ENTER INTO LCD MODULAR
Program input starts executing from 0400; the first word blinking can be seen at this time,
they can be input again in order to be displayed on LCD. 21st to 41st word will exceed the
first line display boundary; therefore they are stored in LCD modular but will not be shown.
The 41st word will be the first letter on the second line. Similarly, 61st to 80th word will not
be shown.
78
Nvis 5586A
Example 2:
Clear second line, display DX value, and DX values are altered by key-in to be display
at LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
400
BA 34 12
MOV
DX,1234
403
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01

STORED IN AL
0405
B3 C0
MOV
BL,C0
WRITE THE SET LCD ADDRESS COUNTER

COMMANDS INTO BL.CO=11000000
REPRESENT THE POSITION OF SECOND
LINE
9A 78 F0 00 F0
BB C2 00
CALL
MOV
F000:F078
BX, 00C2
CLEAR SECOND LINE

INPUT PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM IS
STORED IN BX.
0407
040C
B0-B5 set the word at the most left side to display position, B6=1 represents the second line,
B7 can be any number. After entering subprogram, it is automatically set to 1 (B=Bit).
BH as 00 instructs the cursor and the first word location, first time entering subprogram is set
to 0, the rest will automatically add or subtract.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0:040F
9A 68 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F068
INPUT 4 BITS.
0:0414
3C 0D
CMP
AL, 0D
WHETHER IT IS ENTER KEY
0:0416
75 F5
JNZ
040A
0418
F4
HLT
NON-ENTER KEY WILL JUMP

BACK
TO
INPUT
SUBPROGRAM; OTHERWISE IT
WILL EXECUTE THE NEXT
COMMAND.
Program will clear the second line first, but display 4 bits (DX value) on the second line and
wait for input.
After the key-in numbers, the display value can be altered and stored in DX. Press Enter key
would stop the program.
79
Nvis 5586A
Example 3:
Display 4 bits (AX value) on BL instructed location.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B3 80
MOV
BL, 80
INPUT PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM IS STORED

IN BL. B6=0 REPRESENTS 1ST LINE
0402
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F078
CLEAR THE FIRST LINE.
0407
B8 88 80
MOV
AX, 8088
040A
9A 94 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F094

IN BL. AMONG 84=10000100, B0 TO B5 DISPLAY
THE FIRST WORD ON THE MOST LEFT SIDE. B6
AS 0 REPRESENTS THE 1ST LINE DISPLAY, B7
CAN BE ANY VALUE THAT AUTOMATICALLY
SET TO 1 ONCE ENTER THE SUBPROGRAM. IT IS
THE D.D. RAM ADDRESS COMMAND.
DISPLAY AX.
040F
F4
HLT
Program will first clear the first line, then store 8088 into AX to display the first line. Input
parameter of subprogram is stored in BL. B6=0 represents 1st line
80
Nvis 5586A
Example 4:
Check table to display one line of letter.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0400
0402
0407
B3 C0
9A 78 F0 00 F0
B0 C2
MOV
CALL
MOV
BL,C0
F000:F078
AL,C2
0409
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
040E
0E
PUSH
CS
040F
1F
POP
DS
0410
BE 00 06
MOV
SI,600
0413
B9 0A 00
MOV
CX,0A
0416
FC
CLD
0417
AC
LODSB
0418
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048
041D
E2 F7
LOOP
0416
041F
F4
HLT
Comment
CLEAR THE SECOND LINE
PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM
STORED IN AL. B)-B5 IS WRITTEN
INTO LCD ADDRESS COUNTER,
INSTRUCTED THE WORD ON THE
MOST LEFT SIDE. B6 AS 1
REPRESENTS
THE
SECOND
LINE.B7 AS 1 REPRESENTS THE
SET
D.D.
RAM
ADDRESS
INSTRUCTION.
COMMANDS IN AL ARE WRITTEN
INTO LCD
SEGMENT VALUE SET FOR
TABLE CHECKING
STARTING ADDRESS OF TABLE
CHECKING IS STORED INTO SI
STORE
TABLE
CHECKING
LENGTH IN CX
CLEAR DIRECTIONAL FLAG
READ IN DATA FROM TABLE
CHECKING SECTION UNTIL AL.
INPUT AL DATA INTO LCD
MODULAR.
CX NOT EQUAL TO 0 WOULD
CONTINUE EXECUTION LOOP
Program execution at address 0:0600 is stored into the ASCII code of display data, like
followed (can be set oneself):
0600 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A
Program starts from 0:600 to be stored as ASCII data code and display on LCD modular i.e.
A B C D E F G H I J.
81
Nvis 5586A
Example 5:
To clear LCD display.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0400
9A 7C F0 00 F0
CALL
0402
F4
HLT
F000:F07C
Comment
CALL SUBROUTINE
HALT
82
Nvis 5586A
Example 6:
To convert 8-bit hex data in ASCII code and display converted ASCII value.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 45
MOV
AL, 45
MOVE 45 TO AL REGISTER
0402
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
HALT
On executing this particular program displayed value is E.
83
Nvis 5586A
Example 7:
To write all the commands in the AL into the LCD modular.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01
CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
Address
Opcode
HALT
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 0F
DISPLAY ON, CURSOR BLINKING
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
Address
Opcode
HALT
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 10
SHIFT CURSOR POSITION TO LEFT
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
Address
Opcode
HALT
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 08
DISPLAY OFF, CURSOR OFF
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
Address
Opcode
HALT
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 14
SHIFT CURSOR POSITION TO RIGHT
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
Address
Opcode
HALT
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 80
FORCE CURSOR TO BEGINNING OF FIRST LINE
0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
HALT
84
Nvis 5586A
Example 8:
Input Parameter:
DX
The first displayed number after the entry
BL
The display location of word at the most left side.
BH
Which location from BL the character starts.
Output Parameter:
AL
The code used for storing functional key.
DX
Store the displayed numbers.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
9A 7C F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F07C
CLEAR THE DISPLAY
0405
BB 00 00
MOV
BX,0000
MOV 0000H IN BX REGISTER
0408
9A 68 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F068
CALL SUBROUTINE
040D
88 36 50 04
MOV
[450], DH
MOVE DH CONTENT TO MEMORY LOCATION 450
0411
88 16 51 04
MOV
[451], DL
MOVE DL CONTENT TO MEMORY LOCATION 451
0415
F4
HLT
HALT
85
Nvis 5586A
Example 9:
ASCII to HEX conversion.
After changing the ASCII in AL to HEX code, the higher byte is stored in AH and the lower
byte is stored in AL.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B3 80
MOV
AL, 1A
MOVE 1A IN AL REGISTER
0402
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F074
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
B8 88 80
MOV
[450], AH
[450]31
040B
9A 94 F0 00 F0
MOV
[450], AL
[451]41
040F
F4
HLT
HALT
86
Nvis 5586A
Example 10:
To clear the first line of display.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B3 80
MOV
BL, 80

IN BL. B6=0 REPRESENTS 1ST LINE
0402
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F078
CLEAR THE FIRST LINE.
87
Nvis 5586A
Example 11:
To write the AL code into cursor location (inside the address of the address counter).
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 67
MOV
AL, 67
MOVE 67 IN AL REGISTER
0402
9A 88 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F088
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
F4
HLT
HALT
88
Nvis 5586A
Example 12:
To write the AX code into the cursor location.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 67
MOV
AX, 4567
MOVE 4567 IN AX REGISTER
0403
9A 88 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F088
CALL SUBROUTINE
0408
F4
HLT
HALT
89
Nvis 5586A
Example 13:
Write the AX code into the BL indicated location of LCD, BL indicates the first line or
second line.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0400
B3 CC
MOV
BL, CC
0402
B8 67 45
MOV
AX, 4567
0405
9A 94 F0 00 F0
CALL
0F000:F09
4
040A
F4
HLT
Comment
MOVE CC IN BL REGISTER
DISPLAY AX.
HALT
90
Nvis 5586A
Example 14:
HEX to ASCII conversion.
After changing the HEX in AL to ASCII code, ASCII code is stored in AL. Conversion is
valid for 30-39 H & 41-46 H.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 41
MOV
AL, 41
; MOVE 41 IN AL REGISTER
0402
9A 70 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F070
CALL SUBROUTINE
0407
B8 88 80
MOV
[450], AL
[450]0A
040B
F4
HLT
HALT
91
Nvis 5586A
Example 15:
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
9A 4C F0 00F0
CALL
F000:F04C
CALL SUBROUTINE
0405
9A 88 F0 00F0
CALL
F000:F088
CALL SUBROUTINE
040A
88 06 59 04
MOV
[459], AL
040E
F4
HLT
;MOVE AL CONTENT IN MEMORY LOCATION

0459 H
HALT
92
Nvis 5586A
Example 16:
Input numerical key, and display at LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0:0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01
0:0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:0407
B0 0D
MOV
AL, 0D
0:0409
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:040E
0:0413
9A 50 F0 00 F0
9A 54 F0 00 F0
CALL
CALL
F000:F050
F000:F054
0:0418
72 F4
JB
040E
0:041A
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048
0:041F
E9 EC FF
JMP
040E
0:0422
F4
HLT
Comment
STORED IN AL
LCD RAM
SUBPROGRAM
CALL THE NUMERICAL KEY CODE AND
TRANSFER INTO THE SUBPROGRAM
IGNORE
THE
NUMERICAL
KEY-IN,
RETURN
TO
ORIGINAL
KEY-IN;
OTHERWISE
EXECUTE
THE
NEXT
INSTRUCTION.
HALT
93
Nvis 5586A
Example 17:
Input functional key, and display at LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0:0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01
0:0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:0407
B0 0D
MOV
AL, 0D
0:0409
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:040E
0:0413
9A 50 F0 00 F0
9A 60 F0 00 F0
CALL
CALL
F000:F050
F000:F060
0:0418
72 F4
JB
040E
0:041A
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048
0:041F
E9 EC FF
JMP
040E
0:0422
F4
HLT
Comment
STORED IN AL
LCD RAM
SUBPROGRAM
CALL THE FUNCTIONAL KEY CODE AND
TRANSFER INTO THE SUBPROGRAM
IGNORE THE FUNCTIONAL KEY-IN,
RETURN
TO
ORIGINAL
KEY-IN;
OTHERWISE
EXECUTE
THE
NEXT
INSTRUCTION.
HALT
94
Nvis 5586A
Example 18:
Input any key, and display at LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0:0400
B0 01
MOV
AL, 01
0:0402
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:0407
B0 0D
MOV
AL, 0D
0:0409
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F044
0:040E
0:0413
9A 50 F0 00 F0
9A 64 F0 00 F0
CALL
CALL
F000:F050
F000:F064
0:0418
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL
F000:F048

STORED IN AL
LCD RAM
SUBPROGRAM
CALL ANY KEY CODE AND TRANSFER
INTO THE SUBPROGRAM
CALL SUBROUTINE
0:041D
E9 EC FF
JMP
040E
0:0420
F4
HLT
95
Nvis 5586A
Serial Communication
Nvis 5586A has facility of Serial Interface with PC for any serial Transmission & Reception.
Through this facility one can upload & download data from / to PC. For Downloading &
Uploading microprocessor lab software is provided.
Microprocessor lab is simple software for IBM-PC compatible computers. It allows the user
to communicate with the computer through serial port with the facility of downloading &
uploading of the data between the computer and the other serial devices.
The user can communicate Nvis 5586A trainer with PC using software as below procedure
mentioned.
First run the microprocessor lab software setup.

After the installation is complete above window is appear on screen.
Close the entire programs (like HyperTerminal) which use same com port.
In software Nvis 5585 is set as default so its image appears on screen.
For selecting the com port of PC use selection button Select Com Port as depicted
in above figure.
For connecting the Nvis 5586A use button Connect to port, and that particular
button become red. For disconnect click on same button.
96
Nvis 5586A
For selecting the trainer click button Connect Nvis 5586A and it change to
Disconnect Nvis 5586A.For disconnect the trainer click on same button.
Uploading:
Microprocessor lab software provides a feature by which the data stored in Nvis 5586A can
be stored in the disk of PC. This can be achieved by following the instructions given as
below:
Example
We are storing the program/data of Nvis 5586A from 0000:0400 (Starting address) to
0000:04FF (End address) as an example to demonstrate the UPLOADING features.
1. On Nvis 5586A, execute from F000:F003 using G command as follows:
Press Enter key and the following will come on the display:
Press F7 key to come in the OUT mode.
1st location indicates the starting address (F000:0400) and the 2nd location indicates
the end address (0400) of the memory area to be transmitted on to the Serial Port.
Change this to 0000:0400 to 04FF as follows:
97
Nvis 5586A
For uploading the file press Capture text button on lower right of window as shown
above and another window shown below is appears.
2.
Then give any name with extension .TXT and Click <Start>.
3.
After that press <Enter> key of Nvis 5586A trainer.
4.
Now you will see Data on the Response window.
5.
After file transfer complete click on button Save File as depicted in above figure.
6.
Now your file is saved in the PC. By this procedure one can upload data in PC.
Downloading:
The following procedure is to be adopted for downloading the file from PC to Nvis 5586A.
For Down Loading the .KIT or .TXT from PC to Nvis 5586A trainer click button
Send File on right lower side of screen and screen appear for selecting the file form
given location .And follow the procedure given below in section Downloading.
98
Nvis 5586A
On Nvis 5586A, execute from F000:F003 using G command as follows:
Press Enter key and the following will come on the display:
Change the location from F000:0400 to 0000:0400. This is the 1st RAM location data will be
received from the PC and this address will keep on incrementing on receipt of each Data
Byte.
Press Enter key of trainer keyboard and then click on open button on screen appear on PC
1. Then type File to be downloaded i.e. ABC.TXT.
2. After that address field on Nvis 5586A will go on incrementing will display till the
last address field at where user have saved ABC.TXT File.
99
Nvis 5586A
MASM Macro-Assembler
To use MASM Software and download generated file to Trainer please follow these steps
Write program given in following format for 8086
Note:
While writing Programs for MASM Compiler add prefix Zero (0) and postfix H as shown in
figure and use label names.
; Test for 8255 EM03 to Generate Square Wave Output

