1.

Sufficient support system is essential to promote sustainability in every member of

the family and can ensure the continuity of care of every children. Good community
and cultural identity is also a key factor for personality and identity development of
young children. Both of these protective factors are essential to achieve high level of
health, development and well-being (Barnes & Rowe 2013). In the case scenario,
Lucy which is the grandmother of Jack is the main support network to help the young
couple to take care of him. She also provide wealth of information to Jack about their
culture as indigenous Australian.

2.

Young maternal age is associated for conceiving low birth babies. Infants that is
underweight is more susceptible to diseases that can lead to fatality. Barnes and
Rowe (2013) showed on their theoretical foundation that a newborn that has a low
birthweight and has poor attachment and inconsistent care giving of the parents are
risk factor that can affect the health condition, welfare, and progress of every child. In
the situation given, Jack was delivered at 37 weeks, but had a weight of 2610 grams
and that is considered underweight. Furthermore, he also experiencing poor
attachment because he has no particular health care provider and also inconsistent
form of care and attention.

3. Sufficient compensation that is earned from unstable employment has a strong effect
in health and pre mature death. Impoverishment denies individuals to the basic
access in health care, safe and descent kind of shelter, and capability to purchase
quality food for nourishment which can affect the over-all nutritional status of every
member of the family. Furthermore, studies have shown that young people from lowwages families are also more prone to psychological or social difficulties and
behavioural problems (AIHW 2015).

4. Most of the Aboriginal families is still uncertain and has a doubt toward NonIndigenous healthcare worker and the current healthcare delivery system.
To involve an Indigenous healthcare worker for an Aboriginal family has a couple
of benefits because it can overcome many barriers in promoting and giving health
interventions. First, Aboriginal family can easily trust an indigenous health care
worker because they have the same culture, values, and norms. For this reason,
an Aboriginal patient and his family would feel easily connected with them.
Secondly, there would be a good communication and rapport between the patient
and the healthcare worker for a reason that they can explain it with their own
language without any hesitation. This would be crucial especially in giving
instructions about medications explaining certain procedures and informed
consent. Lastly, an Indigenous health care worker would be more culturally
aware and sensitive to the needs of the patients (Korff 2015).
5. The National Framework for Universal Child and Family Health Services developed 9
Principles for father-inclusive practice. This includes: Father Awareness, Respect for
fathers, Equity and Access, Father Strengths, Practitioners Strength, Advocacy and
Empowerment, Partnership with fathers, Recruitment and training, and lastly

Research and evaluation (Australian Government Department of Health 2013). This

services provide wide range of information and support to all the fathers and health
care providers to develop interventions that is necessary for effective parenting.
Moreover, father involvement in parenting is essential to the development and wellbeing of every children. It has a major impact to the intellectual, emotional,
behavioural, and psychological aspect of a child that would be crucial to the later
stage of their life.
6. 6. As the toddler reaches 18-24 months of old, developmental milestone in
communication is greatly appreciated in this stage. The vocabulary of the child may
have approximately 50 words or more but the verbal sound somewhat robotic. There
is also appropriate grammar form and structure and can put 2-3 word sentences as
well. In terms of behaviour, progressive improvement in play skills, motor skills,
thinking skills, and social skills (McKinney et al.2013). It is showed on the situation
given that Jacks behaviour is appropriate on his age. He is busy and energetic little
boy that indicates developing play and motor skills. However, it was also revealed
that he has a limited vocabulary and communication skills.
7. Immunisation is one of the substantial health promotion that can reach out to
local, national and international communities. It provides cost effective and safe
method to hinder the transmission of epidemic diseases that can lead to fatal
health conditions, hospitalisations, and mortality (Immunise Australia program
2015). It has significance in health promotion because it can boost the control of
the people to improve their over- all status of well- being whether in local,
national, or international community. Effective immunisation also is a good
indicator of efficient promotion of health for a reason that it decreases the
opportunity for an outbreak or spread out of the disease. Health promotion
strategy concerns about the prevention of diseases and promoting good health of
the community people.
8

Vaccination procedure may cause pain, discomfort, and distress that may
result to noncompliant behaviour of the parents and young children because
of the unpleasant experience. There would be some strategies and methods
that can be use in order to avoid this kind of dilemma during immunisation.
The strategies would be appropriate prior the procedure of immunisation for
Jack are using diversion of attention such as using noisy and colourful toys,
breastfeeding, active techniques like party blower, trumpet, windmill, and
passive technique such as reading some stories, watching television, and
listening to some music Pharmacological intervention such as applying
anaesthetic medications like vapocoolant sprays and EMLA for about 30-60
minutes before injection and by giving sweet-tasting liquid to lessen the pain.
These approach to immunisation create a positive outcome to young children
and parents. It can lessen the distress and anxiety of a child and can improve
the timely attendance for succeeding vaccinations (Koller & Goldman 2012).

