Math Core

What Core Curriculum Should School Districts be Using?
NYS Mathematics Core

Curriculum (Revised March 2005)
PDF / Microsoft Word / HTML
Mathematics Resource Guide with Core

Curriculum (1999)
The PreK-8 portion of this core is

effective September 2005.
The Commencement-level portion of this core

remains in effect until the October NYS Board of
Regents meeting. Please visit this site the week
of October 10, 2005.
Mathematics
Core Curriculum
MST Standard 3
Prekindergarten - Grade 12
Revised March 2005
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

http://www.emsc.nysed.gov
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Regents of The University
Robert M. Bennett, Chancellor, B.A., M.S.
Adelaide L. Sanford, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A., P.D.
Diane ONeill McGivern, B.S.N., M.A., Ph.D. .
Saul B. Cohen, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
James C. Dawson, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D.
Anthony S. Bottar, B.A., J.D.
Merryl H. Tisch, B.A., M.A.
Geraldine D. Chapey, B.A., M.A., Ed.D.
Arnold B. Gardner, B.A., LL.B.
Harry Phillips, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S.
Joseph E. Bowman, Jr., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D
Lorraine A. Corts-Vzquez, B.A., M.P.A.
James R. Tallon, Jr., B.A., M.A.
Milton L. Cofield, B.A., M.B.A., Ph.D.
John Brademas, B.A., Ph.D.
Tonawanda
Hollis
Staten Island
New Rochelle
Peru
North Syracuse
New York
Belle Harbor
Buffalo
Hartsdale
Albany
Bronx
Binghamton
Rochester
New York
President of The University and Commissioner of Education

Richard P. Mills
Chief of Staff
Counsel and Deputy Commissioner for Legal Affairs
Kathy A. Ahearn
Chief Operating Officer
Deputy Commissioner for the Office of Management Services
Theresa E. Savo
Deputy Commissioner for Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education
James A. Kadamus
Assistant Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support
Jean C. Stevens
Assistant Director for Curriculum, Instruction, and Instructional Technology
Anne Schiano
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed,
disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or
carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions
of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including braille, large print or
audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be
directed to the Departments Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education
Building, Albany, New York 12234.
New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Revised by NYS Board of Regents March 15, 2005
Page 2
Acknowledgment
The State Education Department acknowledges the following individuals who substantially
contributed to the content of the revised Mathematics Core Curriculum.
Sherri Blais
Teacher of Mathematics
Monticello School District
Judith Blood
Elementary Teacher
Ithaca School District
James Boswell
Alternative Education Teacher
Capital Region BOCES
William Brosnan
Superintendent of Schools
Northport-East Northport School District
Jacqueline Bull
Coordinator of Mathematics, K-8
Clarence School District
Melba Campbell
Samuel Gompers High School (NYC)
William Caroscio
Elmira School District
Vincent Cullen
Certified Public Accountant
Long Island
Andrew Giordano
Construction Engineer
Albany
Carolyn Goldberg
Professor of Mathematics
Niagara County Community College
Robert Gyles
Professor of Mathematics Education
CUNY Hunter (NYC)
Daniel Jaye
Assistant Principal/Math Teacher
Stuyvesant High School (NYC)
Carlos X. Leal
Elementary Math Lead Teacher
Rochester School District
Jennifer Lorio
Elementary Teacher
Yonkers School District
Gwen McKinnon
Middle School Principal
Syracuse School District
Theresa McSweeney
Marcellus School District
Brenda Myers
Deputy Superintendent
Broome-Tioga BOCES
Miguelina Ortiz
Elementary Teacher
Baldwin School District
Alfred Posamentier
Dean, School of Education, City College
Roderick Sherman
Plattsburgh School District
Susan Solomonik
Math coach/Teacher
IS 119 (NYC)
Debra Sykes
Director of Mathematics
Buffalo School District
Thomas Tucker
Colgate University, Hamilton
Stephen West
SUNY Geneseo

Page 1
Introduction
Every teacher of mathematics, whether at the elementary, middle, or high school level,
has an individual goal to provide students with the knowledge and understanding of the
mathematics necessary to function in a world very dependent upon the application of
mathematics. Instructionally, this goal translates into three components:
conceptual understanding
procedural fluency
problem solving
Conceptual understanding consists of those relationships constructed internally and
connected to already existing ideas. It involves the understanding of mathematical ideas and
procedures and includes the knowledge of basic arithmetic facts. Students use conceptual
understanding of mathematics when they identify and apply principles, know and apply facts and
definitions, and compare and contrast related concepts. Knowledge learned with understanding
provides a foundation for remembering or reconstructing mathematical facts and methods, for
solving new and unfamiliar problems, and for generating new knowledge.
Procedural fluency is the skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently,
and appropriately. It includes, but is not limited to, algorithms (the step-by-step routines needed
to perform arithmetic operations). Although the word procedural may imply an arithmetic
procedure to some, it also refers to being fluent with procedures from other branches of
mathematics, such as measuring the size of an angle using a protractor. The use of calculators
need not threaten the development of students computational skills. On the contrary, calculators
can enhance both understanding and computing if used properly and effectively. Accuracy and
efficiency with procedures are important, but they should be developed through understanding.
When students learn procedures through understanding, they are more likely to remember the
procedures and less likely to make common computational errors.
Problem solving is the ability to formulate, represent, and solve mathematical problems.
Problems generally fall into three types:
one-step problems
multi-step problems
process problems
Most problems that students will encounter in the real world are multi-step or process problems.
Solution of these problems involves the integration of conceptual understanding and procedural
knowledge. Students need to have a broad range of strategies upon which to draw. Selection of
a strategy for finding the solution to a problem is often the most difficult part of the solution.
Therefore, mathematics instruction must include the teaching of many strategies to empower all
students to become successful problem solvers. A concept or procedure in itself is not useful in
problem solving unless one recognizes when and where to use it as well as when and where it
does not apply. Many textbook problems are not typical of those that students will meet in real
life. Therefore, students need to be able to have a general understanding of how to analyze a
problem and how to choose the most useful strategy for solving the problem.

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Individually, each of these components (conceptual understanding, procedural fluency,

and problem solving) is necessary but not sufficient for a student to be mathematically proficient.
They are not, however, independent of each other. They are integrally related, need to be taught
simultaneously, and should be a component of every lesson.
The mathematics standard presented in this document states that students will:
understand the concepts of and become proficient with the skills of
mathematics;
communicate and reason mathematically;
become problem solvers by using appropriate tools and strategies;
through the integrated study of number sense and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement,
and statistics and probability. Mathematics should be viewed as a whole body of knowledge, not
as a set of individual components. Therefore, local mathematics curriculum, instruction, and
assessment should be designed to support and sustain the components of this standard.
New York States yearly 3-8 mathematics assessments, as required by NCLB federal
legislation, will provide data measuring student progress toward obtaining mathematical
proficiency. Since the state assessments will measure conceptual understanding, procedural
fluency, and problem solving, local assessments should measure these components as well.
Thus, many schools may need to provide teachers with significant professional staff
development to assist them in developing local assessments.
In this document conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and problem solving are
represented as process strands and content strands. These strands help to define what students
should know and be able to do as a result of their engagement in the study of mathematics.
Process Strands: The process strands (Problem Solving, Reasoning and Proof,
Communication, Connections, and Representation) highlight ways of acquiring and using
content knowledge. These process strands help to give meaning to mathematics and help
students to see mathematics as a discipline rather than a set of isolated skills. Student
engagement in mathematical content is accomplished through these process strands. Students
will gain a better understanding of mathematics and have longer retention of mathematical
knowledge as they solve problems, reason mathematically, prove mathematical relationships,
participate in mathematical discourse, make mathematical connections, and model and represent
mathematical ideas in a variety of ways.
Content Strands: The content strands (Number Sense and Operations, Algebra,
Geometry, Measurement, and Statistics and Probability) explicitly describe the content that
students should learn. Each schools mathematics curriculum developed from these strands
should include a broad range of content. This broad range of content, taught in an integrated
fashion, allows students to see how various mathematics knowledge is related, not only within
mathematics, but also to other disciplines and the real world as well. The performance indicators
listed under each band within a strand are intended to assist teachers in determining what the
outcomes of instruction should be. The instruction should engage students in the construction of
this knowledge and should integrate conceptual understanding and problem solving with these

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performance indicators. The performance indicators should not be viewed as a checklist of skills
void of understanding and application.
Students will only become successful in mathematics if they see mathematics as a whole,
not as isolated skills and facts. As school districts develop their own mathematics curriculum
based upon the statements in this standards document, attention must be given to both content
and process strands. Likewise, as teachers develop their instructional plans and their assessment
techniques, they also must give attention to the integration of process and content. To do
otherwise would produce students who have temporary knowledge and who are unable to apply
mathematics in realistic settings. Curriculum, instruction, and assessment are intricately related
and must be designed with this in mind. All three domains must address conceptual
understanding, procedural fluency, and problem solving. If this is accomplished, school districts
will produce students who will (1) have mathematical knowledge, (2) have an understanding of
mathematical concepts, and (3) be able to apply mathematics in the solution of problems.

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School districts and individual teachers should be aware that this document is a standards
document that guides the development of local curriculum. Local school districts remain
responsible for developing curriculum aligned to the New York State standards. In this
document the mathematics standard is succinctly stated. The standard outlines what students
should know and be able to do in mathematics. The content strands, consisting of bands and
performance indicators within each band, and the performance indicators of the process strands
help to define how the standard will be met. Each school districts mathematics curriculum
should be developed to assure that all students achieve the performance indicators for both the
process and content strands.
Helping all students become proficient in mathematics is an imperative goal for every
school. It is the hope that this standards document will assist schools and individual teachers in
meeting this goal. For additional information visit the New York State Education Department
mathematics website http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/mst/math.html .

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Proposed Mathematics Standard, Content Strands, Process Strands, Bands within the Content
Strands, and Grade-By-Grade Performance Indicators
Mathematics, Science, and Technology - Standard 3

Students will:
understand the concepts of and become proficient with the skills of mathematics;
communicate and reason mathematically;
become problem solvers by using appropriate tools and strategies;
through the integrated study of number sense and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement,
and statistics and probability.
The Five Content Strands

Number Sense and Operations Strand
Students will:
understand numbers, multiple ways of representing numbers, relationships
among numbers, and number systems;
understand meanings of operations and procedures, and how they relate to one
another;
compute accurately and make reasonable estimates.
Algebra Strand
Students will:
represent and analyze algebraically a wide variety of problem solving situations;
perform algebraic procedures accurately;
recognize, use, and represent algebraically patterns, relations, and functions.
Geometry Strand
Students will:
use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties
of geometric shapes;
identify and justify geometric relationships, formally and informally;
apply transformations and symmetry to analyze problem solving situations;
apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations.
Measurement Strand
Students will:
determine what can be measured and how, using appropriate methods and
formulas;
use units to give meaning to measurements;
understand that all measurement contains error and be able to determine its
significance;
develop strategies for estimating measurements.

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Statistics and Probability Strand

Students will:
collect, organize, display, and analyze data;
make predictions that are based upon data analysis;
understand and apply concepts of probability.
The Five Process Strands

Problem Solving Strand
Students will:
build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving;
solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts;
apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems;
monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving.
Reasoning and Proof Strand
Students will:
recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics;
make and investigate mathematical conjectures;
develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs;
select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof.
Communication Strand
Students will:
organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication;
communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers,
teachers, and others;
analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others;
use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.
Connections Strand
Students will:
recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas;
understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to
produce a coherent whole;
recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.
Representation Strand
Students will:
create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate
mathematical ideas;
select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve
problems;
use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical
phenomena.

Bands Within the Content Strands

Number Sense and Operations
Number Systems
Number Theory
Operations
Estimation
Algebra
Variables and Expressions
Equations and Inequalities
Patterns, Relations, and Functions
Coordinate Geometry
Trigonometric Functions
Geometry
Shapes
Geometric Relationships
Transformational Geometry
Coordinate Geometry
Constructions
Locus
Informal Proofs
Formal Proofs
Measurement
Units of Measurement
Tools and Methods
Units
Error and Magnitude
Estimation
Statistics and Probability
Collection of Data
Organization and Display of Data
Analysis of Data
Predictions from Data
Probability
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Pre-Kindergarten

Students will build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving.
PK.PS.1 Explore, examine, and make observations about a social problem
or mathematical situation
PK.PS.2 Interpret information correctly, identify the problem, and
generate possible solutions
Students will solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.
PK.PS.3 Act out or model with manipulatives activities involving
mathematical content from literature and/or story telling
PK.PS.4 Formulate problems and solutions from everyday situations
(e.g., as counting the number of children in the class or using the
calendar to teach counting)
Students will apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems.
PK.PS.5 Use informal counting strategies to find solutions
PK.PS.6 Experience teacher-directed questioning process to understand
problems
PK.PS.7 Compare and discuss ideas for solving a problem with teacher
and/or students to justify their thinking
PK.PS.8 Use manipulatives (e.g., tiles, blocks) to model the action in
problems
PK.PS.9
Use drawings/pictures to model the action in problems
Students will monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving.
PK.PS.10 Explain to others how a problem was solved, giving strategies

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Students will recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics.
PK.RP.1 Understand that mathematical statements can be true or false
Students will make and investigate mathematical conjectures.
PK.RP.2 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing as a mathematical
tool
PK.RP.3 Explore guesses, using a variety of objects and manipulatives
Students will develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs.
PK.RP.4 Listen to claims other students make
Students will organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication.
PK.CM.1 Understand how to organize their thought processes with
teacher guidance
Students will communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers,
teachers, and others.
PK.CM.2 Share mathematical ideas through the manipulation of objects,
drawings, pictures, and verbal explanations
Students will analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others.
PK.CM.3 Listen to solutions shared by other students
PK.CM.4 Formulate mathematically relevant questions with teacher
guidance
Students will use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.
PK.CM.5 Use appropriate mathematical terms, vocabulary, and language
Connections Strand
Students will recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.