In this program the output will remain high until one half the counts has been completed (for
even numbers) and go low for other half of the count. When the counter reaches terminal
count, the state of the output is changed and the whole process is repeated.
If the count is odd and the output is high the first clock pulse (after the count is loaded)
decrements the count by 1. Subsequent clock pulses decrements the clock by 2. The time out, the output goes low and the full count is reloaded. In this way if the count is odd, the
output will be high for (N+1)/2 counts and low for (N-1)/2 counts.
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: CODE
PROG PROC FAR
Address
Step-1
0400
Opcode
B0 B6
Mnemonic
START:
Comment
MOV
AL,B6H
;INIT 8 253 CWR IN

MODE-3
0402
Step-2
0404
E6 06
OUT
0 6H,AL
;SET FOR COUNTER -2
B0 0A
MOV
AL ,0AH
;L OAD L SB COUNT
I N A CC DATA 0AH
0406
Step-3
0408
E6 04
OUT
04H,AL
;OUT AT COUNTER-2
B0 00
MOV
AL ,00H
;L OAD MSB COUNT

IN ACC DATA 00H
040A
E6 04
OUT
04 H,AL
;OUT AT C OU NTER-2
Step-4
040C
EB F1 FF
JMP
S TART
;JUMP TO START
PROG ENDP
CODE ENDS
100
Nvis 5586A
END
Starting Portion and ending portion should be there. In between this we can write any
instructions with initial address Org 400H program
Note: We can write above file in any window or dos editor directly. And change extension to
.ASM
Step2>Save above file suppose file name ABC.ASM in same folder where the assembler is
saved.
Step3>Now do the following steps:
Open command prompt window by typing cmd in run command
a window appears as shown below
Now enter into the cross assembler directory for my system it is in C: drive
101
Nvis 5586A
Run MASM file in below mention format
Then press ENTER key of PC keyboard four times .The PC screen will display
SUCCESSFUL 0 WARNING & 0 SERVE ERROR
Note: The ASM file should be in same folder where MASM assembler is placed
Step4>Run LINK file in below mention format
C :> LINK.exe ABC (No need to give any extension.)
Then press ENTER key of PC keyboard four times PC screen will display
SUCCESSFUL 0 WARNING TO STACK SEGMENT.
Step 5>Run EXE2BIN file in below mention format.
102
Nvis 5586A
C:>EXE2BIN.exe ABC (No need to give any extension)

Then ENTER key of PC keyboard once.
It will generate binary file of your program
Step 6>Now run Ascbin.exe in the below mention format
C:>Ascbin.exe
then ENTER(from PC keyboard)
This is a program to convert ASCII file to bin file & bin file to ASCII file
After pressing ENTER it will show
Press <ESC> to exit program
Press <s> & <enter> to exit now
Press <c> & <Enter> to continue
Now Press C for continues.
Step 7> Window will open asking for
1) BIN to ASCII
2) ASCII to BIN
Select no 1 for BIN to ASCII then ENTER (from PC keyboard)
Step 8>Again window will open asking for
Enter the BIN filename?
Enter the filename with extension ABC.bin
Enter the BIN filename? ABC.bin
After pressing ENTER it will again prompt for ASCII filename
Enter the ASCII filename? ABC.ASC
Note: In these fields extensions are necessary
Enter origin? 0000:0400 then ENTER (from PC keyboard)
Our ASCII file will be generated named ABC.asc down load this file into M808602
Connect HyperTerminal with kit then select transfer then send text file.
Our file will be down loaded into kit.
103
Nvis 5586A
Sample Programs
The monitor software of Nvis 5586A resides in 128K Byte of EPROM. The system software
has certain useful routines, which can be utilized by the user for developing his programs.
The address of these routines is given in the Subroutine chapter.
Example
The following sample programs are given here to make the user familiarize with the
operation of Nvis 5586A.
1. 16-Bit Addition.
2. 16- Bit Subtraction.
3. 16-Bit Multiplication.
4. 32- Bit Division.
5. Program for addition of two numbers and display it on LCD.
6. Moving data form 500 memory locations to 600 memory locations.
7. Program for moving string form one memory location to other.
8. Searching a number in given array.
9. Program for comparing two strings
10. Program for moving the string for one memory location to other location with
changed segment address.
11. To ADD two Binary numbers each 8 Bytes long
12. To find the maximum no. in a given string (16 Bytes long) and store it in location
0510.
13. To sort a string of a no. of bytes in descending order.
14. To multiply an ASCII string of eight numbers by a single ASCII digit.
15. To Divide a String of Unpacked ASCII Digits
16. A Data string of no. of bytes (to be specified in CX reg.) is located from the
starting address 0500. This data string is to be converted to its equivalent 2' S
complement Form and the result is to be stored from 0600 onwards.
17. Serial Port Programming
18. 8259 Interrupt Controller
19. BCD Addition of two bytes.
20. BCD Subtraction of two bytes.
21. Find whether a no is even or odd.
22. Find whether a no is positive or negative.
23. Find whether a no is even or odd and display it on LCD.
104
Nvis 5586A
24. Find whether a no is positive or negative and display it on LCD.

25. Hex to ASCII conversion (valid for 00 to FF)
26. Logical AND operation of two bytes.
27. Logical OR operation of two bytes.
28. Logical NOT operation of two bytes
29. Logical XOR operation of two bytes
30. Shift logical left
31. Shift logical right
32. Rotate Right without Carry
33. Rotate Left without Carry
34. Shift Arithmetic Right (SAR)
35. Rotate Right through Carry
36. Rotate Left with Carry
37. Software triggered strobe (8253)
38. Write a program to calculate N3= N12 + N22 32 bit integer value stored at 300
H and 304H respectively. The result should be store at 308H.
39. Write a program to calculate Sin (Z) where Z - is defined in degrees.
40. Program for Port A, B, C of 8255-I generating square wave output at Connector
8255-I.
Note:
Programs in Assembly language directly compile on Trainer Assembler while writing
program in Assembly language in Trainer do not add prefix Zero (0) or any postfix like H as
shown in figure and use address of label names in place of Label name in trainer.
105
Nvis 5586A
Program 1:
16-Bit Addition.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
400
403
406
B8 34 12
05 78 56
88 26 20 04
MOV AX,1234
ADD AX,5678
MOV [420],AH
40A
88 06 21 04
MOV [421],AL
40E
F4
HLT
Comment
LOAD 1234 IN AX
ADD 5678 TO CONTENT OF AX
LOAD RESULT ON RAM
LOCATION 420
LOAD RESULT ON RAM
LOCATION 421
HLT
Input: 1234 + 5678

Result: Result at 420 and 421 = 68AC
106
Nvis 5586A
Program 2:
16- Bit Subtraction.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
400
403
B8 43 43
2D 21 21
MOV AX,4343
SUB AX,2121
406
88 26 20 04
MOV [420],AH
40A
88 06 21 04
MOV [421],AL
40E
F4
HLT
Comment
LOAD 4343 TO AX
SUB CONTENT OF AX TO
2121
LOAD RESULT ON RAM
LOCATION 420
LOAD RESULT ON RAM
LOCATION 421
Input: 4343 - 2121

Result: Result at 420 and 421= 2222
107
Nvis 5586A
Program 3:
16-Bit Multiplication.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
400
403
406
408
B8 DC FE
BB 98 BA
F7 E3
88 36 50 04
MOV AX, FEDC

MOV BX, BA98
MUL BX
MOV [450],DH
40c
88 16 51 04
MOV [451],dl
410
88 26 52 04
MOV [452],AH
414
88 06 53 04
MOV [453],AL
418
F4
HLT
Input:
Comment
LOAD FEDC TO AX
LOAD BA98 TO BX
LOAD RESULT TO 450
MEMORY LOCATION
LOAD RESULT TO 451
MEMORY LOCATION
LOAD RESULT TO 452
MEMORY LOCATION
LOAD RESULT TO 453
MEMORY LOCATION
HALT
FEDC*BA98
Result: 450 & 451 = B9C3

452 & 453 = 2AA0.
108
Nvis 5586A
Program 4:
32- Bit Division.
Address
400
403
406
408
40B
40F
413
417
41B
Opcode
BA 00 00
B8 FF FF
B9 FF FF
F7 F1
88 26 50 04
88 06 51 04
88 36 52 04
88 16 53 04
F4
Input:
Dividend:
Divisor:
Mnemonic
MOV DX,0000
MOV AX,FFFF
MOV CX, FFFF
DIV CX
MOV [450],AH
MOV [451],AL
MOV [452],DH
MOV [453],DL
HLT
Comment
LOAD DIVIDEND TO DX
LOAD TO AX
LOAD DIVISOR TO CX
LOAD RESULT TO 450 RAM LOCATION
HALT
DX = 0000
AX = FFFF
CX = FFFF
Result:
450 & 451 = 0001
452 & 453 = 0000
109
Nvis 5586A
Program 5:
Addition of two number and display it on LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
400
403
B8 30 00
05 30 00
MOV AX,30
ADD AX,30
MOVE DATA IN AX
ADD DATA TO CONTENT OF AX
Comment
406
88 C2
MOV DL,AL
408
40D
9A 78 F0 00 F0
88 E6
CALL F000:F078
MOV DH,AH
40F
414
9A 68 F0 00 F068
75 F2
CALL F000:F068
JNE 0408
416
F4
HLT
MOVE LOWER 8 BIT OF AX IN TO

LOWER 8 BIT OF DX
CALL TO DISPLAY FUNCTION
MOVE HIGHER 8 BIT OF AX TO
HIGHER 8 BIT OF DX
CALL TO LCD DISPLAY FUNCTION
UNCONDITIONAL JUMP TO 408
MEMORY LOCATION
HALT
Here the data is break in to part because we can transfer 8 bit at a time on LCD using given
function
Operand 30+30
Result =60
110
Nvis 5586A
Program 6:
Moving data form 500 memory locations to 600 memory locations.
Address
400
403
406
409
40B
40D
40E
40F
410
412
Opcode
BE 0005
BF 0006
B9 0F 00
8B 04
89 05
46
47
49
75 F7
F4
Mnemonic
MOV SI, 500
MOV DI, 600
MOV CX, 000F
MOV AX, [SI]
MOV [DI],AX
INC SI
INC DI
DEC CX
JNE 409
HLT
Comment
STARTING LOCATION
DESTINATION LOCATION
NO BYTE TO TRANSFER
INCREMENT SI
INCREMENT DI
DECREMENT CX
HALT
Note: Press F7 button of keyboard (connected to techbook) and then press D, enter address
(from where data is to be entered), press enter and start feeding data.
Enter the data at memory location 500.
Ex-01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14,15,16
And after running the code above data is transfer to memory location 600.
111
Nvis 5586A
Program 7:
Moving a string form one memory location to other memory location.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
400
8B 0E 00 05
MOV CX,[500]
404
408
40C
40D
40E
40F
8D 36 50 05
8D 3E 00 06
FC
F3
A4
F4
LEA SI,[550]
LEA DI,[600]
CLD
REP
MOVSB
HLT
Comment
SIZE OF STRING IS STORE AT 500
LOCATION
LOAD EFFECTIVE ADDRESS
LOAD EFFECTIVE ADDRESS
CLEAR DIRECTION FLAG
MOVE STRING BYTE
HALT
1. Enter the size of string on 500 memory location

2. Enter the string on 550 memory location
3. String copy to 600 memory location
112
Nvis 5586A
Program 8:
Searching a number in given array.
Address
400
403
406
408
409
40B
40C
40E
410
411
413
415
417
419
41B
41D
41F
Opcode
BE 00 05
BF 00 06
8A 0C
46
8A 04
46
3A 04
74 09
46
FE C9
75 F7
B0 FF
88 04
8A 1C
88 1D
CD 02
F4
Mnemonic
END:
Comment
MOV SI,500
MOV DI,600
MOV CL,[SI]
INC SI
MOV AL,[SI]
INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JZ END
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ 40C
MOV AL,0FFH
MOV [SI],AL
MOV BL,[SI]
MOV [DI],BL
INT 02H
HLT
Input:
500 = 04H (Length of Array)
501 = 35H (Element to be search)
502 = 18H
503 = 35H
504 = 54H
505 = 72H
Note: The element which one we want to search is stored at location 501h & The number of
elements in an array is stored at location 500H.
Result:
1. If the element which one we want to search is in an array, then it will be store at
the location [600] i.e. 35 is stored
2. If the element which one we want of search is not in an array, then FF will be
stored at location 600 to indicate ERROR condition.
113
Nvis 5586A
Program 9:
Comparing two strings.
Address
Opcode
400
404
408
40B
40C
40D
40E
410
412
416
417
419
8D 36 00 05
8D 3E 50 05
B9 03 00
FC
F3
A6
75 07
B0 01
88 06 00
F4
B0 00
88 06 00 06
LEA SI, [500]

