A Real-Time Conductor Sag Measurement System Using A Differential GPS
A Real-Time Conductor Sag Measurement System Using A Differential GPS
A Real-Time Conductor Sag Measurement System Using A Differential GPS
2, APRIL 2012
475
AbstractA real-time and direct method of measuring the absolute value of sag on a transmission-line conductor using a differential global positioning system (DGPS) is presented. The method
includes a real-time data-processing module integrated into the
DGPS system. The GPS signals corresponding to physical movement of the midspan of a transmission-line conductor were obtained so that conductor-to-ground clearance could be recorded
in real time. Several field tests were designed and implemented to
test the DGPS method under varying conditions of the transmission-line current. A comparison of results obtained from the DGPS
method with those from a laser-range finder indicates an accuracy
1 in.
of
Index TermsDynamic thermal circuit rating, global positioning system (GPS), sag measurement.
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received August 17, 2009; revised March 15, 2010; accepted
September 11, 2011. Date of publication February 14, 2012; date of current
version March 28, 2012. This work was supported by the U.S. Department
of Energy under Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725 and ORNL subcontract
4000051155. Paper no. TPWRD-00623-2009.
S. M. Mahajan is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA
(e-mail: [email protected]).
U. M. Singareddy was with Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville,
TN 38505 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). He is now with CSG International, Springfield, IL USA.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2181963
476
receiver, and a wireless modem were fitted inside the pipe. Although the provision was made to include two 8-h batteries, field
tests were run with 120-V ac and an adapter so that 24-h tests
could be performed without any interruption. The GPS relevant
information was transferred in standard NMEA-0183 sentences
from the GPS receiver to the laptop over the wireless link established by the radio modem. These data were received and processed by the proprietary GPS software and the DGPS data were
subsequently logged in the system. After obtaining the DGPS
data, the altitude in formation from GPS messages was extracted
so that the conductor-to-ground clearance could be evaluated in
real time.
A module was developed in the VB.NET programming environment to process the raw GPS information and obtain the
best estimate of the current clearance value for a particular time
instance. The time instance at which processing took place was
defined by the reporting time value entered in the input data section.
The real-time processing module accessed the GPS data
from the proprietary GPS software over a TCP/IP connection.
After obtaining the raw GPS NMEA-0183 sentences, the
various input parameters pertaining to the processing window
size, reporting time and other parameters were entered in the
Input data section of the window, and the desired processing
technique was selected from the data filtering and smoothing
sections of the window. When the processing functionality was
activated, the raw NMEA sentences from the GPS log file were
first passed to the Parser module where the desired information
was identified and extracted. While extracting the data, the GPS
data corresponding to bad fix were rejected. The timestamp
and altitude values of each time instance corresponding to the
good fix were then added to the Process buffer list. The data
values were added to the list continuously until the current
time instance of the GPS data was equal to the time instance
corresponding to each reporting time. At each reporting time,
all of the data values in the process buffer were then accessed
by the Process Data function where the altitude values in the
Process buffer list were subjected to one of the data-smoothing
techniques selected before initiating the processing functionality. Several data-smoothing techniques were used to evaluate
the best approximate altitude value corresponding to the current
report time instance. The processed clearance value was then
displayed on an output console and subsequently transferred to
a real-time data plotter which plotted the latest clearance value.
III. RESULTS
The performance of the system was tested and analyzed by
conducting field tests on a specially designed test facility at
the National Transmission Technology Research Center of the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Fig. 4). The test line operated
at high current and low voltage. The current that was flowing
through the conductor could be set in the range of 1001600 A
dc. A laser-range finder was available to measure conductor-toground clearance.
Measurements from the highly accurate (submillimeter)
laser-range finder were used as the reference for the conductor-to-ground clearance at all times. Measurements obtained
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The second methodology used was a discrete window-processing method. The processing window included the current
value of the GPS data and a set of previous values defined by
the size of the processing window. Data points were averaged
within discrete windows so that smoothing would occur. A relatively large discrete processing window implied the introduction
of a delay in processing.
1) No-Load Test: The first test involved a study of the extent
of sag experienced by the conductor without passing any current through the conductor. This test involved placing the GPS
enclosure system on the test line and evaluating the sag experienced by the line over a period of 24 h.
It was observed that a sag of approximately 30 in could be
experienced by the test line during 24 h. This sag can be attributed to the combined effect of atmospheric conditions, such
as ambient temperature, wind speed, and the solar radiation.
Fig. 5 shows the plot for GPS versus laser measurement data.
A few sharp notches were observed in the raw GPS data. These
notches were removed in the first stage of processing. While
processing the data, actual time measurements were not used.
Instead, time indices (in hours) from the start to the end of each
test were considered for plotting the corresponding clearance
values. Although some notches pertaining to the bad fix were
eliminated, the GPS data curve still has some noise superimposed on it.
After optimization of the window size for both sliding and
discrete windows, processing via sliding window was found to
be slightly more accurate. Processing of data similar to that in
Fig. 5 led to a relatively smooth curve for GPS data as illustrated in Fig. 6. The standard deviation in the absolute error
(GPS minus laser) was evaluated to obtain a measure of the accuracy of the GPS data with respect to the laser data for this test.
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Fig. 5. GPS versus laser clearance plot corresponding to filtered GPS data for
Test # 1 (no current).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank R. Craven and C. Schuff from
TTU, and Dr. J. Stovall (ORNL) for their assistance.
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Satish M. Mahajan (SM09) was born in India and
received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Poona in 1978, the M.S.E.E.
degree from the State University of New York at
Buffalo in 1983, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of South Carolina,
Columbia, in 1987.
Since 1987, he has been on the faculty of Electrical
Engineering Department, Tennessee Technological
University, Cookeville. His research interests are
related to physical phenomena of optoelectronic and
high-voltage devices, and the modeling of conventional and renewable power
systems.