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PK.CN.1 Recognize the presence of mathematics in their daily lives

PK.CN.2 Use counting strategies to solve problems in their daily lives
PK.CN.3 Recognize and apply mathematics to objects and pictures
Students will create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate
mathematical ideas.
PK.R.1 Use multiple representations, including verbal language, acting
out or modeling a situation, and drawing pictures as
representations
PK.R.2 Use standard and nonstandard representations
Students will use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical
phenomena.
PK.R.3 Use objects to show and understand physical phenomena
(e.g., guess the number of cookies in a package)
PK.R.4 Use objects to show and understand social phenomena
(e.g., count and represent sharing cookies between friends)
PK.R.5 Use objects to show and understand mathematical phenomena
(e.g., draw pictures to show a story problem, show number
value using fingers on your hand)

Students will understand numbers, multiple ways of representing numbers, relationships
among numbers, and number systems.
Number Systems
PK.N.1 Count the items in a collection and know the last counting word
tells how many items are in the collection (1 to 10)
PK.N.2 Count out (produce) a collection of a specified size 1 to 10
PK.N.3 Verbally count by 1s to 10
PK.N.4 Explore the different representations of a group of objects

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PK.N.5 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent a spoken

number up to 5
PK.N.6 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent how many
in a collection up to 5
PK.N.7 Recognize numerals (0-5)
PK.N.8 Use and understand the terms first and last
Students will understand meanings of operations and procedures, and how they relate to one
another.
Operations
PK.N.9 Develop addition and subtraction readiness with sums up to 4

and subtraction involving one to four items, using manipulatives
Algebra Strand
Students will recognize, use, and represent algebraically patterns, relations, and functions.
Patterns, Relations,
and Functions
PK.A.1 Duplicate simple patterns using concrete objects
Geometry Strand
Students will use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties
of geometric shapes.
Shapes
PK.G.1 Match shapes, first with same size and orientation, then with
different sizes and orientation
PK.G.2 Informally play with solids (e.g., building blocks)
Measurement Strand
Students will determine what can be measured and how, using appropriate methods and
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
PK.M.1 Develop language such as bigger, longer, and taller to discuss

length
PK.M.2 Relate specific times such as day and night

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Students will collect, organize, display, and analyze data.
Organization and
Display of Data
PK.S.1 Sort and organize objects by one attribute (e.g., color, size, or
shape)
PK.S.2 Use physical objects to make graphs
Analysis of Data
PK.S.3 Count and compare groups formed (quantify groups formed)

PK.S.4 Describe the attributes of objects
Kindergarten

K.PS.1 Explore, examine, and make observations about a social problem
K.PS.2 Interpret information correctly, identify the problem, and
K.PS.3 Act out or model with manipulatives activities involving
K.PS.4 Formulate problems and solutions from everyday situations
(e.g., counting the number of children in the class, using the
calendar to teach counting).
K.PS.5 Use informal counting strategies to find solutions
K.PS.6 Experience teacher-directed questioning process to understand

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problems
K.PS.7 Compare and discuss ideas for solving a problem with teacher
K.PS.8 Use manipulatives (e.g., tiles, blocks) to model the action in
problems
K.PS.9 Use drawings/pictures to model the action in problems
K.PS.10 Explain to others how a problem was solved, giving strategies

K.RP.1 Understand that mathematical statements can be true or false
K.RP.2 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing as a mathematical
tool
K.RP.3 Explore guesses, using a variety of objects and manipulatives
K.RP.4 Listen to claims other students make
K.CM.1 Understand how to organize their thought processes with
teacher guidance
K.CM.2 Share mathematical ideas through the manipulation of objects,
drawings, pictures, and verbal explanations

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K.CM.3 Listen to solutions shared by other students
K.CM.4 Formulate mathematically relevant questions with teacher
guidance
K.CM.5 Use appropriate mathematical terms, vocabulary, and language
Connections Strand
K.CN.1 Recognize the presence of mathematics in their daily lives
K.CN.2 Use counting strategies to solve problems in their daily lives
K.CN.3 Recognize and apply mathematics to objects and pictures
mathematical ideas.
K.R.1
Use multiple representations, including verbal language, acting

out or modeling a situation, and drawing pictures as
representations
K.R.2
Use standard and nonstandard representations
phenomena.
K.R.3
Use objects to show and understand physical phenomena

(e.g., guess the number of cookies in a package)
K.R.4 Use objects to show and understand social phenomena

K.R.5
Use objects to show and understand mathematical phenomena

(e.g., draw pictures to show a story problem, show number

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value using fingers on your hand)

Number Systems
K.N.1 Count the items in a collection and know the last counting word
K.N.2 Count out (produce) a collection of a specified size 1 to 10
K.N.3 Numerically label a data set of 1 to 5
K.N.4 Verbally count by 1s to 20
K.N.5 Verbally count backwards from 10
K.N.6 Represent collections with a finger pattern up to 10
K.N.7 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent a spoken
number up to 10
K.N.8 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent how many in
a collection up to 10
K.N.9 Write numbers 1-10 to represent a collection
K.N.10 Visually determine how many more or less, and then using the
verbal counting sequence, match and count 1-10
K.N.11 Use and understand verbal ordinal terms, first to tenth
another.
Operations
K.N.12 Solve and create addition and subtraction verbal word problems
(use counting-based strategies, such as counting on and to ten)
K.N.13 Determine sums and differences by various means
Algebra Strand

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and Functions
K.A.1 Use a variety of manipulatives to create patterns using attributes of

color, size, or shape
K.A.2 Recognize, describe, extend, and create patterns that repeat
(e.g., ABABAB or ABAABAAAB)
Geometry Strand
Shapes
K.G.1 Describe characteristics and relationships of geometric objects
Students will identify and justify geometric relationships, formally and informally.
Geometric
Relationships
K.G.2 Sort groups of objects by size and size order (increasing and
decreasing)
Students will apply transformations and symmetry to analyze problem solving situations.
Transformational
Geometry
K.G.3 Explore vertical and horizontal orientation of objects

K.G.4 Manipulate two- and three-dimensional shapes to explore
symmetry
Students will apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations.

Coordinate
Geometry
K.G.5 Understand and use ideas such as over, under, above, below, on,
beside, next to, and between
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
K.M.1 Name, discuss, and compare attributes of length (longer than,

shorter than)
K.M.2 Compare the length of two objects by representing each length with
string or a paper strip

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K.M.3 Relate specific times such as morning, noon, afternoon, and

evening to activities and absence or presence of daylight

Collection of Data
K.S.1 Gather data in response to questions posed by the teacher and

students
Organization and
Display of Data
K.S.2 Help to make simple pictographs for quantities up to 10, where one
picture represents 1
K.S.3 Sort and organize objects by two attributes (e.g., color, size, or
shape)
K.S.4 Represent data using manipulatives
Analysis of Data
K.S.5 Identify more, less, and same amounts from pictographs or concrete
models
Grade 1

1.PS.1 Explore, examine, and make observations about a social problem
1.PS.2 Interpret information correctly, identify the problem, and
1.PS.3 Act out or model with manipulatives activities involving

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1.PS.4 Formulate problems and solutions from everyday situations

(e.g., counting the number of children in the class or using the
calendar to teach counting)
1.PS.5 Use informal counting strategies to find solutions
1.PS.6 Experience teacher-directed questioning process to understand
problems
1.PS.7 Compare and discuss ideas for solving a problem with teacher
1.PS.8 Use manipulatives (e.g., tiles, blocks) to model the action in
problems
1.PS.9 Use drawings/pictures to model the action in problems
1.PS.10 Explain to others how a problem was solved, giving strategies
and justifications

1.RP.1 Understand that mathematical statements can be true or false
1.RP.2 Recognize that mathematical ideas need to be supported by
evidence
1.RP.3 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing as a mathematical
tool
1.RP.4 Explore guesses, using a variety of objects and manipulatives
1.RP.5 Justify general claims, using manipulatives
1.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument verbally or with objects

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1.RP.7 Listen to and discuss claims other students make

Students will select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof.
1.RP.8 Use trial and error strategies to verify claims
1.CM.1 Understand how to organize their thought processes with
teacher guidance
1.CM.2 Verbally support their reasoning and answer
1.CM.3 Share mathematical ideas through the manipulation of objects,
drawings, pictures, charts, and symbols in both written and verbal
explanations
1.CM.4 Listen to solutions shared by other students
1.CM.5 Formulate mathematically relevant questions
1.CM.6 Use appropriate mathematical terms, vocabulary, and language
Connections Strand
Students will recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas.
1.CN.1 Recognize the connections of patterns in their everyday
experiences to mathematical ideas
1.CN.2 Understand the connections between numbers and the quantities
they represent
1.CN.3 Compare the similarities and differences of mathematical ideas
Students will understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to

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produce a coherent whole.

1.CN.4 Understand how models of situations involving objects, pictures,
and symbols relate to mathematical ideas
1.CN.5 Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one
another
1.CN.6 Understand how mathematical models represent quantitative
relationships
1.CN.7 Recognize the presence of mathematics in their daily lives
1.CN.8 Recognize and apply mathematics to solve problems
1.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to objects, pictures, and
symbols
mathematical ideas.
1.R.1 Use multiple representations including verbal and written language,
acting out or modeling a situation, drawings, and/or symbols as
representations
1.R.2 Share mental images of mathematical ideas and understandings
1.R.3 Use standard and nonstandard representations
Students will select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve
problems.
1.R.4 Connect mathematical representations with problem solving
phenomena.
1.R.5 Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena
(e.g., estimate and represent the number of apples in a tree)
1.R.6 Use mathematics to show and understand social phenomena

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1.R.7 Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical
phenomena (e.g., draw pictures to show a story problem, show
number value using fingers on your hand)

Number Systems
1.N.1 Count the items in a collection and know the last counting word
1.N.2 Count out (produce) a collection of a specified size (10 to 100
items), using groups of ten
1.N.3 Quickly see and label with a number, collections of 1 to 10
1.N.4 Count by 1s to 100
1.N.5 Skip count by 10s to 100
1.N.8 Verbally count from a number other than one by 1s
1.N.9 Count backwards from 20 by 1s
1.N.10 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent a spoken
number up to 20
1.N.11 Identify that spacing of the same number of objects does not affect
the quantity (conservation)
1.N.12 Arrange objects in size order (increasing and decreasing)
1.N.13 Write numbers to 100
1.N.14 Read the number words one, two, threeten
1.N.15 Explore and use place value

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1.N.16 Compare and order whole numbers up to 100

1.N.17 Develop an initial understanding of the base ten system:
10 ones = 1 ten
10 tens = 1 hundred
1.N.18 Use a variety of strategies to compose and decompose one-digit
numbers
1.N.19 Understand the commutative property of addition
1.N.20 Name the number before and the number after a given number, and
name the number(s) between two given numbers up to 100 (with
and without the use of a number line or a hundreds chart)
1.N.21 Use before, after, or between to order numbers to 100 (with or
without the use of a number line)
1.N.22 Use the words higher, lower, greater, and less to compare two
numbers
1.N.23 Use and understand verbal ordinal terms, first to twentieth
another.
Operations
1.N.24 Develop and use strategies to solve addition and subtraction word
problems
1.N.25 Represent addition and subtraction word problems and their
solutions as number sentences
1.N.26 Create problem situations that represent a given number sentence
1.N.27 Use a variety of strategies to solve addition and subtraction
problems with one- and two-digit numbers without regrouping
1.N.28 Demonstrate fluency and apply addition and subtraction facts to
and including 10
1.N.29 Understand that different parts can be added to get the same whole
Students will compute accurately and make reasonable estimates.

Estimation
1.N.30 Estimate the number in a collection to 50 and then compare by

counting the actual items in the collection

Page 23
Algebra Strand
and Functions
1.A.1 Determine and discuss patterns in arithmetic (what comes next in a

repeating pattern, using numbers or objects)
Geometry Strand
Shapes
1.G.1 Match shapes and parts of shapes to justify congruency

1.G.2 Recognize, name, describe, create, sort, and compare twodimensional and three-dimensional shapes
Transformational
Geometry
1.G.3 Experiment with slides, flips, and turns of two-dimensional shapes

1.G.4 Identify symmetry in two-dimensional shapes

Coordinate
Geometry
1.G.5 Recognize geometric shapes and structures in the environment
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
1.M.1 Recognize length as an attribute that can be measured

1.M.2 Use non-standard units (including finger lengths, paper clips,
students feet and paces) to measure both vertical and horizontal
lengths
1.M.3 Informally explore the standard unit of measure, inch

Page 24
Students will use units to give meaning to measurements.

Units
1.M.4 Know vocabulary and recognize coins (penny, nickel, dime,

quarter)
1.M.5 Recognize the cent notation as
1.M.6 Use different combinations of coins to make money amounts up to
25 cents
1.M.7 Recognize specific times (morning, noon, afternoon, evening)
1.M.8 Tell time to the hour, using both digital and analog clocks
1.M.9 Know the days of the week and months of the year in sequence
1.M.10 Classify months and connect to seasons and other events
Students will develop strategies for estimating measurements.

Estimation
1.M.11 Select and use non-standard units to estimate measurements

Collection of Data
1.S.1 Pose questions about themselves and their surroundings

1.S.2 Collect and record data related to a question
Organization and
Display of Data
1.S.3 Display data in simple pictographs for quantities up to 20 with

units of one
1.S.4 Display data in bar graphs using concrete objects with intervals of
one
1.S.5 Use Venn diagrams to sort and describe data
Analysis of Data
1.S.6 Interpret data in terms of the words: most, least, greater than, less
than, or equal to
1.S.7 Answer simple questions related to data displayed in pictographs
(e.g., category with most, how many more in a category compared
to another, how many all together in two categories)

Page 25
Students will make predictions that are based upon data analysis.
Predictions from
Data
1.S.8 Discuss conclusions and make predictions in terms of the words

likely and unlikely
1.S.9 Construct a question that can be answered by using information
from a graph
Grade 2

2.PS.2 Interpret information correctly, identify the problem, and
(e.g., counting the number of children in the class, using the
calendar to teach counting).
2.PS.5 Use informal counting strategies to find solutions
2.PS.6 Experience teacher-directed questioning process to understand
problems
2.PS.7 Compare and discuss ideas for solving a problem with teacher

Page 26
2.PS.8 Use manipulatives (e.g., tiles, blocks) to model the action in

problems
2.PS.9 Use drawings/pictures to model the action in problems
2.PS.10 Explain to others how a problem was solved, giving strategies
and justifications

2.RP.1 Understand that mathematical statements can be true or false
2.RP.2 Recognize that mathematical ideas need to be supported by
evidence
2.RP.3 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing as a mathematical
tool
2.RP.4 Explore guesses, using a variety of objects and manipulatives
2.RP.5 Justify general claims, using manipulatives
2.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument verbally or with objects
2.RP.7 Listen to and discuss claims other students make
2.RP.8 Use trial and error strategies to verify claims
2.CM.1 Understand how to organize their thought processes

Page 27
2.CM.2 Verbally support their reasoning and answer

2.CM.3 Share mathematical ideas through the manipulation of objects,
drawings, pictures, charts, and symbols in both written and verbal
explanations
2.CM.4 Listen to solutions shared by other students
2.CM.5 Formulate mathematically relevant questions
2.CM.6 Use appropriate mathematical terms, vocabulary, and language
Connections Strand
2.CN.1 Recognize the connections of patterns in their everyday
2.CN.2 Understand and use the connections between numbers and the
quantities they represent to solve problems
2.CN.3 Compare the similarities and differences of mathematical ideas
2.CN.4 Understand how models of situations involving objects, pictures,
and symbols relate to mathematical ideas
2.CN.5 Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one
another
2.CN.6 Understand how mathematical models represent quantitative
relationships

Page 28

2.CN.8 Recognize and apply mathematics to solve problems
2.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to objects, pictures and
symbols
mathematical ideas.
2.R.1 Use multiple representations, including verbal and written
language, acting out or modeling a situation, drawings, and/or
symbols as representations
2.R.3 Use standard and nonstandard representations
problems.
phenomena.
phenomena (e.g., draw pictures to show a story problem or show
number value using fingers on your hand)