LEA DI,[550]
MOV CX,0003
CLD
REPE
CMPSB
JNE 417
MOV AL,01
MOV [600], AL
HLT
MOV AL,00
MOV [600], AL
Mnemonic
41D
F4
HLT
Comment
LOCATION OF 1 STRING
LOCATION OF 2 STRING
SIZE OF STRING
1 IF STRING ARE EQUAL

STORE RESULT ON 600 LOCATION
STORE 0 RESULT ON 600 LOCATION IF

NOT EQUAL
Enter the string at address 500.
Ex-AA,BB,CC
Enter the 2 string at address 550.
Ex-AA,BB,CC
If both string are same then result is 01 at 600 location and string are not matching then 00 at
600 memory location
114
Nvis 5586A
Program 10:
Moving the string for one memory location to other location with changed segment
address.
This program is entered on 400 memory location but with different segment address.
Here DS register is initialized to 10 and SI to 400, DI by 450, so both DI and SI
added with DS and form the actual physical address.
DS= 10H
=10000B
SI= 400H
=10000000000B
DI= 450H
=10001010000B
To form the actual physical address, segment address is shifted by 4 bit position and then
added with offset address
10H << 4
400H
Physical Address: 500H
10H<<4
450H
Physical Address: 550H
Address
Opcode
Mnemonics
400
403
405
408
40B
40E
410
412
413
414
416
B8 10 00
8E D8
BE 00 04
BF 50 04
B9 10 00
8B 04
89 05
46
47
E2 F8
F4
MOX AX,10
MOV DS, AX
MOV SI, 400
MOV DI, 450
MOV CX,0010
MOV AX,[SI]
MOV [DI],AX
INC SI
INC DI
LOOP 40E
HLT
100000000
+10000000000
-----------------------10100000000
100000000
+10001010000
------------------10101010000
Comments
DATA SEGMENT INITIALIZATION
SOURCE POINTER INITIALIZATION
DESTINATION POINTER INITIALIZATION
COUNTER INITIALIZATION
INCREMENT SOURCE POINTER

INCREMENT DESTINATION POINTER
Enter the string on location 500 (Physical Address) of size 10. And this string is copied on
550 memory location after running the program.
115
Nvis 5586A
Program 11:
To add two Binary numbers each 8 Bytes long.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0401
F8
B9 04 00
CLC
MOV CX,0004
0404
BE 00 05
MOV SI,0500
0407
BF 08 05
MOV DI, 0508
040A
8B 04
MOV AX,[SI]
LOAD DATA BYTES (WHICH ARE IN LOCATION 0500 AND

0501 IN 16 BIT ACC. I.E. (0500) AH (0501) AL
040C
11 05
ADC [DI],AX
ADD THE CONTENTS(MS BYTES) OF 0508, 0509 WITH THE

CONTENTS (LS BYTES) OF 0500 + 0501 AND STORE THE
RESULT IN LOCATION 0508 ONWARDS.
040E
46
INC SI
POINT AT 0502 LOCN (NEXT RELEVANT SOURCE LOCN).
0410
47
INC DI
POINT AT NEXT RELEVANT LOCN, I.E. 0504.
0411
47
INC DI
0412
49
DEC CX
DECREMENT THE COUNTER.
0413
75 F5
JNE 040A
IF NOT ZERO (I.E. CX =0000) THEN CONTINUE ADDITION

ELSE,
F4
HLT
HALT.
0415
CLEAR CARRY FLAG.

LOAD COUNTER REGISTER WITH NO. OF TIMES ADDITION
TO BE PERFORMED (I.E. INITIALIZE THE COUNTER
REGISTER).
LOAD SOURCE INDEX REG. WITH STARTING ADDRESS OF
IST BINARY NO. (LSBS ARRAY).LOAD DESTINATION
INDEX REG. WITH DEST. ADDRESS (WHERE THE RESULT
OF
ADD. IS TO BE STARTED STORING). ALSO ITS THE
STARTING ADDRESS OF MSBS OF ARRAY.
For example:
After Execution
0500
0501
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
0508
0509
050A
050B
050C
050D
050E
050F
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
0A
0B
0C
0E
0F
10
11
12
0508
0509
050A
050B
050C
050D
050E
050F
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
0B
0D
0F
12
14
16
18
1A
116
Nvis 5586A
Program 12:
To find the maximum no. in a given string (16 Bytes long) and store it in location 0510.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0403
BE 00 05
B9 10 00
MOV SI, 0500

MOV CX, 0010
LOAD SI REG. WITH STARTING ADDRESS OF STRING.

INITIALIZE COUNTER REG. (WITH THE LENGTH OF STRING
I.E. NO. OF BYTES).
0406
B4 00
MOV AH, 00
INITIALIZE THE 8 BIT ACC.
0408
3A 24
CMP AH,[SI]
THE 1ST DATA BYTE OF THE STRING WITH00.
040A
73 02
JNB 040E
IF BOTH BYTES MATCH (ABOVE IS EQUAL) THEN BRANCH

TO (L).
040C
8A 24
MOV AH,[SI]
ELSE, MOVE THE CONTENTS OF (0500) INTO 8 BIT ACC, I.E.,

A REAL NO. IN AH.
040E
040F
46
E0 F7
INC SI
LOOPNE 0408
0411
88 24
MOV[SI],AH
POINT AT THE NEXT ADDRESS OF STRING.

DECREMENT THE COUNTER VALUE, IFNOT ZERO,
CONTINUE PROCESSING (SEARCHING TO THE MAX. NO.
CONTINUED.)
MAX. NO. IN 0510 ADDRESS.
0413
F4
HLT
HALT.
For example:
After Execution
0500 :
0501 :
0502 :
0503 :
0504 :
0505 :
0506 :
0507 :
01
02
03
04
05
06
15
07
0508
0509
050A
050B
050C
050D
050E
050F
0510
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
12
08
09
0A
0B
0E
0C
0D
15
117
Nvis 5586A
Program 13:
To sort a string of a no. of bytes in descending order.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0403
BE 00 05
8B 1C
MOV SI,0500
MOV BX, [SI]
0405
4B
DEC BX
INITIALIZE SI REG WITH MEM LOCN 0500

BX HAS THE NO OF BYTES (TO BE USED FOR SORTING)
LOCNS 0500 & 0501
DECREMENT THE NO OF BYTES BY ONE
0406
8B 0C
MOV CX [SI]
ALSO CX HAS THE NO. OF BYTES IN LOCNS 0500 AND 0501
0408
49
DEC CX
DECREMENT THE NO OF BYTES BY ONE
0409
BE 02 05
MOV SI, 0502
INITIALIZE SI REG WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF

STRING (HAVING DATA BYTES).
040C
8A 04
MOV AL, [SI]
MOVE THE FIRST DATA BYTE OF STRING INTO AL.
040E
46
INC SI
POINT AT THE NEXT BYTES OF THE STRING
040F
3A 04
CMP AL,[SI]
COMPARE THE TWO BYTES OF STRING.
0411
73 06
JNB 0419
IF TWO BYTES ARE IS ABOVE THAT THE EQUAL OR 1ST

BYTE SECOND BYTE BRANCH TO (1).
0413
86 04
XCHG AL, [SI]
ELSE SECOND BYTE IS LESS THAN FIRST BYTE AND SWAP

(INTERCHANGE) THE TWO BYTES.
0415
4E
DEC SI
0416
88 04
MOV [SI],AL
0418
46
INC SI
POINT AT THE NEXT LOCN OF THE STRING
0419
E2 F1 (1)
LOOP 040C
LOOP IF CX IS NOT ZERO (I.E. CONTINUE PROCESSING

TILL Z=0)
041B
4B
DEC BX
AT THIS JUNCTURE, FIRST SORTING WILL BE OVER I.E.

FIRST NO. IS LOGICALLY
041C
BE 00 05
MOV SI,0500
COMPARED WITH THE REST OF THE NOS. FOR ALL THE

NOS. MUST BE COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER
LOGICALLY, THE CORRECT SORTING, I.E. ABOVE
PROCESSING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT NO. OF BYTES
TIMES.
041F
75 E5
JNE 0406
0421
F4
HLT
HALT.
For Example
After Execution
0500 :
05
0502 :
28
0501 :
00
0503 :
25
118
Nvis 5586A
0502 :
20
0504 :
20
0503 :
25
0505 :
15
0504 :
28
0506 :
07
0505 :
15
0506 :
07
Note: Memory location 0500 shows no. of bytes to sort in descending order.
119
Nvis 5586A
Program 14:
To multiply an ASCII string of eight numbers by a single ASCII digit. The result is a
string of unpacked BCD digits.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
BE 00 05
MOV SI,0500
LOAD SI REG. WITH STARTING ADDRESS OF STRING
0403
BF 08 05
MOV DI,0508
LOAD DI REG. WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF

RESULT LOCNS.
0406
B2 34
MOV DL,34
LOAD DL WITH THE MULTIPLIER ASCII DIGIT
0408
B9 08 00
MOV CX,0008
LOAD COUNTER REG WITH THE NO. OF BYTES IN THE

STRING
040B
C6 05 00
MOV BYTE[DI],00
040E
80 E2 0F
AND DL, 0F
MS NIBBLE OF MULTIPLIER IS ZEROED
0411
8A 04
MOV AL, [SI]
FIRST ASCII NO. OF STRING IN AL.
0413
46
INC SI
POINT AT THE NEXT LOCN IN STRING (OF ASCII NOS.)
0414
24 0F
AND AL, 0F
MS NIBBLE AT MULTIPLIER NO GAPAND IS ALSO

ZEROED.
0416
F6 E2
MUL DL
PERFORM THE FN. AX = AL* DL
0418
D4 0A
AAM
PERFORM THE FN AH=AL/0A, AL=REMAINDER.
041A
02 05
ADD AL,[DI]
THE CONTENTS OF AL (REMAINDER OBTAINED BY

PERFORMING THE ABOVE OPERATION)
041C
37
AAA
ADDED WITH 00 WHICH ARE IN 1ST DEST.LOCN. THE

CONTENTS OF AL ARE UNPACKED DECIMAL NO. AND
ARE STORED IN 1ST DEST. LOCN (=0508).
041D
88 05
MOV [DI],AL
041F
47
INC DI
POINT AT THE NEXT DEST. LOCN.
0420
88 25
MOV [DI],AH
CONTENTS OF AH (QUOTIENT GOT IN

AAM
OPERATION) ARE MOVED IN NEXT BEST. LOCN (0509).
120
Nvis 5586A
0422
49
DEC CX
DECREMENT THE COUNTER REG.
0423
75 EB
JNE 0411
IF NOT ZERO, CONTINUE MULTIPLY AND STORING

UNPACKED BCD DIGITS, ELSE.
0425
F4
HLT
HALT.
For Example
After Execution
(Unpacked BCD Digits)
0500
31
0508 :
04
0501
32
0509 :
08
0502
33
050A:
02
0503
34
050B :
07
0504
35
050C :
01
0505
36
050D:
06
0506
31
050E :
06
0507
32
050F :
08
121
Nvis 5586A
Program 15:
To Divide a String of Unpacked ASCII Digits.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B2 36
MOV DL, 36
DL HAVING THE DIVISOR, A SINGLE 8 BIT ASCII

DIGIT.
LOAD SI WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF
ASCII STRING.
0402
BE 00 05
MOV SI, 0500
0405
BF 08 05
MOV DI, 0508
LOAD DI WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF

THE RESULT LOCNS.
0408
B9 08 00
MOV CX, 0008
INITIALIZE THE COUNTER REG. WITH THE NO. OF

BYTES IN THE STRING
040B
80 E2 0F
AND DL, 0F
MS NIBBLE OF DL CONTENTS ARE ZEROED.
040E
32 E4
XOR AH,AH
INITIALIZE THE 8 BIT ACC (=00)
0410
AC
LODSB
0411
0413
80 E0 0F
D5 0A
AND AL,0F
AAD
LOAD AL WITH THE CONTENTS OF ADDRESS

ACCESSED BY SI REG.AND INCREMENT SI REG. I.E.
POINT AT THE NEXT ADDRESS LOCN.
MS NIBBLE OF AL CONTENTS IS ALSO ZEROED
PERFORM THE FN. AL=(AH * OA) + AL), AH = 00.
0415
F6 F2
DIV DL
PERFORM THE FN. AD/DL AL = QUOTIENT AND AH =

REMINDER.
0417
AA
STOSB
0418
E0 F5
LOOPNE 0410
THE CONTENTS OF AL ARE STORED IN THE ADDRESS

POINTED TO BY THE DI REG. AND NEXT ADDRESS
LOCN IN DI REG. IS POINTED (I.E. CURRENT ADDRESS
LOCN OF DI REG. IS INCREMENTED BY ONE).
CONTINUE DIVIDING THE UNPACKED ASCII DIGITS IF
THE CONTENTS OF C ARE NOT ZEROED; ELSE.
041A
F4
HLT
HALT.
For Example
After Execution
0500 :
31
0508
00
0501 :
32
0509
02
122
Nvis 5586A
0502 :
33
050A :
00
0503 :
34
050B :
05
0504 :
35
050C :
07
0505 :
36
050D :
06
0506 :
31
050E :
00
0507 :
32
050F :
02
123
Nvis 5586A
Program 16:
A Data string of no. of bytes (to be specified in CX reg.) is located from the starting
address 0500. This data string is to be converted to its equivalent 2' S complement Form
and the result is to be stored from 0600 onwards.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
BE 00 05
MOV SI, 0500
LOAD SI REG., WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF DATA