9. The main target of the case report is with young generation that has Type 1 Diabetes age
ranging from 0- 14 years old that is utilising insulin as a form of medication. The

predominance of this form of condition were noted at National Diabetes Register during the
period of December 2008 categorise by years of age, gender, and geographical location. It
was noted that closed enough to 5,700 Australian youth acquired Type 1 diabetes. The
number of cases also varies between two genders, area of location (which Northern territory
has lowest number of cases: 62 cases per 100,000 number of people) (AIHW 2011).

10. Providing and asking for consent in children is equally important just like in adults.
Children who is actually below 14 years of age does not have the ability to consent with the
exception to health care interventions that does not have serious consequences in terms of
health (Queensland Health 2011). However, young patients still needs to include in the plan
of care and the health care provider should give them enough information and update about
the status of their well-being that is appropriate to their learning capacity. Childrens
participation on their plan of intervention can foster dignity and respect and make sure that
their rights are well protected (Queensland Health 2011).
11. Involvement of children in terms of their healthcare decision is a crucial consideration in
any healthcare facility. United Nations (cited in Taub 2008) stated on the Convention of the
rights of child that every children have a right to self-determination, dignity, respect, noninterference, and the right to make informed decisions. It emphasized the belief that every
child has dignity and rights that needs to be respected. This universal law that was made are
significant to create and develop mutual trust to any health care providers and also to
safeguard that every medical arrangement is focus on the needs of the young patient.
Participation of every child on their own option, choices, and decision regarding about their
health has a good outcome on their sense of responsibility and medical exposure (Deatrick
J, Woodring B, & Tollefson T, cited in Taub 2008). American Academy of Paediatrics inclined
to their idea and advocates that young generation should participate in any medical decision
according to their understanding and capabilities (Committee on Bioethics, cited in Taub
2008). Childrens making their own decision reflect how well informed they are about the
status of their health. It will greatly achieve by the assistance of the health care providers
regarding health promotion and being patient advocate.

12. Providing care to a child who has acute or chronic illness is one of the difficult challenges
that parents could encounter. Dodgson et al. (cited in Helgeson, Vicki et al. 2012) explained
that parents that has a child with diabetes may encounter emotional stress, financial
constraint and social problems. This dilemma occur for various reasons such as the
unstable condition of the child, management of illness that is time consuming and needs to
be done in a daily basis (blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration), and
modification of lifestyle like diet and physical exercise that parents and other family members
needs to be involved.
13. Health care providers have the responsibility to help patients to determine

genuine, high-quality, current, and accurate health materials for the benefit of the
patients (HealthEd Academy, cited in Collins & Lewis 2013). Collins and Lewis (2013)
explained that online health information resources provide knowledge and
instructions directly to the patient while online health engagement resources
encourage the distribution of information, psychosocial interactions among patients.
Chaplain family could find credible health information resources through online
learning such as Joslin Diabetes Centre (www. joslin.org) and the National Diabetes

Education Program (www.ndep.nih.gov). On the other hand, health engagement

resources creates interactive learning and communications among patients and
relatives such as TuDiabetes. org (www.tudiabetes.org), Diabetes Social Media
Advocacy (www.diabetessocmed.com).

14. School children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can still be a participant for school camp
programs. However, students can only be allow to engage in any camp if they are already
stable and self-reliant on how to take care of themselves that includes how to inject
medications, do blood glucose test, hypoglycaemia management, and dietary plan (National
Health and Medical Research Council 2014). I would advise to her mother that the camp
organizers, staff, friends and room -mates should know about blood glucose monitoring, food
choices, prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia, and when to ask for medical attention
and how to transfer to the nearest medical facility in case of emergency.