Number Systems
Page 29
2.N.1 Skip count to 100 by 2s, 5s, 10s

2.N.2 Count back from 100 by 1s, 5s, 10s using a number chart
2.N.3 Skip count by 3s to 36 for multiplication readiness
2.N.4 Skip count by 4s to 48 for multiplication readiness
2.N.5 Compare and order numbers to 100
2.N.6 Develop an understanding of the base ten system:
10 ones = 1 ten
10 tens = 1 hundred
10 hundreds = 1 thousand
2.N.7 Use a variety of strategies to compose and decompose two-digit
numbers
2.N.8 Understand and use the commutative property of addition
2.N.9 Name the number before and the number after a given number, and
name the number(s) between two given numbers up to 100 (with
and without the use of a number line or a hundreds chart)
2N.10 Use and understand verbal ordinal terms
2.N.11 Read written ordinal terms (first through ninth) and use them to
represent ordinal relations
2.N.12 Use zero as the identity element for addition
2.N.13 Recognize the meaning of zero in the place value system (0-100)
Number Theory
2.N.14 Use concrete materials to justify a number as odd or even
another.
Operations
2.N.15 Determine sums and differences of number sentences by various

means (e.g., families, related facts, inverse operations, addition
doubles, and doubles plus one)
2.N.16 Use a variety of strategies to solve addition and subtraction
problems using one- and two-digit numbers with and without
regrouping

Page 30
2.N.17 Demonstrate fluency and apply addition and subtraction facts up to

and including 18
2.N.18 Use doubling to add 2-digit numbers
2.N.19 Use compensation to add 2-digit numbers
2.N.20 Develop readiness for multiplication by using repeated addition
2.N.21 Develop readiness for division by using repeated subtraction,
dividing objects into groups (fair share)
Estimation
2.N.22 Estimate the number in a collection to 100 and then compare by

counting the actual items in the collection
Algebra Strand
Students will perform algebraic procedures accurately.
Equations and
Inequalities
2.A.1 Use the symbols <, >, = (with and without the use of a number
line) to compare whole numbers up to 100
and Functions
2.A.2 Describe and extend increasing or decreasing (+,-) sequences and

patterns (numbers or objects up to 100)
Geometry Strand
Shapes
2.G.1 Experiment with slides, flips, and turns to compare twodimensional shapes
2.G.2 Identify and appropriately name two-dimensional shapes: circle,
square, rectangle, and triangle (both regular and irregular)
2.G.3 Compose (put together) and decompose (break apart) twodimensional shapes

Geometric
Relationships
Page 31
2.G.4 Group objects by like properties
Transformational
Geometry
2.G.5 Explore and predict the outcome of slides, flips, and turns of twodimensional shapes
2.G.6 Explore line symmetry
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
2.M.1 Use non-standard and standard units to measure both vertical and
horizontal lengths
2.M.2 Use a ruler to measure standard units (including whole inches and
whole feet)
2.M.3 Compare and order objects according to the attribute of length
2.M.4 Recognize mass as a qualitative measure (e.g., Which is heavier?
Which is lighter?)
2.M.5 Compare and order objects, using lighter than and heavier than

Units
2.M.6 Know and recognize coins (penny, nickel, dime, quarter) and bills
($1, $5, $10, and $20)
2.M.7 Recognize the whole dollar notation as $1, etc.
2.M.8 Identify equivalent combinations to make one dollar
2.M.9 Tell time to the half hour and five minutes using both digital and
analog clocks

Estimation
2.M.10 Select and use standard (customary) and non-standard units to

estimate measurements

Page 32

Collection of Data
2.S.1 Formulate questions about themselves and their surroundings

2.S.2 Collect and record data (using tallies) related to the question
Organization and
Display of Data
2.S.3 Display data in pictographs and bar graphs using concrete objects
or a representation of the object
Analysis of Data
2.S.4 Compare and interpret data in terms of describing quantity

(similarity or differences)
Predictions from
Data
2.S.5 Discuss conclusions and make predictions from graphs
Grade 3

3.PS.2 Understand that some ways of representing a problem are more
helpful than others
3.PS.3 Interpret information correctly, identify the problem, and generate
possible solutions
mathematical content from literature

Page 33

3.PS.6 Translate from a picture/diagram to a numeric expression
3.PS.7 Represent problem situations in oral, written, concrete, pictorial,
and graphical forms
3.PS.8 Select an appropriate representation of a problem
3.PS.9 Use trial and error to solve problems
3.PS.10 Use process of elimination to solve problems
3.PS.11 Make pictures/diagrams of problems
3.PS.12 Use physical objects to model problems
3.PS.13 Work in collaboration with others to solve problems
3.PS.14 Make organized lists to solve numerical problems
3.PS.15 Make charts to solve numerical problems
3.PS.16 Analyze problems by identifying relationships
3.PS.17 Analyze problems by identifying relevant versus irrelevant
information
3.PS.18 Analyze problems by observing patterns
3.PS.19 State a problem in their own words
3.PS.20 Determine what information is needed to solve a problem
3.PS.21 Discuss with peers to understand a problem situation
3.PS.22 Discuss the efficiency of different representations of a problem
3.PS.23 Verify results of a problem
3.PS.24 Recognize invalid approaches

Page 34
3.PS.25 Determine whether a solution is reasonable in the context of the

original problem

3.RP.1 Use representations to support mathematical ideas
3.RP.2 Determine whether a mathematical statement is true or false and
explain why
3.RP.3 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing by generalizing
mathematical ideas
3.RP.4 Make conjectures from a variety of representations
3.RP.5 Justify general claims or conjectures, using manipulatives, models,
and expressions
3.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument using oral, written, concrete,
pictorial, and/or graphical forms
3.RP.7 Discuss, listen, and make comments that support or reject claims
made by other students
3.RP.8 Support an argument by trying many cases
3.CM.1 Understand and explain how to organize their thought process
3.CM.2 Verbally explain their rationale for strategy selection
3.CM.3 Provide reasoning both in written and verbal form

Page 35
3.CM.4 Organize and accurately label work
3.CM.5 Share organized mathematical ideas through the manipulation of
objects, drawings, pictures, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams,
models, symbols, and expressions in written and verbal form
3.CM.6 Answer clarifying questions from others
3.CM.7 Listen for understanding of mathematical solutions shared by
other students
3.CM.8 Consider strategies used and solutions found in relation to their
own work
3.CM.9 Increase their use of mathematical vocabulary and language
when communicating with others
3.CM.10 Describe objects, relationships, solutions and rationale using
appropriate vocabulary
3.CM.11 Decode and comprehend mathematical visuals and symbols to
construct meaning
Connections Strand
3.CN.1 Recognize, understand, and make connections in their everyday
3.CN.2 Compare and contrast mathematical ideas
3.CN.3 Connect and apply mathematical information to solve problems

Page 36
3.CN.4 Understand multiple representations and how they are related

3.CN.5 Model situations with objects and representations and be able to
make observations
3.CN.7 Apply mathematics to solve problems that develop outside of
mathematics
3.CN.8 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines
mathematical ideas.
3.R.1 Use verbal and written language, physical models, drawing charts,
graphs, tables, symbols, and equations as representations
3.R.3 Recognize and use external mathematical representations
3.R.4 Use standard and nonstandard representations with accuracy and
detail
problems.
3.R.5 Understand similarities and differences in representations
3.R.7 Construct effective representations to solve problems
phenomena.

Page 37
(e.g., determine the number of buses required for a field trip)

phenomena (e.g., use a multiplication grid to solve odd and even
number problems)

Number Systems
3.N.1 Skip count by 25s, 50s, 100s to 1,000

3.N.2 Read and write whole numbers to 1,000
3.N.3 Compare and order numbers to 1,000
3.N.4 Understand the place value structure of the base ten number
system:
10 ones = 1 ten
10 tens = 1 hundred
3.N.5 Use a variety of strategies to compose and decompose three-digit
numbers
3.N.6 Use and explain the commutative property of addition and
multiplication
3.N.7 Use 1 as the identity element for multiplication
3.N.8 Use the zero property of multiplication
3.N.9 Understand and use the associative property of addition
3.N.10 Develop an understanding of fractions as part of a whole unit and
as parts of a collection
3.N.11 Use manipulatives, visual models, and illustrations to name and
1 1 1 1 1
1
) as part of a whole
represent unit fractions ( , , , , , and
2 3 4 5 6
10
or a set of objects
3.N.12 Understand and recognize the meaning of numerator and

denominator in the symbolic form of a fraction

Page 38
3.N.13 Recognize fractional numbers as equal parts of a whole

3.N.14 Explore equivalent fractions (, , )
3.N.15 Compare and order unit fractions (, , ) and find their
approximate locations on a number line
Number Theory
3.N.16 Identify odd and even numbers

3.N.17 Develop an understanding of the properties of odd/even numbers
as a result of addition or subtraction
another.
Operations
3.N.18 Use a variety of strategies to add and subtract 3-digit numbers

(with and without regrouping)
3.N.19 Develop fluency with single-digit multiplication facts
3.N.20 Use a variety of strategies to solve multiplication problems with
factors up to 12 x 12
3.N.21 Use the area model, tables, patterns, arrays, and doubling to
provide meaning for multiplication
3.N.22 Demonstrate fluency and apply single-digit division facts
3.N.23 Use tables, patterns, halving, and manipulatives to provide
meaning for division
3.N.24 Develop strategies for selecting the appropriate computational and
operational method in problem solving situations

Estimation
3.N.25 Estimate numbers up to 500

3.N.26 Recognize real world situations in which an estimate (rounding) is
more appropriate
3.N.27 Check reasonableness of an answer by using estimation

Page 39
Algebra Strand
Equations and
Inequalities
3.A.1 Use the symbols <, >, = (with and without the use of a number line)
to compare whole numbers and unit fractions
1
1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , and
10
2 3 4 5 6
and Functions
3.A.2 Describe and extend numeric (+, -) and geometric patterns
Geometry Strand
Shapes
3.G.1 Define and use correct terminology when referring to shapes

(circle, triangle, square, rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid, and
hexagon)
3.G.2 Identify congruent and similar figures
3.G.3 Name, describe, compare, and sort three-dimensional shapes: cube,
cylinder, sphere, prism, and cone
3.G.4 Identify the faces on a three-dimensional shape as two-dimensional
shapes
Transformational
Geometry
3.G.5
Identify and construct lines of symmetry
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
3.M.1 Select tools and units (customary) appropriate for the length
measured

Page 40
3.M.2 Use a ruler/yardstick to measure to the nearest standard unit (whole

and inches, whole feet, and whole yards)
3.M.3 Measure objects, using ounces and pounds
3.M.4 Recognize capacity as an attribute that can be measured
3.M.5 Compare capacities (e.g., Which contains more? Which contains
less?)
3.M.6 Measure capacity, using cups, pints, quarts, and gallons
Units
3.M.7 Count and represent combined coins and dollars, using currency
symbols ($0.00)
3.M.8 Relate unit fractions to the face of the clock:
Whole = 60 minutes
= 30 minutes
= 15 minutes

Estimation
3.M.9 Tell time to the minute, using digital and analog clocks
3.M.10 Select and use standard (customary) and non-standard units to
estimate measurements

Collection of Data
3.S.1 Formulate questions about themselves and their surroundings

3.S.2 Collect data using observation and surveys, and record
appropriately
Organization and
Display of Data
3.S.3 Construct a frequency table to represent a collection of data

3.S.4 Identify the parts of pictographs and bar graphs
3.S.5 Display data in pictographs and bar graphs
3.S.6 State the relationships between pictographs and bar graphs

Analysis of Data
Page 41
3.S.7 Read and interpret data in bar graphs and pictographs
Predictions from
Data
3.S.8 Formulate conclusions and make predictions from graphs
Grade 4


helpful than others
possible solutions

4.PS.7 Represent problem situations in oral, written, concrete, pictorial,
and graphical forms
4.PS.9
Use trial and error to solve problems

Page 42
4.PS.10 Use process of elimination to solve problems

4.PS.11 Make pictures/diagrams of problems
4.PS.12 Use physical objects to model problems
4.PS.14 Make organized lists to solve numerical problems
4.PS.15 Make charts to solve numerical problems
4.PS.16 Analyze problems by identifying relationships
4.PS.17 Analyze problems by identifying relevant versus irrelevant
information
4.PS.19 State a problem in their own words
4.PS.20 Determine what information is needed to solve a problem

4.PS.22 Discuss the efficiency of different representations of a problem
4.PS.24 Recognize invalid approaches
4.PS.25 Determine whether a solution is reasonable in the context of the
original problem

4.RP.1 Use representations to support mathematical ideas

4.RP.2 Determine whether a mathematical statement is true or false and
explain why

Page 43
4.RP.3 Investigate the use of knowledgeable guessing by generalizing

mathematical ideas
4.RP.4 Make conjectures from a variety of representations
Students will develop and evalute mathematical arguments and proofs.
4.RP.5 Justify general claims or conjectures, using manipulatives,

models, and expressions
4.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument using oral, written, concrete,
pictorial, and/or graphical forms
4.RP.7 Discuss, listen, and make comments that support or reject claims
made by other students
4.RP.8 Support an argument by trying many cases

4.RP.9 Disprove an argument by finding counterexamples
4.CM.1 Understand and explain how to organize their thought process

4.CM.2 Verbally explain their rationale for strategy selection
4.CM.3 Provide reasoning both in written and verbal form

objects, drawing, pictures, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams,
models, symbols, and expressions in written and verbal
form

Page 44
4.CM.7 Restate mathematical solutions shared by other students

4.CM.8 Consider strategies used and solutions found in relation to their
own work

4.CM.10 Describe objects, relationships, solutions, and rationale using
appropriate vocabulary
construct meaning
Connections Strand
4.CN.1 Recognize, understand, and make connections in their everyday

4.CN.2 Compare and contrast mathematical ideas

make observations

4.CN.7 Apply mathematics to solve problems that develop outside of
mathematics
4.CN.8 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines

Page 45
mathematical ideas.
4.R.1 Use verbal and written language, physical models, drawing charts,
graphs, tables, symbols, and equations as representations
4.R.3 Recognize and use external mathematical representations
detail
problems.
4.R.5 Understand similarities and differences in representations

4.R.7 Construct effective representations to solve problems
phenomena.