STRING.
0403
BF 00 06
MOV DI, 0600
LOAD DI WITH THE STARTING ADDRESS OF RESULT

LOCNS.
0406
B9 10 00
MOV CX, 0010
LOAD CX WITH THE NO. OF BYTES IN THE STRING.
0409
AC (1)
LODSB
LOAD AL WITH DATA BYTE ACCESSED BY SI REG. AND

INCREMENT THE ADDRESS LOCN IN SI REG.
040A
F6 D8
NEG AL
THE CONTENTS OF AL ARE 2S COMPLEMENTED.
040C
AA
STOSB
STORE AL CONTENTS IN LOCN POINTED TO BY DI REF. &

INCREMENT THE CURRENT LOCATION IN DI REG.
040D
E0 FA
LOOPNE 0409
IF CX = 0000 CONTINUE 2S COMPLEMENTING THE DATA

IN STRING ELSE;
040F
F4
HLT
HALT.
For Example
After Execution
0500
0501
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
0600
0601
0602
0603
0604
0605
0606
0607
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
FF
FE
FD
FC
FB
FA
F9
F8
124
Nvis 5586A
0508
0509
050A
050B
050C
050D
050E
050F
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
09
0A
0B
0C
0D
0E
0F
10
0608
0609
060A
060B
060C
060D
060E
060F
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
F7
F6
F5
F4
F3
F2
F1
F0
125
Nvis 5586A
Program 17:
Serial Port Programming.
This following program will character from PC and displayed on LCD. The baud rate
parameters to be set are same as described earlier in this chapter. Use Hyper Terminal
communication software on your PC which is mentioned in Serial Communication Chapter.
A) This program receives the character from PC and displays it on LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0402
B0 B7
E6 03
MOV AL,B7
OUT 03,AL
CONTROL WORD FORMAT OF 8253
0404
B0 13
MOV AL,13
MODE INSTRUCTIONFORMAT IN
ASYNCHRONOUS MODE
0406
0408
040A
040C
E6 02
B0 00
E6 02
B0 4E
OUT 02,AL
MOV AL,00
OUT 02,AL
MOV AL,4E
040E
E6 51
OUT 51,AL
0410
B0 05
MOV AL,05
0412
E6 51
OUT 51,AL
0414
9A 7C F0 00 F0
LM: CALL F000:F07C
0419
B3 80
MOVBL,80
041B
0420
9A 78 F0 00 F0
B9 14 00
CALL F000:F078
MOV CX,0014
0423
E4 51
L1:
0425
24 02
AND AL,02
0427
74 FA
JE
0423
0429
E4 50
IN
AL,50
042B
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALLF000:F048
0430
E2 F1
LOOP0423
0432
B3 C0
MOVBL,C0
0434
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALLF000:F078
0439
B9 14 00
MOVCX,0014
IN
COMMAND INSTRUCTION FORMAT

MAKE TRANSIT ENABLE AND RECEIVE
ENABLE HIGH
AL,51
CLEAR THE DISPLAY DELETE THE FIRST

LINE
CHECK FOR RX RDY SIGNAL
CHARACTER IS RECEIVED FROM PC

TERMINAL & DISPLAYED INTO LCD
MODULATOR IN FIRST LINE
DELETE SECOND LINE
126
Nvis 5586A
043C
E4 51
L2:
IN
043E
2402
AND
AL,02
0440
74FA
JE
043C
0442
E4 50
IN
AL,50
0444
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALLF000:F048
0449
E2 F1
LOOP 043C
044B
E9 C6 FF
JMP0414
AL,51
CHECK FOR RX RDY SIGNAL
RECEIVED THE CHARACTER IN SECOND

LINE
Execute using G 000:0400 and press any key on the PC keyboard, same will be displayed
on the LCD display of the Nvis 5586A.
127
Nvis 5586A
B) The following example will transmit characters to PC and simultaneously display on

LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
B0 B7
MOV
AL,B7
0402
E6 03
OUT
03,AL
0404
B0 13
MOV
AL,13
0406
E6 02
OUT
02,AL
0408
B0 00
MOV
AL,00
040A
E6 02
OUT 02,AL
040C
B0 4E
MOV
AL,4E
040E
E6 51
OUT
51,AL
0410
B0 05
MOV
AL,05
0412
E6 51
OUT
51,AL
0414
9A 7C F0 00 F0
L3: CALL F000:F07C
0419
B9 14 00
MOV CX,0014
041C
B3 80
MOV
041E
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
0423
51
L2:
0424
9A 50 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F050
CALL FOR THE READ KEY IN
0429
9A 58 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F058
CALL THE ALPHABETICAL KEY CODE AND

TRANSFER INTO SUBPROGRAM
CONTROL WORD FORMAT FOR 8253
COUNT IS GIVEN TO SET THE BAUD RATE

AT 4800
MODE INSTRUCTION FORMAT IN

ASYNCHRONOUS MODE
MAKE TRANSMIT ENABLE AND RECEIVE

ENABLE HIGH
BL,80
PUSH
CLEAR THE DISPLAY
DELETE THE FIRST LINE
CX
128
Nvis 5586A
042E
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F048
0433
50
PUSH
AX
0434
E4 51
L1:
IN AL,51
0436
24 01
AND
AL,01
0438
74 FA
JE
0434
043A
58
POP
AX
043B
E6 50
OUT
50,AL
043D
59
POP
CX
043E
E2 E3
LOOP 0423
0440
B9 14 00
MOV
CX,0014
0443
B3 80
MOV
BL,80
0445
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
044A
51
PUSH
044B
9A 50 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F050
CALL FOR THE READ KEY IN
0450
9A 58 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F058
CALL THE ALPHABETICAL KEY CODE AND

TRANSFER INTO SUBPROGRAM
0455
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F048
KEY IN CODE ENTER INTO LCD

MODULATOR
045A
50
PUSH AX
045B
E4 51
L4: IN AL,51
045D
24 01
AND AL,01
045F
74 FA
JE 045B
KEY IN CODE ENTER INTO LCD

MODULATOR
CHECK FOR TXRDY SIGNAL TRANSMIT

THE CHARACTER TO CRT TERMINAL
TRANSMIT THE CHARACTER TO CRT

TERMINAL
CLEAR THE FIRST LINE
CX
CHECK FOR TXRDY SIGNAL
129
Nvis 5586A
0461
58
POP
AX
0462
E6 50
OUT
50,AL
0464
59
POP
CX
0465
E2 E3
LOOP 044A
0467
E9 AA FF
JMP
TRANSMIT THE
TERMINAL
CHARACTER
0414
Execute using G command from 0000:0400 and press any key of

Nvis 5586A keyboard, the same will be displayed on the LCD and on the screen of PC.
TO
130
the
CRT
Nvis 5586A
Program 18:
8259 Interrupt Controller.
The following program illustrates the use of IRQ0 of 8259. Whenever user made Pin 18 of
8259 OR Pin 1 of Connector CN6 is made low. The 0000:400 program branches to 2000
address.
Note: Keep SW2 in ON position while running this program.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0400
B8 00 00
MOVAX,0000
0403
8E D8
MOV DS,AX
0405
B8 00 20
MOV AX,2000
0408
89 06 00 00
MOV [0000],AX
040C
B8 00 00
MOV AX,0000
040F
89 06 02 00
MOV [0002],AX
0413
B0 17
MOV AL,17
0415
0417
0419
041B
041D
041F
0421
0423
0428
E6 30
B0 00
E6 31
B0 01
E6 31
B0 FE
E6 31
9A 7C F0 00 F0
B3 80
OUT 30,AL
MOV AL,00
OUT 31,AL
MOV AL,01
OUT 31,AL
MOV AL,FE
OUT 31,AL
CALL F0000:F07C
MOV BL,80
042A
042F
0431
0436
0437
0438
043B
043E
043F
0440
0445
0447
0448
2000
9A 78 F0 00 F0
B080
9A 44 F0 00 F0
0E
1F
B3 00 06
BE 0F 00
FC
AC
9A 48 F0 00 F0
E2 F7
FB
E9 FD FF
9A 7C F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
MOV AL,80
CALL F000:F044
PUSH CS
POP DS
MOV SI,600
MOV CX,000F
L1: CLD
LODSB
CALL F000:F048
LOOP 043E
STI
JMP 0448
CALL F000:F07C
Comment
DATA SEGMENT IS INITIALIZE TO ZERO
INTERRUPT LOCATION IS DEFINED
ICW1 COMMAND
ICW2 COMMAND
ICW4 COMMAND
UNMASK IRQ0
CLEAR DISPLAY
IN BL, CLEAR 1ST LINE
STARTING ADDR OF TABLE IS STORED

STORE TABLE CHECKING LENGTH IN CX
CLEAR DIRECTION FLAG
INPUT AL DATA INTO LCD MODULATOR
SET INTERRUPT FLAG
INTERRUPT SUBROUTINE AT 0000:2000
CLEAR THE DISPLAY
131
Nvis 5586A
2005
2007
200C
B3 80
9A 78 F0 00 F0
B0 86
MOV BL,80
CALL F000:F078
MOV AL, 86
200E
2013
2014
2015
2018
9A 44 F0 00 F0
0E
1F
BE 21 06
B9 0D 00
CALL
PUSH
POP
MOV
MOV
201B
201C
FC
AC
L3: CLD
LODSB
201D
2022
2024
0600
9A 48 F0 00 F0
E2 F7
CF
57 41 49 54 49 4E
47 20
46 4F 52 20 49 4E
54 FF
0621
49 52 30 20 49 4E
54
45 52 52 55 50 54
CALL F000:F048
LOOP 201B
IRET
DB 57H 41H 49H
54H 49H 4EH 47H
20H
46H 4FH 52H 20H
49H 4EH 54H FFH
DB 49H 52H 30H
20H 49H 4EH 54H
45H 52H 52H 55H
50H 54H
F000:F044
CS
DS
SI,621
CX,000D
DELETE THE FIRST LINE

WRITE ALL THE COMMANDS IN AL INTO LCD
MODULATOR
ADDR OF TABLE IS STORED IN SI

TABLE LENGTH STORED IN CX
INPUT AL DATA INTO LCD MODULATOR

RETURN TO THE EXECUTION PROGRAM
WAITING FOR IRQ0
INTERRUPT
132
Nvis 5586A
Program 19:
BCD Addition of two bytes.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 92
B3 52
00 D8
MOV AL, 92
MOV BL, 52
ADD AL, BL
COPY 92 IN AL
COPY 52 IN BL
ADD AL AND BL, ADDITION SAVE IN AL
0406
27
DAA
DECIMAL ADJUST ACCUMULATOR
0407
88 06 50 04
MOV [450], AL
MOVE AL DATA IN MEMORY LOCATION 450
040B
F4
HLT
HALT
92 + 52 = E4 but it is not in proper bcd format due to msb nibble.

Hence, E4+60 = 44 H. Here result can be analyzed on memory location 450 H
133
Nvis 5586A
Program 20:
BCD Subtraction of two bytes.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
0406
B0 38
B5 61
28 E8
2F
MOV AL, 38
MOV CH, 61
SUB AL, CH
DAS
COPY 38 IN AL
COPY 61 IN CH
AL D7
CF=1(BORROW)
DECIMAL ADJUST AFTER SUBTRACTION
AL 77 (AS D>9, D-6 = 7)
CF = 1
0407
88 06 50 04
MOV [450], AL
040B
F4
HLT
HALT
Here result can be analyzed on memory location 450 H.
134
Nvis 5586A
Program 21:
Find whether a no is even or odd.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
403
B8 FF FF
D1 C8
MOV AX, FFFF

ROR AX, 01
COPY FFFF H IN AX
SHIFT RIGHT 1-BIT OF AX
405
73 0E
JNC 415
JUMP TO MEMORY LOCATION 415 H IF NO

CARRY
407
B8 FF FF
MOV AX, FFFF
COPY FFFF H IN AX
40A
89 06 5004
MOV [450], AX
MOVE AX DATA IN MEMORY LOCATION 450
40E
F4
HLT
HALT
0415
B8 55 55
MOV AX,5555
COPY 5555 IN AX
0418
41C
89 06 70 04
F4
MOV [470], AX
HLT

HALT
DATA: FFFF H OR 5555 H

One of above data can be moved in AX.
Here result can be analyzed either on memory location 450 H or on memory location 470 H.
If entered number is even then result displayed on memory location 470 H and if entered
number is odd then result displayed on memory location 450 H.
135
Nvis 5586A
Program 22:
Find whether a no is positive or negative.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0403
0405
B8 FF FF
D1 E0
73 0E
MOV AX, FFFF

SHL AX, 01
JNC 415
0407
B8 FF FF
MOV AX, FFFF
COPY FFFF H IN AX
SHIFT LEFT 1-BIT OF AX THROUGH CARRY
JUMP TO MEMORY LOCATION 415 H IF NO
CARRY
COPY FFFF H IN AX
040A
89 06 5004
MOV [450], AX
040E
0415
F4
B8 55 55
HLT
MOV AX,5555
COPY 5555 IN AX
0418
041C
89 06 70 04
F4
MOV [470], AX
HLT
DATA: FFFF H OR 5555 H

One of above data can be moved in AX.
Here result can be analyzed either on memory location 450 or on memory location 470. If
entered number is POSITIVE then result displayed on memory location 470 and if entered
number is NEGATIVE then result displayed on memory location 450.
136
Nvis 5586A
Program 23:
Find whether a no is even or odd and display it on LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0403
B8 55 55
D1 C8
MOV AX, 5555 H (DATA)

