Sample Computation: Aluminum Copper

SAMPLE COMPUTATION
Aluminum
Copper
Room Temperature Interpolation
Room Temperature Interpolation

R H R RM 12018011530 0
=
R H R L 120180115190
R H R RM 12018011530 0
=
R H R L 120180115190
=21.98C
=21.98C
Aluminum Temperature Interpolation
R H R RM 1162511540
=
R H R L 1162511223
R H R RM 12018011530 0
=
R H R L 120180115190
=78.211
=98.969C
L= Lo T
L= Lo T
given:
Aluminum Temperature Interpolation
L=1.2 mm
Lo=700 mm
given: L=0.72mm
T =76.989
Lo=700 mm
T =56.231
Solution :
Percent Error :
L
LoT
PE=
1.2 0 mm
6
=22
.3
x
10
/
(7 00 mm )( 78.989 )
L
Solution : =
LoT
EV AV
x 100
AV
PE=
=
3.33 x 10
2 3 . 8 x 10
0.72 mm 6
23.)( 856.231
x 10 )
(7 00 mm
x 100
PE=6.4
=18.292 x 10 /
Percent Error :
GUIDE QUESTIONS
PE=
| EVAV AV |x 100
PE=
18.292 x 1051 6 . 8 x 106

x 100
16 . 8 x 106
1. In the performance of the experiment, cite the possible sources of error and its effect in
the computed values. What are the recommendations then to minimize such error?
In performing this experiment, the possible sources of error are the initial
measurement of the rod, the different variation of the temperature inside the
room, failure to record the reading of the resistance and lastly the estimation of
the initial and final temperature of the rods. These sources of errors can lead to a
change in the coefficient of linear expansion which will make our percentage
error larger. To minimize these errors, one person should be tasked to record and
to look out for the changes in the thermal resistor and we recommend to incline
the setup because the water that enters the setup might cause some errors in the
linear expansion.
2. Would the result be different if the condensed water was not drained from the expansion
tube? Why?
Yes, the result would be different if the condensed water was not drained from the
expansion tube because the condensed water will absorb the heat from the steam.
Without the heat from the steam, linear expansion will not take place.
3. From the result of the experiment, compute the coefficient of expansion for area and
volume of the metals.
Area Expansion, ( =
2)
Volume Expansion, (
= 3)
Aluminum
2 x (22.3 x 10-6) =
44.6 x 10-6
3 x (22.3 x 10-6) =
66.9 x 10-6
Copper
2 x (18.292 x 10-6) =
36.584 x 10-6
3 x (18.292x 10-6) =
54.876 x 10-6
Problems:
1. On a hot day where the temperature is 32 C, the distance between two lamps posts on the road is 30m
as measured by a metal tape whose coefficient of linear expansion is hypothetically
50 x 10-6/C. If the tape gives its correct reading at 20 C, what is the actual distance between the lamp
posts?
50 x 10-6/C =
30 - Lo
Lo (12 C)
50 x 10 /C (12 C) (Lo) = 30 - Lo
30
Lo =
-6
50 x 10 /C (12 C) + 1
Lo = 29.98m
-6
2. An aluminum rod and a copper rod have the same length of 100 cm at 5 C. At what temperatures would
one of the rods be 0.5mm longer than the other? Which rod is longer at such temperature?
L(At) - L(Ct) = L(Ai)[1+ (A)x(t-5)] - L(Ci)[1+ (C)x(t-5)]
0.0005 = (t-5)[23 x 10^-6 - 17 x 10^-6]
0.0005 = (t-5) x 0.000006
(t - 5) = 0.0005/0.000006 = 83.33
T = 88.33*C
Analysis
The expansion can be classified as one, two or three-dimensional. For this experiment,
we focused in observing a one-dimensional expansion which is also known as "Linear
Expansion". Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume
in response to a change in temperature through heat transfer. When a substance is heated, the
kinetic energy of its molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin moving more and usually
maintain a greater average separation. The degree of expansion divided by the change in
temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with
temperature. The change in temperature corresponds to the change in the dimensions of
materials, liquid, solid or gas. With given initial length and initial temperature, it can be observed
that as the temperature increases, the length also increases. The theory of thermal expansion was
used as basis in the experiment in proving whether or not the lengths of the tubes will increase.
Also, with the knowledge of this concept, we were instructed to increase the temperature within
the tubes using the steam generator attached to the tubes using the rubber tube.
By following the procedures given in the manual, we got a percentage error with a value
of 6.4%(aluminum) and 8.8%(Copper). We achieved a low percent error because we considered
the factors that will cause errors in our experiment. Some these sources of errors are the
condensed water in the rod, different variation of temperature, estimation of the temperature and
the measurement of the rod. The key to this experiment is to follow the procedure, consider the
factors that will affect the values in our experiment and focus on the value of the thermistor
because it is essential for the computation of the coefficient of linear expansion.
Conclusion
After completing this experiment successfully, I can therefore conclude that the
objectives tasked to us are achieved. We have determined the coefficient of linear expansion of
the two metal rods and we also determined the factors that affect the changes in length in the
thermal expansion.
The first objective is completed by computing for the coefficient of linear expansion of a
metal rod using the proportionality of change in length to the original length and its change in
temperature. The second objective is completed by considering all of the factors that will affect
the values in our experiment and by following the procedures and instructions of our professor.
In this experiment we also proved that as the temperature increases, there will also be an
increase in the length of the metal rod. This theory can be used and can be applied in the field of
Civil Engineering since they study the materials used in making bridges, roads and buildings
which must overcome or withstand extreme temperature so that it will not expand. It can also be
used in the field of sanitary engineering because build and manipulate drainage systems, because
of that they used the thermal expansion theory to know the factors that will affect the water and
the drainage and sewerage systems. Overall, Thermal and Linear expansion is important and it
plays an essential part in an engineers work.

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SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Room Temperature Interpolation

Room Temperature Interpolation

Aluminum Temperature Interpolation

18.292 x 1051 6 . 8 x 106

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