Generator operation and control (I)

Presented by Amirul , Dec 2004

Generator operation and control

Machine Operating Parameter

Apparent Power
Apparent Power (MVA) refers to the rating of a turbine generator.
Although machines are commonly talked about in term of Real Power
(MW), the physical size of a machine is largely determined by the
product of voltage and the current (MVA).

GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION TREND

6
INDIRECTLLY COOLED
STATOR WINDINGS
5
GENERATOR WEIGHT

4
(lbs/KVA)

3
DIRECT COOLED
STATOR WINDINGS
2

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

YEAR IN SERVICE
Generator operation and control

Power
The rated Power (MW) of generator is the product of rated apparent
power and rated power factor. The rated power of the turbine
generator, as a whole, is determined by the turbine.

Power Factor
Power factor is used to describe the generator as operating in the
“lagging” or “leading” power factor range. Power factor is “Over
Excited” or “Capacitive” for lagging power factor operation and “Under
excited” or “Inductive” for leading power factor operation. Unity power
factor refers to purely resistive)
Generator operation and control

Terminal Voltage
The rated voltage of a 3-phase generator is defined as the line to line
terminal voltage at which the generator is designed to operate
continuously. The rated voltage of large generator is normally in the
rage 13.8 kV to 27 kV Volts

Stator current
Stator current capability in large generator depends largely on type of
machine in question. In the simplest machine, (i.e. the indirectly air-
cooled generator), the capability of the stator winding is the rated
stator current.
The capability of a water-cooled stator winding is not normally
sensitive to hydrogen pressure. However hydrogen pressure does
effect the cooling and therefore the temperature of many parts of
generator, in which losses are proportional to the stator current.
Therefore, the generator capability is usually expressed in increment
of 15 psig (103kPa) below rated hydrogen pressure.
Generator operation and control

Field Current
The capability of the rotor winding is generally the field current at
rated: apparent power, power factor, and terminal voltage. The
relationship between the field current and the other generator
parameters is as follows. While keeping MW constant, as field
current is increased, power factor, stator current, terminal voltage,
and subsequently apparent power tend to increase from unity to full
lagging power factor
Speed
The rated speed of a generator is selected to match the generator
design and the system frequency.
60 Hz System
•3600 rpm for 2 pole generator
•1800 rpm for 4 pole generators
50 Hz System
•3000 rpm for 2 pole generators
Generator operation and control

Hydrogen pressure
The rated hydrogen pressure is then pressure of the hydrogen in the
generator, required when it is providing rated output. It is commonly the
maximum hydrogen pressure for which the generator is designed to
operate. The range of rated hydrogen pressure for generators now
being built is up to 75 psig (518 kPa).

Volts per Hz
The generator is limited by the level of useful flux that it can handle.
The terminal voltage divided by frequency is proportional to the level
of flux. At excessive volts per Hertz, saturation develops, to the point
where flux will stray into region where damage may initiate.
Generator operation and control

Short Circuit Ratio

Short Circuit ratio is defined as the ratio of the field current required to
produce rated terminal voltage on the open circuit condition for stator
winding, over the field current required to produce rated stator current
on sustained three phase short circuit with machine operating at rated
speed. The short circuit ratio for turbine generators built in recent
years has been in the approximate range of 0.4 to 0.6.
Generator operation and control

Paiton U8 Generator
Generator operation and control
Machine Curve
Open Circuit Saturation Curve
The open circuit saturation curve for the generator provides the
characteristic of the open circuit stator terminal voltage as a function
of field current, with the generator operating at rated speed.

Short circuit saturation curve

The Short circuit saturation curve is a plot of stator current (from zero
up to rated stator current) as function of field current, with the stator
winding terminal short-circuited and the generator operating at rated
speed. Short circuit ratio (SCR) = IFNL/IFSC
IFNL = Field current required to produce open
circuit rated voltage.
IFSC = Field current that produce rated armature
current with short circuited at terminal.
In turbo generator (most) SCR is 0.5 – 0.6
Generator operation and control
Generator operation and control

Capability Curve
The capability curve is a plot of apparent power capability, at rated
voltage, using active power and reactive power as the two principle
axes. Curve constant stator current, are the circles with their centers
at the origin. Lines of constant power factor are the radial lines. The
generator rating is the intersection of the circle (at rated hydrogen
pressure) for rated power factor. For each curve, there is a part
limited by field winding capability, a part limited by stator capability,
and apart limited by core and heating as shown in following figures.
Generator operation and control
Generator operation and control

“V” curve
“ V ” curve provide the apparent power as a function of field current,
plotted for various constant power factors, holding speed and stator
voltage at the rated values.
Horizontal lines represent constant stator current. Vertical and
horizontal lines can be shown for the field and rotor winding
capabilities at varying hydrogen pressures. The reduction in
capability caused by stator core end heating at low levels of
excitation, below 0.95 power factor leading can also be included.
Generator operation and control
Generator operation and control
Armature Reaction

The flux produced by the armature distorts the main flux

produced by the DC rotating field.
The amount of change / distortion depends on Load and
Power Factor
Generator operation and control

φR = Resulting flux in machine

φAR = Armature produced flux
φDC = DC field flux
Generator operation and control

PF Leading

Rated
PF Unity

PF Lagging
Terminal Voltage

Field Current left constant

Load Current

Effect of Armature Reaction

On the Load Characteristics of Generator
 Generator operation and control

Xs Rs Is
Es : Induced Electromotive Force (EMF)
Zs
Xs : Synchronous Reactance
Zs : Synchronous Impedance

LOAD
E
Vt Vt : Terminal Voltage
Is : Armature (Stator) Current
Rs : Armature Resistance
Machine Terminal
Fundamental circuit Equation

E = Vt + Is (Rs + jXs)
E = Vt + Is zs
E
Zs
Is
LOAD
Vt
(MVA)
One Line Diagram
Generator operation and control

Eg Unity Load

s
Power Factor

Is Z
j Is Xs
E>Vt
δ

Is Vt Is Rs

Eg
Zs Lagging Load
δ Is
j Is Xs Power Factor
E>>Vt
∅ Vt
Is Is Rs

j Is Xs
Eg
Leading Load
Is s
Is Z Power Factor
δ E<Vt
∅ Is Rs

Vt

∅ : Load Angle
δ : Power Angle
Generator operation and control
Invinite
E Utility Bus
Xs
Is
Load (MVA)
Simple Load Change and
Note : typically Xs >>
Rs Excitation Change Calculation
Vt

Xs
Is Xs Cos

Is
δ = E Sin
Vt

Is

Is Xs Cos ∅ = E Sin δ
Power delivered = Vt Is Cos ∅ =
E Vt
Sin δ
Xs
*In an " Invinite " Bus, Vt taken as constan
*E assumed linier with If for small change of If
Generator operation and control

Change of Excitation

E2
E1
Constant
(P=Const)

Xs
Is1 Xs = E Sin

Is 1
2
1

Vt

1 2

Is1

Is2