ROR AX, 01
COPY 5555 IN AX
SHIFT RIGHT 1-BIT OF AX
0405
73 49
JNC 450
JUMP TO MEMORY LOCATION 450 H IF NO CARRY
0407
B3 C0
MOV BL,C0
COPY C0 IN BL
0409
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
040E
B0 C2
MOV AL,C2
0410
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F044
PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM STORED IN AL. B)B5 IS WRITTEN INTO LCD ADDRESS COUNTER,
INSTRUCTED THE WORD ON THE MOST LEFT SIDE.
B6 AS 1 REPRESENTS THE SECOND LINE.B7 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SET D.D. RAM ADDRESS
INSTRUCTION.
COMMANDS IN AL ARE WRITTEN INTO LCD
0415
0E
PUSH CS
0416
1F
POP DS
SEGMENT VALUE SET FOR TABLE CHECKING
0417
BE 00 06
MOV SI,600
STARTING ADDRESS OF TABLE CHECKING IS

STORED INTO SI
041A
041D
041E
B9 0A 00
FC
AC
MOV CX,0A
CLD
LODSB
041F
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F048

READ IN DATA FROM TABLE CHECKING SECTION
UNTIL AL.
INPUT AL DATA INTO LCD MODULAR.
0424
E2 F7
LOOP 041D
CX NOT EQUAL
EXECUTION LOOP
0426
F4
HLT
HALT
0450
B3 C0
MOV BL,C0
COPY C0 IN BL
0452
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
0457
B0 C2
MOV AL,C2
0459
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F044
PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM STORED IN AL. B)B5 IS WRITTEN INTO LCD ADDRESS COUNTER,
INSTRUCTED THE WORD ON THE MOST LEFT SIDE.
B6 AS 1 REPRESENTS THE SECOND LINE.B7 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SET D.D. RAM ADDRESS
INSTRUCTION.
COMMANDS IN AL ARE WRITTEN INTO LCD
TO
WOULD
137
CONTINUE
Nvis 5586A
045E
0E
PUSH CS
045F
1F
POP DS
SEGMENT VALUE SET FOR TABLE CHECKING
0460
BE 00 06
MOV SI,600
STARTING ADDRESS OF TABLE CHECKING IS

STORED INTO SI
0463
B9 0A 00
MOV CX,0A
0466
FC
CLD
0467
AC
LODSB
READ IN DATA FROM TABLE CHECKING SECTION

UNTIL AL.
0468
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F048
046D
E2 AE
LOOP 041D
CX NOT EQUAL
EXECUTION LOOP
046F
F4
HLT
HALT
600
4F 44 44
DB 4F 44 44
650
45 56 45 4E
DB 45 56 45 4E
TO
WOULD
138
CONTINUE
Nvis 5586A
Program 24:
Find whether a no is positive or negative and display it on LCD.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comments
0400
0403
B8 FF FF
D1 E0
MOV AX, FFFF (DATA)

SHL AX, 01
0405
73 49
JNC 450
0407
B3 C0
MOV BL,C0
0409
040E
9A 78 F0 00 F0
B0 C2
CALL F000:F078
MOV AL,C2
0410
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F044
0415
0E
PUSH CS
0416
1F
POP DS
0417
BE 00 06
MOV SI,600
041A
B9 0A 00
MOV CX,0A
041D
FC
CLD
041E
AC
LODSB
041F
9A 48 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F048
0424
E2 F7
LOOP 041D
0426
F4
HLT
0450
B3 C0
MOV BL,C0
COPY C0 IN BL
0452
9A 78 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F078
0457
B0 C2
MOV AL,C2
0459
9A 44 F0 00 F0
CALL F000:F044
PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM STORED

IN AL. B)-B5 IS WRITTEN INTO LCD
ADDRESS COUNTER, INSTRUCTED THE
WORD ON THE MOST LEFT SIDE. B6 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SECOND LINE.B7 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SET D.D. RAM
ADDRESS INSTRUCTION.
COMMANDS IN AL ARE WRITTEN INTO
LCD
COPY FFFF H IN AX
SHIFT LEFT 1-BIT OF AX THROUGH
CARRY
JUMP TO MEMORY LOCATION 450 H IF
NO CARRY
COPY C0 IN BL
PARAMETER OF SUBPROGRAM STORED
IN AL. B)-B5 IS WRITTEN INTO LCD
ADDRESS COUNTER, INSTRUCTED THE
WORD ON THE MOST LEFT SIDE. B6 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SECOND LINE.B7 AS 1
REPRESENTS THE SET D.D. RAM
ADDRESS INSTRUCTION.
COMMANDS IN AL ARE WRITTEN INTO
LCD
SEGMENT VALUE SET FOR TABLE
CHECKING
STARTING
ADDRESS
OF
TABLE
STORE TABLE CHECKING LENGTH IN
CX
READ IN DATA FROM TABLE CHECKING
SECTION UNTIL AL.
CX NOT EQUAL TO 0 WOULD CONTINUE
EXECUTION LOOP
139
Nvis 5586A
045E
0E
PUSH CS
045F
1F
POP DS
SEGMENT VALUE
CHECKING
0460
BE 00 06
MOV SI,600
STARTING
ADDRESS
OF
0463
B9 0A 00
MOV CX,0A
0466
FC
CLD
STORE TABLE CHECKING LENGTH IN

CX
0467
AC
LODSB
READ IN DATA FROM TABLE CHECKING

SECTION UNTIL AL.
0468
046D
9A 48 F0 00 F0
E2 AE
CALL F000:F048
LOOP 041D

CX NOT EQUAL TO 0 WOULD CONTINUE
EXECUTION LOOP
046F
F4
HLT
HALT
600
4E 45 47 41 54 49 56 45
DB 4E 45 47 41 54 49 56 45
650
50 4F 53 49 54 49 56 45
DB 50 4F 53 49 54 49 56 45
SET
FOR TABLE
TABLE
Note: In first line, in place of DATA enter any 16-bit number which you want to check. All
data and address are in hex.
140
Nvis 5586A
Program 25:
Hex to ASCII conversion (valid for 00 to FF).
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0403
B00F
88 06 01 05
MOV AL, 0F
MOV [501], AL
MOVE 0F H TO AL
MOVE AL DATA TO MEMORY LOCATION 501 H
0406
B0 F0
MOV AL,F0
MOVE F0 H TO AL
0408
88 06 00 05
MOV [500], AL
040C
B0 67
MOV AL,67
MOVE 67 H TO AL
040E
0410
B3 30
20 06 01 05
MOV BL,30
AND [501], AL
0414
00 1E 01 05
ADD [501], BL
0418
22 06 00 05
AND AL, [500]
041C
041E
0420
0422
0424
0426
042A
D0 C8
D0 C8
D0 C8
D0 C8
00 D8
88 06 00 05
F4
ROR AL, 01
ROR AL, 01
ROR AL, 01
ROR AL, 01
ADD AL, BL
MOV [500], AL
HLT
MOVE 30 H TO BL
PERFORM AND OPERATION BETWEEN AL &
DATA AVAILABLE IN MEMORY LOCATION 501
H, RESULT STORED IN MEMORY LOCATION 501
ADD BL & DATA AVAILABLE ON MEMORY
LOCATION 501 H, RESULT STORED IN MEMORY
LOCATION 501
PERFORM AND OPERATION BETWEEN AL &
DATA AVAILABLE ON MEMORY LOCATION 501
H, RESULT STORED IN AL
ROTATE AL 1-BIT RIGHT
ADD AL & BL, STORE RESULT IN AL
HALT
Result can be analyze on memory location 500 H & 501 H.
141
Nvis 5586A
Program 26:
Logical AND operation of two bytes.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 38
B5 61
20 E8
MOV AL, 38
MOV CH, 61
AND AL, CH
COPY 38 IN AL
COPY 61 IN CH
AL = 20 H
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 20 H
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
142
Nvis 5586A
Program 27:
Logical OR operation of two bytes.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 55
B5 AA
08 E8
MOV AL, 55
MOV CH, AA
OR AL, CH
COPY 55 IN AL
COPY AA IN CH
AL = FF
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = FF
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
143
Nvis 5586A
Program 28:
Logical NOT operation of two bytes.
Address
0400
0402
0404
0408
Opcode
B0 55
F6 D0
88 06 00 05
F4
Mnemonic
MOV AL, 55
NOT AL
MOV [0500], AL
HLT
Comment
COPY 55 IN AL
AL = AA
[500] = AA
HALT
144
Nvis 5586A
Program 29:
Logical XOR operation of two bytes.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
0406
B0 55
B5 AA
08 E8
88 06 00 05
MOV AL, 55
MOV CH, AA
XOR AL, CH
MOV [0500], AL
COPY 55 IN AL
COPY AA IN CH
AL = FF
[500] = FF
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
145
Nvis 5586A
Program 30:
Shift logical left.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 55
D0 E0
D0 E0
MOV AL, 55
SHL AL, 01
SHL AL,01
COPY 55 IN AL
AL =AA
AL =54
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 54
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
146
Nvis 5586A
Program 31:
Shift logical right.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 55
D0 E0
D0 E0
MOV AL, 55
SHR AL, 01
SHR AL,01
COPY 55 IN AL
AL =2A
AL = 15
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 15
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
147
Nvis 5586A
Program 32:
Rotate Right without Carry.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 54
D0 C8
D0 C8
MOV AL, 5F
ROR AL, 01
ROR AL,01
COPY 5F IN AL
AL =AF
AL = D7
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = D7
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
148
Nvis 5586A
Program 33:
Rotate Left without Carry.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
0406
B0 5F
B1 02
D2 C0
88 06 00 05
MOV AL, 5F
MOV CL, 2
ROL AL,CL
MOV [0500], AL
COPY 5F IN AL
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
AL = 7D
[500] = 7D
149
Nvis 5586A
Program 34:
Shift Arithmetic Right (SAR).
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
0404
B0 5F
D0 F8
D0 F8
MOV AL, 5F
SAR AL, 01
SAR AL,01
COPY 5F IN AL
AL =2F
AL = 17
0406
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 7D
040A
F4
HLT
HALT
150
Nvis 5586A
Program 35:
Rotate Right through Carry.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0401
0403
F8
B0 26
B1 03
CLC
MOV AL, 26
MOV CL,3
CLEAR CARRY FLAG

COPY 26 IN AL
0405
D2 DB
RCR AL,CL
AL = 84 CF= 1
0407
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 84
040B
F4
HLT
HALT
151
Nvis 5586A
Program 36:
Rotate Left with Carry.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0401
0403
F8
B0 26
B1 03
CLC
MOV AL, 26
MOV CL,3
CLEAR CARRY FLAG

COPY 26 IN AL
0405
D2 D0
RCL AL,CL
AL = 30 CF= 1
0407
88 06 00 05
MOV [0500], AL
[500] = 30
040B
F4
HLT
HALT
152
Nvis 5586A
Program 37:
Software triggered strobe (8253)
After the mode is set, the output will be high; when the count is loaded the counter will begin
counting. On terminal count, the output will go low for one in put clock period, and then will
go high again. If the count register is reloaded between output pulses the present period will
not be affected, but the subsequent period will reflect the new value. The count will be
inhibited while the gate input is low. Reloading the counter register will restart counting
beginning with the new number.
Address
Step-1
0400
Opcode
B0 B8
Mnemonic
START:
Comment
MOV
AL,B8H
;INIT 8 253 CWR IN MODE4
0402
Step-2
0404
E6 06
OUT
0 6H,AL
;SET FOR COUNTER -2
B0 01
MOV
AL ,01H
;LOAD LSB COUNT IN ACC

DATA 01 H
0406
Step-3
0408
E6 04
OUT
04H,AL
;OUT AT COUNTER-2
B0 00
MOV
AL ,00H
;LOAD MSB COUNT IN ACC

DATA 00 H
040A
E6 04
OUT
04 H,AL
;OUT AT COUNTE R-2
Step-4
040C
EB F1 FF
JMP
S TART
;JUMP TO START
153
Nvis 5586A
Use of 8087 Processor:

The following programs illustrate the use of 8087 processor.
Program 38:
Write a program to calculate N3= N12 + N22 32 bit integer value stored at 300 H
and 304H respectively. The result should be store at 308H.
Steps Required:
1.
Load N1 and calculate its N12 value
2.
Load N2 and calculate its N22 value
3.
Add the two.
4.
Take the square root and store it in 308H location.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
Step-1
0200
9B BB 00 03
MOV BX,0300H
BX POINTS TO N1
0204
DB 07
FLD (BX)
LOAD N1
0206
9B DA 0F
FMUL (DX)
GIVE WAIT CALCULATE

N12
0209
9B DD D9
FSTP ST (1)
LOAD N2 IN ST (1)
020C
9B BB 04 03
MOV BX, 0304
H LOAD BX TO
POINT N2
0210
DB 07
FLD (Bx)
LOAD N2
0212
9B DA 0F
FMUL (Bx)
GET N22
9B D8 C1
FADD ST (1)
ADD THE N12 +

N22 THE RESULT IS
ON TOP OF STACK.
Step-2
Step-3
0215
154
Nvis 5586A
Step-4
0218
9B D9 FA
FSQRT
CALCULATE SQUARE
ROOT OF N12 + 22
021B
9B BB 08 03
MOV BX, 0308
LOAD BX WITH
0308 FOR STORING
RESULT.
021F
DB 17
FST (BX)
STORE THE RESULT (TOS)

ON 0308.
0221
9B
FWAIT
0222
CC
INT 3
GIVE BREAK POINT.
155
Nvis 5586A
Steps required for running the program:

1.
Enter the program from 0000: 0200 location.
2.
Set up the data in memory location 300 and 304.
3.
N1
0300
09
00
00
00
N2
0304
04
00
00
00
Run the program by GO Command and see the result as follows:

N3
0308
0A
00
00
00
156
Nvis 5586A
Program 39:
Write a program to calculate Sin (Z) where Z - is defined in degrees.
Solution: Sin (Z) is calculated using tangent function of 8087.
tan (Z/2)
then Sin (Z)
Y/X
2XY
X
The FPTAN instruction has to be given data in radians. The value of degrees is to be
converted in radian. On execution of FPTAN the result is return in Y/X format where X is
written on top of stack and Y is the next to top of stack. Further the argument must satisfy
0< argument < P1/4. This is the reason we restrict Z to satisfy 0< Z < 90.
This restriction can be eliminated, by more computation. If Z is unrestricted, then the use of
FPREM function of 8087 to reduce the argument to the required range and use the relation
Sin (P1 + Z) = -Sin Z
The above problem is solved by calculating Z/2, then converting the degrees into radians and
then calculating the tangents. The resulting values of X and Y are used for calculating Sin
(Z).
The following steps are required to implement this program.
1.
Calculating the Z/2
2.
Calculate the angle in radians.
3.
Calculate tan (Z/2) = X/Y format.
4.
Calculate Sin Z = 2XY/(X2+Y2)
5.
Get the integer value argument - 4.

Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
B4 00
D1 E8
A3 00 03
MOV
SHR
MOV
Comment
Step-1
0200
0202
0204
0207
Step-2
DF 06 00 03
CLEAR AH
Z = Z/2.
LOAD AX IN ARG.1
FILD
AH, 00
AX, 01
WARGI,
AX
ARGI
ARG 2 I IS LOADED WITH

B4 I.E. 180 VALUE IN HEX.
020B
C7 06 02 03
MOV
WARG
020F
0211
B4 00
9B DF 06 02 03
MOV
FILD
AH, 00
ARG 2
0216
9B DE F9
0219
9B D9 EB
021C
9B DE C9
Total Angle in Radians
Step-3
FDIVRP
FILDP
FMULRP
LOADING Z/2 ON TOS
INSERT F WAIT AND

LOAD AR G2.
WAIT AND DIVIDE ST (O) =
Z/180.
ST (O) = PI
ST (O) = PI X Z/180
157
Nvis 5586A
021F
9B D9 F2
FTAN
0222
9B D9 F0
FILD
ST (O)
Step-4
0225
0228
9B D8 C9
9B D9 C2
FMUL
FILD
ST, ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (O) =X * X
ST (O) = Y.
022B
022E
9B D8 CB
9B DE C1
FMUL
FADDP
ST (O), ST 3
ST (1), ST
(O)
ST (O) = Y * Y
YXY IS POPPED OF
AND TOP OF STACK
ST (O) = X2 + Y2.
0231
0234
0237
9B DE F9
9B DE C9
9B D9 C0
FDIVRP
FMULRP
FLD ST (O)
023A
9B DE C1
FADDP
ST (I), ST
(O)
ST (O) = X/X2 + Y2
ST (O) = XY/X2+Y2
DUPLICATE THE TOP OF
STACK
ST (O) = 2XY/(X2+Y2)
=SING (Z).
Step-5
023D
C7 06 04 03
MOV
W ARG E
2710H
LOAD ARG3 WITH 10 27

10,000 VALUE
0243
9B DF 06 04 03
FILD
ARG 3
0248
9B DE C9
024B
024E
0253
0254
9B D9 FC
9B DF 36 06 03
9B
A1 06 03
FRND
FSTP
FWAIT
MOV
0257
CC
CC
FMURP
CALCULATE TAN Z/2 AS

Y/X.
DUPLICATE X ON TOP OF
STACK.
ST (0) =10,000*SIN (Z)

INT
ARG4
ROUND THE INTEGER

STORE IT IN BCD FORM.
AX, ARG4
THE RESULT IS STORED

AT 0306 AND AX. GO TO
MONITOR.
GO TO MONITOR.
In the addition to above, the stack operation on each instruction execution is shown. This will
help to understand the program in details. This way of writing will help user to gain
confidence in writing the program for 8087.
Steps required implementing the program:
1.
Enter the above program.
2.
Do not use any memory location from 0300 to 0308 as they are required for
implementing the program.
3.
Enter the value of angle in AL, say for calculating Sin 30, the AL should be 1EH.
158
Nvis 5586A
4.
Execute the program and observe the value in AX, the result will be AX=5000H. The
output in packed BCD form is available in the register AX. A decimal point is to be
assumed before the first BCD digit.
5.
Execute the program for various values of Sin Z.

Input
Output Sin Z
(AL)
(AX)
10
2756
Sin 16
2E
7193
Sin 46
3C
8660
Sin 60
56
9976
Sin 86
The stack operation on execution of each instruction.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FLDI ARGI
ST (0)
FILD ARG2
ST (0)
ST (1)
FDIVRP
ST (0)
FLDPI
ST (0)
ST (1)
FMULRP
ST (0)
ST (1)
FPTAN
ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
FLX ST (0)
ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (3)
FMUL ST (0), ST (1)

ST (0)
ARGI z
ARG 180
ARGI Z
Z/180
PI
Z/180
PI * Z/180
Z/180
X
Y
Z/180
X
X
Y
Z/180
X2
159
Nvis 5586A
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (3)
FLD ST (2)
ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (3)
ST (4)
FLD ST (0), ST (3)

ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (3)
ST (4)
FADDP ST (1) ST (0)

ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
ST (3)
FDIVRP
ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
FMULRP
ST (0)
ST (1)
FLD ST (0)
ST (0)
ST (1)
ST (2)
FADD P ST (1), ST (0)

ST (0)
ST (0)
FLDI ARG 3
ST (0)
ST (1)
FMUR P
X
Y
Z/180
Y
X2
X
Y
Z/180
X2
X2
X
Y
Z/180
X2 + Y2
X
Y
Z/180
X/X2 + Y2
Y
Z/180
XY/X2 + Y2
Z/180
XY/X2 + Y2
XY/X2 + Y2
Z/180
2XY/X2 + Y2
=SIN (Z)
10,000
SIN(Z)
160
Nvis 5586A
ST (0)
18.
19.
10,000 X
SIN Z
FRNDINT
ST (0)
Rounding the integer

FSTP AR G 4
The argument has the result.
161
Nvis 5586A
Program 40:
Program for Port A, B, C of 8255-I generating square wave output at Connector
8255-I.
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 80
MOV
AL,80H
;INIT 8255 CWR
0402
E6 76
OUT
76H,AL
; P A , P B , P C A S O U T P U T PORT
0404
B0 55
Start:
MOV
0406
E6 70
OUT
70H,AL
;OUT AT PA
0408
E6 72
OUT
72H,AL
; OUT AT PB
040A
E6 74
OUT
74H,AL
;OUT AT PC
040C
E8 0D 00
CALL DELAY1
040F
B0 AA
MOV
AL,0AAH
;MOVE ACC DATA AAH
0411
E6 70
OUT
70H,AL
;OUT AT PA
0413
E6 72
OUT
72H,AL
; OUT AT PB
0415
E6 74
OUT
74H,AL
;OUT AT PC
0417
E8 02 00
CALL DELAY1
041A
EB E8
JMP
041D
B9 0000
DELAY1:MOV CX,0FFH
0420
49
DL1:
0421
75 FD
JNE DL1
0423
C3
RET
AL,55H
START
DEC
;MOVE ACC DATA 55H
;JUMP TO START CX,0FFH

;DELAY ROUTINE
CX
162
Nvis 5586A
On-Board Interface
ADC-0809 (Analog Input):
Nvis 5586A provides an onboard interface for ADC 0809 chip which allows the user to have
8 analog input channels, namely A0 to A7. These input points are brought out at the block
Channels. ADC0809 is an 8 bit A/D chip designed here to provide an input level of 0 to 5
volts.
The procedure to be followed for using ADC 0809 is as follows:
1.
ADC0809 is internally interfaced with 8255-I so port address for 8255-I should be
followed for communicating with ADC chip.
2.
Select ADC with the help of Rotary provided on Trainer
3.
Select channel by outputting the code 00 to 07 at Port address 01.
4.
Send a SOC and ALE (Start of conversion by outputting 00,03 at Port address 02).
5.
Input from Port address 02 to check for EOC (end of conversion) at D0.
6.
Read the ADC 0809 by inputting from Port address 00.
These addresses are given in I/O MAPPING details. After executing the below program, it
displays all 8 channels in the LCD screen. The input for 8 Channel ADC are provided on
trainer A0 to A7.
Program:
The following program reads the Input voltage from A0 to A7 i.e.Channel-1 to Channel-8
and displays the same on the LCD screen.
Port A
70H
Port B
72H
Port C
74H
Control Word 76H

Put this program directly on any Text Editor and give Extension as .ASM and compile with
MASM Assembler.
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: CODE
PROG PROC FAR
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
B0 98
MOV AL,98H
;INTIALIZE 8255
0402
E6 76
OUT 76H,AL
;PA & PC UPPER AS INPUT & PB

& PC LOWER AS OUTPUT
163
Nvis 5586A
0404
B000
CH1:MOV AL,00H
;SELECT CHANNEL A0
0406
E8 50 00
CALL 0459
;SEND SOC AND ALE PULSE AND

CHECK FOR EOC
0409
E8 68 00
CALL 0474
;CLEAR LCD
040C
B3 80
MOV BL,80H
;SELECT LCD LOCATION
040E
E8 69 00
CALL 047A
;SEND DATA TO LCD
0411
0413
0416
0418
041B
041D
041D
0422
0425
B0 01
E8 4300
B3 85
E8 5F 00
B0 02
E8 39 00
B3 8A
E8 55 00
B0 03
CH2: MOV AL,01H

CALL 0459
MOV BL,85H
CALL 047A
CH3:MOV AL,02H
CALL 0459
MOV BL,8AH
CALL 047A
CH4: MOV AL,03H
;SELECT CHANNEL A1
0427
042A
042C
042F
0431
0434
0436
0439
043B
043E
0440
0443
0445
0448
044A
044D
044F
0452
0454
0457
0459
045B
045D
045F
0461
0463
0465
0467
E8 2F 00
B3 8F
E8 4B 00
B0 04
E8 25 00
B3 C0
E8 41 00
B0 05
E8 1B 00
B3 C5
E8 37 00
B0 06
E8 1100
B3 CA
E8 2D 00
B0 07
E8 07 00
B3 CF
E8 23 00
EB AB
E672
B0 00
E6 74
B0 03
E6 74
B0 00
E6 74
E4 74
CALL 0459
MOV BL,8FH
CALL 047A
CH5: MOV AL,04H
CALL 0459
MOV BL,0C0H
CALL 047A
CH6: MOV AL,05H
CALL 0459
MOV BL,0C5H
CALL 047A
CH7: MOV AL,06H
CALL 0459
MOV BL,0CAH
CALL 047A
CH8: MOV AL,07H
CALL 0459
MOV BL,0CFH
CALL 047A
JMP 0404
ATD: OUT 72H,AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 74H,AL
MOV AL,03H
OUT 74H,AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 74H,AL
EOC1: IN AL,74H

;SELECT CHANNEL A2
;SELECT CHANNEL A3
;SELECT CHANNEL A4
;SELECT CHANNEL A5
;SELECT CHANNEL A6
;SELECT CHANNEL A7
;OUT AT PORT-B
;GIVE SOC & ALE PULSE AS 0
;OUT AT PORT-C
;OUT AT PORT-C
;OUT AT PORT-C
;READ EOC FROM PORT-C
164
Nvis 5586A
0469
046B
046D
046F
0471
24 10
74 FA
B0 04
E6 74
E4 70
AND AL,10H
JE 0467
MOV AL,04H
OUT 74H,AL
IN AL,70H
0473
0474
C3
9A 7C F0 00 F0
0479
047A
047C
0481
0484
0485
0487
C3
B4 00
9A 94 F0 00 F0
B9 55 05
49
75 FD
C3
RET
CLEAR:
DB AH,7CH,0F0H,00H,0F0H
RET
ATDAT:MOVAH,00H
CALL F000:F094
MOV CX,0555H
LP1: DEC CX
JNE 0484
RET
;CHECK EOC AT PC4 BIT

;GIVE OUTPUT ENABLE AS 1
;OUT AT PORT-C
;READ 8 BIT ADC DATA FROM
PORT-A
;CALL 0F000:F07C CLEAR LCD
SCREEN
;PUT 00 IN AH
;CALL DISPLAY ROUTINE
;GIVE SOME TIME
CODE ENDS
END
Note: When DB instruction is used we have to press F7 button of keyboard (connected to

techbook) and then press D, enter address (from where data is to be entered), press enter and
start feeding data.
165
Nvis 5586A
DAC-0800 (Analog Output):

A D/A converter chip DAC 0800 has been provided on the board of Nvis 5586A to enable
the user to have analog output. This can be used for generating various waveforms or for any
closed loop applications. The chip has been interfaced with 8255-I internally and has an
address of (00 to 04).
This chip has been designed to give an output of 0 to 8 Volts. The output of DAC 0800 is
coming at Xout and Yout terminal. After executing the below program RAMP OUTPUT is
displayed in the CRO.
Program:
To generate Ramp wave at X-Out & Y-Out:
Port A
70H
Port B
72H
Port C
74H
Control Word
76H
Address
Opcode
0400
0402
0404
0406
0408
040A
040C
B0 80
E6 76
B0 00
E6 70
E6 72
FE C0
EB F8
Mnemonic
START:
MOV
OUT
MOV
OUT
OUT
INC
JMP
Comment
AL,80H
76H,AL
AL,0H
70H,AL
72H,AL
AL
START
;INTIALISE 8255
;PA & PB AS OUTPUT
;SELECT A AS DATA 00
;OUT AT X-OUT
;OUT AT Y-OUT
;INCREMENT AL
;JUMP TO START
166
Nvis 5586A
Program:
To generate sine wave at Xout and Yout:
Port A
70H
Port B
72H
Port C
74H
Control Word
76H
The following program will generate a Sine wave output at Xout and Yout.
For finding Sine wave Angles
Value = (5+ (5* sin)) * 25.6
Where = 0 360
Here Samples are for 10 degree
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
Comment
0400
0402
B0 80
E6 76
MOV AL,80H
OUT 76H,AL
; USING PORT A, B FOR OUTPUT