(e.g., determine the number of buses required for a field trip)
phenomena (e.g., use a multiplication grid to solve odd and even
number problems)

Number Systems
4.N.1 Skip count by 1,000s

Page 46
4.N.2 Read and write whole numbers to 10,000

4.N.3 Compare and order numbers to 10,000
4.N.4 Understand the place value structure of the base ten number
system:
10 ones = 1 ten
10 tens = 1 hundred
10 thousands = 1 ten thousand
4.N.5 Recognize equivalent representations for numbers up to four digits
and generate them by decomposing and composing numbers
4.N.6 Understand, use, and explain the associative property of
multiplication
4.N.7 Develop an understanding of fractions as locations on number lines
and as divisions of whole numbers
4.N.8 Recognize and generate equivalent fractions (halves, fourths,
thirds, fifths, sixths, and tenths) using manipulatives, visual
models, and illustrations
4.N.9 Use concrete materials and visual models to compare and order
unit fractions or fractions with the same denominator (with and
without the use of a number line)
4.N.10 Develop an understanding of decimals as part of a whole
4.N.11 Read and write decimals to hundredths, using money as a context
4.N.12 Use concrete materials and visual models to compare and order
decimals (less than 1) to the hundredths place in the context of
money
Number Theory
4.N.13 Develop an understanding of the properties of odd/even numbers

as a result of multiplication
another.
Operations
4.N.14 Use a variety of strategies to add and subtract numbers up to

10,000

Page 47
4.N.15 Select appropriate computational and operational methods to solve

problems
4.N.16 Understand various meanings of multiplication and division
4.N.17 Use multiplication and division as inverse operations to solve
problems
4.N.18 Use a variety of strategies to multiply two-digit numbers by onedigit numbers (with and without regrouping)
4.N.19 Use a variety of strategies to multiply two-digit numbers by twodigit numbers (with and without regrouping)
4.N.20 Develop fluency in multiplying and dividing multiples of 10 and
100 up to 1,000
4.N.21 Use a variety of strategies to divide two-digit dividends by onedigit divisors (with and without remainders)
4.N.22 Interpret the meaning of remainders
4.N.23 Add and subtract proper fractions with common denominators
4.N.24 Express decimals as an equivalent form of fractions to tenths and
hundredths
4.N.25 Add and subtract decimals to tenths and hundredths using a
hundreds chart
Estimation
4.N.26 Round numbers less than 1,000 to the nearest tens and hundreds
4.N.27 Check reasonableness of an answer by using estimation
Algebra Strand
Students will represent and analyze algebraically a wide variety of problem solving situations.
Variables and
Expressions
4.A.1 Evaluate and express relationships using open sentences with one
operation

Page 48

Equations and
Inequalities
4.A.2 Use the symbols <, >, =, and (with and without the use of a
number line) to compare whole numbers and unit fractions and
decimals (up to hundredths)
4.A.3 Find the value or values that will make an open sentence true, if it
contains < or >
and Functions
4.A.4 Describe, extend, and make generalizations about numeric

( +,,, ) and geometric patterns
4.A.5 Analyze a pattern or a whole-number function and state the rule,
given a table or an input/output box
Geometry Strand
Shapes
4.G.1 Identify and name polygons, recognizing that their names are
related to the number of sides and angles (triangle, quadrilateral,
pentagon, hexagon, and octagon)
4.G.2 Identify points and line segments when drawing a plane figure
4.G.3 Find perimeter of polygons by adding sides
4.G.4 Find the area of a rectangle by counting the number of squares
needed to cover the rectangle
4.G.5 Define and identify vertices, faces, and edges of three-dimensional
shapes
Geometric
Relationships
4.G.6 Draw and identify intersecting, perpendicular, and parallel lines

4.G.7 Identify points and rays when drawing angles
4.G.8 Classify angles as acute, obtuse, right, and straight

Page 49
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
4.M.1 Select tools and units (customary and metric) appropriate for the
length being measured
4.M.2 Use a ruler to measure to the nearest standard unit (whole, and
inches, whole feet, whole yards, whole centimeters, and whole
meters)
4.M.3 Know and understand equivalent standard units of length:
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
4.M.4 Select tools and units appropriate to the mass of the object being
measured (grams and kilograms)
4.M.5 Measure mass, using grams
4.M.6 Select tools and units appropriate to the capacity being measured
(milliliters and liters)
4.M.7 Measure capacity, using milliliters and liters

Units
4.M.8 Make change, using combined coins and dollar amounts

4.M.9 Calculate elapsed time in hours and half hours, not crossing
A.M./P.M.
4.M.10 Calculate elapsed time in days and weeks, using a calendar

Collection of Data
4.S.1 Design investigations to address a question from given data

4.S.2 Collect data using observations, surveys, and experiments and
record appropriately
Organization and
4.S.3 Represent data using tables, bar graphs, and pictographs

Page 50
Display of Data
Analysis of Data
4.S.4 Read and interpret line graphs
Predictions from
Data
4.S.5 Develop and make predictions that are based on data

Grade 5

5.PS.1 Know the difference between relevant and irrelevant information

when solving problems
efficient than others
possible strategies and solutions

5.PS.7 Represent problem situations verbally, numerically, algebraically,
and/or graphically
5.PS.9 Understand the basic language of logic in mathematical situations

Page 51
(and, or, not)


5.PS.11 Translate from a picture/diagram to a number or symbolic
expression
5.PS.12 Use trial and error and the process of elimination to solve
problems
5.PS.13 Model problems with pictures/diagrams or physical objects
5.PS.15 Make organized lists or charts to solve numerical problems

5.PS.17 Determine what information is needed to solve problem
5.PS.18 Determine the efficiency of different representations of a
problem
5.PS.19 Differentiate between valid and invalid approaches
5.PS.20 Understand valid counterexamples
5.PS.21 Explain the methods and reasoning behind the problem solving
strategies used
5.PS.22 Discuss whether a solution is reasonable in the context of the
original problem

5.RP.1 Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported using a

variety of strategies

Page 52
5.RP.2 Understand that mathematical statements can be supported, using

models, facts, and relationships to explain their thinking
5.RP.3 Investigate conjectures, using arguments and appropriate

mathematical terms
5.RP.4 Make and evaluate conjectures, using a variety of strategies

models, expressions, and mathematical relationships
5.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument verbally, numerically, and/or
graphically
5.RP.7 Verify claims other students make, using examples and
counterexamples when appropriate
5.RP.8 Support an argument through examples/counterexamples and

special cases
5.CM.1 Provide an organized thought process that is correct, complete,

coherent, and clear
5.CM.2 Explain a rationale for strategy selection

objects, numerical tables, drawings, pictures, charts, graphs,
tables, diagrams, models, and symbols in written and verbal
form

Page 53

5.CM.6 Understand mathematical solutions shared by other students

5.CM.7 Raise questions that elicit, extend, or challenge others thinking
5.CM.8 Consider strategies used and solutions found by others in relation
to their own work

5.CM.10 Use appropriate vocabulary when describing objects,
relationships, mathematical solutions, and rationale
construct meaning
Connections Strand
5.CN.1 Understand and make connections and conjectures in their

everyday experiences to mathematical ideas
5.CN.2 Explore and explain the relationship between mathematical ideas

draw conclusions

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5.CN.6 Recognize and provide examples of the presence of mathematics

in their daily lives
5.CN.7 Apply mathematics to problem situations that develop outside of
mathematics
5.CN.8 Investigate the presence of mathematics in careers and areas of
interest
5.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines and areas
of interest
mathematical ideas.
5.R.1 Use physical objects, drawings, charts, tables, graphs, symbols,

equations, or objects created using technology as representations
5.R.2 Explain, describe, and defend mathematical ideas using
representations
5.R.3 Read, interpret, and extend external models
detail
problems.
5.R.5 Use representations to explore problem situations

5.R.6 Investigate relationships between different representations and
their impact on a given problem
phenomena.

(e.g., determine the perimeter of a bulletin board)
(e.g., construct tables to organize data showing book sales)

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phenomena (e.g., find the missing value that makes the equation
true: (3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + ___ )

Number Systems
5.N.1 Read and write whole numbers to millions

5.N.2 Compare and order numbers to millions
5.N.3 Understand the place value structure of the base ten number system
10 ones = 1 ten
10 tens = 1 hundred
10 thousands = 1 ten thousand
10 ten thousands = 1 hundred thousand
10 hundred thousands = 1 million
5.N.4 Create equivalent fractions, given a fraction
5.N.5 Compare and order fractions including unlike denominators (with
and without the use of a number line) Note: Commonly used
fractions such as those that might be indicated on ruler, measuring
cup, etc.
5.N.6 Understand the concept of ratio
5.N.7 Express ratios in different forms
5.N.8 Read, write, and order decimals to thousandths
5.N.9 Compare fractions using <, >, or =
5.N.10 Compare decimals using <, >, or =
5.N.11 Understand that percent means part of 100, and write percents as
fractions and decimals
Number Theory
5.N.12 Recognize that some numbers are only divisible by one and
themselves (prime) and others have multiple divisors (composite)
5.N.13 Calculate multiples of a whole number and the least common

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multiple of two numbers

5.N.14 Identify the factors of a given number
5.N.15 Find the common factors and the greatest common factor of two
numbers
another.
Operations
5.N.16 Use a variety of strategies to multiply three-digit by three-digit

numbers Note: Multiplication by anything greater than a threedigit multiplier/ multiplicand should be done using technology.
5.N.17 Use a variety of strategies to divide three-digit numbers by oneand two-digit numbers Note: Division by anything greater than a
two-digit divisor should be done using technology.
5.N.18 Evaluate an arithmetic expression using order of operations
including multiplication, division, addition, subtraction and
parentheses
5.N.19 Simplify fractions to lowest terms
5.N.20 Convert improper fractions to mixed numbers, and mixed numbers
to improper fractions
5.N.21 Use a variety of strategies to add and subtract fractions with like
denominators
5.N.22 Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators
5.N.23 Use a variety of strategies to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
decimals to thousandths

Estimation
5.N.24 Round numbers to the nearest hundredth and up to 10,000

5.N.25 Estimate sums and differences of fractions with like denominators
5.N.26 Estimate sums, differences, products, and quotients of decimals
5.N.27 Justify the reasonableness of answers using estimation

Page 57
Algebra Strand
Variables and
Expressions
5.A.1 Define and use appropriate terminology when referring to

constants, variables, and algebraic expressions
5.A.2 Translate simple verbal expressions into algebraic expressions

Variables and
Expressions
5.A.3 Substitute assigned values into variable expressions and evaluate

using order of operations
Equations and
Inequalities
5.A.4 Solve simple one-step equations using basic whole-number facts

5.A.5 Solve and explain simple one-step equations using inverse
operations involving whole numbers
5.A.6 Evaluate the perimeter formula for given input values
Patterns,Relations,
and Functions
5.A.7 Create and explain patterns and algebraic relationships

(e.g.,2,4,6,8...) algebraically: 2n (doubling)
5.A.8 Create algebraic or geometric patterns using concrete objects or
visual drawings (e.g., rotate and shade geometric shapes)
Geometry Strand
Shapes
5.G.1 Calculate the perimeter of regular and irregular polygons
Geometric
Relationships
5.G.2 Identify pairs of similar triangles

5.G.3 Identify the ratio of corresponding sides of similar triangles
5.G.4 Classify quadrilaterals by properties of their angles and sides
5.G.5 Know that the sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is

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360 degrees
5.G.6 Classify triangles by properties of their angles and sides
5.G.7 Know that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
180 degrees
5.G.8 Find a missing angle when given two angles of a triangle
5.G.9 Identify pairs of congruent triangles
5.G.10 Identify corresponding parts of congruent triangles
Transformational
Geometry
5.G.11 Identify and draw lines of symmetry of basic geometric shapes

Coordinate
Geometry
5.G.12 Identify and plot points in the first quadrant

5.G.13 Plot points to form basic geometric shapes (identify and classify)
5.G.14 Calculate perimeter of basic geometric shapes drawn on a
coordinate plane (rectangles and shapes composed of rectangles
having sides with integer lengths and parallel to the axes)
Measurement Strand
formulas.
1
1 1
Units of
5.M.1 Use a ruler to measure to the nearest inch, , , and inch
8
2 4
Measurement
5.M.2 Identify customary equivalent units of length
5.M.3 Measure to the nearest centimeter

5.M.4 Identify equivalent metric units of length
5.M.5 Convert measurement within a given system

Tools and Methods
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5.M.6 Determine the tool and technique to measure with an appropriate

level of precision: lengths and angles

Units
5.M.7 Calculate elapsed time in hours and minutes

5.M.8 Measure and draw angles using a protractor

Estimation
5.M.9 Determine personal references for customary units of length

(e.g., your pace is approximately 3 feet, your height is
approximately 5 feet, etc.)
5.M.10 Determine personal references for metric units of length
5.M.11 Justify the reasonableness of estimates

Collection of Data
5.S.1 Collect and record data from a variety of sources (e.g., newspapers,
magazines, polls, charts, and surveys)
Organization and
Display of Data
5.S.2 Display data in a line graph to show an increase or decrease over

time
Analysis of Data
5.S.3 Calculate the mean for a given set of data and use to describe a set
of data
Predictions from
Data
Students will understand and apply concepts of probability.

Probability
5.S.5 List the possible outcomes for a single-event experiment

5.S.6 Record experiment results using fractions/ratios
5.S.7 Create a sample space and determine the probability of a single
event, given a simple experiment (e.g., rolling a number cube)

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Grade 6

6.PS.1 Know the difference between relevant and irrelevant information

when solving problems
efficient than others
possible strategies and solutions

and/or graphically
6.PS.9 Understand the basic language of logic in mathematical situations
(and, or, and not)

6.PS.11 Translate from a picture/diagram to a number or symbolic
expression
6.PS.12 Use trial and error and the process of elimination to solve
problems

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6.PS.13 Model problems with pictures/diagrams or physical objects

6.PS.15 Make organized lists or charts to solve numerical problems

6.PS.17 Determine what information is needed to solve problem
6.PS.18 Determine the efficiency of different representations of a
problem
6.PS.19 Differentiate between valid and invalid approaches
6.PS.20 Understand valid counterexamples
6.PS.21 Explain the methods and reasoning behind the problem solving
strategies used
6.PS.22 Discuss whether a solution is reasonable in the context of the
original problem

6.RP.1 Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported using a

6.RP.2 Understand that mathematical statements can be supported, using
models, facts, and relationships to explain their thinking
6.RP.3 Investigate conjectures, using arguments and appropriate

mathematical terms
6.RP.4 Make and evaluate conjectures, using a variety of strategies

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models, expressions, and mathematical relationships
6.RP.6 Develop and explain an argument verbally, numerically,
algebraically, and/or graphically
6.RP.7 Verify claims other students make, using examples and
counterexamples when appropriate
6.RP.8 Support an argument through examples/counterexamples and

special cases
6.RP.9 Devise ways to verify results
6.CM.1 Provide an organized thought process that is correct, complete,

coherent, and clear
6.CM.2 Explain a rationale for strategy selection

tables, diagrams, models, and symbols in written and verbal
form
6.CM.6 Understand mathematical solutions shared by other students

6.CM.7 Raise questions that elicit, extend, or challenge others thinking

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6.CM.8 Consider strategies used and solutions found by others in relation

to their own work

6.CM.10 Use appropriate vocabulary when describing objects,
relationships, mathematical solutions, and rationale
construct meaning
Connections Strand
6.CN.1 Understand and make connections and conjectures in their

everyday experiences to mathematical ideas
6.CN.2 Explore and explain the relationship between mathematical ideas

draw conclusions

6.CN.7 Apply mathematics to problem situations that develop outside of
mathematics
interest

Page 64
6.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines and areas

of interest
mathematical ideas.

representations
6.R.3 Read, interpret, and extend external models
detail
problems.

phenomena.