; SETTING CW
0404
BE 1604
LOOP2: MOV SI,0416H
; PLACE SAMPLES IN MEMORY
0407
B1 24
MOV CL,24H
0409
8A 04
LOOP1: MOV AL,[SI]
; GET WHATEVER IS AT 0416
040B
E6 70
OUT 70H,AL
; OUTPUT DAC 1, PORT A,
040D
E6 72
OUT 72H,AL
040F
0410
0412
0414
46
FE C9
75 F5
EB EE
INC SI
DEC CL
JNE 0409
JMP 0404
; INCREASE MEMORY LOCATION

; DECREMENT COUNTER
; KEEP ON DOING THIS
Put this data manually using D command at address 0000:0416

0416 80, 96, AC, C0, D2 , E2, EE, F8, FE, FF, FE, F8, EE, E2, D2, C0, AC, 96, 80
69, 54, 40, 2D, 1E, 11, 07, 02, 00, 02, 07, 11, 1E, 2D, 40, 54, 69, 80
167
Nvis 5586A
Parallel Communication between two Nvis 5586A Trainers using 8255 in I/O mode
Note-: Power on the supply of both trainers before connecting the 26 Pin FRC cable
Connect the 8255-1 of both trainers using 26 FRC cable.
For transmit data fill the program below in trainer given:
Memory
Address
Opcode
Mnemonics
0400
0402
0404
0406
0408
B0 82
E6 76
B0 99
E6 70
9A 7C F000 F0
MOV AL,82
OUT 76,AL
MOV AL,99
OUT 70,AL
CALL F000:F07C
040D
040F
0411
0416
B4 00
B3 80
9A 94 F000 F0
E0 EB FF
MOV AH,00
MOV BL ,80
CALL F000:F094
JMP 404
Comments
DATA TO TRANSFER
SEND DATA TO 8255-1
CALL THE DISPLAY
FUNCTION
JUMP TO 404 LOCATION
For receiver fill the program given below in second trainer

Memory
Address
Opcode
Mnemonic
0400
B0 82
MOV AL,82
0402
0404
0406
040b
040d
040f
0414
E6 76
E4 70
9A 7C F000 F0
B4 00
B3 00
9A 94 F000 F0
E9 ED FF
OUT 76,AL
IN AL,70
CALL F000:F07C
MOV AH, 00
MOV BL, 00
CALL F000:F094
JMP 404
Comments
SET 8255-1 FOR
I/O
READ THE PORT
JUMP TO
LOCATION 404
When both program entered then data entered at transmit trainer is displayed on receiving
trainer. For above programs 99 are displayed on receiving trainer LCD.
168
Nvis 5586A
Serial Communication between two Nvis 5586A Trainers

For serial communication between the two trainers connect the male to male RS232 cable
provided with Nvis 5586A trainers. And follow the procedure given below
2. Press Enter key and the following will come on the display:
For serial communication one trainer transmits data and other receives the data:
Procedure for transmitter trainer:
1. For transmit data press F7 on trainer keyboard to come in the OUT mode.
2. 1st location indicates the starting address (F000:0400) and the 2nd location indicates the
end address (0400) of the memory area to be transmitted on to the Serial Port. Change
this to 0000:0400 to 04FF as follows:
Then press enter to transmit data

Procedure for receiver trainer:
2. Press Enter key and the following will come on the display:
Change the location from F000:0400 to 0000:0400. This is the 1st RAM location data
will be received from the transmitter trainer and this address will keep on incrementing
on receipt of each Data Byte.
3. Press enter button on trainer button & then press the enter button on transmitter trainer
Note: Please short the jumper JP4 of both trainer on pin 1 & 2 for clock settings.
169
Nvis 5586A
170
Nvis 5586A
Connector Details
The details of the various connectors on the board of Nvis 5586A are as follows:
Bus Connector CN1
Signal
Pin
1
+5V
+5V
GND
4
5
GND
AD3
AD7
6
7
8
9
AD2
10
11
12
AD5
AD0
13
A8
14
15
16
A16
A7
A15
17
18
A6
A14
19
A5
20
21
22
A13
23
24
A3
A11
25
A2
26
A10
A1
A9
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
AD6
AD1
AD4
A4
A12
IOWR
IORD
S2
S2
MEMWR
MEMRD
ALE
171
Nvis 5586A
36
37
ALE
S1
38
39
40
S0
HLDA
HOLD
41
42
INTA
INTR
43
READY
44
NMI
45
46
RESET OUT
RESET IN
CLK OUT
47
48
49
50
I/O-CS
MEM-CS
MEM-CS
172
Nvis 5586A
RS-232C Serial Connector

CN3:
Signal
Pin
1
NC
Rxd
Txd
DTR
GND
DSR
RTS
CTS
NC
Power Supply Connector CN4:

Pin
Signal
1
+5V
GND
+12V
-12V
173
Nvis 5586A
8255-I Connector CN5:

Signal
Pin
1
2
P1C4
P1C5
P1C2
P1C3
4
6
7
P1C0
P1C1
P1B6
8
9
P1B7
P1B4
10
P1B5
11
12
13
P1B2
14
15
P1B1
P1A6
16
P1A7
17
18
19
P1A4
P1A5
P1A2
20
21
P1A3
P1A0
22
P1A1
23
24
P1C6
P1B3
P1B0
25
P1C7
GND
26
+5V(VCC)
174
Nvis 5586A
8255-II Connector CN6:

Signal
Pin
1
2
3
4
P2C4
P2C5
P2C2
P2C3
5
6
7
8
P2C0
P2C1
P2B6
9
10
P2B4
P2B5
11
P2B2
12
13
14
P2B3
P2B0
15
P2A6
P2A7
16
17
P2B7
P2B1
P2A4
18
19
20
P2A5
P2A2
P2A3
21
P2A0
22
P2A1
P2C6
23
24
25
26
P2C7
GND
+5V(VCC)
175
Nvis 5586A
8255-III Connector CN7:

Signal
Pin
1
P3C4
2
3
4
P3C5
P3C2
P3C3
5
6
7
P3C0
P3C1
P3B6
8
9
P3B7
P3B4
10
P3B5
11
12
13
P3B2
P3B3
14
15
P3B1
P3A6
16
P3A7
17
18
19
P3A4
20
21
P3A3
P3A0
22
P3A1
23
24
25
26
P3C6
P3C7
P3B0
P3A5
P3A2
GND
+5V (VCC)
176
Nvis 5586A
8259/8253 Connector CN8:

Signal
Pin
1
2
IR0
IR1
IR2
4
5
IR3
IR4
6
7
8
IR5
IR6
CLK0
10
OUT0
GATE0
11
IR7
12
13
14
OUT1
GATE1
15
ATE2
16
17
OUT2
CLK2
18
NC
19
GND
20
+5V (VCC)
CLK1
177
Nvis 5586A
Mode Selection Rotary:

Normal : Nvis 5586A works in Normal Mode
ADC : Nvis 5586A works with inbuilt ADC support
DAC : Nvis 5586A works with inbuilt DAC support
Pot P1: Variable input for Channel 0 of inbuilt ADC when Jumper JP3 pin 2 & 3 is shorted.
ADC Channels: Input channels A0 to A7 for inbuilt ADC
DAC Output: 2 Output channels of inbuilt DAC
RST: To Reset system.
178
Nvis 5586A
Jumper/Dip Switch Details
Short 1 & 2 for default RAM

Factory setting: Short 1 & 2
Short 1 & 2 for +5V to RAM

Short 2 & 3 for Battery Supply to RAM
Short 1 & 2 for External ADC Input at Channel 0

Short 2 & 3 for Internal ADC Input at Channel
0 from POT P1
Short 1 & 2 for 2 MHz Clock to 8086 CPU

Short 2 & 3 for 1 MHz Clock to 8086 CPU
Reserved for Future
179
Nvis 5586A
SW1:
OFF- All switches from 1-4 by default.
When running External 8259 Interrupt Controller please modify switch positions as
defined.
1. ON
2. OFF
3. OFF
4. OFF
180
Nvis 5586A
Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What is Microprocessor?
Ans. It is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decodes and
executes instructions.
Q2. What are the basic units of a microprocessor?
Ans. The basic units of a microprocessor are ALU, an array of registers and control unit.
Q3. What is Software and Hardware?
Ans. The Software is a set of instructions or commands needed for performing a specific
task by a programmable device or a computing machine.
The Hardware refers to the components or devices used to form computing machine in
which the software can be run and tested. Without software the Hardware is an idle
machine.
Q4. What is assembly language?
Ans. The language in which the mnemonics are used to write a program is called
assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the mnemonics.
Q5. What are machine language and assembly language programs?
Ans. The software developed using 1's and 0's are called machine language programs.
The software developed using mnemonics are called assembly language programs.
Q6. What is the drawback in machine language and assembly language programs?
Ans. The machine language and assembly language programs are machine dependent.
The programs developed using these languages for a particular machine cannot be
directly run on another machine.
Q7. Define bit, byte and word.
Ans. A digit of the binary number or code is called bit. Also, the bit is the fundamental
storage unit of computer memory.
The 8-bit (8-digit) binary number or code is called byte and 16-bit binary number or code
is called word.
Q8. What is a bus?
Ans. Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals.
Q9. Why data bus is bi-directional?
Ans. The microprocessor has to fetch (read) the data from memory or input device for
processing and after processing, it has to store (write) the data to memory or output
device. Hence the data bus is bi-directional.
Q10. Why address bus is unidirectional?
181
Nvis 5586A
Ans. The address is an identification number used by the microprocessor to identify or

access a memory location or I / O device. It is an output signal from the processor. Hence
the address bus is unidirectional.
Q11. What is the function of microprocessor in a system?
Ans. The microprocessor is the master in the system, which controls all the activity of the
system. It issues address and control signals and fetches the instruction and data from
memory. Then it executes the instruction to take appropriate action.
Q12. Define machine cycle.
Ans. Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of
accessing memory, I/O, or acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of
three to six T-states.
Q13. Define T-State.
Ans. T-State is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in one clock
period. These subdivisions are internal states synchronized with the system clock, and
each T-State is precisely equal to one clock period.
Q14. List the components of microprocessor (single board microcomputer) based
system.
Ans. The microprocessor based system consists of microprocessor as CPU,
semiconductor memories like EPROM and RAM, input device, output device and
interfacing devices.
Q15. Why interfacing is needed for I/O devices?
Ans. Generally I/O devices are slow devices. Therefore the speed of I/O devices does not
match with the speed of microprocessor. And so an interface is provided between system
bus and I/O devices.
Q16. What does memory-mapping mean?
Ans. The memory mapping is the process of interfacing memories and peripheral to
microprocessor and allocating addresses to each device.
Q17. What is interrupt I/O?
Ans. If the I/O device initiates the data transfer through interrupt then the I/O is called
interrupt driven I/O.
Q18. What is the need for system clock?