(e.g., determine the perimeter of a bulletin board)
(e.g., construct tables to organize data showing book sales)
phenomena (e.g., Find the missing value:
(3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + ___ )


Number Systems
Page 65
6.N.1 Read and write whole numbers to trillions

6.N.2 Define and identify the commutative and associative properties of
addition and multiplication
6.N.3 Define and identify the distributive property of multiplication over
addition
6.N.4 Define and identify the identity and inverse properties of addition
and multiplication
6.N.5 Define and identify the zero property of multiplication
6.N.6 Understand the concept of rate
6.N.7 Express equivalent ratios as a proportion
6.N.8 Distinguish the difference between rate and ratio
6.N.9 Solve proportions using equivalent fractions
6.N.10 Verify the proportionality using the product of the means equals
the product of the extremes
6.N.11 Read, write, and identify percents of a whole (0% to 100%)
6.N.12 Solve percent problems involving percent, rate, and base
6.N.13 Define absolute value and determine the absolute value of rational
numbers (including positive and negative)
6.N.14 Locate rational numbers on a number line (including positive and
negative)
6.N.15 Order rational numbers (including positive and negative)
another.
Operations
6.N.16 Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators

6.N.17 Multiply and divide fractions with unlike denominators
6.N.18 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide mixed numbers with unlike
denominators

Page 66
6.N.19 Identify the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of a number

6.N.20 Represent fractions as terminating or repeating decimals
6.N.21 Find multiple representations of rational numbers (fractions,
decimals, and percents 0 to 100)
6.N.22 Evaluate numerical expressions using order of operations (may
include exponents of two and three)
6.N.23 Represent repeated multiplication in exponential form
6.N.24 Represent exponential form as repeated multiplication
6.N.25 Evaluate expressions having exponents where the power is an
exponent of one, two, or three
Estimation
6.N.26 Estimate a percent of quantity (0% to 100%)

6.N.27 Justify the reasonableness of answers using estimation (including
rounding)
Algebra Strand
Variables and
Expressions
6.A.1 Translate two-step verbal expressions into algebraic expressions

Variables and
Expressions
6.A.2 Use substitution to evaluate algebraic expressions (may include

exponents of one, two and three)
Equations and
Inequalities
6.A.3 Translate two-step verbal sentences into algebraic equations

6.A.4 Solve and explain two-step equations involving whole numbers
using inverse operations
6.A.5 Solve simple proportions within context

Page 67
6.A.6 Evaluate formulas for given input values (circumference, area,

volume, distance, temperature, interest, etc.)
Geometry Strand
Shapes
6.G.1 Calculate the length of corresponding sides of similar triangles,

using proportional reasoning
6.G.2 Determine the area of triangles and quadrilaterals (squares,
rectangles, rhombi, and trapezoids) and develop formulas
6.G.3 Use a variety of strategies to find the area of regular and irregular
polygons
6.G.4 Determine the volume of rectangular prisms by counting cubes and
develop the formula
6.G.5 Identify radius, diameter, chords and central angles of a circle
6.G.6 Understand the relationship between the diameter and radius of a
circle
6.G.7 Determine the area and circumference of a circle, using the
appropriate formula
6.G.8 Calculate the area of a sector of a circle, given the measure of a
central angle and the radius of the circle
6.G.9 Understand the relationship between the circumference and the
diameter of a circle

Coordinate
Geometry
6.G.10 Identify and plot points in all four quadrants

6.G.11 Calculate the area of basic polygons drawn on a coordinate plane
(rectangles and shapes composed of rectangles having sides with
integer lengths)
Measurement Strand

Page 68
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
6.M.1 Measure capacity and calculate volume of a rectangular prism

6.M.2 Identify customary units of capacity (cups, pints, quarts, and
gallons)
6.M.3 Identify equivalent customary units of capacity (cups to pints, pints
to quarts, and quarts to gallons)
6.M.4 Identify metric units of capacity (liter and milliliter)
6.M.5 Identify equivalent metric units of capacity (milliliter to liter and
liter to milliliter)
Tools and Methods

level of precision: capacity

Estimation
6.M.7 Estimate volume, area, and circumference (see figures identified in

geometry strand)
6.M.8 Justify the reasonableness of estimates
6.M.9 Determine personal references for capacity

Collection of Data
6.S.1 Develop the concept of sampling when collecting data from a

population and decide the best method to collect data for a particular
question
Organization and
Display of Data
6.S.2 Record data in a frequency table

6.S.3 Construct Venn diagrams to sort data
6.S.4 Determine and justify the most appropriate graph to display a
given set of data (pictograph, bar graph, line graph, histogram, or
circle graph)
Analysis of Data
6.S.5 Determine the mean, mode and median for a given set of data

Page 69
6.S.6 Determine the range for a given set of data

6.S.7 Read and interpret graphs
Predictions from
6.S.8 Justify predictions made from data
Data
Probability
6.S.9 List possible outcomes for compound events

6.S.10 Determine the probability of dependent events
6.S.11 Determine the number of possible outcomes for a compound event
by using the fundamental counting principle and use this to
determine the probabilities of events when the outcomes have
equal probability
Grade 7
7.PS.1 Use a variety of strategies to understand new
mathematical content and to develop more efficient methods
7.PS.2 Construct appropriate extensions to problem situations

7.PS.3 Understand and demonstrate how written symbols
represent mathematical ideas
7.PS.4 Observe patterns and formulate generalizations

7.PS.5 Make conjectures from generalizations
7.PS.6 Represent problem situations verbally, numerically,
algebraically, and graphically

Page 70
7.PS.7 Understand that there is no one right way to solve

mathematical problems but that different methods have
advantages and disadvantages
7.PS.8 Understand how to break a complex problem into simpler
parts or use a similar problem type to solve a problem
7.PS.9 Work backwards from a solution
7.PS.10 Use proportionality to model problems
7.PS.12 Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a

problem
7.PS.13 Set expectations and limits for possible solutions
7.PS.14 Determine information required to solve the problem
7.PS.15 Choose methods for obtaining required information
7.PS.16 Justify solution methods through logical argument
7.PS.17 Evaluate the efficiency of different representations of a
problem

7.RP.1 Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a variety

of strategies
7.RP.2 Use mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion

7.RP.3 Evaluate conjectures by distinguishing relevant from

Page 71
irrelevant information to reach a conclusion or make

appropriate estimates
7.RP.4 Provide supportive arguments for conjectures

7.RP.5 Develop, verify, and explain an argument, using
appropriate mathematical ideas and language
7.RP.6 Support an argument by using a systematic approach to

test more than one case
7.RP.7 Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to
refute incorrect statements
7.RP.8 Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting
mathematical conjectures
7.CM.1 Provide a correct, complete, coherent, and clear rationale for

thought process used in problem solving
7.CM.2 Provide an organized argument which explains rationale for
strategy selection

tables, diagrams, models and symbols in written and verbal
form

Page 72
7.CM.6 Analyze mathematical solutions shared by others

7.CM.7 Compare strategies used and solutions found by others in relation
to their own work
7.CM.8 Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge
strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others
7.CM.9 Increase their use of mathematical vocabulary and language when

communicating with others
7.CM.10 Use appropriate language, representations, and terminology
when describing objects, relationships, mathematical solutions,
and rationale
7.CM.11 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding,
comprehension, and interpretation of mathematical visuals,
symbols, and technical writing
Connections Strand
7.CN.1 Understand and make connections among multiple representations

of the same mathematical idea
7.CN.2 Recognize connections between subsets of mathematical ideas
7.CN.3 Connect and apply a variety of strategies to solve problems
7.CN.4 Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw

conclusions and formulate new situations
7.CN.5 Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical results
in one area of mathematics can be used to solve problems in other
areas of mathematics

Page 73

7.CN.7 Apply mathematical ideas to problem situations that develop
outside of mathematics
interest
7.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines, areas of
interest, and societal issues
mathematical ideas.

representations
7.R.3 Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms
7.R.4 Explain how different representations express the same
relationship
7.R.5 Use standard and non-standard representations with accuracy and
detail
problems.

7.R.8 Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding
mathematical ideas
phenomena.

Page 74

(e.g., make and interpret scale drawings of figures or scale models
of objects)
(e.g., determine profit from sale of yearbooks)
phenomena (e.g., use tables, graphs, and equations to show a
pattern underlying a function)

Number Systems
7.N.1 Distinguish between the various subsets of real numbers

(counting/natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational
numbers, and irrational numbers)
7.N.2 Recognize the difference between rational and irrational numbers
(e.g., explore different approximations of )
7.N.3 Place rational and irrational numbers (approximations) on a
number line and justify the placement of the numbers
7.N.4 Develop the laws of exponents for multiplication and division
7.N.5 Write numbers in scientific notation
7.N.6 Translate numbers from scientific notation into standard form
7.N.7 Compare numbers written in scientific notation
Number Theory
7.N.8 Find the common factors and greatest common factor of two or
more numbers
7.N.9 Determine multiples and least common multiple of two or more
numbers
7.N.10 Determine the prime factorization of a given number and write in
exponential form
another.

Operations
Page 75
7.N.11 Simplify expressions using order of operations Note: Expressions

may include absolute value and/or integral exponents greater than
0.
7.N.12 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide integers
7.N.13 Add and subtract two integers (with and without the use of a
number line)
7.N.14 Develop a conceptual understanding of negative and zero
exponents with a base of ten and relate to fractions and decimals
(e.g., 10-2 = .01 = 1/100)
7.N.15 Recognize and state the value of the square root of a perfect square
(up to 225)
7.N.16 Determine the square root of non-perfect squares using a calculator
7.N.17 Classify irrational numbers as non-repeating/non-terminating
decimals

Estimation
7.N.18 Identify the two consecutive whole numbers between which the
square root of a non-perfect square whole number less than 225
lies (with and without the use of a number line)
Algebra Strand
Variables and
Expressions
7.A.1 Translate two-step verbal expressions into algebraic expressions

Variables and
Expressions
7.A.2 Add and subtract monomials with exponents of one

7.A.3 Identify a polynomial as an algebraic expression containing one or
more terms

Equations and
Inequalities
Page 76
7.A.4 Solve multi-step equations by combining like terms, using the

distributive property, or moving variables to one side of the
equation
7.A.5 Solve one-step inequalities (positive coefficients only) (See
7.G.10)
7.A.6 Evaluate formulas for given input values (surface area, rate, and
density problems)
Patterns, Relations, 7.A.7 Draw the graphic representation of a pattern from an equation
and Functions
or from a table of data
7.A.8 Create algebraic patterns using charts/tables, graphs, equations,

and expressions
7.A.9 Build a pattern to develop a rule for determining the sum of the
interior angles of polygons
7.A.10 Write an equation to represent a function from a table of values
Geometry Strand
Shapes
7.G.1 Calculate the radius or diameter, given the circumference or area of

a circle
7.G.2 Calculate the volume of prisms and cylinders, using a given
formula and a calculator
7.G.3 Identify the two-dimensional shapes that make up the faces and
bases of three-dimensional shapes (prisms, cylinders, cones, and
pyramids)
7.G.4 Determine the surface area of prisms and cylinders, using a
calculator and a variety of methods
Geometric
7.G.5 Identify the right angle, hypotenuse, and legs of a right triangle

Page 77
Relationships
7.G.6 Explore the relationship between the lengths of the three sides of a
right triangle to develop the Pythagorean Theorem
7.G.7 Find a missing angle when given angles of a quadrilateral
7.G.8 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the unknown length of
a side of a right triangle
7.G.9 Determine whether a given triangle is a right triangle by applying
the Pythagorean Theorem and using a calculator
Coordinate
Geometry
7.G.10 Graph the solution set of an inequality (positive coefficients

only) on a number line (See 7.A.5)
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
7.M.1 Calculate distance using a map scale

7.M.2 Convert capacities and volumes within a given system
7.M.3 Identify customary and metric units of mass
7.M.4 Convert mass within a given system
7.M.5 Calculate unit price using proportions
7.M.6 Compare unit prices
7.M.7 Convert money between different currencies with the use of an
exchange rate table and a calculator
7.M.8 Draw central angles in a given circle using a protractor (circle
graphs)
Tools and Methods

level of precision: mass

Estimation
Page 78
7.M.10 Identify the relationships between relative error and magnitude

when dealing with large numbers (e.g., money, population)
7.M.11 Estimate surface area
7.M.12 Determine personal references for customary /metric units of
mass
7.M.13 Justify the reasonableness of the mass of an object

Collection of Data
7.S.1 Identify and collect data using a variety of methods
Organization and
Display of Data
7.S.2 Display data in a circle graph

7.S.3 Convert raw data into double bar graphs and double line graphs
Analysis of Data
7.S.4 Calculate the range for a given set of data

7.S.5 Select the appropriate measure of central tendency
7.S.6 Read and interpret data represented graphically (pictograph, bar
graph, histogram, line graph, double line/bar graphs or circle
graph)
Students will make predictions that are based upon data analysis.Predictions from
Identify and explain misleading statistics and graphs
Data
7.S.7

Probability
7.S.8 Interpret data to provide the basis for predictions and to establish
experimental probabilities
7.S.9 Determine the validity of sampling methods to predict outcomes
7.S.10 Predict the outcome of an experiment
7.S.11 Design and conduct an experiment to test predictions
7.S.12 Compare actual results to predicted results

Page 79
Grade 8
8.PS.1 Use a variety of strategies to understand new mathematical content

and to develop more efficient methods
8.PS.2 Construct appropriate extensions to problem situations
8.PS.3 Understand and demonstrate how written symbols represent
mathematical ideas
8.PS.4 Observe patterns and formulate generalizations

8.PS.5 Make conjectures from generalizations
and graphically
8.PS.7 Understand that there is no one right way to solve mathematical

problems but that different methods have advantages and
disadvantages
8.PS.8 Understand how to break a complex problem into simpler parts or
use a similar problem type to solve a problem
8.PS.9 Work backwards from a solution
8.PS.10 Use proportionality to model problems

Page 80
8.PS.12 Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a problem

8.PS.13 Set expectations and limits for possible solutions
8.PS.14 Determine information required to solve the problem
8.PS.15 Choose methods for obtaining required information
8.PS.16 Justify solution methods through logical argument
8.PS.17 Evaluate the efficiency of different representations of a problem

8.RP.1 Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a variety

of strategies
8.RP.2 Use mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion

8.RP.3 Evaluate conjectures by distinguishing relevant from
irrelevant information to reach a conclusion or make
appropriate estimates
8.RP.4 Provide supportive arguments for conjectures

8.RP.5 Develop, verify, and explain an argument, using
appropriate mathematical ideas and language
8.RP.6 Support an argument by using a systematic approach to

test more than one case
8.RP.7 Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to
refute incorrect statements
8.RP.8 Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting

Page 81
8.CM.1 Provide a correct, complete, coherent, and clear rationale for

thought process used in problem solving
8.CM.2 Provide an organized argument which explains rationale for
strategy selection

tables, diagrams, models and symbols in written and verbal
form
8.CM.6 Analyze mathematical solutions shared by others

8.CM.7 Compare strategies used and solutions found by others in relation
to their own work
8.CM.8 Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge
strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others
8.CM.9 Increase their use of mathematical vocabulary and language when

communicating with others
8.CM.10 Use appropriate language, representations, and terminology
when describing objects, relationships, mathematical solutions,
and rationale
8.CM.11 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding,

Page 82
Connections Strand
8.CN.1 Understand and make connections among multiple representations

of the same mathematical idea
8.CN.2 Recognize connections between subsets of mathematical ideas
8.CN.3 Connect and apply a variety of strategies to solve problems
8.CN.4 Model situations mathematically, using representations to

draw conclusions and formulate new situations
8.CN.5 Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical results
in one area of mathematics can be used to solve problems in
other areas of mathematics

8.CN.7 Apply mathematical ideas to problem situations that develop
outside of mathematics
interest
8.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines, areas of
interest, and societal issues
mathematical ideas.


Page 83

representations
8.R.3 Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms
8.R.4 Explain how different representations express the same
relationship
8.R.5 Use standard and non-standard representations with accuracy and
detail
problems.

8.R.8 Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding
mathematical ideas
phenomena.
8.R.9 Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena (e.g.,

make and interpret scale drawings of figures or scale models of
objects)
(e.g., determine profit from sale of yearbooks)
phenomena (e.g., use tables, graphs, and equations to show a
pattern underlying a function)

another.
Operations
8.N.1 Develop and apply the laws of exponents for multiplication and
division
8.N.2 Evaluate expressions with integral exponents

Page 84
8.N.3 Read, write, and identify percents less than 1% and greater than
100%
8.N.4 Apply percents to:
Tax
Percent increase/decrease
Simple interest
Sale price
Commission
Interest rates
Gratuities
Estimation
8.N.5 Estimate a percent of quantity, given an application

Algebra Strand
Variables and
Expressions
8.A.1 Translate verbal sentences into algebraic inequalities

8.A.2 Write verbal expressions that match given mathematical
expressions
8.A.3 Describe a situation involving relationships that matches a given
graph
8.A.4 Create a graph given a description or an expression for a situation
involving a linear or nonlinear relationship
8.A.5 Use physical models to perform operations with polynomials

Variables and
Expressions
8.A.6 Multiply and divide monomials

8.A.7 Add and subtract polynomials (integer coefficients)
8.A.8 Multiply a binomial by a monomial or a binomial (integer
coefficients)

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8.A.9 Divide a polynomial by a monomial (integer coefficients) Note:

The degree of the denominator is less than or equal to the degree
of the numerator for all variables.
8.A.10 Factor algebraic expressions using the GCF
8.A.11 Factor a trinomial in the form ax2 + bx + c; a=1 and c having no
more than three sets of factors
Equations and
Inequalities
8.A.12 Apply algebra to determine the measure of angles formed by or

contained in parallel lines cut by a transversal and by intersecting
lines
8.A.13 Solve multi-step inequalities and graph the solution set on a
number line
8.A.14 Solve linear inequalities by combining like terms, using the
distributive property, or moving variables to one side of the
inequality (include multiplication or division of inequalities by a
negative number)
Patterns, Relations, 8.A.15 Understand that numerical information can be represented in
And Functions
multiple ways: arithmetically, algebraically, and graphically
8.A.16 Find a set of ordered pairs to satisfy a given linear numerical

pattern (expressed algebraically); then plot the ordered pairs and
draw the line
8.A.17 Define and use correct terminology when referring to function
(domain and range)
8.A.18 Determine if a relation is a function
8.A.19 Interpret multiple representations using equation, table of values,
and graph
Geometry Strand

Constructions
Page 86
8.G.0 Construct the following, using a straight edge and compass:

Segment congruent to a segment
Angle congruent to an angle
Perpendicular bisector
Angle bisector
Geometric
Relationships
8.G.1 Identify pairs of vertical angles as congruent

8.G.2 Identify pairs of supplementary and complementary angles
8.G.3 Calculate the missing angle in a supplementary or complementary
pair
8.G.4 Determine angle pair relationships when given two parallel lines
cut by a transversal
8.G.5 Calculate the missing angle measurements when given two parallel
lines cut by a transversal
8.G.6 Calculate the missing angle measurements when given two
intersecting lines and an angle
Transformational
Geometry
8.G.7 Describe and identify transformations in the plane, using proper

function notation (rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations)
8.G.8 Draw the image of a figure under rotations of 90 and 180 degrees
8.G.9 Draw the image of a figure under a reflection over a given line
8.G.10 Draw the image of a figure under a translation
8.G.11 Draw the image of a figure under a dilation
8.G.12 Identify the properties preserved and not preserved under a
reflection, rotation, translation, and dilation

Coordinate
Geometry
8.G.13 Determine the slope of a line from a graph and explain the
meaning of slope as a constant rate of change

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8.G.14 Determine the y-intercept of a line from a graph and be able to

explain the y-intercept
8.G.15 Graph a line using a table of values
8.G.16 Determine the equation of a line given the slope and the y-intercept
8.G.17 Graph a line from an equation in slope-intercept form ( y = mx + b )
8.G.18 Solve systems of equations graphically (only linear, integral
solutions, y = mx + b format, no vertical/horizontal lines)
8.G.19 Graph the solution set of an inequality on a number line
8.G.20 Distinguish between linear and nonlinear equations ax2 + bx + c;
a=1 (only graphically)
8.G.21 Recognize the characteristics of quadratics in tables, graphs,
equations, and situations
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
8.M.1 Solve equations/proportions to convert to equivalent measurements

within metric and customary measurement systems Note: Also
allow Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa.
Integrated Algebra
In implementing the Algebra process and content performance indicators, it is expected that
students will identify and justify mathematical relationships. The intent of both the process and
content performance indicators is to provide a variety of ways for students to acquire and
demonstrate mathematical reasoning ability when solving problems. Local curriculum and
local/state assessments must support and allow students to use any mathematically correct
method when solving a problem.
Throughout this document the performance indicators use the words investigate, explore,
discover, conjecture, reasoning, argument, justify, explain, proof, and apply. Each of these
terms is an important component in developing a students mathematical reasoning ability. It is

Page 88
therefore important that a clear and common definition of these terms be understood. The order
of these terms reflects different stages of the reasoning process.
Investigate/Explore - Students will be given situations in which they will be asked to look for
patterns or relationships between elements within the setting.
Discover - Students will make note of possible patterns and generalizations that result from
investigation/exploration.
Conjecture - Students will make an overall statement, thought to be true, about the new
discovery.
Reasoning - Students will engage in a process that leads to knowing something to be true or
false.
Argument - Students will communicate, in verbal or written form, the reasoning process that
leads to a conclusion. A valid argument is the end result of the conjecture/reasoning process.
Justify/Explain - Students will provide an argument for a mathematical conjecture. It may be an
intuitive argument or a set of examples that support the conjecture. The argument may include,
but is not limited to, a written paragraph, measurement using appropriate tools, the use of
dynamic software, or a written proof.
Proof - Students will present a valid argument, expressed in written form, justified by axioms,
definitions, and theorems.
Apply - Students will use a theorem or concept to solve an algebraic or numerical problem.

Students willbuild new mathematical knowledge through problem solving.
A.PS.1
Use a variety of problem solving strategies to understand new

mathematical content
A.PS.2
Recognize and understand equivalent representations of a

problem situation or a mathematical concept
A.PS.3
Observe and explain patterns to formulate generalizations and

conjectures

A.PS.4
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Use multiple representations to represent and explain problem

situations (e.g., verbally, numerically, algebraically,
graphically)
A.PS.5
Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a variety

of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic)
A.PS.6
Use a variety of strategies to extend solution methods to other

problems
A.PS.7
Work in collaboration with others to propose, critique,

evaluate, and value alternative approaches to problem solving
A.PS.8
Determine information required to solve a problem, choose

methods for obtaining the information, and define parameters
for acceptable solutions
A.PS.9
Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a problem
A.PS.10
Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations and

solution methods of a problem

A.RP.1
Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a

A.RP.2
Use mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion and provide

supportive arguments for a conjecture
A.RP.3
Recognize when an approximation is more appropriate than an

exact answer
A.RP.4
Develop, verify, and explain an argument, using appropriate

mathematical ideas and language

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A.RP.5
Construct logical arguments that verify claims or

counterexamples that refute them
A.RP.6
Present correct mathematical arguments in a variety of forms
A.RP.7
Evaluate written arguments for validity
A.RP.8
Support an argument by using a systematic approach to test

more than one case
A.RP.9
Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to refute

incorrect statements
A.RP.10
Extend specific results to more general cases
A.RP.11 Use a Venn diagram to support a logical argument

A.RP.12 Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting
A.CM.1
Communicate verbally and in writing a correct, complete,

coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation for the
steps used in solving a problem
A.CM.2
Use mathematical representations to communicate with

appropriate accuracy, including numerical tables, formulas,
functions, equations, charts, graphs, Venn diagrams, and other
diagrams
A.CM.3
Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of

appropriate standard notations, including the use of symbols
and other representations when sharing an idea in verbal and
written form

Page 91
A.CM.4
Explain relationships among different representations of a

problem
A.CM.5
Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result

makes sense and why the reasoning is valid
A.CM.6
Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others about

the correctness of mathematical work
A.CM.7
Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical

thinking shared by other students
A.CM.8
Reflect on strategies of others in relation to ones own strategy
A.CM.9
Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or

challenge strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others
A.CM.10 Use correct mathematical language in developing mathematical

questions that elicit, extend, or challenge other students
conjectures
A.CM.11 Represent word problems using standard mathematical notation
A.CM.12 Understand and use appropriate language, representations, and
terminology when describing objects, relationships,
mathematical solutions, and rationale
A.CM.13 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding,
Connections Strand
A.CN.1
Understand and make connections among multiple

representations of the same mathematical idea
A.CN.2
Understand the corresponding procedures for similar problems

or mathematical concepts

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A.CN.3
Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw

A.CN.4
Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical

results in one area of mathematics can be used to solve
problems in other areas of mathematics
A.CN.5
Understand how quantitative models connect to various

physical models and representations
A.CN.6
Recognize and apply mathematics to situations in the outside

world
A.CN.7
Recognize and apply mathematical ideas to problem situations

that develop outside of mathematics
A.CN.8
Develop an appreciation for the historical development of

mathematics
mathematical ideas.
A.R.1
Use physical objects, diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, symbols,

equations, or objects created using technology as
representations of mathematical concepts
A.R.2
Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms
A.R.3
Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding

mathematical ideas
problems.
A.R.4
Select appropriate representations to solve problem situations
A.R.5
Investigate relationships between different representations and


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phenomena.
A.R.6
Use mathematics to show and understand physical

phenomena (e.g., find the height of a building if a ladder of
a given length forms a given angle of elevation with the
ground)
A.R.7
Use mathematics to show and understand social phenomena

(e.g., determine profit from student and adult ticket sales)
A.R.8
Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical

phenomena (e.g., compare the graphs of the functions
represented by the equations y = x 2 and y = x 2 )

Number Theory
A.N.1
Identify and apply the properties of real numbers (closure,

commutative, associative, distributive, identity, inverse) Note:
Students do not need to identify groups and fields, but students
should be engaged in the ideas.
another.
Operations
A.N.2
Simplify radical terms (no variable in the radicand)
A.N.3
Perform the four arithmetic operations using like and unlike

radical terms and express the result in simplest form
A.N.4
Understand and use scientific notation to compute products and

quotients of numbers
A.N.5
Solve algebraic problems arising from situations that involve

fractions, decimals, percents (decrease/increase and discount),
and proportionality/direct variation
A.N.6
Evaluate expressions involving factorial(s), absolute value(s),

and exponential expression(s)

Page 94
A.N.7
Determine the number of possible events, using counting

techniques or the Fundamental Principle of Counting
A.N.8
Determine the number of possible arrangements (permutations)

of a list of items
Algebra Strand
Variables and
Expressions
Equations and
Inequalities
A.A.1
Translate a quantitative verbal phrase into an algebraic

expression
A.A.2
Write a verbal expression that matches a given

mathematical expression
A.A.3
Distinguish the difference between an algebraic

expression and an algebraic equation
A.A.4
Translate verbal sentences into mathematical equations or

inequalities
A.A.5
Write algebraic equations or inequalities that represent a

situation
A.A.6
Analyze and solve verbal problems whose solution requires

solving a linear equation in one variable or linear inequality in
one variable
A.A.7
Analyze and solve verbal problems whose solution requires

solving systems of linear equations in two variables
A.A.8
Analyze and solve verbal problems that involve quadratic

equations
A.A.9
Analyze and solve verbal problems that involve exponential

growth and decay
A.A.10
Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables

algebraically (See A.G.7)
A.A.11
Solve a system of one linear and one quadratic equation

Page 95
in two variables, where only factoring is required Note: The

quadratic equation should represent a parabola and the
solution(s) should be integers.
Variables and
Expressions
Equations and
Inequalities
A.A.12
Multiply and divide monomial expressions with a common

base, using the properties of exponents Note: Use integral
exponents only.
A.A.13
Add, subtract, and multiply monomials and polynomials
A.A.14
Divide a polynomial by a monomial or binomial, where the

quotient has no remainder
A.A.15
Find values of a variable for which an algebraic fraction is

undefined
A.A.16
Simplify fractions with polynomials in the numerator and

denominator by factoring both and renaming them to lowest
terms
A.A.17
Add or subtract fractional expressions with monomial or like

binomial denominators
A.A.18
Multiply and divide algebraic fractions and express the product

or quotient in simplest form
A.A.19
Identify and factor the difference of two perfect squares
A.A.20
Factor algebraic expressions completely, including trinomials

with a lead coefficient of one (after factoring a GCF)
A.A.21
Determine whether a given value is a solution to a given

linear equation in one variable or linear inequality in one
variable
A.A.22
Solve all types of linear equations in one variable
A.A.23
Solve literal equations for a given variable
A.A.24
Solve linear inequalities in one variable
A.A.25
Solve equations involving fractional expressions Note:

Expressions which result in linear equations in one variable.