Ans. The system clock is necessary for synchronizing various internal operations or
devices in the microprocessor and to synchronize the microprocessor with other
peripherals in the system.
Q19. What is the need for port?
182
Nvis 5586A
Ans. The I/O devices are generally slow devices and their timing characteristics do not
match with processor timings. Hence the I/O devices are connected to system bus through
the ports.
Q20. What is a port?
Ans. The port is a buffered I/O, which is used to hold the data transmitted from the
microprocessor to I/O device or vice-versa.
Q22. Write a short note on INTEL 8255?
Ans. The INTEL 8255 is a I/O port device consisting of 3 numbers of 8 bit parallel I/O
ports. The ports can be programmed to function either as a input port or as a output port
in different operating modes. It requires 4 internal addresses and has one logic LOW chip
select pin.
Q23. What is Instruction cycle?
Ans. The sequence of operations that a processor has to carry out while executing the
instruction is called Instruction cycle. Each instruction cycle of a processor indium
consists of a number of machine cycles.
Q24. What is fetch and execute cycle?
Ans. The instruction cycle of an instruction can be divided into fetch and execute cycles.
The fetch cycle is executed to fetch the opcode from memory. The execute cycle is
executed to decode the instruction and to perform the work instructed by the instruction.
Q25. What is the need for timing diagram?
Ans. The timing diagram provides information regarding the status of various signals,
when a machine cycle is executed. The knowledge of timing diagram is essential for
system designer to select matched peripheral devices like memories, latches, ports, etc.,
to form a microprocessor system.
Q26. What is an Interrupt?
Ans. Interrupt is a signal send by an external device to the processor so as to request the
processor to perform a particular task or work.
Q27. Define opcode and operand.
Ans. Opcode (Operation code) is the part of an instruction / directive that identifies a
specific operation.
Operand is a part of an instruction / directive that represents a value on which the
instruction acts.
Q28. What is opcode fetch cycle?
Ans. The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an
instruction stored in memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle.
Q30. Why status signals are provided in microprocessor?
183
Nvis 5586A
Ans. The status signals can be used by the system designer to track the internal
operations of the processor. Also, it can be used for memory expansion (by providing
separate memory banks for program & data and selecting the bank using status signals).
Q31. What is interrupt acknowledge cycle?
Ans. The interrupt acknowledge cycle is a machine cycle executed by 8085 processor to
get the address of the interrupt service routine in-order to service the interrupt device.
Q32. What is Software interrupts?
Ans. The Software interrupts are program instructions. These instructions are inserted at
desired locations in a program. While running a program, if software interrupt instruction
is encountered then the processor executes an interrupt service routine.
Q33. What is Hardware interrupt?
Ans. If an interrupt is initiated in a processor by an appropriate signal at the interrupt pin,
then the interrupt is called Hardware interrupt.
Q34. What are the modes in which 8086 can operate?
Ans. The 8086 can operate in two modes and they are minimum (or uniprocessor) mode
and maximum (or multiprocessor) mode.
Q35. What is the data and address size in 8086?
Ans. The 8086 can operate on either 8-bit or 16-bit data. The 8086 uses 20-bit address to
access memory and 16-bit address to access I/O devices.
low.
Q36. Write the flags of 8086.
Ans. The 8086 has nine flags and they are:
1. Carry Flag (CF)
Q37. Explain the function of M/IO in 8086.
Ans. The signal M/IO is used to differentiate memory address and I/O address. When
the processor is accessing memory locations, M/IO is asserted high and when it is
accessing I/O mapped devices, M/IO is asserted
2. Parity Flag (PF)
3. Auxiliary carry Flag (AF)
4. Zero Flag (ZF)
5. Sign Flag (SF)
6. Overflow Flag (OF)
7. Trace Flag (TF)
8. Interrupt Flag (IF)
9. Direction Flag (DF)
Q38. What are the interrupts of 8086?
Ans. The interrupts of 8085 are INTR and NMI. The INTR is general maskable interrupt
and NMI is non-maskable interrupt.
184
Nvis 5586A
Q39. How clock signal is generated in 8086? What is the maximum internal clock
frequency of 8086?
Ans. The 8086 does not have on-chip clock generation circuit. Hence the clock generator
chip, 8284 is connected to the CLK pin of 8086. The clock signal supplied by 8284 is
divided by three for internal use. The maximum internal clock frequency of 8086 is
5MHz.
Q40. Write the special functions carried by the general purpose registers of 8086.
Ans. The special functions carried by the registers of 8086 are the following.
Register Special function
1. AX 16-bit Accumulator
2. AL 8-bit Accumulator
3. BX Base Register
4. CX Count Register
5. DX .Data Register
Q41. What is pipelined architecture?
Ans. In pipelined architecture the processor will have number of functional units and the
execution time of functional units is overlapped. Each functional unit works
independently most of the time.
Q42. What are the functional units available in 8086 architecture?
Ans. The bus interface unit and execution unit are the two functional units available in
8086 architecture.
Q43. List the segment registers of 8086.
Ans. The segment registers of 8086 are Code segment, Data segment, Stack segment and
Extra segment registers.
Q44. What is masking and why it is required?

Ans. Masking is preventing the interrupt from disturbing the current program execution.
When the processor is performing an important job (process) and if the process should
not be interrupted then all the interrupts should be masked or disabled. In processor with
multiple 'interrupts, the lower priority interrupt can be masked so as to prevent it from
interrupting, the execution of interrupt service routine of higher priority interrupt.
Q45. What is a flag?
Ans. Flag is a flip flop used to store the information about the status of the processor and
the status of the instruction executed most recently.
Q46. What is ALE?
Ans. The ALE (Address Latch Enable) is a signal used to demultiplex the address and
data lines, using an external latch. It is used to enable the external latch.
185
Nvis 5586A
Q47. Where is the READY signal used?

Ans. READY is an input signal to the processor, used by the memory or I/O devices to
get extra time for data transfer or to introduce wait states in the bus cycles.
Q48. What are HOLD and HLDA and how it is used?
Ans. HOLD and hold acknowledge (HLDA) signals are used for the Direct Memory
Access (DMA) type of data transfer. The DMA controller places a high on HOLD pin in
order to take control of the system bus. The HOLD request is acknowledged by the 8085
by driving all its tristated pins to high impedance state and asserting HLDA signal high.
Q49. What is polling?
Ans. Polling is a scheme or an algorithm to identify the devices interrupting the
processor. Polling is employed when multiple devices interrupt the processor through one
interrupt pin of the processor.
Q50. What are the different types of Polling?
Ans. The polling can be classified into software and hardware polling. In software
polling the entire polling process is governed by a program .In hardware polling, the
hardware takes care of checking the status of interrupting devices and allowing one by
one to the processor.
Q51.What is the need for interrupt controller?
Ans. The interrupt controller is employed to expand the interrupt inputs. It can handle the
interrupt request from various devices and allow one by one to the processor.
Q52. What is a programmable peripheral device?
Ans. If the functions performed by a peripheral device can be altered or changed by a
program instruction then the peripheral device is called programmable device. Usually
the programmable devices will have control registers. The device can be programmed by
sending control word in the prescribed format to the control register.
Q53. What is synchronous data transfer scheme?
Ans. For synchronous data transfer scheme, the processor does not check the readiness of
the device after a command has been issued for read/write operation. In this scheme the
processor will request the device to get ready and then read/write to the device
immediately after the request. In some synchronous schemes a small delay is allowed
after the request.
Q54. What is asynchronous data transfer scheme?
Ans. In asynchronous data transfer scheme, first the processor sends a request to the
device for read/write operation. Then the processor keeps on polling the status of the
device. Once the device is ready, the processor executes a data transfer instruction to
complete the process.
Q55. Explain the working of a handshake output port.
186
Nvis 5586A
Ans. In handshake output operation, the processor will load a data to port. When the port
receives the data, it will inform the output device to collect the data. Once the output
device accepts the data, the port will inform the processor that it is empty. Now the
processor can load another data to port and the above process is repeated.
Q56. What are the internal devices of 8255?
Ans. The internal devices of 8255 are port-A, port-B and port-C. The ports can be
programmed for either input or output function in different operating modes.
Q57. What is baud rate?
Ans. The baud rate is the rate at which the serial data are transmitted. Baud rate is
defined as l / (The time for a bit cell). In some systems one bit cell has one data bit, then
the baud rate and bits/sec are same.
Q58. What is USART?
Ans. The device which can be programmed to perform Synchronous or Asynchronous
serial communication is called USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter). The INTEL 8251A is an example of USART.
Q59. Give some examples of input devices to microprocessor-based system.

Ans. The input devices used in the microprocessor-based system are Keyboards, DIP
switches, ADC, Floppy disc, etc.
Q60. What is scanning in keyboard and what is scan time?
Ans. The process of sending a zero to each row of a keyboard matrix and reading the
columns for key actuation is called scanning. The scan time is the time taken by the
processor to scan all the rows one by one starting from first row and coming back to the
first row again.
Q61. What is scanning in display and what is the scan time?
Ans. In display devices, the process of sending display codes to 7 segment LEDs to
display the LEDs one by one is called scanning ( or multiplexed display). The scan time
is the time taken to display all the 7-segment LEDs one by one, starting from first LED
and coming back to the first LED again.
Q62. What are the internal devices of a typical DAC?
Ans. The internal devices of a DAC are R-2R resistive network, an internal latch and
current to voltage converting amplifier.
Q63. What is conversion time in DAC?
Ans. The time taken by the DAC to convert a given digital data to corresponding analog
signal is called conversion time.
Q64. What are the different types of ADC?
187
Nvis 5586A
Ans. The different types of ADC are successive approximation ADC, counter type ADC
flash type ADC, integrator converters and voltage-to- frequency converters.
Q65. Define stack.
Ans. Stack is a sequence of RAM memory locations defined by the programmer.
Q66. What is program counter? How is it useful in program execution?
Ans. The program counter keeps track of program execution. To execute a program the
starting address of the program is loaded in program counter. The PC sends out an
address to fetch a byte of instruction from memory and increments its content
automatically.
Q67. How the microprocessor is synchronized with peripherals?
Ans. The timing and control unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with
clock and generates control signals necessary for communication between the
microprocessor and peripherals.
188
Nvis 5586A
Warranty
1. We warranty the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months
from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2. The warranty covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components
and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer,
and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control.
3. The warranty does not cover perishable item like cathode ray tubes, crystals,
batteries, photocells etc. other imported components.
4. The warranty will become INVALID.
a)
b)
c)
d)
If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the learning material.
If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the instrument.
5. The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving

full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type
and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc.
6. The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely
packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of
the customer.
Dispatch Procedure for Service

Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the
following procedure.
1)
Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details of the fault
noticed.
2)
After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary
to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your
premises.
Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original
packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details
noticed to us at our factory address.
189
Nvis 5586A
List of Service Centers

Orissa
Plot No-67 (1st Floor)
Aerodrom Area,Vimpur
mouza Near Vimpur Primary
School Bhubaneswar- 751020
Mr. Aviram Das
Mobile: 09238307873
email: [email protected]
Guwahati
Avijit Roy Building, A.K.
Dev Road, Fatashil Ambari,
Near jalaram Mandir,
Guwahati-25 Assam
Mr. Shrimant Manna
Mobile: 09435144068
Indore
141-A, Electronic Complex,
Pardesipura, Indore-452 010
Tel: 91-731-4211500,
2570301/02,
Fax: 91-731-2555643
E-mail: [email protected]
New Delhi
First Floor, C-19, F.I.E.,
Patparganj Industrial Area,
Delhi-110092 (INDIA)
Ph: 011- 22157370, 22157371,
Fax: +91-011-22157369
Bangalore
202/19, 4th Main Street,
Ganganagar,
Bangalore - 560032
Ph.: +91-080-41285011
Fax: +91-080-41285022
Kolkata
AC-101, Prafullla Kanan, Near
Kestopur Bus Stop, Krishnapur,
Kolkata- 700059 (West Bengal)
Tel: +91 33-65266800
Mob: 9433029888
Mumbai
E Type, Bldg No. 5/1/3,
Sector 1, Vashi, Navi
Mumbai-400703
Ph: +91-022-27826616,
65266616
Jaipur
Flat No. G-2, S-101, Bhagat
Vatika North, Civil Lines,
Jaipur - 302006 (Raj.)
Mr. P.Pradhan
Mobile: 097998-10236
Lucknow
First Floor, 279/54/20/A,
Chuhar Singh Colony, Pan
Dariba, Lucknow (U.P.)
Mr. Jai Prakash Singh
Mobile: 09335865534
Hyderabad
Plot No. 24, Flat no. 203,
Laxmi Residency, Chandragiri
Housing Society, Trimulgherry
Secunderabad- 500015.
Ph: 040-27740147,
Mr. Vijay Singh
Mobile: 09247712763
Baroda
Flat No. A/1, Mudra Complex,
Behind Sudha Hotel, Ellora
Park, Baroda-390023 (Gujarat)
Mr. Sandeep Dhore
Mobile: 07878028937,
Tel: +91-0265-3089505
Fax : +91- 0265-3089506
email : [email protected]
Chandigarh
201, 2nd floor KMB Hospitality
Services, SCO 19, Near
Kabir Petrol Pump, AmbalaZirakpur Highway Zirakpur,
Mohal 140603
Ph.: 0172-6530329
Pune
105/106, 1st floor, Ajinkyatara,
Ganesh Mala, Sinhgad Road,
Pune - 411030
Ph.: +91-020-24254244/55
Fax: +91-020-24254244
Chennai
Flat C, 1st Floor, Old No. 49
New No. 64, Bajanai Koil
Street, Sriram Nagar Extention,
Pallipattu, Chennai-600113
Tel: 044-43514212, 43514213
Cochin/Kochi
C/o Pragalbha Valsan, Poriyamadathil house, ABMS Lane,
Asoka Road, Near Mathrubhumi,
Kaloor, Kochi - 682 017
Ph: 0484-2409441
190
Nvis 5586A
References
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/
http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8086/index.html
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Advanced 8086 Microprocessor Trainer

Designed & Manufactured by:

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Advanced 8086 Microprocessor Trainer

Memory Address & Port Address

MASM Macro Assembler

Parallel Communication between two Nvis 5586A

Serial Communication between two Nvis 5586A

Jumper/DIP switch Details

Frequently Asked Questions

List of Service Centers

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

8086, 16 bit Microprocessor operating in max. mode.

Support 8087 Numeric Data Processor.

I/O Processor Support:

Support 8089 I/O Processor.

128K Bytes of EPROM Loaded with monitor program.

32K bytes of CMOS RAM with Battery Backup using 3.6V

72 I/O lines using three nos. of 8255.

RS-232-C Interface using 8251.

8 different level interrupt using 8259.

Three 16 bit Timer/Counter using 8253.

Keyboard & Display :

105 IBM PC Keyboard & 20x2 LCD Display.

All address, data and control signals (TTL Compatible)

5V/ 2 Amps, 12V/250mA

50 Pin FRC Cable

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

For your safety:

Ground the Instrument

: This instrument is grounded through the protective earth

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.

Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.

Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Pin diagram of 8086

Internal Architecture of 8086

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Minimum Mode Interface

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

8086 Maximum Mode Block Diagram

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Memory ReaD Command

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Local Bus Control Signal: Request / Grant Signals:

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Read Cycle Timing Diagram for Minimum Mode

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Write Cycle Timing Diagram for Minimum Mode

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Bus Request and Bus Grant Timings in Minimum Mode System

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Maximum Mode 8086 System