Page 96
A.A.26
Solve algebraic proportions in one variable which result in

linear or quadratic equations
A.A.27
Understand and apply the multiplication property of zero to

solve quadratic equations with integral coefficients and integral
roots
A.A.28
Understand the difference and connection between roots of a

quadratic equation and factors of a quadratic expression
Patterns,
Relations,
and Functions
Coordinate
Geometry
A.A.29
Use set-builder notation and/or interval notation to

illustrate the elements of a set, given the elements in
roster form
A.A.30
Find the complement of a subset of a given set, within a given

universe
A.A.31
Find the intersection of sets (no more than three sets) and/or
union of sets (no more than three sets)
A.A.32
Explain slope as a rate of change between dependent and

independent variables
A.A.33
Determine the slope of a line, given the coordinates of two

points on the line
A.A.34
Write the equation of a line, given its slope and the coordinates
of a point on the line
A.A.35
Write the equation of a line, given the coordinates of two

points on the line
A.A.36
Write the equation of a line parallel to the x- or y-axis
A.A.37
Determine the slope of a line, given its equation in any form
A.A.38
Determine if two lines are parallel, given their equations in any

form
A.A.39
Determine whether a given point is on a line, given the

equation of the line
A.A.40
Determine whether a given point is in the solution set of a

system of linear inequalities

Trigonometric
Functions
Page 97
A.A.41
Determine the vertex and axis of symmetry of a parabola,

given its equation (See A.G.10 )
A.A.42
Find the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios of an angle of

a right triangle, given the lengths of the sides
A.A.43
Determine the measure of an angle of a right triangle, given the

length of any two sides of the triangle
A.A.44
Find the measure of a side of a right triangle, given an acute

angle and the length of another side
A.A.45
Determine the measure of a third side of a right triangle using

the Pythagorean theorem, given the lengths of any two sides
Geometry Strand
Shapes
A.G.1
Find the area and/or perimeter of figures composed of

polygons and circles or sectors of a circle Note: Figures may
include triangles, rectangles, squares, parallelograms,
rhombuses, trapezoids, circles, semi-circles, quarter-circles,
and regular polygons (perimeter only).
A.G.2
Use formulas to calculate volume and surface area of

rectangular solids and cylinders
Coordinate
Geometry
A.G.3
Determine when a relation is a function, by examining

ordered pairs and inspecting graphs of relations
A.G.4
Identify and graph linear, quadratic (parabolic), absolute value,

and exponential functions
A.G.5
Investigate and generalize how changing the coefficients of a

function affects its graph
A.G.6
Graph linear inequalities
A.G.7
Graph and solve systems of linear equations and inequalities

with rational coefficients in two variables (See A.A.10)

Page 98
A.G.8
Find the roots of a parabolic function graphically Note: Only

quadratic equations with integral solutions.
A.G.9
Solve systems of linear and quadratic equations graphically

Note: Only use systems of linear and quadratic equations that
lead to solutions whose coordinates are integers.
A.G.10
Determine the vertex and axis of symmetry of a parabola,

given its graph (See A.A.41) Note: The vertex will have an
ordered pair of integers and the axis of symmetry will have an
integral value.
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
A.M.1
Calculate rates using appropriate units (e.g., rate of a

space ship versus the rate of a snail)
A.M.2
Solve problems involving conversions within measurement

systems, given the relationship between the units
Students will understand that all measurement contains error and be able to determine its
significance.
Error and
Magnitude
A.M.3
Calculate the relative error in measuring square and cubic

units, when there is an error in the linear measure

Organization and
Display of Data
A.S.1
Categorize data as qualitative or quantitative
A.S.2
Determine whether the data to be analyzed is univariate or

bivariate
A.S.3
Determine when collected data or display of data may be

biased
A.S.4
Compare and contrast the appropriateness of different

measures of central tendency for a given data set

Analysis of Data
Page 99
A.S.5
Construct a histogram, cumulative frequency histogram, and a

box-and-whisker plot, given a set of data
A.S.6
Understand how the five statistical summary (minimum,

maximum, and the three quartiles) is used to construct a boxand-whisker plot
A.S.7
Create a scatter plot of bivariate data
A.S.8
Construct manually a reasonable line of best fit for a scatter

plot and determine the equation of that line
A.S.9
Analyze and interpret a frequency distribution table or

histogram, a cumulative frequency distribution table or
histogram, or a box-and-whisker plot
A.S.10
Evaluate published reports and graphs that are based on data by

considering: experimental design, appropriateness of the data
analysis, and the soundness of the conclusions
A.S.11
Find the percentile rank of an item in a data set and identify the
point values for first, second, and third quartiles
A.S.12
Identify the relationship between the independent and

dependent variables from a scatter plot (positive, negative, or
none)
A.S.13
Understand the difference between correlation and causation
A.S.14
Identify variables that might have a correlation but not a

causal relationship
Predictions from
Data
A.S.15
Identify and describe sources of bias and its effect,

drawing conclusions from data
A.S.16
Recognize how linear transformations of one-variable data

affect the datas mean, median, mode, and range
A.S.17
Use a reasonable line of best fit to make a prediction involving

interpolation or extrapolation

Probability
Page 100
A.S.18
Know the definition of conditional probability and use it to

solve for probabilities in finite sample spaces
A.S.19
Determine the number of elements in a sample space and the

number of favorable events
A.S.20
Calculate the probability of an event and its complement
A.S.21
Determine empirical probabilities based on specific sample

data
A.S.22
Determine, based on calculated probability of a set of events,

if:
o some or all are equally likely to occur
o one is more likely to occur than another
o whether or not an event is certain to happen or not to
happen
A.S.23
Calculate the probability of:

o a series of independent events
o a series of dependent events
o two mutually exclusive events
o two events that are not mutually exclusive
Geometry
In implementing the Geometry process and content performance indicators, it is expected that
students will identify and justify geometric relationships, formally and informally. For example,
students will begin with a definition of a figure and from that definition students will be expected
to develop a list of conjectured properties of the figure and to justify each conjecture informally
or with formal proof. Students will also be expected to list the assumptions that are needed in
order to justify each conjectured property and present their findings in an organized manner.
The intent of both the process and content performance indicators is to provide a variety of ways
for students to acquire and demonstrate mathematical reasoning ability when solving problems.
The variety of approaches to verification and proof is what gives curriculum developers and

Page 101
teachers the flexibility to adapt strategies to address these performance indicators in a manner
that meets the diverse needs of our students. Local curriculum and local/state assessments must
support and allow students to use any mathematically correct method when solving a problem.
Discover - Students will make note of possible relationships of perpendicularity, parallelism,
congruence, and/or similarity after investigation/exploration.
discovery.
false.
definitions, and theorems using properties of perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence, and
similarity with polygons and circles.
Apply - Students will use a theorem or concept to solve a geometric problem.

G.PS.1


Page 102
G.PS.2

conjectures
G.PS.3

situations (e.g., spatial, geometric, verbal, numeric, algebraic,
and graphical representations)
G.PS.4
Construct various types of reasoning, arguments, justifications

and methods of proof for problems
G.PS.5
Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a variety

of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic)
G.PS.6

problems
G.PS.7

G.PS.8
Determine information required to solve a problem, choose

G.PS.9
G.PS.10
Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations and

solution methods of a problem

G.RP.1
Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a

G.RP.2
Recognize and verify, where appropriate, geometric

relationships of perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence, and
similarity, using algebraic strategies

G.RP.3
Page 103
Investigate and evaluate conjectures in mathematical terms,

using mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion
G.RP.4
Provide correct mathematical arguments in response to other

students conjectures, reasoning, and arguments
G.RP.5
G.RP.6
G.RP.7
Construct a proof using a variety of methods (e.g., deductive,

analytic, transformational)
G.RP.8
Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to refute

incorrect statements
G.RP.9
Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting

G.CM.1
Communicate verbally and in writing a correct, complete,

coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation for the
steps used in solving a problem
G.CM.2
Use mathematical representations to communicate with

functions, equations, charts, graphs, and diagrams
G.CM.3
Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of

written form
G.CM.4
Explain relationships among different representations of a

problem

Page 104
G.CM.5
Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result

G.CM.6
Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others about

the correctness of mathematical work
G.CM.7
Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical

G.CM.8
Reflect on strategies of others in relation to ones own strategy
G.CM.9
Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or

G.CM.10 Use correct mathematical language in developing mathematical

questions that elicit, extend, or challenge other students
conjectures
G.CM.11 Understand and use appropriate language, representations, and
terminology when describing objects, relationships,
mathematical solutions, and geometric diagrams
G.CM.12 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding,
Connections Strand
G.CN.1

G.CN.2


Page 105
G.CN.3
Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw

G.CN.4
Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical

G.CN.5
Understand how quantitative models connect to various

G.CN.6

world
G.CN.7

G.CN.8
Develop an appreciation for the historical development of

mathematics
mathematical ideas.
G.R.1

G.R.2
G.R.3

mathematical ideas
problems.
G.R.4
G.R.5
Investigate relationships between different representations and

phenomena.

Page 106
G.R.6
Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena

(e.g., determine the number of gallons of water in a fish tank)
G.R.7

(e.g., determine if conclusions from another persons argument
have a logical foundation)
G.R.8

phenomena (e.g., use investigation, discovery, conjecture,
reasoning, arguments, justification and proofs to validate that
the two base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent)
Algebra Strand
Note: The algebraic skills and concepts within the Algebra process and content performance
indicators must be maintained and applied as students are asked to investigate, make
conjectures, give rationale, and justify or prove geometric concepts.
Geometry Strand
Geometric
Relationships
Note: Two-dimensional geometric relationships are addressed

in the Informal and Formal Proofs band.
G.G.1
Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to each of two

intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is
perpendicular to the plane determined by them
G.G.2
Know and apply that through a given point there passes one
and only one plane perpendicular to a given line
G.G.3
Know and apply that through a given point there passes one
and only one line perpendicular to a given plane
G.G.4
Know and apply that two lines perpendicular to the same plane
are coplanar
G.G.5
Know and apply that two planes are perpendicular to each

other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to
the second plane

Page 107
G.G.6
Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then

any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of
intersection with the given plane is in the given plane
G.G.7
Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then

every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given
plane
G.G.8
Know and apply that if a plane intersects two parallel planes,

then the intersection is two parallel lines
G.G.9
Know and apply that if two planes are perpendicular to the

same line, they are parallel
G.G.10
Know and apply that the lateral edges of a prism are congruent
and parallel
G.G.11
Know and apply that two prisms have equal volumes if their
bases have equal areas and their altitudes are equal
G.G.12
Know and apply that the volume of a prism is the product of

the area of the base and the altitude
G.G.13
Apply the properties of a regular pyramid, including:

o lateral edges are congruent
o lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles
o volume of a pyramid equals one-third the product of the
area of the base and the altitude
G.G.14
Apply the properties of a cylinder, including:

o bases are congruent
o volume equals the product of the area of the base and
the altitude
o lateral area of a right circular cylinder equals the
product of an altitude and the circumference of the base
G.G.15
Apply the properties of a right circular cone, including:

o lateral area equals one-half the product of the slant
height and the circumference of its base
o volume is one-third the product of the area of its base
and its altitude
G.G.16
Apply the properties of a sphere, including:

o the intersection of a plane and a sphere is a circle

Page 108
o a great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on a

sphere
o two planes equidistant from the center of the sphere and
intersecting the sphere do so in congruent circles
o surface area is 4 r 2
4
o volume is r 3
3
Constructions
Locus
G.G.17
Construct a bisector of a given angle, using a straightedge and

compass, and justify the construction
G.G.18
Construct the perpendicular bisector of a given segment, using

a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction
G.G.19
Construct lines parallel (or perpendicular) to a given line

through a given point, using a straightedge and compass, and
justify the construction
G.G.20
Construct an equilateral triangle, using a straightedge and

compass, and justify the construction
G.G.21
Investigate and apply the concurrence of medians, altitudes,

angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors of triangles
G.G.22
Solve problems using compound loci
G.G.23
Graph and solve compound loci in the coordinate plane
Students will identify and justify geometric relationships formally and informally.
Informal and
Formal Proofs
G.G.24
Determine the negation of a statement and establish its

truth value
G.G.25
Know and apply the conditions under which a compound

statement (conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional)
is true
G.G.26
Identify and write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of a

given conditional statement and note the logical equivalences
G.G.27
Write a proof arguing from a given hypothesis to a given

conclusion
G.G.28
Determine the congruence of two triangles by using one of the

five congruence techniques (SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL), given

Page 109
sufficient information about the sides and/or angles of two

congruent triangles
G.G.29
Identify corresponding parts of congruent triangles
G.G.30
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the

measures of the angles of a triangle
G.G.31
Investigate, justify, and apply the isosceles triangle theorem

and its converse
G.G.32
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric

inequalities, using the exterior angle theorem
G.G.33
Investigate, justify, and apply the triangle inequality theorem
G.G.34
Determine either the longest side of a triangle given the three

angle measures or the largest angle given the lengths of three
sides of a triangle
G.G.35
Determine if two lines cut by a transversal are parallel, based

on the measure of given pairs of angles formed by the
transversal and the lines
G.G.36
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the

measures of the interior and exterior angles of polygons
G.G.37
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about each interior and

exterior angle measure of regular polygons
G.G.38
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about parallelograms

involving their angles, sides, and diagonals
G.G.39
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about special

parallelograms (rectangles, rhombuses, squares) involving their
angles, sides, and diagonals
G.G.40
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about trapezoids

(including isosceles trapezoids) involving their angles, sides,
medians, and diagonals
G.G.41
Justify that some quadrilaterals are parallelograms, rhombuses,

rectangles, squares, or trapezoids

Page 110
G.G.42
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric

relationships, based on the properties of the line segment
joining the midpoints of two sides of the triangle
G.G.43
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the centroid of a

triangle, dividing each median into segments whose lengths are
in the ratio 2:1
G.G.44
Establish similarity of triangles, using the following theorems:

AA, SAS, and SSS
G.G.45
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about similar triangles
G.G.46
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about proportional

relationships among the segments of the sides of the triangle,
given one or more lines parallel to one side of a triangle and
intersecting the other two sides of the triangle
G.G.47
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about mean

proportionality:
o the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the
mean proportional between the two segments along the
hypotenuse
o the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides
the hypotenuse so that either leg of the right triangle is
the mean proportional between the hypotenuse and
segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg
G.G.48
Investigate, justify, and apply the Pythagorean theorem and its

converse
G.G.49
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding chords of a

circle:
o perpendicular bisectors of chords
o the relative lengths of chords as compared to their
distance from the center of the circle
G.G.50
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about tangent lines to a

circle:
o a perpendicular to the tangent at the point of tangency
o two tangents to a circle from the same external point
o common tangents of two non-intersecting or tangent
circles

Page 111
G.G.51
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the arcs

determined by the rays of angles formed by two lines
intersecting a circle when the vertex is:
o inside the circle (two chords)
o on the circle (tangent and chord)
o outside the circle (two tangents, two secants, or tangent
and secant)
G.G.52
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about arcs of a circle

cut by two parallel lines
G.G.53
Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding segments

intersected by a circle:
o along two tangents from the same external point
o along two secants from the same external point
o along a tangent and a secant from the same external
point
o along two intersecting chords of a given circle
Transformational
Geometry
G.G.54
Define, investigate, justify, and apply isometries in the

plane (rotations, reflections, translations, glide reflections)
Note: Use proper function notation.
G.G.55
Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain

invariant under translations, rotations, reflections, and glide
reflections
G.G.56
Identify specific isometries by observing orientation, numbers

of invariant points, and/or parallelism
G.G.57
Justify geometric relationships (perpendicularity, parallelism,

congruence) using transformational techniques (translations,
rotations, reflections)
G.G.58
Define, investigate, justify, and apply similarities (dilations and

the composition of dilations and isometries)
G.G.59
Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain

invariant under similarities
G.G.60
Identify specific similarities by observing orientation, numbers

of invariant points, and/or parallelism

G.G.61
Page 112
Investigate, justify, and apply the analytical representations for

translations, rotations about the origin of 90 and 180,
reflections over the lines x = 0 , y = 0 , and y = x , and
dilations centered at the origin
Coordinate
Geometry
G.G.62
Find the slope of a perpendicular line, given the

equation of a line
G.G.63
Determine whether two lines are parallel, perpendicular, or

neither, given their equations
G.G.64
Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the
equation of a line perpendicular to the given line
G.G.65
Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the
equation of a line parallel to the desired line
G.G.66
Find the midpoint of a line segment, given its endpoints
G.G.67
Find the length of a line segment, given its endpoints
G.G.68
Find the equation of a line that is the perpendicular bisector of

a line segment, given the endpoints of the line segment
G.G.69
Investigate, justify, and apply the properties of triangles and

quadrilaterals in the coordinate plane, using the distance,
midpoint, and slope formulas
G.G.70
Solve systems of equations involving one linear equation and

one quadratic equation graphically
G.G.71
Write the equation of a circle, given its center and radius or

given the endpoints of a diameter
G.G.72
Write the equation of a circle, given its graph

Note: The center is an ordered pair of integers and the radius
is an integer.
G.G.73
Find the center and radius of a circle, given the equation of the
circle in center-radius form
G.G.74
Graph circles of the form ( x h ) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2

Page 113
Algebra 2 and Trigonometry
In implementing the Algebra 2 and Trigonometry process and content performance indicators, it
is expected that students will identify and justify mathematical relationships, formally and
informally. The intent of both the process and content performance indicators is to provide a
variety of ways for students to acquire and demonstrate mathematical reasoning ability when
solving problems. Local curriculum and local/state assessments must support and allow students
to use any mathematically correct method when solving a problem.
Discover - Students will make note of possible patterns and generalizations that result from
investigation/exploration.
discovery.
false.
definitions, and theorems.
Apply - Students will use a theorem or concept to solve an algebraic or numerical problem.

Page 114

A2.PS.1

A2.PS.2
Recognize and understand equivalent representations of a

problem situation or a mathematical concept
A2.PS.3

conjectures
A2.PS.4

situations (e.g., verbally, numerically, algebraically,
graphically)
A2.PS.5
Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a

variety of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic)
A2.PS.6

problems
A2.PS.7

A2.PS.8
Determine information required to solve the problem, choose

A2.PS.9
A2.PS.10 Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations

and solution methods of a problem


A2.RP.1
Page 115
Support mathematical ideas using a variety of strategies
A2.RP.2
Investigate and evaluate conjectures in mathematical terms,

using mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion
A2.RP.3
Evaluate conjectures and recognize when an estimate or

approximation is more appropriate than an exact answer
A2.RP.4
Recognize when an approximation is more appropriate than an

exact answer
A2.RP.5
Develop, verify, and explain an argument, using appropriate

mathematical ideas and language
A2.RP.6
Construct logical arguments that verify claims or

counterexamples that refute claims
A2.RP.7
A2.RP.8
A2.RP.9
Support an argument by using a systematic approach to test

more than one case
A2.RP.10 Devise ways to verify results, using counterexamples and

informal indirect proof
A2.RP.11 Extend specific results to more general cases
A2.RP.12 Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting
A2.CM.1 Communicate verbally and in writing a correct,

complete, coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation
for the steps used in solving a problem

Page 116
A2.CM.2 Use mathematical representations to communicate with

functions, equations, charts, graphs, and diagrams
A2.CM.3 Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of

written form
A2.CM.4 Explain relationships among different representations of a
problem
A2.CM.5 Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result
A2.CM.6 Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others
about the correctness of mathematical work
A2.CM.7 Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical

A2.CM.8 Reflect on strategies of others in relation to ones own strategy
A2.CM.9 Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or
A2.CM.10 Use correct mathematical language in developing

mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge
other students conjectures
A2.CM.11 Represent word problems using standard mathematical
notation
A2.CM.12 Understand and use appropriate language, representations, and
terminology when describing
objects, relationships, mathematical solutions, and rationale
A2.CM.13 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through

Page 117
decoding, comprehension, and interpretation of mathematical

visuals, symbols, and technical writing
Connections Strand
A2.CN.1

A2.CN.2

A2.CN.3 Model situations mathematically, using representations to

draw conclusions and formulate new situations
A2.CN.4 Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical
A2.CN.5 Understand how quantitative models connect to various
A2.CN.6

world
A2.CN.7

A2.CN.8 Develop an appreciation for the historical development of

mathematics
mathematical ideas.

Page 118
A2.R.1

A2.R.2
A2.R.3

mathematical ideas
problems.
A2.R.4
A2.R.5
Investigate relationships among different representations and

phenomena.
A2.R.6
Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena

(e.g., investigate sound waves using the sine and cosine
functions)
A2.R.7

(e.g., interpret the results of an opinion poll)
A2.R.8

phenomena (e.g., use random number generator to simulate a
coin toss)

another.
Operations
A2.N.1
Evaluate numerical expressions with negative and/or fractional

exponents, without the aid of a calculator (when the answers
are rational numbers)
A2.N.2
Perform arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division) with expressions containing irrational
numbers in radical form

Page 119
A2.N.3
Perform arithmetic operations with polynomial expressions

containing rational coefficients
A2.N.4
Perform arithmetic operations on irrational expressions
A2.N.5
Rationalize a denominator containing a radical expression
A2.N.6
Write square roots of negative numbers in terms of i
A2.N.7
Simplify powers of i
A2.N.8
Determine the conjugate of a complex number
A2.N.9
Perform arithmetic operations on complex numbers and write

the answer in the form a + bi Note: This includes simplifying
expressions with complex denominators.
A2.N.10
Know and apply sigma notation
Algebra Strand
Equations and
Inequalities
A2.A.1
Solve absolute value equations and inequalities involving

linear expressions in one variable
A2.A.2
Use the discriminant to determine the nature of the roots of a

quadratic equation
A2.A.3
Solve systems of equations involving one linear equation and

one quadratic equation algebraically Note: This includes
rational equations that result in linear equations with
extraneous roots.
A2.A.4
Solve quadratic inequalities in one and two variables,

algebraically and graphically
A2.A.5
Use direct and inverse variation to solve for unknown values
A2.A.6
Solve an application which results in an exponential function

Variables and
Expressions
Equations and
Inequalities
Page 120
A2.A.7
Factor polynomial expressions completely, using any

combination of the following techniques: common factor
extraction, difference of two perfect squares, quadratic
trinomials
A2.A.8
Apply the rules of exponents to simplify expressions involving

negative and/or fractional exponents
A2.A.9
Rewrite algebraic expressions that contain negative exponents

using only positive exponents
A2.A.10
Rewrite algebraic expressions with fractional exponents as

radical expressions
A2.A.11
Rewrite algebraic expressions in radical form as expressions

with fractional exponents
A2.A.12
Evaluate exponential expressions, including those with base e
A2.A.13
Simplify radical expressions
A2.A.14
Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of

radical expressions
A2.A.15
Rationalize denominators involving algebraic radical

expressions
A2.A.16
Perform arithmetic operations with rational expressions and

rename to lowest terms
A2.A.17
Simplify complex fractional expressions
A2.A.18
Evaluate logarithmic expressions in any base
A2.A.19
Apply the properties of logarithms to rewrite logarithmic

expressions in equivalent forms
A2.A.20
Determine the sum and product of the roots of a quadratic

equation by examining its coefficients
A2.A.21
Determine the quadratic equation, given the sum and product

of its roots
A2.A.22
Solve radical equations
A2.A.23
Solve rational equations and inequalities

Page 121
A2.A.24
Know and apply the technique of completing the square
A2.A.25
Solve quadratic equations, using the quadratic formula
A2.A.26
Find the solution to polynomial equations of higher degree that

can be solved using factoring and/or the quadratic formula
A2.A.27
Solve exponential equations with and without common bases
A2.A.28
Solve a logarithmic equation by rewriting as an exponential

equation
Patterns,
Relations,
and Functions
A2.A.29
Identify an arithmetic or geometric sequence and find the

formula for its nth term
A2.A.30
Determine the common difference in an arithmetic sequence
A2.A.31
Determine the common ratio in a geometric sequence
A2.A.32
Determine a specified term of an arithmetic or geometric

sequence
A2.A.33
Specify terms of a sequence, given its recursive definition
A2.A.34
Represent the sum of a series, using sigma notation
A2.A.35
Determine the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic or

geometric series
A2.A.36
Apply the binomial theorem to expand a binomial and

determine a specific term of a binomial expansion
A2.A.37
Define a relation and function
A2.A.38
Determine when a relation is a function
A2.A.39
Determine the domain and range of a function from its

equation
A2.A.40
Write functions in functional notation
A2.A.41
Use functional notation to evaluate functions for given values

in the domain

Coordinate
Geometry
Trigonometric
Functions
Page 122
A2.A.42
Find the composition of functions
A2.A.43
Determine if a function is one-to-one, onto, or both
A2.A.44
Define the inverse of a function
A2.A.45
Determine the inverse of a function and use composition to

justify the result
A2.A.46
Perform transformations with functions and relations:

f ( x + a) , f ( x)+ a , f ( x) , f ( x) , af ( x)
A2.A.47
Determine the center-radius form for the equation of a

circle in standard form
A2.A.48
Write the equation of a circle, given its center and a point on

the circle
A2.A.49
Write the equation of a circle from its graph
A2.A.50
Approximate the solution to polynomial equations of higher

degree by inspecting the graph
A2.A.51
Determine the domain and range of a function from its graph
A2.A.52
Identify relations and functions, using graphs
A2.A.53
Graph exponential functions of the form y = b x for positive

values of b, including b = e
A2.A.54
Graph logarithmic functions, using the inverse of the related

exponential function
A2.A.55
Express and apply the six trigonometric functions as ratios

of the sides of a right triangle
A2.A.56
Know the exact and approximate values of the sine, cosine, and
tangent of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 180, and 270 angles
A2.A.57
Sketch and use the reference angle for angles in standard

position
A2.A.58
Know and apply the co-function and reciprocal relationships

between trigonometric ratios

Page 123
A2.A.59
Use the reciprocal and co-function relationships to find the

value of the secant, cosecant, and cotangent of 0, 30, 45, 60,
90, 180, and 270 angles
A2.A.60
Sketch the unit circle and represent angles in standard position
A2.A.61
Determine the length of an arc of a circle, given its radius and

the measure of its central angle
A2.A.62
Find the value of trigonometric functions, if given a point on

the terminal side of angle
A2.A.63
Restrict the domain of the sine, cosine, and tangent

functions to ensure the existence of an inverse function
A2.A.64
Use inverse functions to find the measure of an angle, given its

sine, cosine, or tangent
A2.A.65
Sketch the graph of the inverses of the sine, cosine, and tangent
functions
A2.A.66
Determine the trigonometric functions of any angle, using

technology
A2.A.67
Justify the Pythagorean identities
A2.A.68
Solve trigonometric equations for all values of the variable

from 0 to 360
A2.A.69
Determine amplitude, period, frequency, and phase shift, given

the graph or equation of a periodic function
A2.A.70
Sketch and recognize one cycle of a function of the form

y = A sin Bx or y = A cos Bx
A2.A.71
Sketch and recognize the graphs of the functions y = sec( x) ,

y = csc( x) , y = tan( x) , and y = cot( x)
A2.A.72
Write the trigonometric function that is represented by a given

periodic graph
A2.A.73
Solve for an unknown side or angle, using the Law of Sines or

the Law of Cosines
A2.A.74
Determine the area of a triangle or a parallelogram, given the

measure of two sides and the included angle

Page 124
A2.A.75
Determine the solution(s) from the SSA situation (ambiguous

case)
A2.A.76
Apply the angle sum and difference formulas for trigonometric

functions
A2.A.77
Apply the double-angle and half-angle formulas for

trigonometric functions
Measurement Strand
formulas.
Units of
Measurement
A2.M.1
Define radian measure
A2.M.2
Convert between radian and degree measures

Collection of
Data
Organization and
Display of Data
A2.S.1
Understand the differences among various kinds of

studies (e.g., survey, observation, controlled experiment)
A2.S.2
Determine factors which may affect the outcome of a survey
A2.S.3
Calculate measures of central tendency with group

frequency distributions
A2.S.4
Calculate measures of dispersion (range, quartiles, interquartile

range, standard deviation, variance) for both samples and
populations
A2.S.5
Know and apply the characteristics of the normal distribution
Predictions from
Data
A2.S.6
Determine from a scatter plot whether a linear, logarithmic,

exponential, or power regression model is most appropriate

Page 125
A2.S.7
Determine the function for the regression model, using

appropriate technology, and use the regression function to
interpolate and extrapolate from the data
A2.S.8
Interpret within the linear regression model the value of the

correlation coefficient as a measure of the strength of the
relationship
Probability
A2.S.9
Differentiate between situations requiring permutations and

those requiring combinations
A2.S.10
Calculate the number of possible permutations ( n Pr ) of n items

taken r at a time
A2.S.11
Calculate the number of possible combinations ( n C r ) of n

items taken r at a time
A2.S.12
Use permutations, combinations, and the Fundamental

Principle of Counting to determine the number of elements in a
sample space and a specific subset (event)
A2.S.13
Calculate theoretical probabilities, including geometric

applications
A2.S.14
Calculate empirical probabilities
A2.S.15
Know and apply the binomial probability formula to events

involving the terms exactly, at least, and at most
A2.S.16
Use the normal distribution as an approximation for binomial

probabilities

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What Core Curriculum Should School Districts be Using?

NYS Mathematics Core

Mathematics Resource Guide with Core

The PreK-8 portion of this core is

The Commencement-level portion of this core

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

President of The University and Commissioner of Education

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Individually, each of these components (conceptual understanding, procedural fluency,

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Mathematics, Science, and Technology - Standard 3

The Five Content Strands

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Statistics and Probability Strand

The Five Process Strands

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Bands Within the Content Strands

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Problem Solving Strand

Use drawings/pictures to model the action in problems

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Reasoning and Proof Strand

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

PK.CN.1 Recognize the presence of mathematics in their daily lives

Number Sense and Operations Strand

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

PK.N.5 Draw pictures or other informal symbols to represent a spoken

PK.N.9 Develop addition and subtraction readiness with sums up to 4

PK.A.1 Duplicate simple patterns using concrete objects

PK.M.1 Develop language such as bigger, longer, and taller to discuss

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Statistics and Probability Strand

PK.S.3 Count and compare groups formed (quantify groups formed)

Problem Solving Strand

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Reasoning and Proof Strand

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

Use multiple representations, including verbal language, acting

Use standard and nonstandard representations

Use objects to show and understand physical phenomena

K.R.4 Use objects to show and understand social phenomena

Use objects to show and understand mathematical phenomena

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

value using fingers on your hand)

Number Sense and Operations Strand

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

K.A.1 Use a variety of manipulatives to create patterns using attributes of

K.G.1 Describe characteristics and relationships of geometric objects

K.G.3 Explore vertical and horizontal orientation of objects

Students will apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations.

K.M.1 Name, discuss, and compare attributes of length (longer than,

New York State Learning Standard for Mathematics

K.M.3 Relate specific times such as morning, noon, afternoon, and